Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2021 | 13(12): 19837–19848
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7104.13.12.19837-19848
#7104 | Received 22 January 2021 | Final
received 11 August 2021 | Finally accepted 14 September 2021
Checklist of moths (Heterocera) of Tadong, Sikkim,
India
Prayash Chettri 1, Yuki
Matsui 2, Hideshi Naka 3 & Archana Tiwari 4
1 Department of Zoology, Darjeeling
Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734101, India.
2,3 Department of Agriculture,
Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Tottori, Japan.
4 Department of Physics, Sikkim
University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India.
4 Department of Physics, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
1 prayashchettri96@gmail.com,
2 mothya22@gmail.com, 3 chun@tottori-u.ac.jp, 4 archana.tiwari.ox@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Editor: Jatishwor Singh Irungbam,
Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice,
Czech Republic. Date of publication: 26
October 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Chettri, P., Y. Matsui, H. Naka
& A. Tiwari (2021). Checklist of moths (Heterocera) of Tadong, Sikkim,
India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 13(12): 19837–19848. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7104.13.12.19837-19848
Copyright: © Chettri et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: AT would like to express sincere
gratitude to Prof. Sudipta
Mukherji, Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, Dr. Ajay
Tripathi, Sikkim University and Ms. Tavishi Tripathi,
Varanasi for their constant motivation, support and encouragement. PC would like to express his sincere
gratitude to Mr. Anthony Chettri for his constant support and encouragement and
also for providing the basic needs for the accomplishment of this study.
Abstract: This study attempts to create a
checklist of moths recorded from two different parts of Tadong
in Sikkim, located in the northeastern Himalaya of
India. Out of 160 photographed specimens of moths, 133 species were identified
and classified. Sixteen families of moths were recorded out of which Erebidae (30.83%) had the highest number of species
followed by Geometridae (24.81%), and Crambidae (18.05%) while the other families comprised of
26.30% of the total species.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Eastern Himalaya, Erebidae, Geometridae.
Sikkim, a northeastern
Himalayan state, is known for its biodiversity and strategic location surrounded by Nepal, Bhutan, and China.
Several new species of butterflies, insects, and birds have been identified in
the region (Kalawate 2018), but there are few reports
on the sighting or identification of moth species. They play important roles in
ecosystems as pollinators for many plants, and they are food for many
predators, including bats and birds (Scoble 1992).
During 19th–20th
Century, Hampson (1892, 1894, 1895, 1896) and Bell & Scott (1973)
documented moths of this region. Dudgeon (1898–1901) documented moths from
Sikkim and Bhutan. Kirti & Sodhi (2002) recorded
30 species of footman moths from Sikkim. The State Fauna Series holds records
of moths from Ctenuchidae and Limacodidae,
with 24 species and 40 species, respectively (Chaudhury 2003), Saturniidae with 26 species (Gupta 2003), Zygaenidae with 66 species (Bhattacharya 2003), Arctiidae with 182 species (Chaudhury 2003), and Geometridae with 265 species (Ghosh 2003). Kirti & Sodhi (2003) recoded 24 species belonging to subfamily Arctiinae from Sikkim. Sanyal et
al. (2018) recorded 4,107 species with Sikkim having the greatest moth
diversity. Chandra et al. (2019) also recorded 1,274 species of moths in
‘Assemblages of Lepidoptera in Indian Himalaya through Long Term Monitoring
Plots,’ where many of the species of moths were recorded from the state of
Sikkim.
The aim of the present study is
to create a baseline checklist of moths from Tadong
region in Sikkim for further update and addition to the inventory of moths of
Sikkim.
Materials and Methods
An opportunistic survey was
conducted where moths were photographed as they came towards light sources
(LED, incandescent or compact fluorescent bulbs) illuminating residential
premises. They were photographed in two different localities in Tadong (Figure 1a–c) viz., Gairi
Gaon (27.314N & 88.601E) and 6th Mile area (27.3127N &
88.593E) within the period of 2017–2019. The altitude of the sites ranged from
1,099–1,356 m (Table 1). Study sites are located between two watercourses, Rani
Khola and Rorochu. The
region has taken on urban characteristics as land resources have been
encroached continuously due rapid unplanned development (Figure 1d) (Chettri
& Lama 2014). There is a gradual change in vegetation from alpine to
subtropical and temperate deciduous forest in the region (Tamang et al. 2005).
The temperature has been increasing in recent decades and precipitation
fluctuates each year (Kumar et al. 2020).
The survey included photographing
moths near the light sources using a smartphone camera (12MP). Morphological
characters were considered for the identification. Different sources were used
including Walker (1866), Haruta (1992–2000), Irungbam et al. (2016), Shubhalaxmi
(2018), Kirti & Singh (2015), Sondhi & Sondhi (2016), and Uniyal et al.
(2016). Online portals such as Indian Biodiversity Portal (Vattakaven
et al. 2016), iNaturalist, LepIndex
(Beccaloni et al. 2003), and BOLDSYSTEMS (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007) were also utilised for the
identification. Classification has been followed according to van Nieukerken et al. (2011) and Nuss
et al. (2003–2021). PAST3 (Computer Software) was used to calculate diversity
indices. Species contribution to diversity of each family was determined by
calculating the dominance index= ni×100/N where (ni)
is individuals of particular species and (N) is the total no. of species
(Mishra et al. 2016).
Results and
Discussion
During the study a total of 160
individual moths were photographed, from which 133 species were identified from
the region. Of the identified specimens 112 were identified to species level,
and 21 to the genus level (Images 1–133). Looking at species contribution to
the diversity it was found that family Erebidae had
the highest number of moths with 41 species, followed by Geometridae
with 33 species and Crambidae with 24 species. Other
families including Noctuidae, Notodontidae,
Pyralidae, Drepanidae, Eupterotidae, Nolidae, Zygaenidae, Bombycidae, Limacodidae, Lasiocampidae, and Thyrididae accounted for 26% of total species (Table 2,
Figure 2). All the identified species are listed in Table 3. Diversity indices
were calculated using Past3 software, which showed Fisher’s alpha, Shannon
index, evenness, and Chao-1 to be 4.752, 1.975, 0.4504, and 21, respectively.
Hence, the species diversity seems quite high. These values could be later used
to collate species diversity (abundance, richness, evenness) of moths of this
region.
Conclusion
In this study, we have attempted
to create a baseline checklist of moths from Tadong,
Sikkim region. This work adds to the inventory of moths of this region which
could be utilised for future studies.
Table 1.
Geographical location of survey sites at Tadong,
Sikkim, India.
Survey Sites |
GPS Coordinates |
Altitude (m) |
Gairi Gaon |
27.314N & 88.601E |
1,099 |
6th Mile |
27.312N & 88.593E |
1,356 |
Table 2. Number of moth species
belonging to different families.
|
Family |
No. of species |
1 |
Erebidae |
41 |
2 |
Geometridae |
33 |
3 |
Crambidae |
24 |
4 |
Noctuidae |
7 |
5 |
Nolidae |
5 |
6 |
Notodontidae |
5 |
7 |
Pyralidae |
5 |
8 |
Drepanidae |
3 |
9 |
Eupterotidae |
2 |
10 |
Zyganidae |
2 |
11 |
Bombycidae |
1 |
12 |
Euteliidae |
1 |
13 |
Limacodidae |
1 |
14 |
Lasiocampidae |
1 |
15 |
Thyrididae |
1 |
16 |
Tortricidae |
1 |
Total |
133 |
Table 3. Checklist of moths
recorded during this survey.
|
Family |
Subfamily |
Scientific name |
Author and Year of description |
Months observed (2017–2019) |
Location |
1 |
Bombycidae |
Bombycinae |
Penicillifera apicalis |
Walker, 1862 |
September |
GG |
2 |
Crambidae |
Acentropinae |
Eristena sp. |
|
June |
SM |
3 |
Crambidae |
Acentropinae |
Parapoynx fluctuosalis |
Meyrick, 1899 |
August, June |
SM |
4 |
Crambidae |
Odontiinae |
Heortia vitessoides |
Moore, 1885 |
May |
SM |
5 |
Crambidae |
Pyraustinae |
Hyalobathra coenostolalis |
Snellen, 1890 |
October |
SM |
6 |
Crambidae |
Pyraustinae |
Pagyda auroralis |
Moore, 1888 |
September |
GG |
7 |
Crambidae |
Pyraustinae |
Sclerocona sp. |
|
October |
SM |
8 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Agrotera basinotata |
Hampson, 1891 |
June |
SM |
9 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Arthroschista hilaralis |
Walker, 1859 |
August |
SM |
10 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Bradina diagonalis |
Guenée, 1854 |
November |
GG |
11 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis |
Guenée, 1854 |
October |
GG |
12 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Diaphania indica |
Saunders, 1851 |
June |
SM |
13 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Glyphodes crithealis |
Walker, 1859 |
May |
GG |
14 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Leucinodes orbonalis |
Guenée, 1854 |
July |
SM |
15 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Cnaphalocrocis trapizalis |
Guenée, 1854 |
November |
SM |
16 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Maruca vitrata |
Fabricius, 1787 |
October |
GG |
17 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Metoeca foedalis |
Guenée, 1854 |
November |
GG |
18 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Patania scinisalis |
Walker, 1859 |
September |
GG |
19 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Perisyntrocha ossealis |
Hampson, 1896 |
October |
GG |
20 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Pycnarmon aeriferalis |
Moore, 1877 |
November |
SM |
21 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Pygospila tyres |
Cramer, 1780 |
March, August |
GG |
22 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Rhimphalea trogusalis |
Walker, 1859 |
July |
SM,GG |
23 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Spoladae recurvalis |
Fabricius, 1775 |
August |
GG |
24 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Synclera cf. univocalis |
Walker, 1859 |
August |
SM |
25 |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Talanga sp. |
|
August |
GG |
26 |
Drepanidae |
Drepaninae |
Callidrepana sp. |
|
September |
SM |
27 |
Drepanidae |
Drepaninae |
Drepana pallida |
Warren, 1922 |
November, October |
GG |
28 |
Drepanidae |
Drepaninae |
Macrocilix maia |
Leech, 1888 |
October |
GG |
29 |
Erebidae |
Aganainae |
Asota caricae |
Fabricius, 1775 |
May |
SM |
30 |
Erebidae |
Aganainae |
Asota plana |
Walker, 1854 |
April |
GG,SM |
31 |
Erebidae |
Aganainae |
Mecodina cineracea |
Butler, 1879 |
September |
SM |
32 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Adites frigida |
Walker, 1854 |
July |
SM |
33 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Aemene taprobanis |
Walker, 1854 |
October |
GG |
34 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Aglaomorpha plagiata |
Walker, 1855 |
March |
GG |
35 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Barsine cf. cuneonotata |
Walker, 1855 |
July |
GG |
36 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Indiania eccentropis |
Meyrick, 1894 |
May |
GG |
37 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Camptoloma binotatum |
Butler, 1881 |
June |
SM |
38 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Creatonotos transiens |
Walker, 1855 |
June |
SM |
39 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Cyana cf.
coccinea |
Moore, 1878 |
October |
SM |
40 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Cyana cf. neopuer |
Singh et al. 2019 |
August |
GG |
41 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Cyana cf. weerawoothi |
Lourens, 2017 |
October |
SM |
42 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Lyclene cf. clamaria |
Moore, 1888 |
October |
SM |
43 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Lyclene conjunctana |
Walker, 1866 |
July |
GG |
44 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Lyclene dasara |
Moore, 1859 |
October |
SM |
45 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Barsine phaeodonta |
Hampson, 1911 |
October |
GG |
46 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Nyctemera adversata |
Schaller, 1788 |
May |
SM |
47 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Padenia duplicana |
Walker, 1863 |
August |
SM |
48 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Zardara distorta |
Moore, 1894 |
June |
SM |
49 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Pseudoblabes oophora |
Zeller, 1853 |
October |
GG |
50 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Schistophleps bipuncta |
Hampson, 1891 |
October |
GG |
51 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Juxtarxia multiguttata |
Walker, 1855 |
May, August |
SM |
52 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Spilarctia sp. |
|
September |
SM |
53 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Stictane sp. |
|
April |
GG |
54 |
Erebidae |
Arctiinae |
Syntomoides imaon |
Cramer, 1780 |
October |
SM |
55 |
Erebidae |
Boletobiinae |
Singara diversalis |
Walker, 1865 |
August |
GG |
56 |
Erebidae |
Calpinae |
Eudocima sp. |
|
July |
SM |
57 |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Anomis flava |
Anomis flava |
April |
GG |
58 |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Artena dotata |
Fabricius, 1794 |
October |
GG |
59 |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Erebus gemmans |
Guenée, 1852 |
September |
GG |
60 |
Erebidae |
Hypeninae |
Dichromia quadralis |
Walker, 1858 |
November |
GG |
61 |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Cifuna locuples |
Walker, 1855 |
May |
GG |
62 |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Euproctis bipunctapex |
Hampson, 1891 |
May |
GG |
63 |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Euproctis cf. postica |
Walker 1865 |
May |
GG |
64 |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Euproctis sp. |
|
November |
SM |
65 |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Ilema sp. |
|
July |
GG |
66 |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Pida apicalis |
Walker, 1865 |
December |
GG |
67 |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Somena scintillans |
Walker, 1856 |
May |
SM |
68 |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Somena similis |
Moore, 1860 |
October |
GG |
69 |
Erebidae |
Pangraptinae |
Pangrapta pseudalbistigma |
Yoshimoto, 1993 |
October |
GG |
70 |
Eupterotidae |
Eupterotinae |
Apha sp. |
|
October |
GG |
71 |
Eupterotidae |
Eupterotinae |
Eupterote geminata |
Walker, 1855 |
September |
GG |
72 |
Euteliidae |
Stictopterinae |
Lophoptera squammigera |
Guenée,
1852 |
August |
SM |
73 |
Geometridae |
Desmobathrinae |
Eumelea cf. atomata |
|
November |
SM |
74 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Abraxas neomartaria |
Inoue, 1970 |
November |
GG |
75 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Arichanna transfasciata |
Warren, 1893 |
May |
SM |
76 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Biston contectaria |
Walker, 1863 |
September |
SM |
77 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Cassyma cf. deletaria |
Moore, 1888 |
September |
SM |
78 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Celenna festivaria |
Fabricius, 1794 |
June |
GG |
79 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Chorodna mauraria |
Guenée, 1858 |
May |
GG |
80 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Cleora fraterna |
Moore, 1888 |
August, November |
GG |
81 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Cleora sp. |
|
August |
GG |
82 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Corymica immaculata |
Warren, 1897 |
October |
GG |
83 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Darisa fratercula |
Moore, 1888 |
March |
GG |
84 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Ectropis dentilineata |
Moore, 1867 |
May, June |
SM |
85 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Gonodontis aethocrypta |
Prout, 1962 |
November |
SM |
86 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Erebomorpha fulgurita |
Walker, 1860 |
September |
GG |
87 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Parasynegia pluristriaria |
Walker, 1863 |
September |
GG |
88 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Heterostegane subtessellata |
Walker, 1862 |
November |
GG |
89 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Ourapteryx clara |
Butler, 1880 |
October |
SM |
90 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Hypomecis sp. |
|
October |
GG |
91 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Thinopteryx crocoptera |
Kollar, 1844 |
April |
GG |
92 |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Thinopteryx nebulosa |
Butler, 1883 |
October |
SM |
93 |
Geometridae |
Geometrinae |
Comibaena integranota |
Hampson, 1893 |
September |
SM |
94 |
Geometridae |
Geometrinae |
Cosmostolodes albicantena |
Warren, 1895 |
March |
GG |
95 |
Geometridae |
Geometrinae |
Maxates cf. protrusa |
Butler, 1878 |
May |
SM |
96 |
Geometridae |
Geometrinae |
Thalassodes quadraria |
Guenée, 1857 |
November |
SM |
97 |
Geometridae |
Larentiinae |
Acolutha pictaria |
Moore, 1888 |
December |
SM |
98 |
Geometridae |
Larentiinae |
Harutalcis cf. vialis |
Moore, 1888 |
November |
SM |
99 |
Geometridae |
Larentiinae |
Syzeuxis sp. |
|
May |
SM |
100 |
Geometridae |
Larentiinae |
Polynesia truncapex |
Swinhoe, 1892 |
July |
GG |
101 |
Geometridae |
Oenochrominae |
Sarcinodes restitutaria |
Walker, 1863 |
August |
GG |
102 |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Perixera absconditaria |
Walker, 1862 |
December |
GG |
103 |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Scopula cf. ferrilineata |
Moore, 1888 |
November |
GG |
104 |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Synegiodes histrionaria |
Swinhoe, 1892 |
March |
SM |
105 |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Timandra correspondens |
Hampson, 1895 |
June |
GG |
106 |
Lasiocampidae |
Lasiocampinae |
Trabala vishnou |
Lefèbvre, 1827 |
May, November |
SM |
107 |
Limacodidae |
Limacodinae |
Chalcoscelides castaneipars |
Moore, 1865 |
August |
SM |
108 |
Noctuidae |
Aganainae |
Cymatophoropsis sinuata |
Moore, 1879 |
May |
SM |
109 |
Noctuidae |
Catocalinae |
Arcte modesta |
Hoeven, 1840 |
August |
GG |
110 |
Noctuidae |
Heliothinae |
Heliothis peltigera |
Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 |
April |
SM |
111 |
Noctuidae |
Noctuinae |
Mythimna intertexta |
Chang, 1991 |
June |
SM |
112 |
Noctuidae |
Noctuinae |
Mythimna seperata |
Walker, 1865 |
April |
GG |
113 |
Noctuidae |
Noctuinae |
Trachea auriplena |
Walker, 1857 |
April |
GG |
114 |
Noctuidae |
Plusiinae |
Ctenoplusia agnata |
Staudinger, 1892 |
April |
GG |
115 |
Nolidae |
Chloephorinae |
Gabala polyspilalis |
Walker, 1865 |
May |
GG |
116 |
Nolidae |
Chloephorinae |
Kerala sp. |
|
May, October |
GG |
117 |
Nolidae |
Chloephorinae |
Nycteola sp. |
|
October |
GG |
118 |
Nolidae |
Chloephorinae |
Tyana cf. chloroleuca |
Walker, 1866 |
July |
SM |
119 |
Nolidae |
Risobinae |
Risoba sp. |
|
November |
GG |
120 |
Notodontidae |
Cerurinae |
Syntypistis pallidifascia |
Hampson, 1892 |
October |
SM |
121 |
Notodontidae |
Dudusinae |
Netria multispinae |
Schintlmeister, 2006 |
July |
GG |
122 |
Notodontidae |
Phalerinae |
Phalera grotei |
Moore, 1859 |
July |
SM |
123 |
Notodontidae |
Thaumetopoeinae |
Gazalina chrysolopha |
Kollar, 1844 |
September |
SM |
124 |
Notodontidae |
Thaumetopoeinae |
Gazalina transversa |
Moore, 1879 |
April |
SM |
125 |
Pyralidae |
Epipaschiinae |
Orthaga sp. |
|
October |
GG |
126 |
Pyralidae |
Epipaschiinae |
Salma sp. |
|
September |
GG |
127 |
Pyralidae |
Epipaschiinae |
Teliphasa sp. |
|
September |
GG |
128 |
Pyralidae |
Pyralinae |
Endotricha sp. |
|
April |
GG |
129 |
Pyralidae |
Pyralinae |
Pyralis pictalis |
Curtis, 1834 |
September |
GG |
130 |
Thyrididae |
Striglininae |
Telchines vialis |
Moore, 1883 |
May |
GG |
131 |
Tortricidae |
Tortricinae |
Archips sp. |
|
July |
GG |
132 |
Zygaenidae |
Chalcosiinae |
Agalope bifasciata |
Hope, 1840 |
August |
GG |
133 |
Zygaenidae |
Chalcosiinae |
Pidorus glaucopis |
Drury, 1773 |
August |
SM |
Note: 1) Survey sites: Gairi Gaon (GG) and 6th
Mile (SM); 2) Months observed: Includes months on which the species were
sited which might indicate flying duration or seasonal presence; 3)
Scientific name: Genus level identifications are represented as sp.
Provisional identifications as cf. or near, the former for close matches and
the latter for poor matches. |
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figures & images - - click here
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