{"id":323,"date":"2018-08-27T10:03:25","date_gmt":"2018-08-27T10:03:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/wordpress\/?p=323"},"modified":"2018-09-22T08:52:19","modified_gmt":"2018-09-22T08:52:19","slug":"human-carnivore-interaction-in-chile-exploring-myths-that-kill","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/behaviour\/human-carnivore-interaction-in-chile-exploring-myths-that-kill\/","title":{"rendered":"Human-carnivore interaction in Chile: exploring myths that kill"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Due to human-induced habitat changes, the interactions between human beings and two species of threatened small carnivores, Darwin\u2019s Fox and Guigna, have become especially frequent in the rural communities adjacent to protected areas in Chile.\u00a0 Exploring these interactions and describing human perceptions and attitudes towards each species can prove critical for their conservation.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Exploring human dimensions in human-carnivore interaction<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_769\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-769\" class=\"wp-image-769 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Darwin's Fox Lycalopex fulvipes\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image 1. Darwin&#8217;s Fox <em>Lycalopex fulvipes<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The increasing natural landscape transformation in Chile is forcing species that are highly dependent on forest habitats and dense vegetation cover to live in increasing proximity to human beings.\u00a0 Two such species of endangered small carnivores endemic to southern Chile, Darwin\u2019s Fox <em>Lycalopex fulvipes<\/em> and Guigna <em>Leopardus guigna<\/em>, are facing high risks of human persecution for their predation on domestic animals.\u00a0 The study conducted by Sacristan et al. in rural cattle-breeding communities of Chile was the first of its kind to contrast attitudes towards each species, in order to promote and implement successful conservation measures for their recovery.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Describing attitudes towards the carnivore species<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Though both species are considered damaging due to poultry attacks, the majority of people had a more positive perception of Darwin\u2019s Fox than of Guigna.\u00a0 This could be because Darwin\u2019s fox is perceived to cause lesser damage than Guigna, which repeats predation events on poultry.\u00a0 Farm animal predation by carnivores and the subsequent negative attitudes towards them, however, is deeply rooted in past experiences, popular knowledge, cultural history, and community beliefs, than on actual losses.\u00a0 Darwin\u2019s fox is conferred intrinsic, aesthetic values by rural communities by virtue of it being Chile\u2019s own heritage species.\u00a0 Guignas, however, have a mythological and superstitious aura around them \u2014 the local belief that they are vampires possibly amplifies the negative perceptions towards them.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mitigation through poultry attack prevention<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_768\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-768\" class=\"wp-image-768 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Guigna Leopardus guigna\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/page-11567-2.jpg 1285w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-768\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image 2. Guigna <em>Leopardus guigna<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There was a general consensus that the best way to protect farm animals from carnivore attacks was permanent confinement.\u00a0 The majority of people, however, practiced permanent non-confinement or night confinement alone, majorly due to affordability issues.\u00a0 Henhouses and confinement structures were precariously and poorly constructed, not totally effective against carnivore attacks.\u00a0 The lack of adequate structures might increase negative attitudes of people towards predatory species, as their animals suffer predation even when they try to protect them.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The construction of affordable, good quality coops, along with proper animal management practices and the use of permanent confinement or close supervision should lead to a reduction in the damage caused, and therefore negative human-carnivore interaction.\u00a0 It is also crucial to change human attitudes and perceptions towards these species through the implementation of environmental education programs.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"565\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u25ba Human dimensions of human-carnivore interaction need to be addressed more.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u25ba Baseline human dimension information for species in the area needs to be incorporated into adaptive management plans.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u25ba Deeply embedded cultural beliefs, rather than actual losses due to poultry attacks, were determinants of negative perceptions towards carnivores in the area.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u25ba\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: inherit;\">The immediate solution that focusses on poultry attack prevention and environmental education is required to address attacks by wild carnivores in Chile.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Reference<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sacristan, I., A. Cevidanes, F. Acu\u00f1a, E. Aguilar, S. Garcia, M.J. Lopez, J. Mill\u00e1n &amp; C. Napolitano (2018).<\/strong> Contrasting human perceptions of and attitudes towards two threatened small carnivores, <em>Lycalopex fulvipes<\/em> and <em>Leopardus guigna<\/em>, in rural communities adjacent to protected areas in Chile. <em>Journal of Threatened Taxa<\/em> 10(5): 11566\u201311573; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11609\/jott.4030.10.5.11566-11573\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11609\/jott.4030.10.5.11566-11573<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The study by Sacristan et al. in rural Chile was the first of its kind to contrast people&#8217;s perceptions of two threatened small carnivore species.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":104,"featured_media":772,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[76,82,80,83,47],"class_list":["post-323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-behaviour","tag-attitude","tag-carnivore-persecution","tag-human-animal-interaction","tag-livestock-predation","tag-threatened-taxa"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Human-carnivore interaction in Chile: exploring myths that kill | Jottings<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The study by Sacristan et al. in rural Chile was the first of its kind to contrast people&#039;s perceptions of two threatened small carnivore species.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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