{"id":154,"date":"2017-07-07T11:24:59","date_gmt":"2017-07-07T11:24:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/?p=154"},"modified":"2018-09-22T09:07:59","modified_gmt":"2018-09-22T09:07:59","slug":"decoding-the-wildlife-crime-scene-dna-barcoding-to-the-rescue-of-the-globally-threatened-philippine-duck","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/conservation\/decoding-the-wildlife-crime-scene-dna-barcoding-to-the-rescue-of-the-globally-threatened-philippine-duck\/","title":{"rendered":"Decoding the wildlife crime scene: DNA barcoding to the rescue of the globally threatened Philippine Duck"},"content":{"rendered":"

An isolated cluster of more than 7,000 islands, the Philippines is a popular tourist destination in Southeast Asia with pretty beaches and welcoming people.\u00a0 But it is also a mega biodiversity hotspot.\u00a0 Despite being smaller than its more famous counterparts like Madagascar and the Amazon rainforest, it has a higher level of endemism.\u00a0 Approximately, 33 percent of its plants, 75 percent of its amphibians, 70 percent of its reptiles, and 44 percent of its birds are found nowhere in the world.\u00a0 Every year new species are discovered even after more than 75% of its original habitat has been lost due to the intensification of anthropogenic pressures.<\/p>\n

The Philippine Duck, Anas luzonica<\/em>\u00a0Fraser, 1839, is the only dabbling duck species endemic to the Philippines.\u00a0 One can find it in both freshwater and saltwater habitats, including mangroves, open sea and watercourses inside forests.\u00a0 It feeds on fish, shrimps, insects, rice and young vegetation.\u00a0 The population has declined sharply in the last few decades due to overhunting and habitat destruction, mainly clearing of mangroves for shrimp farms, conversion of wetlands for aquaculture and pollution of wetlands due to pesticide-laden runoff from surrounding rice fields.<\/p>\n

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Photographs of\u00a0stuffed specimens that came from a batch of 46 individuals confiscated from Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija.  DNA was extracted from tissue samples of these individuals.  Photos by Ronniel Pedales.<\/pre>\n
From 10,000-100,000 individuals in 1993 to fewer than 10,000 by 2002 and the number has dropped to fewer than 5,000 according to the current estimates.\u00a0 Considered as one of the most globally threatened Anatidae species, it is listed as Vulnerable by IUCN and is legally protected in five sites of the Philippines.\u00a0 Even after these conservation measures, this alarming trend is continuing, with local extinctions and near-disappearances reported at several significant sites.\u00a0 Morphological features can be confusing for its identification, especially when it is easy to traffic as domestic meat.\u00a0 Ardea Licuanan, Mariano Roy Duya, Perry Ong and Ian Fontanilla at the University of Philippines, Diliman were motivated by this challenge to generate DNA barcodes for the Philippine duck to assist in accurate and quick identification, which they published in the May 2017 issue of the Journal of Threatened Taxa<\/strong><\/em>*.<\/p>\n
But first, let us get familiar with the concept of DNA barcoding. Just like we barcode products in supermarkets, which can be scanned to get a particular product\u2019s details instantly, similarly DNA barcoding facilitates species identification without relying on its morphological features.\u00a0 A DNA barcode is a standardised short DNA sequence that can be recovered and characterised for species identification while DNA barcoding is the technique for analysing it.\u00a0 We can say that DNA barcode is the taxonomic GPS. Just sequence a DNA barcode of an unidentified specimen and voila, it is identified without knowing anything about it beforehand.\u00a0 It is a rapid and cost-efficient technique that aids biodiversity inventory and makes information accessible to the scientific community, decision-makers and managers.\u00a0 It is especially very helpful in identifying species of conservation significance that are illegally hunted, highly valued in traditional medicine and unsustainably harvested.\u00a0 The most commonly used marker in animals is the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene or CO1 sequence because nearly all organisms\u00a0carry a version of it in their mitochondria.\u00a0 It is short enough to be sequenced quickly and economically, and long enough for detecting variations among species.<\/p>\n
The team extracted CO1 sequences from adult Philippine Duck individuals that were confiscated by agents of the Philippine National Police and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources from Pantabangtan, Nueva Ecija, and came up with some interesting results.\u00a0 They successfully generated 46 CO1 DNA barcodes with three unique COI DNA sequences.\u00a0 The DNA barcode could differentiate the Philippine Duck from 25 other <em>Anas<\/em> species, but it failed to do so between hybridising species.\u00a0 Now, this is where it gets complicated.\u00a0 Though thought to be an unusual event in nature, hybridization is quite common among Anas<\/em> species, i.e., different species can sometimes mate with each other and produce fertile offspring.\u00a0 It is known to cause decreased genetic divergence between two species such that genetically they are difficult to distinguish.\u00a0 They also assessed the population genetic structure of the samples and found a reduced genetic fitness, an indication of bottleneck event likely to happen. Will the Philippine Duck end up like the Brow-antlered Deer of India or locally called Sangai?<\/p>\n
The Sangai is endemic to Keibul Lamjao National Park of Manipur.\u00a0 Even though it made an extraordinary comeback from the brink of extinction, the bottleneck has led to decreased genetic diversity among its individuals.\u00a0 Another more popular example from India is of the Asiatic Lion, found only in the Gir Forest National Park, Gujarat.\u00a0 If we compare DNA fingerprints of its individuals, they are as similar as identical twins in humans.\u00a0 Both of the species exist as a single isolated population in India and their alarmingly low levels of genetic diversity pose a high risk of extinction.\u00a0 It would be interesting to see how hybridization and declining genetic fitness of Philippine Duck will affect its survival and how reliable DNA barcoding will be for its conservation.\u00a0 As the samples were from just one locality, extensive sampling is required from all over the Philippines to see if the other populations show the similar decline in genetic fitness.<\/p>\n
With DNA barcodes of the Philippine Duck now available, it is expected to enable timely identification of confiscated specimen and control its illegal trade.\u00a0 The results of the population genetic analysis point to the need for stricter and more effective conservation policies as the declining population trend shows that the present measures are not working.\u00a0 Special focus is required on community-based conservation as the human activities are the likely cause of the declining population of the duck.\u00a0 Hence, policies and conservation initiatives should take into account the interests of local communities and their dependence on the natural resources.\u00a0 Also, as responsible tourists and citizens of this planet, we can help by making eco-friendly and sustainable choices and informing others of the same.<\/p>\n
Even though a majority of the scientific community has accepted DNA barcoding as a revolutionary new technique for species identification and inventory, there is also a growing opposition to it, especially among taxonomists.\u00a0 There are technical, political and ethical issues associated with it but DNA barcoding is here to stay.\u00a0 However, integration of DNA barcode with morphological data of an organism makes more sense for a reliable species identification than to consider either of them alone for the job, given both of them have their own limitations.<\/p>\n
Reference<\/h2>\n
*\u00a0Licuanan, A.M., M.R.M. Duya, P.S. Ong & I.K.C. Fontanilla <\/span>(2017). <\/span><\/strong>DNA barcoding, population genetics, and phylogenetics of the illegally hunted Philippine Duck <\/span>Anas luzonica <\/span><\/em>(Aves: Anseriformes: Anatidae)<\/span>.<\/span> Journal of Threatened Taxa<\/span><\/em> 9(5): <\/span>10141\u201310150<\/span>; <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11609\/jott.2253.9.5.<\/a><\/span>10141-10150<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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