{"id":1474,"date":"2019-06-09T06:24:34","date_gmt":"2019-06-09T06:24:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/?p=1474"},"modified":"2019-06-09T11:38:26","modified_gmt":"2019-06-09T11:38:26","slug":"parvati-kunda-wetland-threatened-or-thriving","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/ecology\/parvati-kunda-wetland-threatened-or-thriving\/","title":{"rendered":"Parvati Kunda Wetland: threatened or thriving?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Three hundred meters above the village of Gatlang in Rasuwa, Nepal, Parvati Kunda sits like a jewel in the forest.  Situated at 2,600m, the small wetland is not only a reservoir of biodiversity but also a major source of water for 400 households in Gatlang Village and a religious site that draws hundreds of visitors to festivals each year 1<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Parvati Kunda Wetland in spring. \u00a9 Jessie A. Moravek.<\/p><\/div>\n

Parvati Kunda, however, faces many threats.  Climate change could alter the rhythms of rain and snowfall and jeopardize sensitive wetland habitats 2\u20135<\/sup>.  Additionally, pollution from manure and fertilizers can cause certain plants to grow too fast, crowding out other species 6\u20139<\/sup>.  Such pollution could also contaminate the wetland with bacteria, making the water unhealthy to drink for people in the village.<\/p>\n

Given all these threats, it is important to understand the plants and animals that live in Parvati Kunda now so that we can predict how the ecosystem may change in the future.  This knowledge will help us protect Parvati Kunda and the species that live there for many years to come.<\/p>\n

\"\"

School children from Gatlang enjoy learning about Parvati Kunda Wetland’s biodiversity during an educational program. \u00a9 Mohan B. Shrestha.<\/p><\/div>\n

Aquatic insects are one of the best ways to tell if a wetland is polluted or clean.  Certain insect species are extra-sensitive to pollution and can only be found in very clean wetlands.  The absence of these sensitive species can suggest that a wetland is polluted 10<\/sup>.  <\/sup>When aquatic insects were surveyed in Parvati Kunda, very few sensitive species were found\u2014suggesting that the water in Parvati Kunda is already quite polluted.<\/p>\n

This pollution probably comes from livestock waste in the area surrounding the wetland but exactly where, when, and how much pollution comes from livestock is uncertain.  And, although we do not fully understand what problems pollution will cause for plants and animals in Parvati Kunda, it is clearly a major threat to the wetland and the people that drink the water.<\/p>\n

It is important to keep the wetland clean to protect the species that live there and the people living in the nearby Gatlang Village.  Even with polluted water, there are currently 25 species of wetland plants in Parvati Kunda, including Acorus calamus<\/em> and a rare type of peat moss called Sphagnum palustre<\/em>.  Around the wetland, we observed 37 different types of birds and six different species of mammals including Grey Langur monkeys, Barking Deer, and Yellow-throated Martens.  The water from Parvati Kunda is also piped down to village taps, although the water in those taps is contaminated with bacteria 11<\/sup>.  <\/sup><\/p>\n

Overall, it is important to continue surveying the plants and animals in Parvati Kunda.  Now that the wetland species have been recorded once, it will be easy to monitor how pollution and climate change impact the wetland habitat in the future.  It will also be easy to measure how local conservation actions help protect wetland species.  Parvati Kunda is a beautiful example of a Himalayan wetland and understanding Parvati Kunda will help us protect and conserve other wetlands throughout the region.<\/p>\n

\n

References<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. Merrey, D.J., A. Hussain, D.D. Tamang, B. Thapa & A. Prakash (2018).<\/strong> Evolving high altitude livelihoods and climate change: a study from Rasuwa District, Nepal. Food Security<\/em> 10(4): 1055\u20131071.<\/li>\n
  2. IPCC (2007). <\/strong>Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. In: Parry, M.L., O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden & C.E. Hanson (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & NY, USA. Available online at https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar4\/ wg2\/<\/a>. Accessed on 02 September 2017.<\/li>\n
  3. Yao, T., Y. Wang, S. Liu, J. Pu, Y. Shen & A. Lu (2004). <\/strong>Recent glacial retreat in high Asia in China and its impact on water resource in northwest China. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences <\/em>47(12): 1065\u20131075. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1360\/03yd0256<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. Tse-ring, K., E. Sharma, N. Chettri & A. Shrestha (2010). <\/strong>Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability in the eastern Himalayas: Synthesis Report. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal, 30pp.<\/li>\n
  5. Gerlitz, J.Y., S. Banerjee, N. Brooks, K. Hunzai & M. Macchi (2015). <\/strong>An approach to measure vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayas, pp151\u2013176. In: Filho, W.L. (eds.). Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation<\/em>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2198pp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-38670- 1_99<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. Binzer, A., C. Guill, B.C. Rall & U. Brose (2016)<\/strong>. Interactive effects of warming, eutrophication and size structure: impacts on biodiversity and food\u2010web structure. Global Change Biology <\/em>22(1): 220\u2013227.<\/li>\n
  7. Schindler, D.W. (2006). <\/strong>Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography <\/em>51(1): 356\u2013363.<\/li>\n
  8. Khan, M.A., M.A. Shah, S.S. Mir & S. Bashir (2004). <\/strong>The environmental status of a Kashmir Himalayan wetland game reserve: aquatic plant communities and eco-restoration measures. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management <\/em>9(2): 125\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ j.1440-1770.2004.00242.x<\/a><\/li>\n
  9. Romshoo, S.A. & I. Rashid (2014). <\/strong>Assessing the impacts of changing land cover and climate on Hokersar Wetland in Indian Himalayas. Arabian Journal of Geosciences <\/em>7(1): 143\u2013160. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1007\/s12517-012-0761-9<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. Tachamo-Shah, R.D., D.N. Shah & H. Nesemann (2011). <\/strong>Development of a macroinvertebrate-based Nepal Lake Biotic Index (NLBI): an applied method for assessing the ecological quality of lakes and reservoirs in Nepal. International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology <\/em>1(1\u20132): 125\u2013146.<\/li>\n
  11. Moravek, J.A., M.B. Shrestha & S. Yonzon (2019).<\/strong> Baseline biodiversity and physiochemical survey in Parvati Kunda and surrounding area in Rasuwa, Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa<\/em>11(6): 13734\u201313747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11609\/jott.4481.11.6.13734-13747<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n

    This science communication was originally published as an article in JoTT.  Find it at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11609\/jott.4481.11.6.13734-13747<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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