{"id":1114,"date":"2018-10-17T11:44:40","date_gmt":"2018-10-17T11:44:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/?p=1114"},"modified":"2018-10-20T05:13:13","modified_gmt":"2018-10-20T05:13:13","slug":"into-the-shadows-strategies-for-survival-in-ungulates-of-malaysia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/threatenedtaxa.org\/jottings\/behaviour\/into-the-shadows-strategies-for-survival-in-ungulates-of-malaysia\/","title":{"rendered":"Into the shadows: strategies for survival in ungulates of Malaysia"},"content":{"rendered":"

As ungulates<\/span><\/span><\/span>Hooved mammals.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> form the major prey base for large carnivores, understanding their ecology<\/span><\/span><\/span>The relationships of organisms with their environment and with each other.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> can be useful for the conservation of their predators.\u00a0 The paper by Tan and team provides the first published baseline data of activity patterns of ungulates in peninsular Malaysia, which can be incorporated into future ungulate studies in the area.<\/p>\n

The ecological sync<\/h2>\n

Larger carnivores selectively hunt larger prey when available.\u00a0 Ungulates are likely the major prey base for the Critically Endangered Malayan Tiger in peninsular Malaysia.\u00a0 A decline in large ungulate prey has been reported to be linked to a decline in tiger populations in the area.\u00a0 Understanding the status of large ungulate prey in the area is, therefore, important for tiger conservation.<\/p>\n

Daily activity pattern can be potentially used to monitor the status of animals.\u00a0 Activity patterns of terrestrial animals may vary from year to year and may change in response to food availability, hunting, and habitat conversion and fragmentation.\u00a0 Several studies noted that the activity patterns of mammals were affected by hunting and human disturbance.\u00a0 Poached species became more nocturnal<\/span><\/span><\/span>Primarily active during the night.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> in response to high hunting pressure and leopards became more diurnal<\/span><\/span><\/span>Primarily active during the day.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> in the absence of tourist activity.\u00a0 A change in daily activity patterns of animals, particularly an increase in nocturnal activity, therefore, can serve as a potential indicator of human disturbance and hunting in an area.<\/p>\n

Strategies for survival<\/h2>\n

\"UngulatesThe ungulate species in the Endau Rompin Landscape (ERL) of peninsular Malaysia were studied in 2011, 2013, and 2015 using camera traps<\/span><\/span><\/span>An effective and non-invasive method to study shy and reclusive large animals.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.\u00a0 The captures suggested that the Near Threatened Barking Deer, the Vulnerable Bearded Pig, and the Wild Boar were mostly diurnal, Mousedeer species were crepuscular<\/span><\/span><\/span>Primarily active during twilight and dawn.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, and the Endangered Malayan Tapir were nocturnal.<\/p>\n

The Barking Deer, Bearded Pig, and Wild Boar exhibited two activity peaks, in the morning after sunrise and in the late afternoon around sunset. There appears to be a reduction in activity in the afternoon, which could be driven by a biological requirement to cool their bodies, thus resting in shade or reducing their foraging<\/span><\/span><\/span>The act of searching for food.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> activity.\u00a0 Previous studies have noted primates and flying foxes in tropical forests resting and fanning to cool their bodies, respectively, when the mid-day sun was at its strongest.\u00a0 The lull in activity, however, could also be exaggerated as the camera traps tended to be set up along logging<\/span><\/span><\/span>The activity or business of felling trees and cutting and preparing the timber.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> roads and animal trails where shade was limited and hence avoided by the ungulate species.<\/p>\n

The Bearded Pig and Wild Boar are known to forage in oil palm plantations that lie adjacent to forests. Considered as agricultural pests<\/span><\/span><\/span>Destructive animals that attack crops, food, livestock, etc.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, they can be eradicated with permits under the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 of Malaysia.\u00a0 The effect of such human activities on these species, however, has not been studied.\u00a0 If the activity patterns of these ungulate species are a result of such human disturbances, immediate studies would need to be undertaken to investigate the case.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u25ba The effect of hunting pressure along forest-plantation edge habitats on the occurrence of Bearded Pig and Wild Boar need to be studied.<\/p>\n

\u25ba A forest canopy cover study should be undertaken to reveal if ungulate avoidance of logging roads and animal trails depends on the amount of sunlight in the afternoon.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Reference<\/h2>\n

Tan, W.S., N.B.A. Hamzah, S. Saaban, N.A. Zawakhir, Y. Rao, N. Jamaluddin, F. Cheong, N.B. Khalid, N.L. Mohdsaat, E.N.B. ZaideeEe, A.B. Hamdan, M.M. Chow, C.P. Low, M. Voon, S.H. Liang, M. Tyson & M. Gumal (2018).<\/strong> Observations of occurrence and daily activity patterns of ungulates in the Endau Rompin Landscape, peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Threatened Taxa<\/em> 10(2): 11245\u201311253; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11609\/jott.3519.10.2.11245-11253<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Human activities are driving animals to change their activity patterns as a strategy for survival. Such shifts in prey species can affect their predators.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":104,"featured_media":1115,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[106,108,107],"class_list":["post-1114","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-behaviour","tag-activity-pattern","tag-malaysia","tag-ungulates"],"yoast_head":"\nInto the shadows: strategies for survival in ungulates of Malaysia | Jottings<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Human activities are driving animals to change their activity patterns as a strategy for survival. 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