Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2026 | 18(3): 28468–28478
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9905.18.3.28468-28478
#9905 | Received 08 May 2025 | Final received 13 February 2026| Finally
accepted 21 February 2026
Composition and ecological guild
structure of birds at Chaudhary Devi Lal University campus, Haryana, India
Harkrishan Kamboj 1 , Vijay Singh 2 , Vivek Goyal 3 & Vinay Malik 4
1 Department of Zoology, Chaudhary
Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana 125055, India.
2 CMG Govt. P.G. College for Women,
Bhodia Khera (Fatehabad) Haryana 125050, India.
3 Govt. National P.G. College,
Sirsa, Haryana 125055, India.
4 Department of Zoology, Maharshi
Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India.
1 drharryzoo@cdlu.ac.in
(corresponding author), 2 mr.gadwal79@gmail.com, 3 vivekgoyal22@gmail.com,
4 vinaymalikzoo@mdurohtak.ac.in
Abstract: Documentation of avian diversity
is an effective method to monitor the quality of a habitat, along with
long-term effects of habitat fragmentation, developmental activities, and
urbanization. In the current investigation, the avifauna diversity of the university
campus was examined from December 2022 to December 2024. A transect
survey was carried out by regular walking on fixed routes in the campus.
Eighty-four species from 72 genera, 43 families, and 16 orders were observed.
Sixty-six species were resident, five were summer migrants, 12 were winter
migrants, and one was a passage migrant. The campus supported 27 (32%)
omnivorous, 10 (12%) carnivorous, 31 (37%) insectivorous, six (7%) granivorous,
seven (8%) frugivorous, one (1%) nectarivorous, and two (2.4%) piscivorous
species. Passerine species had higher relative diversity than non-passerines.
Two ‘Near Threatened’ species were recorded and global
population trends were 39 stable, 18 decreasing, 18 increasing, and nine
unknown. Conservation efforts, including planting of native trees and
preserving green cover on campus, should continue to support avifaunal
diversity.
Keywords: Avian diversity, conservation,
ecosystem, frugivorous, green cover, guilds, insectivore, omnivorous,
Passeriformes, threatened, winter migrants.
Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 March 2026 (online & print)
Citation:
Kamboj, H., V. Singh, V. Goyal & V. Malik (2026). Composition
and ecological guild structure of birds at Chaudhary Devi Lal University
campus, Haryana, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 18(3):
28468–28478. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9905.18.3.28468-28478
Copyright: © Kamboj et al. 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: The study was not funded by any external agency.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr. Harkrishan Kamboj is working as assistant professor of Zoology at Chaudhary Devi Lal
University, Sirsa. His academic interests centre on exploring regional
biodiversity diversity and its conservation. In addition, his research focuses
on the toxicological impacts of environmental pollutants on the
reproductive systems of animals. Dr. Vijay Singh is interested in studying
ladybirds, spiders and birds in Haryana. Currently, he is working as associate
professor of Zoology. His academic and research interest mainly focus on conservation of environment and biodiversity. In addition, he also loves
the wildlife photography. Dr. Vivek Goyal is interested in studying birds,
reptiles, spiders and insects in Haryana. Currently, he is working as associate
professor of Zoology. He also has interest in wildlife photography. Prof. Vinay Malik is currently a faculty member in
the Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University,
Rohtak, Haryana, India. He is presently working in the research areas of
“Toxicology and Biodiversity”. He has published more than 50 research articles
in high-impact journals. His five scholars have been awarded a PhD degree, while eight students are pursuing a PhD under his guidance.
Author contributions: The authors have made significant contributions to this manuscript.
Harkrishan Kamboj and Vivek Goyal designed the study, performed data
acquisition and data analysis. Vijay Singh and Vinay Malik
performed statistical, and revised the manuscript. Harkrishan Kamboj supervised
and finally approved the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: Our sincere thanks go to the Hon’ble vice chancellor, Chaudhary Devi
Lal University, Sirsa, for providing the requisite
facilities.
INTRODUCTION
Birds are among the most
widespread vertebrates that act as sensitive bioindicators while playing a
dynamic role in interconnecting various food chains in aquatic as well as
terrestrial habitats (Abd 2019; Byju et al. 2024). An abundance of avifaunal
diversity contributes to the development of the biotic community within the
ecosystems. Birds also serve as monitors to examine the long-term effects of
both habitat fragmentation and habitat loss (Gupta et al. 2009; Rashiba et al
2022). India harbours approximately 1,364 species of birds that
belong to 26 orders, 115 families, and 497 genera, contributing approximately
13.81% of total avian species around the world (Praveen & Jayapal 2024). In
Haryana alone, 450 bird species have been documented (Goyal et al. 2014; Rai et
al. 2017). Unfortunately, the global decline in bird diversity is a concerning
issue, primarily driven by the widespread use of agrochemicals in intensive
agricultural practices, impacts of climate change, and habitat loss due to the
expanding footprint of urbanization (Kiran et al. 2022; Kumar et al. 2025).
According to the IUCN Red List, 1,311 avian species are threatened globally,
with 182 of them native to India (IUCN 2024). Avian fauna constitutes a vital
component of the biotic community across all ecosystems, contributing
significantly to ecological stability and functioning by performing a wide
range of essential ecological roles in pollination, seed dispersal, nutrient
dispositioning, scavenging, and control of insect pests and rodents (Kumar
& Sahu 2019). This highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts in
diverse habitats to protect avian biodiversity.
Monitoring avian diversity in
educational institutions provides valuable information on the ecological health
of the campus, which can be used to launch an awareness drive regarding the
conservation of habitat and biodiversity. Unfortunately, these sites are
comparatively less considered in studies of avian diversity (Kiran et al.
2022). Although numerous researchers have documented the avian diversity within
educational institutions around the world, the studies are limited, as they
lack comprehensive and systematic assessments.
Estimation of diversity through a
scientific approach is also essential to plan the conservation strategies for
threatened avian species in any habitat. Therefore, a comprehensive exploration
of avian diversity is the need of the time. Chaudhary Devi Lal University
(CDLU) was founded in 2003 and is still in the process of developing its
campus, with ongoing construction of buildings, roads, and hostels. The
ecosystem of such developing institutes faces tremendous pressure, such as tree
cutting for construction activities to make way for new infrastructure. These
activities may have an impact on the quality of natural habitats. Therefore,
the impacts of these changes on the structure and composition of bird diversity
are yet to be fully understood. In general, birds are highly sensitive to such
activities and are affected by changes in density and species composition. This
has prompted us to make a survey of birds in the campus of this University, as
information is lacking. Therefore, we assessed species richness, feeding guild
composition and residential status of birds in a rapidly urbanizing university
campus to evaluate its ecological role as a refuge habitat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The present study was conducted
at the University campus of CDLU, Sirsa (29.546°N, 75.044°E), Haryana, India
(Figure 1). The campus covers an area of 1.1 km2, which comprises
buildings, lawns, trees, grassland with herbs and shrubs, and one water body.
Neem Azadirachta indica, Peepal Ficus religiosa, and Shisham Dalbergia
sissoo dominate the campus, providing a suitable place and attracting a
significant number of avian species. The campus experiences sub-tropical
climatic conditions characterized by three distinct seasons: rainy season
(July–September), winter season (October–February), and dry hot season
(March–June). The campus experiences a high temperature of 48 ± 1 °C during the
summer and as low as 3 ± 1 oC in winter, with a usual annual
rainfall of 350–400 mm.
Methodology
We surveyed the avifauna for two years
(December 2022 to December 2024), covering all the seasons. This field surveys
were conducted on alternate weeks, using the point and line transect method
(Gaston 1975 ; Sutherland et al. 2005), mainly during
the peak activity times of the birds, i.e., in the morning (0600–1000 h) and
evening (1600–1900 h), along with some incidental sightings during day time by
walking through fixed routes (transect) to cover the entire campus. Eight
linear transects of 200 m (each) were randomly deployed within the campus, with
regular count stations at every 20 m intervals along the transect (Archana et
al. 2024). Birds in each transect were explored with the help of Nikon Action
binoculars (10 × 50) and photographed for further identification using Nikon
Coolpix P1000 digital Camera. Standard field guides (Ali & Ripley 1983;
Grimmett et al. 2014; Kalsi et al. 2019) were also used for birds’
identification. The migratory/residential status of the reported bird species
was confirmed by adopting the presence or absence method (Grimmett et al. 2014;
Kumar et al. 2016). Recorded bird species were classified taxonomically by
following Praveen & Jayapal (2024) and IUCN (2024). The abundance status of
individual species was assigned depending on the frequency of sightings by
following the standard criteria (MacKinnon & Phillipps 1993). The reported
species were classified as common (observed on 80–100 % of visits), fairly
common (observed on 60–79.9 % of visits), uncommon (observed on 20–59.9 % of
visits), and rare (observed on less than 19.9 % of visits). Feeding guilds were
determined by directly observing the foraging birds with binoculars and
categorized into seven guilds (Omnivorous, Carnivorous, Frugivorous,
Granivorous, Insectivorous, Nectarivorous and Piscivorous), and compared with the
available literature (Rai & Vanita 2021). The conservation status,
including local and global population trends of recorded avian species, was
considered according to the latest IUCN Red List (2024). Further, RDi (relative
diversity index) for bird families was determined following the standard
formula as per Torre-Cuadros et al. (2017
Number of species in a family
RDi = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––
x 100
Total number of species
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A total of 84 species belonging
to 72 genera, 43 families, and 16 orders (Table 1) were observed. The dominant
order was Passeriformes (42 species), followed by Coraciiformes and
Pelecaniformes (5 each), Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Piciformes, Cuculiformes
(4 each), and Gruiformes (3) (Figure 2). Tree habitat supported the highest
biodiversity, followed by grassland, water body, garden, and buildings. Rock
Dove Columba livia was the most dominant urban-adapted species, followed
by Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicopterus, Jungle Babbler Argya
striata, Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus, and Silver Bill Euodice
malabarica.
Our observations align with
findings from other areas, where order Passeriformes is the most prevalent
avian taxon (Mathibalan et al. 2026). This dominance is attributed to their
ability to occupy a wide range of habitats and capacity to consume diverse food
sources (Goyal et al. 2014; Rai et al. 2017; Rai & Vanita 2021; Qing-Ming
et al. 2021). Diversity and richness of avian species in any ecosystem are
also influenced by various factors like vegetation, availability of food,
roosting sites, number of fruiting trees, degree of noise pollution, human
interference, and predation (Hossain & Aditya 2016; Chiawo et al. 2018).
Analysis of relative diversity (RDi) revealed that the family Muscicapidae is
the most diverse group with the greatest RDi value (7.14) and six species,
followed by Sturnidae (5 species), Motacillidae, Columbidae and Cuculidae (4
species) respectively (Figure 3). Similar to our observation, Muscicapidae was
also reported as a highly diverse family at the Campus of Bangalore University
(Rajashekara & Venkatesha 2017).
We observed two ‘Near Threatened’
species: Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria and Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus. Regarding residential status, 66 species were resident,
five were summer migrants, 12 winter migrants, and one a passage migrant (Table
1) (Figure 4). All the migratory species are common to the earlier recorded
studies on the migratory species at Ottu Lake, Sirsa, Haryana (Goyal et al.
2014; Rai & Vanita 2021). A similar pattern has also been reported by Sailo
et al. (2019) at the Mizoram University campus, where the number of winter
visitors was highest among migratory birds. In our investigation, the campus
supported 27 (32 %) omnivorous, 10 (12%) carnivorous, 31 (37%) insectivorous, 6
(7.1%) granivorous, 7 (8.3%) frugivorous, 1 (1.2%) nectarivorous, and 2 (2.4%)
piscivorous birds (Figure 5). The high number of insectivorous and omnivorous
species indicates the campus provides abundant insects and varied food assets
including seeds, grains, nuts, floral buds, fruits, nectar, and non-insect
invertebrates. Hence, better conservation strategies should be adopted to conserve
the campus ecosystem and avian diversity as well.
Passerine species dominated
non-passerines in terms of relative diversity. Further analysis, in accordance
with IUCN 2024 (Red List), revealed that 39 species have stable, 18
decreasing, 18 increasing, and nine unknown global population trends (Figure
6). Twenty-one species are found to be
common, 25 are fairly common, seven are uncommon, and 31 are rare (Figure 7).
Appropriate conservation planning is crucial for maintaining the diversity of
rare species in a particular area of campus. The number of rare species in the
current study area is approximately half of the number of rare species (60)
reported by Rai & Vanita (2021) at Ottu Lake, Sirsa. Comparison between
global population trends and local abundance status showed that three species,
namely Rock Dove, Eurasian Thick Knee Burhinus oedicnemus and Rufous
Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda, with decreasing population at the global
scale (as per the IUCN Red List), were present abundantly in the campus, most
probably due to the presence of suitable environmental conditions and abundance
of food resources.
The reported avian diversity
indicates that the campus ecosystem is healthy for avian fauna and also
comparable with the earlier investigations conducted at various educational
institutions situated in different regions of India (Table 2). For instance,
Kiran et al. (2022) recorded 101 bird species that belong to 17 orders, 43
families, and 86 genera at agricultural lands and the campus of CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar. Similarly, Rajashekara & Venkatesha (2017) reported 106
bird species belonging to 68 genera at the campus of Bangalore University. Devi
et al. (2012) also reported 109 species under 44 families at Guwahati
University campus. Seventy-seven bird species that belong to 35 families were
reported in a previous investigation at the campus of Shri Krishna University,
Chhatarpur (M.P), India (Shivhare et al. 2022). The current observation also
supports that despite the limited area, the university campus harbors
significant avian diversity when compared with the previous investigations made
in this locality. This is comparable with the avian diversity observed at Ottu
lake, Sirsa, Haryana, with an area of 950 acres and a depth of 15 feet, harbors
total of 114 avian species belonging to 18 orders, 47 families and 91 genera
(Rai & Vanita 2021). Additionally, Goyal et al. (2014) also reported 64
migratory bird species at the same lake, comprising 44 genera, 27 families, and
nine orders.
The rich avifauna diversity at
this campus area can be attributed to the availability of a variety of food
niches. However, the study also identified several moderate to low-level
threats to avian diversity on the campus. These include limited water availability
in the summer season, dusty storms in the month of May–July, that damage or
destroy a significant number of both nests and nesting trees, predation of
chicks by stray dogs and the presence of undeveloped land lacking suitable
nesting trees. Although the campus authority has undertaken a large-scale
plantation drive in the monsoon season (July–August 2025), planting more than
3,000 saplings across the premises, these require time to mature into fully
developed trees capable of providing adequate nesting and foraging habitats.
Therefore, additional tree plantation initiatives, effective management of
stray dog populations, and increased awareness among students and staff could
substantially help mitigate these threats and support the conservation of avian
diversity on the campus.
CONCLUSION
Usually, urbanization leads to a
decline in species diversity, favoring only a few urban-adapted species. This
study highlights the significance of green spaces and habitat diversity within
the institution for the conservation of avian fauna and the maintenance of
ecological balance. It also underscores the global importance of protecting
such habitats, which serve as safe havens and food niches for a wide variety of
bird species. The adjoining areas of this campus are rapidly losing greenery
due to construction activities, including the establishment of a medical
college and other developmental projects; however, the CDLU campus itself is
progressing in the opposite direction, and efforts are being directed toward enhancing
its green cover. Specifically, during the monsoon season (July–August),
large-scale tree plantation drives are being organized across the campus. Such
initiatives are expected to play a crucial role in conserving habitats and
sustaining food resources for local bird populations. Further action plan
involves mitigation of threats, long-term monitoring of avian diversity through
active student participation, focusing on species density, habitat utilization,
seasonal variations in abundance, and aspects of nesting and breeding ecology,
thereby contributing valuable insights into bird conservation and ecosystem
management.
Table 1. Guild, status, and
composition of avian diversity recorded at the campus of Chaudhary Devi Lal
University, Sirsa.
|
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
Guild |
IUCN Red List 2024 |
Residential status |
Abundance status |
Global trends |
|
Order 1 |
Anseriformes |
||||||
|
1.1 Family |
Anatidae (RDi value
1.19) |
||||||
|
1 |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Anas poecilorhyncha |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
D |
|
Order 2 |
Galliformes |
||||||
|
2.1 Family |
Phasianidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
2 |
Grey Francolin |
Ortygornis pondicerianus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
3 |
Black Francolin |
Francolinus francolinus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
Order 3 |
Columbiformes |
||||||
|
3.1 Family |
Columbidae (RDi
value 4.76) |
||||||
|
4 |
Rock Dove |
Columba livia |
Granivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
D |
|
5 |
Eurasian Collared Dove |
Streptopelia decaocto |
Granivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
I |
|
6 |
Laughing Dove |
Spilopelia
senegalensis |
Granivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
S |
|
7 |
Yellow-footed Green
Pigeon |
Treron
phoenicopterus |
Frugivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
I |
|
Order 4 |
Cuculiformes |
||||||
|
4.1 Family |
Cuculidae (RDi
value 4.76) |
||||||
|
8 |
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis |
Carnivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
S |
|
9 |
Pied Cuckoo |
Clamator jacobinus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
SM |
RA |
S |
|
10 |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
SM |
C |
S |
|
11 |
Common Hawk-Cuckoo |
Hierococcyx varius |
Insectivorous |
LC |
SM |
RA |
S |
|
Order 5 |
Gruiformes |
||||||
|
5.1 Family |
Rallidae (RDi
value 3.57) |
||||||
|
12 |
Common Moorhen |
Gallinula chloropus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
S |
|
13 |
Grey-headed Swamphen |
Porphyrio poliocephalus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
U |
|
14 |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
U |
|
Order 6 |
Charadriformes |
||||||
|
6.1 Family |
Charadriidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
15 |
Yellow-wattled
Lapwing |
Vanellus
malabaricus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
16 |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
U |
|
6.2 Family |
Burhinidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
17 |
Eurasian Thick-knee |
Burhinus oedicnemus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
D |
|
6.3 Family |
Recurvirostridae
(RDi value 1.19) |
||||||
|
18 |
Black-winged Stilt |
Himantopus himantopus |
Carnivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
I |
|
Order 7 |
Podicipediformes |
||||||
|
7.1 Family |
Podicipedidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
19 |
Little Grebe |
Tachybaptus ruficollis |
Carnivorous |
LC |
R |
UC |
D |
|
Order 8 |
Suliformes |
||||||
|
8.1 Family |
Phalacrocoracidae
(RDi value 1.19) |
||||||
|
20 |
Little Cormorant |
Microcarbo niger |
Piscivore |
LC |
R |
C |
U |
|
Order 9 |
Pelecaniformes |
||||||
|
9.1 Family |
Scolopacidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
21 |
Wood Sandpiper |
Tringa glareola |
Insectivorous |
LC |
WM |
FC |
S |
|
9.2 Family |
Threskiornithidae
(RDi value 2.38) |
||||||
|
22 |
Black-headed Ibis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus |
Carnivorous |
NT |
R |
RA |
D |
|
23 |
Red-naped Ibis |
Pseudibis papillosa |
Carnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
D |
|
9.3 Family |
Ardeidae (RDi value
2.38) |
||||||
|
24 |
Black-crowned Night
Heron |
Nycticorax
nycticorax |
Carnivorous |
LC |
R |
UC |
D |
|
25 |
Cattle Egret |
Ardea ibis |
Carnivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
I |
|
Order 10 |
Accipitriformes |
||||||
|
10.1 Family |
Accipitridae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
26 |
Oriental Honey Buzzard |
Pernis ptilorhynchus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
D |
|
27 |
Shikra |
Tachyspiza badia |
Carnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
Order 11 |
Strigiformes |
||||||
|
11.1 Family |
Strigidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
28 |
Indian Scops-Owl |
Otus bakkamoena |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
29 |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama |
Carnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
Order 12 |
Bucerotiformes |
||||||
|
12.1 Family |
Upupidae (RDi value
1.19) |
||||||
|
30 |
Eurasian Hoopoe |
Upupa epops |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
D |
|
12.2 Family |
Bucerotidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
31 |
Indian Grey
Hornbill |
Ocyceros birostris |
Frugivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
Order 13 |
Coraciiformes |
||||||
|
13.1 Family |
Meropidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
32 |
Asian Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis |
Insectivorous |
LC |
SM |
C |
I |
|
33 |
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater |
Merops persicus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
SM |
RA |
S |
|
13.2 Family |
Alcedinidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
34 |
White-throated
Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
I |
|
35 |
Pied Kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis |
Piscivore |
LC |
R |
UC |
U |
|
13.3 Family |
Coraciidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
36 |
Indian Roller |
Coracias
benghalensis |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
I |
|
Order 14 |
Piciformes |
||||||
|
14.1 Family |
Megalaimidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
37 |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon
haemacephalus |
Frugivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
I |
|
38 |
Brown-headed Barbet |
Psilopogon
zeylanicus |
Frugivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
14.2 Family |
Picidae (RDi value
2.38) |
||||||
|
39 |
Eurasian Wryneck |
Jynx torquilla |
Insectivorous |
LC |
WM |
RA |
D |
|
40 |
Black-rumped Flameback |
Dinopium benghalense |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
Order 15 |
Psittaciformes |
||||||
|
15.1 Family |
Psittaculidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
41 |
Alexandrine Parakeet |
Psittacula eupatria |
Frugivorous |
NT |
R |
RA |
D |
|
42 |
Rose-ringed
Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri |
Frugivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
I |
|
Order 16 |
Passeriformes |
||||||
|
16.1 Family |
Campephagidae (RDi value 1.19) |
||||||
|
43 |
Small Minivet |
Pericrocotus
cinnamomeus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
D |
|
16.2 Family |
Vangidae (RDi value
1.19) |
||||||
|
44 |
Common Woodshrike |
Tephrodornis pondicerianus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
16.3 Family |
Dicruridae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
45 |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
U |
|
16.4 Family |
Monarchidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
46 |
Indian Paradise-Flycatcher |
Terpsiphone paradisi |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
16.5 Family |
Laniidae (RDi value
1.19) |
||||||
|
47 |
Long-tailed Shrike |
Lanius schach |
Carnivorous |
LC |
WM |
RA |
U |
|
16.6 Family |
Corvidae (RDi value
2.38) |
||||||
|
48 |
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta
vagabunda |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
D |
|
49 |
House Crow |
Corvus splendens |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
UC |
S |
|
16.7 Family |
Alaudidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
50 |
Indian Bushlark |
Plocealauda erythroptera |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
51 |
Crested Lark |
Galerida cristata |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
D |
|
16.8 Family |
Cisticolidae (RDi
value 3.57) |
||||||
|
52 |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
53 |
Ashy Prinia |
Prinia socialis |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
54 |
Plain Prinia |
Prinia inornata |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
16.9 Family |
Hirundinidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
55 |
Wire-tailed Swallow |
Hirundo smithii |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
I |
|
56 |
Streak-throated Swallow |
Petrochelidon fluvicola |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
I |
|
16.10 Family |
Pycnonotidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
57 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer |
Frugivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
I |
|
58 |
White-eared Bulbul |
Pycnonotus leucotis |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
D |
|
16.11 Family |
Phylloscopidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
59 |
Common Chiffchaff |
Phylloscopus
collybita |
Insectivorous |
LC |
WM |
FC |
S |
|
16.12 Family |
Sylviidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
61 |
Lesser Whitethroat |
Curruca curruca |
Omnivorous |
LC |
WM |
RA |
S |
|
60 |
Blyth’s Reed- warbler |
Acrocephalus dumetorum |
Insectivorous |
LC |
WM |
FC |
I |
|
16.13 Family |
Zosteropidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
62 |
Indian White-eye |
Zosterops palpebrosus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
UC |
D |
|
16.14 Family |
Leiothrichidae (RDi
value 3.38) |
||||||
|
63 |
Large Grey Babbler |
Argya malcolmi |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
64 |
Jungle Babbler |
Argya striata |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
S |
|
65 |
Common Babbler |
Argya caudata |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
16.15 Family |
Sturnidae (RDi
value 5.95) |
||||||
|
66 |
Rosy Starling |
Pastor roseus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
PM |
RA |
U |
|
67 |
Indian Pied Starling |
Gracupica contra |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
I |
|
68 |
Brahminy Starling |
Sturnia pagodarum |
Omnivorous |
LC |
WM |
RA |
U |
|
69 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres
tristis |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
I |
|
70 |
Bank Myna |
Acridotheres ginginianus |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
I |
|
16.16 Family |
Muscicapidae (RDi value 7.14) |
||||||
|
71 |
Indian Robin |
Copsychus fulicatus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
S |
|
72 |
Oriental
Magpie-Robin |
Copsychus saularis |
Omnivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
73 |
Bluethroat |
Luscinia svecica |
Omnivorous |
LC |
WM |
FC |
S |
|
74 |
Red-breasted Flycatcher |
Ficedula parva |
Insectivorous |
LC |
WM |
FC |
I |
|
75 |
Black Redstart |
Phoenicurus ochruros |
Insectivorous |
LC |
WM |
FC |
I |
|
76 |
Brown Rock Chat |
Oenanthe fusca |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
S |
|
16.17 Family |
Nectariniidae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
77 |
Purple Sunbird |
Cinnyris asiaticus |
Nectarivorous |
LC |
R |
C |
S |
|
16.18 Family |
Estrildidae (RDi
value 2.38) |
||||||
|
78 |
Indian Silverbill |
Euodice malabarica |
Granivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
79 |
Scaly-breasted Munia |
Lonchura punctulata |
Granivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
|
16.19 Family |
Passeridae (RDi
value 1.19) |
||||||
|
80 |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus |
Granivorous |
LC |
R |
UC |
D |
|
16.20 Family |
Motacillidae (RDi
value 4.76) |
||||||
|
81 |
Western Yellow
Wagtail |
Motacilla flava |
Insectivorous |
LC |
WM |
UC |
D |
|
82 |
White-browed
Wagtail |
Motacilla
maderaspatensis |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
FC |
S |
|
83 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba |
Insectivorous |
LC |
WM |
FC |
S |
|
84 |
Paddy Field Pipit |
Anthus rufulus |
Insectivorous |
LC |
R |
RA |
S |
IUCN status: LC—Least Concerned,
NT—Near Threatened | Resident status: R—Resident, SM—Summer Migrant, WM—Winter
Migrant | Abundance status: RA—Rare, FC—Fairly Common, C—Common, UC—Uncommon |
Global Trends: S—stable, I—Increasing, D—Decreasing, U—Unknown.
Table 2. Avian diversity reported
at different educational institutes of India.
|
Educational Institute |
Area surveyed |
Avian species reported |
Time frame |
Region |
Key findings |
References |
|
CCS Haryana Agricultural
University Campus, Hisar |
------- |
101 |
2 Years |
Hisar, Haryana, India |
101 bird species belonging to
17 orders and 43 families. Order Passeriformes most dominating |
Kiran et al. 2022 |
|
Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra, Haryana, India |
160 hectares |
92 |
3 Years, 9 Months |
Kurukshetra, Haryana, India |
92 bird species belonging to 37
families. Order Passeriformes most dominating |
Gupta et al. 2009 |
|
Bangalore University Campus,
Bengaluru, India |
445.15 hectares |
106 |
2 Years |
Bengaluru, India |
106 bird species belonging to
42 families and 68 genera |
Rajashekara & Venkatesha
2017 |
|
Gauhati University Campus,
Jalukbari, Assam, India |
195.87 hectares |
109 |
3 Years |
Jalukbari, Assam, India |
109 bird species belonging to
42 families |
Devi et al. 2012 |
|
Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati Campus, Assam, India |
280 hectares |
152 |
3 Years |
Guwahati, Assam, India |
152 bird species belonging to
14 orders and 50 families |
Rathod & Bhaduri 2022 |
|
Shri Krishna University Campus,
Chhatarpur (M.P), India |
40 hectares |
77 |
6 Months |
Chhatarpur (M.P), India |
77 bird species belonging to 35
families |
Shivhare et al. 2022 |
|
Durgapur Government College Campus, West
Bengal, India |
12 hectares |
106 |
7 years |
West Bengal |
106 bird species belonging to
47 families |
Adhurya et al. 2023 |
For figures - - click here for
full PDF
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