Avifaunal diversity of Manjeera Wildlife
Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India
Kante Krishna Prasad 1, BagariRamakrishna 2, Chelmala Srinivasulu 3 & Bhargavi Srinivasulu 4
1,2,3,4 Wildlife Biology Section, Department of
Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh 500007, India
3,4 Systematics, Ecology & Conservation
Laboratory, Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO), 96 KumudhamNagar, Vilankurichi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
641035, India,
1 kpmanjeera@gmail.com, 2 raam27@gmail.com,3 hyd2masawa@gmail.com (corresponding author), 4 bharisrini@gmail.com
Abstract: A total of 164 bird species belonging to
53 families were recorded in the Manjeera Wildlife
Sanctuary. Of these 107 species were resident, 55 species were winter migrants
and 2 species were summer migrants. The population of the each species in
different habitats was estimated. Species richness was observed to be more in
agriculture habitat followed by scrubland, grassland and marshy areas, whereas
species diversity was observed to be more in scrubland habitat followed by
agriculture lands, grasslands and marshy areas. Similarity Index analysis
showed that the habitats of agriculture land-scrubland are more similar
whereas, habitats of scrubland-marshy area show dissimilarity in the sanctuary.
Keywords: Andhra Pradesh, avian diversity, India, ManjeeraWildlife Sanctuary, Medak.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3505.5464-77 | ZooBank:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:755506CF-AD17-49D0-9048-B41D4C538FD2
Editor: V. Santharam,
Institute of Bird Studies & Natural History, Chittoor, India. Date
of publication: 26 February 2014 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o3505 | Received 28
January 2013 | Final received 16 November 2013 | Finally accepted 23 January
2014
Citation:Prasad, K.K., B. Ramakrishna, C. Srinivasulu & B.Srinivasulu (2014). Avifaunal
diversity of Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra
Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 6(2): 5464–5477; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3505.5464-77
Copyright: © Prasad et al. 2014. Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: Field survey was supported by
grants from Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh;
Department of Biotechnology, Government of India and University Grants
Commission, New Delhi
Competing Interest: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The
authors acknowledge the encouragement and facilities provided by Head,
Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad and also are thankful for
the encouragement and financial assistance provided by Chief Wildlife Warden,
Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, and Divisional Forest Officer (Wildlife), Medak Division, for crocodile census in ManjeeraWildlife Sanctuary.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
Birds are ideal bio-indicators and useful models for studying a variety
of environmental problems as they are very sensitive to the slightest of
environmental changes and are important health indicators of the ecological
conditions and productivity of an ecosystem (Newton 1995; Desai & Shanbhag 2007; Li & Mundkur2007). India has a rich avian
diversity as it provides for a wide variety of wetland habitats that act as
ideal wintering grounds for migratory water birds. The state of Andhra Pradesh is home to as many as 16 sites identified as Important Bird Areas of
avifaunal significance (Islam & Rahmani2005). ManjeeraWildlife Sanctuary is one such Important Bird Area in Andhra Pradesh. ManjeeraWildlife Sanctuary is located 50km northwest of Hyderabad, in Medak District, Andhra Pradesh. It is recognized as an important wetland
for migratory birds. The water body
provides considerable ecological diversity to support a large population of
wetland birds (Islam & Rahmani 2005). One of the important tributaries of the
Godavari River system is the river Manjeera. The ManjeeraRiver originates in the Balaghat Hills in Madhya
Pradesh, flows thorough Latur District in Maharashtra
and Bidar District of Karnataka entering into Medak District of Andhra Pradesh before emptying into the
Godavari River at Basara near NizamabadDistrict (Prasad et al. 2012). The Manjeera basin encompasses an area of 30,914km2of which agriculture lands occupy almost 59.4%, followed by pasture lands
(39.5%), forest (0.65%) and water (0.45%) (Stalnacke et al. 2012). It is the main source of drinking water
to Medak, Nizamabaddistricts and also to the twin cities of Hyderabad. This is the abode for a number of
resident and migratory birds in addition to being home for the Marsh Crocodile Crocodylus palustris.
Density and abundance are the essential ecological information required
for population ecology (Buckland et al. 1993, 2001). In the present study, we studied the
population density, diversity and distribution of avian fauna in different
habitats of the Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra
Pradesh, India.
Material and Methods
Study Area: The Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary located at 17057’52”N
& 78002’22”E (Fig. 1) in MedakDistrict, Andhra Pradesh. An area
of 2,800 ha between Singoor and ManjeeraBarrage was declared as a sanctuary. The sanctuary follows the course of river Manjeeraover a length of 36km. The Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary has nine islands with extensive
marshy fringes, which provide good nesting sites for waterbirds. The reservoir supports submergent and emergent vegetation. A narrow margin of Typasp., Ipomoea sp. and Acacia sp. fringe the waterline, while
agriculture lands surround the reservoir and the river. The forest tracts are a typical tropical
scrub forest type (Champion & Seth 1968) with Acacia sp., Prosopis juliflora,Pithecelobium dulce,Tamarindus indicus,Butea monospermaand Azadirachta indicaas the major species. Other plant
species found here are Chrozophora rottleri, Nymphoides hydrophylla, Polygonum glabrum, Leucas aspera, Centella asiatica, Abutilon indicum,Ipomea cornea, Ipomea cairica, Argemone mexicana, Xanthium strumarium,Spilanthus calva,Pistia stratiotes,Eichhornia crassipes,Hydrilla verticillata,Vallisneria spiralisand Marsilea quadrifolia. Grass species like Bothriochloa pertusa, Chloris barbata, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Heteropogon contortus, and Dactyloctenium aegyptium are present in the sanctuary and its
surroundings. This wetland, apart from being the abode for the mugger
crocodile, is home to five species of cultured fishes; 60 species of
butterflies, 10 species of
amphibians; 26 species of reptiles, 18 species of mammals (Prasad et al.
2012). The ManjeeraWildlife Sanctuary experiences a tropical climate with temperatures ranging
between 420C in the summers to 150C in the winters and
receives about 1000–1100 mm of rainfall annually. The soil type here is red loamy, sandy
and black cotton soil, fertile for growing cotton, rice, jowar,
maize and sugarcane.
Data Collection: Surveys were conducted between December 2010 and October 2012. The line transect method (Burnham et al.
1980) was used for conducting surveys to estimate abundance of different
species of birds, their diversity and to calculate richness indices. The number of transects was based on the
relative extents of the habitats. Separate transects were established in each habitat and data was
collected and analyzed. Observations were carried out both in
the mornings and evenings when the birds were the most active between
06:00–10:00 hr and 16:00–18:00 hr. Four habitat types were chosen namely
marshy areas, grassland, agriculture lands and scrubland. Surveys were conducted along 2km long
transects with an average nine transects per habitat (6-–12 transects per
habitat). Birds were detected and count
was kept using binoculars. Photographic record of the birds detected was
maintained using a 14.5 mega pixels digital camera
(Canon Power Shot 35X). Species
identification was done using standard literature (Grimmettet al. 2002) and the listing follows Manakadan & Pittie (2001).
We assigned the abundance of the species observed during the study based
on the frequency and number of individuals sighted. The data is presented as ACOR ratings,
with abundant being those species which were sighted in many numbers during all
transect surveys, common being those species which were sighted in good numbers
during all transect surveys, occasional being those species which were sighted
in low numbers during some transect surveys and rare being those species which
were sighted in very low numbers throughout the study period. Alpha and beta diversities are key
concepts for understanding the functioning of ecosystems, for the conservation
of biodiversity and for ecosystem management (Magurran2004). We measured the alpha and
beta diversities of the habitats of the sanctuary using the below given
formulae
D = [ni(ni-1)/N(N-1)]
ni = the total number of organisms of a particular species
N = the total number of organisms of all species
Cs = 2C/ (2C + S1 + S2)
where, S1 = the total number
of species recorded in the first community
S2= the total number of species recorded in the second community
c = the number of species
common to both communities
All statistical analysis was carried out using ecological analysis
package Biodiversity-Pro (Biodiversity professional beta version 2.0.0.0), (McAleece et al. 1997).
Results and Discussion
During the present study a total of 164 species of birds belonging to 53
families were recorded, of which 107 species were resident, 55 species were
winter migrants and two species were summer migrants (Table 1; Images
1–84). A total of three Vulnerable species (Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus, Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga and Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis) and three Near Threatened species
(Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala,
Oriental White Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus and Darter Anhinga melanogaster)
were recorded. The relative
abundance of species in the four different habitats indicated that the birds
showed high preference for marsh land habitat followed
by agriculture lands in comparison to scrubland and grassland habitats (Table
2). The Simpson’s Diversity and
Shannon’s Diversity Indices show that diversity of birds was high in scrubland
followed by agricultural lands, grasslands and marshy area (Table 3), while
evenness and equitability indices were high in grassland and scrub land
habitats (Table 3). The comparison
of species richness of the birds and the number of individuals in the different
habitats in the sanctuary indicates that the species richness is high in
agriculture lands then followed by scrubland, grassland and marshy area while
the number of individuals of birds is high in marshy areas then agriculture
lands, scrubland and grassland. The
Sorensen’s similarity index indicates that habitats of agriculture
lands-scrubland, grassland-agriculture lands and grassland-scrubland are more
similar (Fig. 2) where as, habitats of scrubland-marshy areas show
dissimilarity (Table 4). The
correlation of bird diversity was high in agriculture lands-scrubland,
agriculture lands-grasslands and marshy area-agriculture lands, while was low
in scrubland-grassland and marshy area-grassland (Table 5). The relationship between the marshy area
and scrubland showed inverse correlation indicating that the marshy area
habitats have higher bird diversity compared to scrubland habitat.
ManjeeraWildlife Sanctuary is known for its rich avian diversity and has been accorded
Important Bird Area (IBA) status (Kumar 1994a; Kumar & Choudhury1994, 1999; Islam & Rahmani 2005). Published records list around 73 species
of birds from this site (Kumar 1994a; Kumar & Choudhury1994, 1999), including many species of Biome-11, the Indo-Malayan Tropical Dry
Zone. We recorded 164 bird species
belonging to 53 families in the sanctuary and its immediate surroundings. The family Anatidaehad the highest value of species richness (14 species) and was followed by the
families Scolopacidae (10 species) and Ardeidae (nine species). Anatidae and Scolopacidae have most of all winter migratory birds except
the resident birds like Lesser Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna javanica, Cotton Teal Nettapus coromandelianus, Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, and
Common Teal Anas crecca. Family Ardeidaehas all resident birds, with an exception of Purple Heron Ardea purpurea which is a winter migrant. Members of the family Scolopacidae are all winter migrants. Asian Openbill-StorkAnastomus oscitans(Ciconiidae) and Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus (Threskiornithidae)
are only the summer migratory birds.
Kumar & Choudhury (1994, 1999) and Kumar
(1994b) reported 14 species of birds breeding in
the Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary. Darter Anhinga melanogaster,
Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Coot Fulica atra and Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticoraxbeing the most significant breeders (Kumar 1994b; Kumar & Choudhury 1999). We observed all resident birds to be breeding at ManjeeraWildlife Sanctuary (Table 1).
The Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary is a bird
haven (Choudhury & Pittie1983; Taher 1998; Moorty1999). As the ManjeeraReservoir is the main source of drinking water to Greater Hyderabad, water is
always stored and properly managed ensuring that water is present throughout
the dry season too. The backwaters
of the reservoir, as well as the main area, have several islands with extensive
marshy fringes, which provide good nesting sites for water birds. The availability of fishes in the river
for water birds and availability of grains and insects in the agriculture lands
and grass lands, fleshy fruits in the scrubland and secure shelter for nesting
are attractive to birds in the sanctuary. Agriculture affects natural ecosystems in more diverse ways, including
modifications of landscape, soils, and water supply through deforestation,
erosion, channeling, flooding, draining, etc., as well
as the elimination or propagation of selected species of plants and animals
(Steadman 1996). Compared to the
last two decades, increasing of agriculture lands by the irrigation facility
from Manjeera River in the area surrounding the
sanctuary attracts more bird diversity.
Species like the Bar-headed Goose, Ruddy Shelduckand Demoiselle Crane that visit the Manjeera Wildlife
Sanctuary represent 1–3 % of their bio-geographic population threshold
determined by Wetlands International (Finlayson et al. 2002) thus leading to
its recognition as an Important Bird Area (Islam & Rahmani2005). Past records denote that theManjeera wildlife sanctuary is very suitable for
winter migratory birds. According to Kumar (1994a), a Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber,
ringed in 1971–74 in Lake Rezaiyeh, Azerbaijan,
Iran was recovered at Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary in
the winter of 1986–87. In
January 1987, about 3,000 Demoiselle cranes were seen in Manjeera(Kumar 1994c) which according to recent population estimates by Finlayson et
al. (2002), would be 3% of the total population of
this species wintering in the Indian subcontinent. Large congregations of
Common Teal Anas crecca,
Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus and Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferrugineawere also reported from Manjeera (Kumar & Choudhury 1999). During the present study period, no such
large congregation was observed. The Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus and Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis, both vulnerable species, that have
been sighted at Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary in the
past have not been reported or sighted during recent times.
Habitat loss is the major factor affecting the population of migratory
and resident birds directly or indirectly. The populations of farmland birds like buntings, larks, weavers etc. are
very low, compare to waterbirds population because of
loss of habitat and excessive use of pesticides in agriculture lands as
compared to the last two decade in the sanctuary surroundings (C. Srinivasulu unpub.
data). Pesticides can affect
farmland birds in a number of different ways and use of pesticides within
different farming systems have led to a decline in farmland bird populations
(Burn 2000). Waterbirds which were nesting on
the Prosopis julifloraplants in the sanctuary decreased because of the habitat loss, due to
the collection of firewood by the villagers. Hence, habitat reserves are an essential
element in an ecosystem to conserve biological diversity.
These four types of habitats of the ManjeeraWildlife Sanctuary support large numbers of migratory and resident species of
birds. Availability of food in
different seasons, different types of vegetation, agricultural lands,
accessibility of water in the area, field activities and good weather
conditions were observed for favorable conditions for
birds to survive in this area. Birds are a good medium for dispersing seeds, pollinating plants,
biological control and they are important to continue the ecological cycle. Long termassessment of bird species richness will help in understanding the impact of
changing environment on birds and also support in creating a scientific
database for proper management of the ecosystem to ensure better conservation,
both of the habitats and the avian diversity.
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