Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2025 | 17(11): 27946–27953

 

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9666.17.11.27946-27953

#9666 | Received 06 February 2025 | Final received 05 October 2025 | Finally accepted 17 November 2025

 

 

Notes on distribution, identification and typification of the Elongated Sweet Grass Anthoxanthum hookeri (Aveneae: Poaceae) with comparative notes on A. borii

 

Manoj Chandran 1  , Kuntal Saha 2  , Ranjana Negi 3 &  Saurabh Guleri 4       

 

1 Uttarakhand Forest Department, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India.

2,4 Department of Botany, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India.

2,3 Systematic Botany Discipline, Forest Botany Division, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006, India.

1 machanifs@gmail.com, 2 kuntalsaha121@gmail.com (corresponding author), 3 ranjnanegi.icfre@gmail.com, 4 saurabhguleri@sgrru.ac.in

 

 

Abstract: Anthoxanthum hookeri is reported for the first time from western Himalaya. The present collection from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve also represents the westernmost extension of its known global distribution. This finding clarifies the typification of the species through a critical analysis of type elements. Moreover, this study provides additional insights into the taxonomic relationship between A. hookeri and its closely related species A. borii. The second-step lectotypification of A. borii is also proposed. These findings underscore the importance of field-based taxonomy and herbarium studies in resolving complex species delimitations in Himalayan grasses.

 

Keywords: Alpine meadows, biodiversity, flora, Himalaya, India, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, protected areas, recollection, second-step lectotypification, Valley of Flowers.

 

 

Editor: Althaf A. Kabeer, Botanical Survey of India, Itanagar, India.          Date of publication: 26 November 2025 (online & print)

 

Citation: Chandran, M., K. Saha, R. Negi &  S. Guleri  (2025). Notes on distribution, identification and typification of the Elongated Sweet Grass Anthoxanthum hookeri (Aveneae: Poaceae) with comparative notes on A. borii. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(11): 27946–27953. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9666.17.11.27946-27953

  

Copyright: © Chandran et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

 

Funding: The corresponding author (K. Saha) receives for the financial support through fellowship (UGC Ref No-211610009488/Joint CSIR-UGC JRF/SRF June 2021) from the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India.

 

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

 

Author details: See end of this article.

 

Author contributions: KS—conducted field surveys and drafted the initial version of the manuscript; MC-—conducted field surveys and assisted in preparing the final draft of the manuscript; RN—supervised the research; SG—supervised the research.

 

Acknowledgements: The authors express their heartfelt gratitude to the chief wildlife warden, Uttarakhand Forest Department, Uttarakhand and the director of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve for granting permission to conduct the survey in the Valley of Flowers. The authors express their sincere thanks to the curators of the herbaria BM, CAL, CDBI, E, GOET, HIFP, K, L, S and W for providing access to digital herbarium specimens. The corresponding author (K. Saha) acknowledges the financial support received from the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India, through national fellowship (UGC Ref No-211610009488/Joint CSIR-UGC JRF/SRF June 2021).

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The Himalaya, known as the third pole, supports diverse ecosystems from tropical forests to alpine meadows (Rawat et al. 2023). Poaceae, one of the most diverse plant families, has been the subject of continuous research since Genera Plantarum (1753) through to the present (Saha et al. 2024). While molecular methods are now prevalent, field taxonomy remains essential for documenting narrowly distributed grasses (Rouhan & Gaudeul 2021).

In the Valley of Flowers National Park, locally known as “Phoolon ki Ghati” and situated between the Alaknanda and Dhauli Ganga valleys in Chamoli District, Uttarakhand, India, such an occurrence was observed. As part of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, this valley holds immense ecological and cultural significance. In Hindu mythology, it is referred to as Nandan Kanan, or the “Garden of Indra in Paradise” (Rawat et al. 2023). During 1999 to 2024, several field explorations were carried out in this region, during which a distinctive grass species—characterized by its long, white, feathery stigmas—was documented. Based on comparisons with various taxonomic references (Bor 1960; Jain & Pal 1975; Wu & Sylvia 2006; Connor 2012; Kandwal 2025), the species was identified as Anthoxanthum hookeri.

Macro and micro-morphological study of A. hookeri revealed key features, including a lax panicle measuring 6–10 cm, and spikelets 6–10 mm long. The species also has male floret with short awn, a geniculate awn arising near the base of the second floret, along with shiny, awnless, glabrous bisexual 3rd floret (Bor 1960; Jain & Pal 1975; Wu & Sylvia 2006; Connor 2012).

The genus Anthoxanthum L. belongs to the subtribe Alopecurinae (Clayton & Renvoize 1986), tribe Aveneae (Bor 1960), subfamily Pooideae, within the family Poaceae. Initially established by Carl Linnaeus (1753) with three taxa the genus now comprises 52 taxa (POWO 2025) with nine taxa reported from India to date (Prasanna et al. 2020). Key characteristics of the genus include panicle inflorescence, lanceolate spikelets with three florets, the two lower staminate or barren and terminal floret is usually bisexual and protogynous, rachilla is not produced beyond the third floret, and lodicules absent (Bor 1960; Schouten & Veldkamp 1985; Connor 2012; de Lange & James 2024).

While herbaria play a crucial role in verifying species records (Zych et al. 2023), misidentified specimens have caused significant confusion. Kellogg et al. (2020) reported several questionable grass occurrences, including A. hookeri. One such specimen labelled as A. hookeri from the Palni Hills (Kodaikanal), Pondicherry (HIFP022578, digital image!), appeared doubtful due to the clear ecological mismatch between its tropical environment and the known habitat of A. hookeri—high-altitude open grassy slopes, rocky ridges, and alpine meadows in temperate and cold desert regions. Detailed taxonomic and ecological studies later determined that the specimen likely represented Anthoxanthum borii (Matthew 1996; Kabeer & Nair 2009), highlighting the challenges of habitat misidentification and overlooked records.

Long-term field data are critical for conservation sciences, as they help monitor population stability and persistence over time (Hoffmann et al. 2020). Amid growing concerns about flora reduction and medicinal plant loss, this research confirms the recollection of population of A. hookeri on multiple occasions between 1999 to 2024. Specimens were collected in 1999, 2012, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2024 from the Valley of Flowers, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The subpopulations were found scattered across various habitats within this protected area, including glacier moraines, open alpine meadows (Bugyal), and in association with other species such as Meconopsis aculeata Royle, Codonopsis rotundifolia Benth, Juncus sp., and Dactylis glomerata L. Despite threats such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and over-tourism, the population of A. hookeri remains stable and well-conserved in these protected areas. Interestingly, although the genus Anthoxanthum is known for its distinct coumarin fragrance (Bor 1960; Schouten & Veldkamp 1985; Kandwal 2025), this feature was not observed in A. hookeri during our field survey, consistent with the observations made by Kandwal (2025).

During the present study, seven herbarium specimens of Anthoxanthum hookeri were identified, all of which represent type specimens. Due to the absence of a designated holotype, all these specimens are treated as syntypes in accordance with Articles 9.4 and 9.6 of the ICN. Following Article 9.3 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2018), a lectotype was designated. To confirm original material, TL-2 (Stafleu & Cowan 1976) was consulted for details on collectors, authors, and herbarium holdings. Specimens were traced and reviewed across several herbaria (BM, CAL, DD, E, GOET, K, L, P, W, and S; Thiers 2024), and each was critically compared with the protologue. The most representative specimen was selected as the lectotype (Image 3), following Articles 9.3 and 9.17 of the Shenzhen Code. While A. borii required a second-step lectotype (Image 4) designation according to Art. 9.17 of Turland et al. (2018), as Jain & Pal (1975) indicated gatherings rather than a single specimen as their type.

Previous studies (Bor 1960; Uniyal et al. 2007; Prasanna et al. 2020; Kandwal 2025; POWO 2025) did not report the occurrence of A. hookeri in western Himalaya. The present study provides the first confirmed record of this species from the western Himalaya, northern India, thereby documenting newly identified habitats. To facilitate field identification, field photographs were provided (Image 1), a detailed morphological plate showing key structural features (Image 2), a comprehensive taxonomic description, and a collection site map (Figure 1) created with QGIS version 3.36.2. The herbarium specimen has been deposited at herbarium of Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (DD). Additionally, a comparative discussion highlighting distinguishing characters between A. hookeri and A. borii is presented, along with the lectotypification of both taxa.

 

Taxonomic treatment

Anthoxanthum hookeri (Griseb.) Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 380 (1904).

Ataxia hookeri Griseb. in Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 3: 77 (1868).                        

Type: — INDIA: Sikkim, 9000′-12000′, Regio. Temp, 2 Ataxia, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker lectotype designated here [L0043608 (digital image!)]; isolectotypes: INDIA: Sikkim, 9000′-12000′, Regio. Temp, 2 Ataxia, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker [W0028397 (digital image!)]; INDIA: Sikkim, 9000′-12000′, Regio. Temp, 2 Ataxia, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker [BM011027783 (digital image!)]; INDIA: Sikkim, 9000′-12000′, Regio. Temp, 2 Ataxia, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker [GOET006527 (digital image!)]; INDIA: Sikkim, 9000′-12000′, Regio. Temp, 2 Ataxia, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker [S1421991 (digital image!)]; INDIA: Sikkim, Regio. alp, 2 Ataxia, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker [K000032286 (digital image!)]; INDIA: Sikkim, 11000′, Regio. alpina, 2 Ataxia, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker [K000032287 (digital image!)].    

Perennial, loosely tufted. Culms 45–60 cm, green, erect, nerved, nerves scabrid; 4–5 nodes, brown, short pubescent, no nerved. Leaf sheaths open 2/3 of culms, green, glabrous, nerved, scabrid. Ligule 4–6 mm, membranous-lacerate, apex truncate. Leaf blades 10–24 cm × 3–3.5 mm, green, glabrous, linear, apex subulate, margin serrate, involutely rolled when dry. Panicle 6–14 cm, lax, erect; semi-whorled branched, primary branches (racemes) borne along a central axis; each whorl bearing 1–3 branches, 3–5 spikelets. Spikelets 6–10 mm, solitary, pedicelled, lanceolate, laterally compressed, reddish-green, with up to 1 cm long white feathery stigma. Lower glume 4–6.5 mm, persistent, keeled, membranous, lanceolate, apex acuminate. Upper glume 7–8.5 mm, persistent, keeled, two veined, membranous, ovate, apex acuminate. Floret 3, in cluster, compactly arranged; bearing two sterile florets, one fertile floret, without rhachilla extension; callus glabrous, shinning. 1st floret 5–6 mm, ciliate on back, male; lemma equal to floret, linearly-oblong, apex two-fid, lobes acute, awned; awn median to sub-apical, straight, arising from sinus, up to 4.5 mm; palea 3–3.5 mm, oblong, smooth, transparent, two-nerved,apex two-lobed; anther 3, 2.1–2.3 mm. 2nd floret 7–9 mm, densely long ciliate, golden-brown, shinning, sterile, no palea; lemma equal to floret, oblong, apex shortly two-lobed,awned; awn median, geniculate, 10–12 mm. 3rd floret 3–3.5 mm, glabrous, shiny, bisexual; lemma equal to floret, cartilaginous, keeled, ovate, apex obtuse or boat-shaped, rolled in convolute, covering of entire palea; palea less than 2.5 mm, smooth, membranous, oblong, one-nerved, nerve upwardly scabrid; Stigmas 1; white feathery, bifurcated; ovary 1.3–1.5 mm, glabrous, apex two-lobed; anther 2, 2.3–2.5 mm. Caryopsis 0.5–1 mm, golden-brown, elliptical-lanceolate.

Flowering and Fruiting: July–September.

Habitats: near glacier moraines, in moist, shaded areas beneath large trees, or on open grassy slopes and dry rocky ridges at elevations of 2000–3500 m.

Distribution: INDIA [Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Uttarakhand (Present report)], South & Central China, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Tibet.

Typification Note:  August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach originally described Ataxia hookeri Griseb. in 1868, based on specimens collected by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker from Sikkim, India, at elevations ranging 2,727–3,636 m (9,000–12,000 ft). The material was assigned the collection number “two Ataxia” although no specific collection date was mentioned. During this present study, seven herbarium specimens corresponding to this gathering were identified across several major herbaria, including GOET, K, W, BM, L, and S. Specimens such as 2 Ataxia (GOET006527, W0028397, BM011027783, L0043608, & S1421991) consistently mention the collection region as temperate (“Regio: Temp.”) and altitude as 2,727–3,636 m (9,000–12,000 ft), all attributed to J.D. Hooker. Two additional specimens housed at Kew herbarium (K000032286 & K000032287) also correspond to the same collection number and locality. Two Ataxia (K000032286) does not specify altitude and labels the region as alpine (“alp”), while two Ataxia (K000032287) notes an altitude of 3,333 m (11,000 ft) and specifies the region as alpine (“alpina”). All these specimens constitute original material and are thus eligible for lectotypification. Another specimen (K000838011), bearing the same collection number but collected from Lachung, Sikkim, includes only a partial date (July 14/44) and lacks the collector‘s name. Due to these ambiguities, it was excluded from consideration as type element. Among the syntypes described above, two Ataxia (barcode: L0043608) is designated here as the lectotype (Image 3) for Anthoxanthum hookeri, as it offers the most complete set of diagnostic features. This includes detailed morphological information along with clearly indicated locality, collector’s name, and collection number, ensuring its reliability for accurate identification.

 

Tracing the shared traits of A. borii and A. hookeri

Anthoxanthum borii was first mentioned by Bor (1960) and later described by Dr. S.K. Jain & D.C. Pal in 1975. It was named in honour of Dr. N.L. Bor, who first suspected this taxon to be new. During this study we found that A. borii and A. hookeri share the common characteristic. Both are perennial, 3 florets: 2 sterile or reduced + 1 hermaphrodite, glume are both with persistent, lemma (1st floret) is 2-fid apex with awn arising from sinus, 2nd floret is sterile, with a geniculate awn, 3rd floret is hermaphrodite, small in size, contains ovary. The distinguishing features that separate A. borii (BSID0001097, BSID0001098, & BSID0001099) as a new species, rather than a part of A. hookeri, are as follows:
culm height and habit: A. borii is taller and rhizomatous, whereas A. hookeri is shorter and lacks rhizomes. Leaf aroma: A. borii has aromatic leaf blades, while A. hookeri is non-aromatic. Ligule: A. hookeri possesses longer (4–6 mm), lacerate ligules. Spikelet coloration and stigma visibility: spikelets of A. hookeri are reddish-green with prominently long white feathery stigmas. Floral awns: the second floret of A. hookeri features longer geniculate awns (10–12 mm). Stigma number: A. hookeri uniquely has a single bifurcate feathery stigma, in contrast to the two found in A. borii (Bor 1960; Jain & Pal 1975; Kabeer & Nair 2009; Kandwal 2025).

 

Typification

Anthoxanthum borii Jain & Pal, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 72(1): 92 (1975).

Type: — India: Tamil Nadu, Pulneys, Pambar stream, near Shenthadikanal, 6 December 1898, Bourne 1954, Coll. Alfred Gibbs Bourne lectotype designated here [CAL0000002343 (digital image!)]; isolectotype: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Pulneys, Pambar stream, near Shenthadikanal, 6 December 1898, Bourne 1954, Coll. Alfred Gibbs Bourne [CAL0000002342 (digital image!)].

Typification Note: A. borii was described by Dr. S.K. Jain and D.C. Pal based on specimens collected by Alfred Gibbs Bourne in the Pulney Hills, Tamil Nadu, India (Bourne 1954). The authors designated the type specimen in the protologue as “Holotype: CAL”. Upon examination, two specimens were located at the CAL herbarium (CAL0000002342 & CAL0000002343), where CAL0000002343 is annotated as “Holo-TYPE” and CAL0000002342 as “Iso-TYPE”. CAL0000002343 (digital image!) were designated as the second-step lectotype (Image 4) according to Art. 9.17 of Turland et al. (2018), as it is well-preserved and aligns with the original description.

 

Specimens examined

Anthoxanthum hookeri: 175039(DD), India, Uttarakhand, Chamoli District, Valley of Flowers, 30.705 °N 79.595 °E, 3,200 m, 18.viii.1999, coll. Manoj Chandran; 175038(DD), after crossing the Valley of Flowers gate, near the river bridge, 30.708 °N 79.595 °E, 3,267 m, 25.vii.2024, coll. Kuntal Saha; 2 Ataxia, L0043608 (digital image!), Sikkim, 9000′–12000′, Regio. Temp, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker; 2 Ataxia, W0028397 (digital image!), Sikkim, 9000′–12000′, Regio. Temp, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker; 2 Ataxia, BM011027783 (digital image!), Sikkim, 9000′–12000′, Regio. Temp, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker; 2 Ataxia, GOET006527 (digital image!), Sikkim, 9000′-12000′, Regio. Temp, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker; 2 Ataxia, S1421991 (digital image!), Sikkim, 9000′-12000′, Regio. Temp, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker; 2 Ataxia, K000032286 (digital image!), Sikkim, Regio. alp, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker; 2 Ataxia, K000032287 (digital image!), Sikkim, 11000′, Regio. alpina, s.d., Coll. J.D. Hooker; 2 Ataxia, K000838011 (digital image!), Sikkim, Lachung, 11,000‘–12,000′, 14.vii.1844, Coll. leg. ignot.

Anthoxanthum borii: Bourne 1954(CAL), CAL0000002342 (digital image!), India, Tamil Nadu, Pulneys, Pambar stream, near Shenthadikanal, 6.xii.1898, Coll. Alfred Gibbs Bourne; Bourne 1954(CAL), CAL0000002343 (digital image!), Pulneys, Pambar stream, near Shenthadikanal, 6.xii.1898, Coll. Alfred Gibbs Bourne; 69430(CAL), BSID0001097 (digital image!), India, Kerala, Idukki District, Eravikulam National Park, 16.xi.1980, Coll. P.V. Sreekumar; 67795 (CAL), BSID0001098 (digital image!), India, Kerala, Idukki district, Eravikulam National Park, 26.viii.1980, Coll. P.V. Sreekumar; 67786 (CAL), BSID0001099 (digital image!), India, Kerala, Idukki District, Eravikulam National Park, 25.viii.1980, Coll. P.V. Sreekumar.    

 

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