Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2025 | 17(11): 27797–27805
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9659.17.11.27797-27805
#9659 | Received 02 February 2025 | Final received 10 October 2025 |
Finally accepted 24 October 2025
Ecology and conservation concerns
of Indianthus virgatus (Marantaceae): an endemic species of the Western
Ghats–Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot
Shreekara Bhat Vishnu 1 , Vivek Pandi 2 , Bhathiya Gopallawa 3 , Rajendiran Gayathri 4 ,
B. Mahim 5 , Deepthi Yakandawala 6 & Annamalai Muthusamy 7
1,2,4,5 Manipal Centre for Natural
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104,
India.
3,6 Department of Botany, University
of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka.
7 Department
of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
1 vishnu.mcnsmpl2022@learner.manipal.edu,
2 vivek.pandi@manipal.edu (corresponding author), 3 bgopallawa@gmail.com,
4 gayathri.mcnsmpl2022@learner.manipal.edu,
5 mahim.mcnsmpl2023@learner.manipal.edu, 6 deepthiy@sci.pdn.ac.lk,
7 a.msamy@manipal.edu
Editor: Aparna Watve, Biome
Conservation Foundation, Pune, India. Date of publication: 26 November 2025 (online & print)
Citation:
Vishnu, S.B., V. Pandi, B. Gopallawa, R. Gayathri, B. Mahim, D. Yakandawala
& A. Muthusamy (2025). Ecology and conservation concerns of Indianthus
virgatus (Marantaceae): an endemic species of the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka
Biodiversity Hotspot. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 17(11):
27797–27805. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9659.17.11.27797-27805
Copyright: © Vishnu et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding:
Zooreach Conservation Seed Grant (24ZCSG07P).
Competing interests:
The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Shreekara Bhat Vishnu is a research scholar at the Manipal Centre
for Natural Sciences, MAHE, Manipal. His research focuses on monotypic plant
genera, historical biogeography, species conservation, and species distribution
modelling. Vivek Pandi is an
assistant professor at the Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences, MAHE, Manipal.
He is a liana ecologist, specializing in the evolution and ecology of climbing
plants, plant functional traits, phylogenetics, paleoecology, and tropical
biogeography. Bhathiya Gopallawa
is a PhD candidate at the Postgraduate Institute of Science, Peradeniya. His
work centres on the biogeography and phylogenetics of Piper, with broader
interests in plant taxonomy, ecology, and tropical flora. Rajendiran Gayathri is a researcher at
the Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences, MAHE, Manipal. She focuses on
paleoecological reconstruction of the Western Ghats, with a primary emphasis on
phytolith analysis supported by pollen evidence from sediment cores. She uses
phytoliths as proxies, aiming to reconstruct past vegetation dynamics in the
Nilgiri biogeographic region. B. Mahim
is a research scholar at the Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences, MAHE,
Manipal. His research focuses on primate nutritional ecology and plant
functional traits, with emphasis on the feeding preferences of Lion-tailed
Macaques and black footed grey-langurs. Deepthi
Yakandawala is a professor of Botany at the University of Peradeniya,
Sri Lanka. Her research interests include plant taxonomy, reproductive biology,
systematics, and conservation of Sri Lankan flora. Annamalai Muthusamy is a professor at the Manipal School of
Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal. He works in plant biotechnology, including in
vitro breeding and the induction of somaclonal variations in medicinal and
aromatic plants, to enhance the production of secondary metabolites.
Additionally, he investigates the physiological, biochemical, and molecular
aspects of biotic stress responses in crop plants.
Author contributions: SBV—research
design, conceptualization, field data collection, data compilation, data
analysis, writing, and editing the manuscript. VP—research design,
conceptualization, methodological guidance, data analysis, writing and editing
the manuscript, and supervision. BG—field data collection, herbarium
verification, taxonomic assessment. RG—field data collection, data curation.
BM—field data collection, data curation. DY—taxonomic support, species
verification, and manuscript review. AM—methodological guidance, and manuscript
review
Acknowledgements: The authors express their gratitude
to the Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
(MAHE), for their support in field collections. We also acknowledge the Zoo
Outreach Organisation for their financial assistance through the Zooreach Seed
Grant, which made this study possible.
Abstract: Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan & Borchs.,
a monotypic species of Marantaceae endemic to the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka
biodiversity hotspot, holds important ecological, ethnobotanical, and
conservation value. The present study aimed to understand the ecology of I.
virgatus and to assess its current distribution, threats, and conservation
needs. We compiled species’ distribution data from herbarium records, online
repositories, taxonomic literature, supplemented with field surveys
(2023–2025), and ground validation across its range in the Western Ghats.
Results indicate that Indianthus populations are generally small (10–50
m²) and fragmented, occurring in wet forest ecosystems and along plantation
boundaries at elevations of 100–1,200 m. Phenological observations show that
the species flowers year-round, with peak flowering during the monsoon. Major
threats include habitat loss from agricultural expansion, plantation
development, and road construction, compounded by competition from invasive
species. While Indianthus is classified as Critically Endangered in Sri
Lanka, its global conservation status remains unassessed by the IUCN Red List.
This study provides baseline ecological, taxonomic, and distributional
information, highlighting the species’ vulnerability and underscoring the
urgent need for conservation measures, including habitat protection, community
engagement, and a formal global IUCN Red List assessment.
Keywords: Diversity, ethnobotanical value,
habitat, invasive species monotypic, IUCN Red List, threatened flora.
Introduction
The Western Ghats (WGs)-Sri Lanka
biodiversity hotspot is home to a wide range of endemic plant species, many of
which have developed unique adaptations to their specific habitats (Blicharska
et al. 2013; Vignesh et al. 2024). Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan
& Borchs., a monotypic species in the Marantaceae family, is one such
plant. Endemic to this hotspot, it holds significant ecological,
ethnobotanical, and conservation significance (Suksathan et al. 2009; Sangeetha
& Rajamani 2019; Arumugam 2021; Vishnu et al. 2024). The Marantaceae
family, known for its diversity in tropical ecosystems, includes several relict
species such as Donax canniformis K.Schum. and Stachyphrynium
spicatum (Roxb.) K.Schum., which are confined to specific, often isolated
regions (Niissalo et al. 2016; Veldkamp & Turner 2016). I. virgatus
primarily grows in fragmented, humid habitats across the WGs–Sri Lanka
biodiversity hotspot (Suksathan et al. 2009). However, it is increasingly
threatened by habitat degradation and human activities.
Despite being classified as
Critically Endangered in Sri Lanka (The National Red List 2020), the IUCN Red
List status of this species in the WGs–Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot remains
unassessed, highlighting a critical gap in its conservation strategy. Globally,
32 species of Marantaceae have been assessed under the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species, most of which are categorized as Vulnerable or Endangered
(Table 1).
The disjunct distributions of
wet-zone species in the Indian subcontinent (Karanth 2003), such as I.
virgatus, reflect evolutionary processes where relict species, once part of
widespread distributions, have become restricted to isolated patches due to
historical climatic and ecological shifts (Hardie & Hutchings 2010;
Tagliari et al. 2021). These species are often vulnerable to extinction because
of their narrow ecological niches and limited adaptability to environmental
fluctuations (Sax et al. 2013). In the case of I. virgatus, ongoing
habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, urbanization, overexploitation, and
climate change exacerbates the risk of extinction, particularly as its
distributions are confined to small, fragmented areas (Vishnu et al.
2024). Despite these challenges, little is known about the population dynamics,
distribution patterns, and ecological requirements of this species, limiting
the ability to accurately assess its conservation status.
This study provides preliminary
ecological insights into I. virgatus and the threats it faces within its
native range in the WGs. Given the scarcity of prior ecological data for this
species, we document its diversity, range delimitation, and taxonomic
characteristics. These observations do not constitute a formal assessment but
establish a baseline that highlights the species’ distinctiveness and potential
conservation concerns. With additional data on population size, threats,
regeneration dynamics, and ecological requirements, this baseline could inform
a more comprehensive evaluation and contribute to a future IUCN Red List assessment.
Materials
and Methods
Species distribution data of I.
virgatus were compiled through herbarium consultations and opportunistic
field surveys. Herbarium records were examined at the Kerala Forest Research
Institute (KFRI), Herbarium of the French Institute of Pondicherry (HIFP),
Central National Herbarium, Howrah (CAL), Calicut University Herbarium (CALI),
Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (TBGT), and the Botanical Survey
of India herbaria at Coimbatore (MH) and Pune (BSI), following standard
herbarium acronyms listed in the Index Herbarium. Online repositories (e.g.,
GBIF, Plants of the World Online) were also referred to for specimen citations
and occurrence data (Supplementary Table 1).
Field visits were carried out
across ~35–40 sites spanning Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu between
August 2023 and February 2025. These were opportunistic surveys, guided by
herbarium records, literature, and local reports. At each location, GPS
coordinates were recorded using a Garmin ETREX 32x. Opportunistic observations
were made on habitat type, associated vegetation, and land-use pressures.
Select sites were revisited multiple times to assess habitat stability and
persistence of subpopulations.
Population size and patch
structure were documented qualitatively, with estimates of patch extent (m²)
and approximate abundance categories (scattered individuals, small clumps,
dense patches). Information on co-occurring species was obtained through opportunistic
field observations, as systematic plot-based inventories were not conducted.
Species threats, including invasive species, proximity to plantations, and
ongoing road expansion near I. virgatus populations, were directly
assessed in the field. Ethnobotanical knowledge was compiled from qualitative
information shared by local communities and supplemented with data from
published sources.
A few representative sites were
repeatedly monitored through continuous field visits between August 2024 and
February 2025 to assess population stability, habitat conditions, and land-use
dynamics. In addition to distributional surveys, detailed taxonomic
observations were carried out using both field collections and herbarium
specimens. Photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 3000D camera, while flowers
were dissected and imaged under a stereo microscope (Lawrence and Mayo; Model:
LYNX LM-52-3621). The identification key was developed following Suksathan et
al. (2009), with modifications based on a comparative study of herbarium
collections and direct examination of live specimens (Supplementary Table 1). Taxonomic characters were described from field observations and
comparative analyses with reference literature (Keshavamurthy &
Yoganarasimhan 1990; Mohanan & Sivadasan 2002; Bhat 2014; Nayar et al.
2014).
Results
Field surveys confirmed the
presence of I. virgatus across numerous fragmented locations in the WGs,
specifically in Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu (Figure 1).
Subpopulations were generally small, with patch sizes ranging from
approximately 10–50 m² and an average of about 20 m². Historical herbarium
records, spanning from 1857–2023, corroborated these observations, showing that
the species has maintained a scattered and discontinuous distribution over
time. In Sri Lanka, populations were largely restricted to the Central and
Sabaragamuwa provinces, consistent with earlier reports of their critical
endangerment in the wild.
Indianthus is a monotypic endemic genus
confined to the wet zones of the WGs and Sri Lanka. The species is also
reported from a few Myristica swamps in Kulathupuzha, Anchal, and Shendurney
(Image 1). It thrives largely in moist and humid environments, favouring
evergreen and semi-evergreen forest patches. The species is commonly found in
swampy areas, particularly along the banks of perennial and temporary streams,
which provide consistent moisture essential for its growth and survival. It
also occurs on rocky, sloping hills of tea, coffee, and cardamom plantations,
often in proximity to forest boundaries. These habitats are typically located
at mid and higher elevations, ranging 300–1,200 m, though populations can
occasionally be found at lower elevations between 100 and 300 m. Many of its
populations are located adjacent to plantations of tea, coffee, and cardamom,
which share a similar ecological niche (Image 2). This overlap with
human-modified environments emphasizes the need for conservation measures, as
habitat disturbances can threaten its survival.
Phenology and Taxonomic History
Indianthus is a tall, perennial herb
exhibiting flowering and fruiting throughout the year, with peak reproductive
activity during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. This phenological pattern
is strongly influenced by seasonal rainfall, as the species responds to the
availability of moisture and favourable climatic conditions. Flowering and
fruiting are rarely observed during summer (April–May), highlighting the
species’ reliance on monsoonal cycles for optimal reproductive performance. The
holotype species, Phrynium virgatum, was first validated by Roxburgh in
1810. He observed that “it was found in the late Dr. Anderson’s garden at
Madras and subsequently introduced to the Botanic Garden at Calcutta”. The
specimen was initially reported to have been collected from
Tinnevelly–Travancore. However, after several revisions concerning
morphological and taxonomic distinctions, the species was reclassified into the
distinct genus Indianthus by Suksathan et al. (2009), based on
phylogenetic evidence.
Taxonomic Treatment
Perennial rhizomatous herb,
forming dense tufts; stems erect, slender, simple, green, glabrous, three to
six m tall (c. 10–18 ft), thickened at nodes; rhizome short, creeping, fibrous.
Leaves distichous; sheath tubular, green; petiole slender, up to three cm long;
lamina lanceolate, 15–45 × 4–20 cm, coriaceous, bright green, margin entire,
apex cuspidate, base cuneate, surfaces glabrous; young leaves light green,
becoming uniformly green at maturity. Inflorescence terminal, panicle, up to 70
cm long, dichotomously branched, many-flowered; pedicels slender, up to one cm
long, with hairy prophyll two to three cm long. Flowers white, odourless,
paired, bracts green, lanceolate, c. 3 × 0.2 cm, persistent; sepals three,
lanceolate; corolla with five distinct petals, of which the two outer are
petaloid, and the three inner are differentiated into two lateral obovate
staminodes (0.6–0.8 cm long) and a third united with the single fertile stamen
to form a petaloid structure bearing the anther. Inner staminodes smaller,
inconspicuous. fertile stamen one, anther basifixed; ovary inferior,
trilocular; style slender, curved, stigma curved, three-lobed. Fruit is a
green, dehiscent capsule with a persistent perianth; seeds one to three,
ellipsoidal, glossy (Image 1).
Vernacular name: Malabar
Arrowroot (English), Kattu Kuva, Kuva (Malayalam), Koovai, Malakkuvai
(Tamil), Geta-oluwa (Sinhala), Koove (Kannada).
Specimens examined: West Bengal,
Calcutta Botanic Garden, Royle, PH00017033 (CAL!); Travancore/Tinnevelly
(Holotype), s. coll. #6616A–D, K001124308–K001124310 (CAL!); India, Wallich N.
#6616, K000357867 (CAL!). India, Kerala, Thrissur, Kollathirumedu, Vazhachal,
06.vii.1988, N. Sasidharan.; MH 7451 (MH!); Tamil Nadu, Courtallam, K.
Subramanyam, 100865 (CALI!); Kerala, 8 km from Athirumala, Thomas V.P. &
Prasanth A.V. 02.iii.2008, 103044 (CALI!); Kerala, Pambla Dam, Dani Francis
& Prof. Santhosh Nampy. 08.iii.2017, 152012 (CALI!); Kerala, Calvary Mount,
Dani Francis & Santhosh Nampy. 06.ix.2017, 154367 (CALI!); Kerala, near Valara
Waterfalls, Dani Francis & Santhosh Nampy. 27.xii.2017, 156530 (CALI!);
Tamil Nadu, Nadugani, 26.ii.1970, J.L. Ellis. 33599 (MH!); Tamil Nadu,
Kulivayal, 25.vii.1972, E. Vajravelu. 41791 (MH!); Tamil Nadu, Gudalur,
11.iii.1969, D.B. Deb. 31666 (MH!); Tamil Nadu, Devala, Ooty, 12.i.1927, J.S.
Gamble. 15602 (MH!); Kerala, KFRI 4940; Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, Thwaites G.
1855, Clinogyne virgata (Roxb.) Benth. PDA!
Distribution Delimitation
Indianthus
virgatus has
frequently been listed in several botanical databases, including in Plants of
the World Online (POWO), to occur in India, Sri Lanka, and the Andaman Islands.
In Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae (Karthikeyan et al. 2009), the
species was treated under the synonym Donax virgata (Roxb.) K.Schum. in
Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15: 440 (1892) and cited as distributed in the Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, India, and Sri Lanka. This treatment has subsequently been
adopted in later compilations and online platforms, which may have reinforced a
distributional ambiguity. Field surveys, critical examination of herbarium
collections, and a review of floristic literature indicate that there are
currently no verifiable specimens or authentic records confirming the species’
distribution in the Andaman Islands. All confirmed records are restricted to
the WGs of India and Sri Lanka. The geological history of the Andaman Islands,
which are part of the Burma–Java subduction arc and have never been connected
to mainland India–Sri Lanka (Pal et al. 2003), does not support a vicariance
explanation for the species’ distribution. Furthermore, dispersal seems
improbable, since I. virgatus produces capsular fruits with arillate
seeds dispersed primarily by ants (Horvitz & Beattie 1980), a mechanism
poorly suited for transoceanic transport. Overall, these observations suggest
that reports of I. virgatus from the Andaman Islands should be regarded
as unsubstantiated until supported by verifiable collections.
Habitat Destruction and Threats
The species in the southern WGs
is distributed in Myristica swamps, which are a Critically Endangered ecosystem
in itself. Further north, across the central WGs, the species’ distribution is
found adjacent to tea- coffee plantations and highways. As per our field
observations, these areas are highly uncertain and dynamic due to changing
landscapes, ongoing road construction, and plantation expansions. Invasive
species such as Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Mikania
micrantha Kunth, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray, Miconia
crenata (Desr.) DC., Lantana camara L., and Mucuna bracteata
DC. ex-Kurz were also found co-occurring with I. virgatus (Image 2),
which may inhibit the growth and expansion of its subpopulations as these
invasive species are shown to have negative allelopathic effects (Del Fabbro &
Prati 2015; Thiébaut et al. 2019). In the CWGs, Goa represents the northernmost
distribution record of Indianthus, which occurs in less than five
fragmented sites (Datar et al. 2005; Datar & Lakshminarasimhan 2013). These
distributions are largely confined to areas adjacent to plantations and lie
outside protected regions, highlighting their extreme vulnerability.
Use and Trade
Indianthus virgatus is widely utilized by tribal
communities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, including the Mulla Kurumba, Kuruchiya, and
Kani tribes. Its leaves and rhizomes are traditionally used to treat ailments
such as dysentery and skin diseases (Silja et al. 2008; Rajith &
Ramachandran 2010; Sangeetha & Rajamani 2018, 2019). Interactions with
local communities further revealed ethno-veterinary applications, such as
employing the leaves to alleviate joint pain in livestock. Beyond medicinal
applications, I. virgatus plays an important ecological role. For
example, the field observations indicate that I. virgatus is among the
preferred feed for elephants and wild boars, while also serving as a nectar
source for butterflies and other faunal assemblages. The species also holds
significant cultural and culinary value. In parts of Kerala and Karnataka, its
leaves are used as an alternative to banana leaves for preparing traditional
dishes and are used in hotels across the southern WGs for daily meal service.
In a prominent Kerala temple, the leaves are used to serve prasadam. During the
rainy season, leaves are used to make protective coverings against rain,
locally referred to as ‘Gorabalu’ in Kannada. Near Kulathupuzha, leaves
are harvested daily for similar purposes.
These diverse ethnobotanical
practices underline the cultural, medicinal, ecological, and commercial
significance of I. virgatus, emphasizing the importance of further
research on its applications, sustainable use, and conservation.
Conservation Status of Indian
Marantaceae
Although I. virgatus is
listed as Critically Endangered in Sri Lanka (CR B2ab (i,ii,iii); The National
Red List 2020), it has not yet been evaluated for the global IUCN Red List. A
review of other Indian Marantaceae indicates that most species remain
unassessed globally, despite several being regionally rare or threatened. Table
1 summarizes the IUCN Global and Sri Lanka National Red List status of selected
Indian Marantaceae, highlighting significant gaps in conservation evaluation.
These findings emphasize the need for formal global assessments and
conservation prioritization of endemic and relict taxa, given their restricted
distributions and susceptibility to habitat disturbance.
Conclusion
The present study represents the
first comprehensive attempt to document the taxonomy, distribution, and threats
to I. virgatus, a monotypic taxon of high conservation value. By
combining field observations, herbarium and live specimen studies, and
opportunistic records of co-occurring species, we were able to delineate its
ecological niche and highlight the fragility of its remaining populations. Our
findings indicate that I. virgatus exists in fragmented patches,
confined to habitats that are under pressure from plantations, road
construction, and invasive species. Since the species is habitat-specific and
sensitive, these conditions not only threaten the survival of existing
populations but also limit the species’ potential for natural regeneration and
population expansion. Given its restricted range, observed population decline,
and vulnerability to ongoing habitat disturbances, I. virgatus requires
urgent conservation action. A formal assessment by the IUCN Red List is crucial
to provide global recognition of its threatened status and facilitate
policy-level interventions. Additionally, community engagement and habitat
protection strategies will be essential to protect the species and its unique
microhabitat.
Key to
selected Asian Marantaceae genera
1a. Plants without real above-ground stems, forming
ground-level rosettes of leaves
............................................................... 2
1b. Plants with distinct above-ground
stems (caulescent) ..........................................................................................................
3
2a. Flower groups strongly compact
(brachyblastic); bracteoles absent; sepals short (≤⅓ length of corolla tube);
fruit dehiscent,
one to two seeded
........................................................................................................................................
Stachyphrynium
2b. Flower groups brachyblastic or
sub-brachyblastic (slightly elongated); bracteoles absent or one per flower;
sepals ≥½ as
long as corolla tube; fruit dehiscent, one
to three seeded
........................................................................................Phrynium
3a. Inflorescence a terminal panicle up to 70 cm;
flower groups dolichoblastic; bracteoles absent; stamen with large petaloid
appendage; fruit three-seeded, dehiscent
...............................................................................................................Indianthus
3b. Inflorescence not a large terminal
panicle; flower groups dolichoblastic, two-flowered
...................................................... 4
4a. Bracteoles absent; corolla tube shorter than
lobes; fruit three-seeded, dehiscent .................................... Schumannianthus
4b. Bracteoles present, small and
glandular; stems tall, branched; fruit one- to two-seeded, indehiscent
....................... Donax
4c. Bracteoles absent, fruit one-seeded,
indehiscent, caryopsis-like
...........................................................................Halopegia
Table 1. IUCN Global and Sri
Lanka National Red List status of Indian Marantaceae species.
|
Species |
IUCN Status (Global) |
National Red List (Sri Lanka) |
|
Donax canniformis (G.Forst.)
K.Schum. |
- |
- |
|
Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan
& Borchs. (Schumannianthus virgatus
(Roxb.) Rolfe) |
- |
CR B2ab(i,ii,iii) (PE) |
|
Maranta arundinacea L. |
Not Applicable (cultivated) |
- |
|
Phrynium imbricatum Roxb. |
- |
- |
|
Phrynium nicobaricum Didr. |
- |
- |
|
Phrynium pubinerve Blume (Phrynium
rheedei Suresh & Nicolson) |
- |
EN B1ab(i,ii,iii) +2ab(i,ii,iii) |
|
Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxb.) Gagnep. |
- |
- |
|
Stachyphrynium placentarium (Lour.) Clausager
& Borchs. |
- |
- |
|
Stachyphrynium repens (Retz.) K.Schum. |
- |
- |
|
Stachyphrynium spicatum (Roxb.) K.Schum. (Stachyphrynium zeylanicum
(Benth.) K.Schum.) |
LC |
CR(PE) |
|
Thalia geniculata L. |
Not Applicable (cultivated) |
- |
For
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