Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2026 | 18(4): 28631–28643
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9574.18.4.28631-28643
#9574 | Received 22 December 2024 | Final received 19 March 2026| Finally
accepted 21 March 2026
The dragonfly (Odonata) community
structure at Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesia
Abdu Rohman
1, Wachju Subchan
2 & Dwi Artika Amalia
3
1–3 Biology Education, Faculty of
Teacher Training and Education, University of Jember,
Kalimantan Street, No 37, Sumbersari, Jember, East Java
68121, Indonesia.
1 abdu.fkip@unej.ac.id
(corresponding author), 2 wachju.fkip@unej.ac.id, 3 dwiartika976@gmail.com
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 April 2026 (online & print)
Citation: Rohman, A., W. Subchan &
D.A. Amalia (2026). The dragonfly (Odonata)
community structure at Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesia. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 18(4): 28631–28643. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9574.18.4.28631-28643
Copyright: © Rohman et al. 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Institute for Research and Community Service (LP2M),
University of Jember No. 3196/UN25.3.1/LT/2024.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Abdu Rohman, lecturer in Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Jember. Focuses on entomology, ecology, and biodiversity research. Actively involved in scientific publications, research, and community service activities in the field of conservation. Wachju Subchan, lecturer in Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Jember. Interested in ecology and biodiversity research. Actively involved in scientific publications and collaborative research related to the environment and conservation. Dwi Artika Amalia, student in Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Jember. Focuses on biodiversity research, particularly Odonata. Actively involved in the preparation of scientific papers and the development of research-based popular science books.
Author contribution: AR: Conceptualization, supervision, and revision of the manuscript and manuscript writing. WS: Methodology, validation, and data analysis.
DAA: Data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing.
Acknowledgements: We sincerely thank the Institute for Research and Community Service (LP2M), University of Jember, Indonesia (No: 3196/UN25.3.1/LT/2024) for supporting this research. We also thank Meru Betiri National Park for their invaluable assistance to the Conservation Biology research group. Finally, we sincerely appreciate the efforts of the research team and successive generations of biology education students who contributed to the sample collection.
Abstract: Sukamade Resort, located within Meru Betiri National Park, is a conservation management area.
Dragonflies have significant diversity and extensive spread, and their presence
in conservation areas is linked to the availability of ecological resources
such as abundant vegetation near aquatic habitats. This study ascertained the
composition of the dragonfly community in Sukamade
Resort at four sampling sites to provide data for conservation area management.
Of the 17 species recognized, Orthetrum sabina and Pseudagrion
microcephalum had the greatest population density
across all locales. The diversity index indicated a moderate level, the Margalef index demonstrated low requirements, the dominance
index was low, and evenness was high. The important value index (IVI) indicates
that Neurothemis ramburii,
Orthetrum sabina,
and Libellago lineata
had the highest ecological importance (IVI = 0.38). Canonical correspondence
analysis indicates that Pseudagrion microcephalum, Zyxomma
obtusum, Ischnura
senegalensis, Diplacodes trivialis, and Trithemis
festiva are associated with air humidity
characteristics at the Great Estuary location. It is concluded that the
presence of dragonflies is influenced by habitat factors such as aquatic
substrate composition, abiotic parameters (light, temperature, humidity), and
riparian vegetation. Protecting riparian habitats and maintaining good water
quality are crucial for the conservation of dragonflies, which reflect healthy
ecological conditions and support the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.
Keywords: Abiotic, abundance, conservation,
diversity, ecosystem, environmental, forest, habitat, tropical.
INTRODUCTION
Meru Betiri
National Park is a conservation management area that includes Sukamade Resort, a lowland forest. Dragonflies exhibit
specific habitat preferences within the region. Dragonflies exhibit significant
diversity and a wide distribution across various habitats (Kalkman
et al. 2008). The presence of dragonflies in conservation areas is intricately
linked to the availability of natural elements essential for their life cycle,
particularly robust and diverse aquatic environments. Dragonflies exhibit
considerable variability in their distributions, contingent upon the prevailing
environmental conditions and habitat types in a given locale. Consequently,
examining dragonfly communities across many habitats and conservation areas is
crucial for comprehending the interplay between dragonfly species and their
ecosystems and developing more effective conservation measures. Furthermore,
conducting inventories is essential to ascertain the composition and abundance
of species within an ecosystem, facilitating the examination of diversity,
abundance, dominance, and evenness, which collectively depict community
structure (Navarro et al. 2018).
Dragonflies have a crucial
function in the ecosystem as bioindicators of aquatic quality and environmental
contamination (Virgiawan 2016; Yuditaningtyas
et al. 2022; Datto-Liberato et al. 2024).
Furthermore, they function as predators and pest management agents (Lino et al.
2019). The availability of water and vegetation influences the presence of
dragonflies. The nymph stage occurs in aquatic environments, while adults
remain near the water (Nasirianda & Irvine 2017;
Da Silva-Méndez et al. 2022). The research by Orlofske
et al. (2024) shows that several river dragonfly larval taxa in the mountains
co-occur; yet, during emergence, specific species may react differently to
distinct stream characteristics. Certain adult dragonfly species prefer flowing
rivers, particularly those with moderate to gentle currents. Dragonflies are
distributed along streams about light intensity and canopy cover (French &
McCauley 2018).
The research by Chovanec et al. (2015) established a dragonfly association
index that correlates rivers with dragonflies to evaluate the ecological
condition of rivers. Conservation zones with robust vegetation surrounding
water habitats also affect the presence of dragonflies. The varied forest
structure and dense vegetation can influence the distribution and quantity of
dragonflies (O’Malley et al. 2020). Thick foliage offers refuge, roosting,
foraging, and breeding opportunities. Dragonfly populations are typically more
abundant in conservation areas with substantial vegetation cover along
riverbanks. The advantageous and varied environmental conditions create an
optimal ecosystem for dragonflies, enabling them to efficiently reproduce and
fulfil their ecological functions (Hykel et al.
2020). The composition of the substrate also influences water quality (Vanderzwalmen et al. 2022).
The substrate of a river
influences odonate makeup. Organic substrates, such
as leaf litter and riparian zones, exhibit greater richness than inorganic
substrates like rocks and gravel. Perron & Pick
(2020) research indicates that water quality significantly affects the nymphal phase (Perron et al.
2020). Additionally, a correlation exists among riparian vegetation, water
quality, and land cover, which may yield high-quality habitats for dragonflies.
O’Malley et al. (2020) assert that dragonfly conservation through river habitat
management must encompass the protection of riparian habitats alongside the
preservation of water habitats and their quality. Riparian ecosystems
characterized by diverse and dense plant life offer optimal habitats for
dragonfly populations, but sparser and more open vegetation is also conducive
to their presence. This study fills the knowledge gap by providing baseline
data on the structure and diversity of dragonfly communities in Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri
National Park, which has not been widely studied. This study offers novelty by
comprehensively analyzing habitat variables that can
collectively affect dragonfly communities. This study provides an innovative
methodology in the Meru Betiri National Park context
by applying the dragonfly association index to assess ecological conditions.
The study results are expected to be a strong scientific basis for more
effective management and formulation of conservation policies, especially in
efforts to protect habitats and support the sustainability of the ecological
function of dragonflies as bioindicators of environmental quality and control
agents. Based on this background, this study will analyze
the composition, diversity, and structure of dragonfly communities in the Sukamade Resort Area, which will later become basic data
for policymaking in managing the conservation area of Meru Betiri National Park.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
This study was conducted from
June to August 2024 in Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National Park (TNMB) (Image 1). The approach
employed for determining sampling points was purposive sampling. Data
collection on dragonflies was conducted throughout the river flow and
categorized into four locations: great estuary, small estuary, Getean River, and Hamlet River.
Dragonfly data collection
The study employed the road
sampling technique, which involved traversing a sampling area of 100 m in
length and 10 m in width at each research site. Samples were collected using
the sweeping technique (Rohman et al. 2024). Field
data were gathered on different days, with each sampling session repeated three
times. Sampling was conducted between 0600 h and 1700 h Western Indonesian Time
(WIB). The parameters recorded included the species of dragonflies encountered
and the number of individuals per species. Species identification was carried
out by examining the morphological characteristics of each individual, guided
by standardized identification keys. The identification process relied on
validated scientific references, including identification manuals published by
Orr (2005), Kalkman & Orr (2013), Orr & Kalkman (2015); Setiyono et al.
(2017).
Substrate composition measurement
The composition of the water
substrate was determined on a 1 m2 plot located near the water’s
edge at the beginning, middle, and end of the transect. The substrate
composition listed includes: mud, sand, rocks, gravel, plant substrate, leaf
litter, and twigs or tree trunks.
Measurement of abiotic factors
The abiotic parameters examined
include air temperature, light intensity, humidity, and wind speed.
Instruments and materials
Sweep net, stationery, ruler, styrofoam, needles, insect needles, cardboard paper,
cotton, cardboard, papilot paper, syringe, camera, 5 watt yellow light, lux meter, thermohygrometer,
anemometer, killing jar, and Garmin GPSmap 60CSx. The
dragonflies that had been obtained were then dried and preserved and
identified.
Data analysis
Assessment of conservation status
according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List
of Threatened Species (https://www.iucnredlist.org). Data analysis utilizing
PAST4.09 software: Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), evenness (E), and
dominance (D). The IVI was calculated for dragonfly communities based on their
density, frequency, and dominance, which was utilized to evaluate the
significance of species at each location.
The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') (Odum 1996) can be calculated using the formula:
Information:
H' = Shannon-Wiener diversity index
ni = Number of individuals of type i
N = Number of individuals of all types
The evenness index (E/evenness) is used to determine the
evenness of the number of individuals who form a community (Magurran
2004) as follows:
Information:
E = Evenness index
H' = Shannon-Wiener diversity index
S = Number of species found
Species dominance is determined using the Simpson's index using the formula:
Information:
D = Dominance index
ni = Number of individuals of type i
N = Number of individuals of all types
The similarity index (Iss) is used to determine the similarity of
species between locations as follows:
An importance value index (IVI) was determined for
dragonfly communities based on their density, frequency and dominance, which
was used to assess the importance of the species present at each location.
Environmental parameters (abiotic) were analyzed using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to
demonstrate the impact of abiotic factors on dragonfly presence in a habitat.
RESULTS
Dragonfly
Diversity at Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National Park
A total of
133 individuals representing 17 dragonfly species from six families were
documented (Table 2): Neurothemis ramburii, Orthetrum
sabina, Orthetrum
pruinosum, Diplacodes
trivialis, Zyxomma
obtusum, Onychothemis culminicola,
Potamorcha congener, Trithemis
festiva, Libellago lineata, Ischnura
senegalensis, Agrocnemis pygmaea,
Agrocnemis femina, Pseudagrion microcephalum,
Pseudagrion pruinosum,
Pseudagrion rubriceps,
Prodasineura humeralis,
and Eupaea variegata. Orthetrum sabina and Pseudagrion microcephalum had
the greatest abundance across all locations. The family Libellulidae
comprised eight dragonfly species, the family Coenagrionidae
included six species, and the families Chlorocyphidae,
Protoneuridae, and Euphaeidae
each contained one species.
The Libellulidae had the highest proportion of species (47%),
followed by the Coenagrionidae (35%), Chlorocyphidae, Protoneuridae,
and Euphaeidae families with 6% each (Figure 1). This
signifies that Libellulidae predominates in all
locations and is the most prevalent family across diverse ecosystems.
Dragonfly
index parameters
Figure 2
illustrates the computation of data analysis employing the diversity index, Margalef index, dominance index, and evenness index at Sukamade Resort of Meru Betiri
National Park (MBNP). The variety index is valued at 1.99. The diversity index
(H’) is categorized as moderate (1 ≤ H’ < 3) based on the criteria. The
subsequent index parameter is the Margalef index,
which has a value of 2.18. Sukamade Resort exhibits a
low species richness index, with R values below 2.5. The dominance index (D) of
dragonflies in the Small Estuary is 0.24, categorizing it as low (D < 0.5).
The species uniformity index (Evenness) of dragonflies in the Hamlet River is
the greatest at 0.92, followed by the Geaten River at
0.84, the Great Estuary at 0.78, and the Small Estuary at 0.77, indicating a
high level of uniformity (E > 0.6).
Figure 3
illustrates the relative abundance of dragonflies at Sukamade
Resort in MBNP, indicating that at the Great Estuary (36.96) and Small Estuary
(45) sites, the species Pseudagrion microcephalum exhibits the highest abundance.
Conversely, at the Getean River site, the species Orthetrum sabina
shows the highest abundance (30.77), and similarly, at the Hamlet River site, Orthetrum sabina
also has the highest abundance (28.57).
Important
value index dragonfly
The
relevance index evaluation at the four locations encompassed Great Estuary,
Small Estuary, Geean River, and Hamlet River (Figure
4). The initial site (Great Estuary) exhibited three species with the highest
importance index: Potamarcha congener, Ischnura senegalensis, and Pseudagrion microcephalum,
with an IVI of 0.34. The second site, Small Estuary, Onychothemis
culminicola, exhibited the greatest significance index
at 0.45. The Getean River exhibited that Neurothemis ramburii,
Orthetrum sabina,
and Libellago lineata
possessed the highest importance index of 0.38. The Hamlet River exhibited the
highest significance score of 0.4, attributed to Potamarcha
congener and Prodasineura humeralis.
Measurement
of substrate composition
The
measurement of aquatic substrate composition in estuarine and riverine areas
reveals significant variations depending on environmental characteristics and
the dominant sources of organic and inorganic materials. In the Great Estuary,
the aquatic substrate consists of inorganic materials such as sand, rocks, and
gravel and organic materials such as plant substrates, leaf litter, twigs, or
woody debris. A similar composition is observed in small estuaries, which are
dominated by sand, rocks, gravel, plant substrates, leaf litter, and twigs or
woody debris. This indicates that small and large estuaries share comparable
sedimentation dynamics and organic material inputs. In contrast, the substrate
composition in the Getean River is predominantly
characterized by fine mud and twigs or woody debris, reflecting intensive
sedimentation processes and organic material input from riparian vegetation. In
the Hamlet River, the aquatic substrate primarily consists of mud and leaf
litter, highlighting the influence of leaf decomposition and the accumulation
of fine sediments. These variations in substrate composition underscore the
diverse environmental processes and material sources shaping aquatic ecosystems
in different locations. Further studies are needed to explore the ecological
implications of these substrate variations on aquatic biodiversity and
ecosystem functions.
Abiotic
parameters at Sukamade Resort, MBNP
The light
intensity parameter ranged 2054.3–81866.7 lux. Compared to other sites, the Getean River exhibited the maximum intensity at 81,866.7
lux. Air temperature ranged 27.4–33.7 °C. This temperature range is ideal for
insects. The air temperature in Getean River was
higher (33.7°C) than other locations. Air humidity ranged 67–81.8. Humidity was
lower at Getean River (67) than other locations. Wind speed ranged 0–2.3 (Table 3).
Canonical corresponding analysis
Canonical
correspondence analysis categorizes dragonflies into four quadrants. Quadrant 1
indicates that the species Pseudagrion microcephalum, Zyxomma
obtusum, Ischnura
senegalensis, Diplacodes trivialis, and Trithemis
festiva are associated with air humidity
characteristics at the Great Estuary location. Quadrant two species, Potamarcha congener, Eupaea
variegata, Prodasineura
humeralis, and Pseudagrion
pruinosum, exhibited a correlation with
wind speed at the Hamlet River site. Quadrant three includes Orthetrum sabina, Neurothemis ramburii,
Libellago lineata,
Pseudagrion rubriceps,
Agriocnemis pygmaea,
and Agriocnemis femina, which are connected with water temperature and
light intensity at the Getean River. Quadrant four
species of Orthetrum pruinosum
and Onychothemis culminicola
are associated with the proximity of tiny estuaries (Figure 5).
Plant diversity in Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri
National Park
Eighteen (18) plant species were
found in Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri
National Park (Table 4). Nine tree and riparian species were identified. Hamlet
River is the location with the highest number of plant species (10 species).
Followed by the Getean River (8 species), Small
Estuaries (7 species), and Great Estuary (5 species).
DISCUSSION
Seventeen species of dragonflies
were documented at Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National Park (Table 1). According to IUCN
statistics, two species are classified as ‘Least Concern’: Orthetrum
sabina and Pseudagrion
microcephalum. According to CITES classification,
the species Orthetrum sabina
and Pseudagrion microcephalum
are not listed in the Annexures. The national status of the species Orthetrum sabina
and Pseudagrion microcephalum
has not been documented as protected. The Orthetrum
sabina species were observed roosting in riparian
zones and huge trees adjacent to the Getean River. Berliani et al. (2024) identified the Orthetrum
sabina species in riverine environments, natural
habitats, and rice paddies. As per Rohman et al.
(2024) O. Sabina is also present in utilization woods. Pseudagrion microcephalum
was observed mating in the vicinity of the Great Estuary. This species is also
present in streams (Salsabiela et al. 2022).
Moreover, both species (Orthetrum sabina and Pseudagrion microchepalum) inhabit regions following lakes (Gultom 2022).
The Libellulidae
family has the largest contribution, followed by Coenagrionidae.
Both families exhibit a broad distribution in proximity to streams, rice
fields, agricultural areas, freshwater environments, parks, and gardens (Rohman & Faradisa 2020; Salsabiela et al. 2022; Berliani
et al. 2024). Their high adaptability to various environmental conditions and
dependence on freshwater resources make Libellulidae
and Coenagrionidae groups often found in these
locations. Their presence reflects good ecological conditions and confirms
their important role as bioindicators of environmental health, especially in
monitoring water quality and the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. Recent
studies have shown that these two families have a significant ecological role
in maintaining the balance of the food chain, both as predators and as prey for
other organisms (Kehar et al. 2025; Palacino-Rodríguez et al. 2020).
Data analysis indicates that the
diversity index parameter (H’) is categorized as moderate (1 ≤ H’ < 3) (Magurran 2004). Dharmawan et al.
(2022) demonstrated a moderate diversity index value in the national plant Alas
Purwo at Pancur Resort. Hastomo et al. (2019) indicate a low diversity index value
at the Kuningan Resort of Mount Ciremai
National Park. The Margalef index registers a value
of 2.18. Sukamade Resort exhibits a low species
richness index (R < 2.5) according to the standards established by Magurran (2004). Hastomo et al.
(2019) demonstrated a low Margalef index value at the
Kuningan Resort of Mount Ciremai
National Park. The dominance index (D) of dragonflies in the Small Estuary is
0.24, categorizing it as low (D < 0.5). Nafisah
& Soesilohadi (2021) indicate a low dominance
index value in natural forests and tourist locations. The Evenness index for
the four locations indicates a high level of homogeneity (E > 0.6). Nafisah & Soesilohadi (2021)
indicate a high evenness index value in natural forests and tourist locations.
According to Susanto et al. (2023), the degree of regularity in aquatic
ecosystems is high.
The Great Estuary critical index
study revealed three species with the highest importance index: Potamarcha congener, Ischnura
senegalensis, and Pseudagrion microcephalum, with an IVI of 0.34. All three species
exhibit extensive distribution. Potomarcha
congener predominantly flies in open terrain and is capable of migration. Astuti et al. (2022) indicate that P. congener
inhabits both agricultural and forested regions. I. senegalensis and P.
microcephalum exhibit habitat traits associated
with moving waters (rivers and irrigation systems) and stagnant waters
(reservoirs, swamps, rice fields, and ponds). As per Nicolla
et al. (2021), I. senegalensis inhabits both canopied and non-canopied
environments. The second Small Estuary site, Onychothemis
culminicola, possesses the greatest significance
index of 0.45. Zulhariadi et al. (2024) indicate that
the species inhabits areas surrounding ponds. Potential within aquatic
ecosystems. In the Getean River, there are three
species, namely Neurothemis ramburii, Orthetrum
sabina and Libellago
lineata. possess the greatest significance index
of 0.38. As per Salsabiela et al. (2022), O.
Sabina exhibits a broad dispersion. The three species inhabit areas
surrounding rivers, irrigation systems, rice paddies, and ponds. The fourth
location, Hamlet River, possesses the greatest significance score of 0.4,
attributed to Potamarcha congener and Prodasineura humeralis.
Salsabiela et al. (2022) indicate that P. congener
species inhabit areas adjacent to streams with dense vegetation and near wells.
The extensive distribution across several environments enables these species to
attain the highest Important Value Index. Furthermore, assistance is available
from nutritional resources and shelters. The existence of the three dragonfly species is contingent upon water availability.
Dragonflies rely highly on aquatic environments, particularly during the nymph
stage (Salsabiela et al. 2022). Moreover, variations
in altitude can influence the distribution of certain dragonfly species (Table
1).
Aquatic substrate composition plays
a critical role in determining the presence and abundance of dragonfly nymphs
(Odonata), the aquatic phase of the dragonfly life cycle. Dragonfly nymphs
typically inhabit waters with substrates that provide shelter and food sources,
such as organic materials (leaf litter, twigs, or woody debris) and plant
substrates. In the Great Estuary and small estuaries, the presence of sand,
rocks, and gravel, along with organic materials, creates ideal habitats for
dragonfly nymphs, as these substrates offer spaces for shelter from predators
and areas for foraging. In the Getean River and
Hamlet River, the dominance of mud and organic materials such as twigs or leaf
litter also supports the life of dragonfly nymphs, albeit with different
characteristics. Mud can serve as a suitable substrate for nymphs more tolerant
of fine sediment conditions, while leaf litter and twigs provide detritus and
microorganisms as food sources. According to Worthen & Horacek
(2015), species are distributed differently across various sediment types.
Family Gomphidae are commonly found in sand, while
Family Cordulegastridae prefer a mixture of sand and
cobbles. Family Gomphidae also tend to dominate in
cobbles and coarse sediments, whereas family Aeshnidae
favour coarse sediments. The average size of nymphs varies among
species, and these habitat preferences contribute to differences in average
size across sediment types. Overall, variations in aquatic substrate
composition influence the distribution and abundance of dragonfly nymphs, with
each substrate type providing distinct habitat conditions for specially adapted
nymph species.
The Getean
River exhibited the highest intensity of abiotic parameters measured at
81,866.7 lux, signifying exceptionally significant sunshine exposure relative
to other sites. The Getean River features riparian
vegetation along its banks, interspersed with open spaces. The Great Estuary
exhibited the lowest intensity at 2054.3 lux (see Table 3). This site is
characterized by vegetation and a canopy, resulting in increased shade and
shelter. The air temperature varied between 27.4°C and 33.7°C. This temperature
range is optimal for insects. The air temperature at Getean
River was elevated at 33.7°C compared to the other locations. This location has
a higher temperature than others due to its open space, which allows unimpeded
light intensity. The intensity of light correlates with temperature; elevated
light intensity facilitates dragonfly mobility, particularly in flight, due to
its association with the wing veins (Liu et al. 2022). Air humidity varied
between 67 and 81.8. The air humidity at the Getean
River (67) was lower than at other locations. Low air humidity will impact
dragonfly motility (Susanto et al. 2024). Wind speed varied 0–2.3. This range
signifies that the wind is not very strong, facilitating the movement of
dragonflies.
Canonical Correspondence Analysis
indicated that five dragonfly species (Pseudagrion
microcephalum, Zyxomma
obtusum, Ischnura
senegalensis, Diplacodes trivialis, Trithemis
festiva) had a positive correlation with the
water humidity parameter in the Great Estuary. Rohman
et al. (2023) demonstrated a positive association between various dragonfly
species Diplacodes trivialis
and air humidity (Figure 6).
Vegetation investigation reveals
the presence of 18 plant species at Sukamade Resort,
Meru Betiri National Park (Table 3). Nine varieties
of trees located along riverbanks provide shade over the water. Zulhariadi et al. (2022) indicated that dragonfly diversity
correlates with alterations in land cover along the river. Moreover, escalating
land cover alterations may result in numerous dragonfly species’ extinction.
Water bodies that offer diverse riparian habitats can sustain dragonflies.
Dragonflies frequently utilize riparian areas for roosting. Cheri (2020)
asserts that the structure of dragonfly communities is significantly connected
with riparian-specific vegetation factors. Dragonflies exhibit sensitivity to
riparian conditions in stream habitats within the Nearctic area. O’Malley et
al. (2020) assert that the development of dragonfly populations is linked to
aquatic and terrestrial influences. Diversity primarily pertains to terrestrial
variables such as canopy cover and slope. Therefore, proposals for the National
Park regarding river habitat management for dragonfly conservation should
encompass the protection of riparian habitats while preserving aquatic habitats
and their quality.
CONCLUSIONS
The researchers identified
seventeen species of dragonflies. The dragonfly population exhibited
variability across the four locations. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’)
is defined as a medium, the Margalef index indicates
low criteria, the dominance index falls within the low category, and evenness
is high. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that five dragonfly
species correlated with the air humidity parameter (Quadrant 1). The findings
of our investigation demonstrate a correlation between the existence of
dragonflies and vegetation in the forest. Consequently, the significance of the
forest in Sukamade Resort of TNMB as a protection
zone, particularly for dragonfly habitats, is paramount.
Table 1. Description
of the four research locations in Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National Park.
|
|
Location |
Coordinates |
Elevation (m) |
Description |
|
|
|
|
Latitude |
Longitude |
|
|
|
1 |
Great
Estuary |
-8.562 |
113.889 |
29 |
The large
river estuary has a width of 35 m with lentic brackish water conditions. This
area is dominated by Sonneratia griffithii tree vegetation, which reaches heights of
over 5 m, as well as riparian plants such as Axonopus
compressus. |
|
2 |
Small
Estuaries |
-8.564 |
113.891 |
27 |
The river
with a smaller estuary has a width of 6 m and lentic water conditions. This
area is dominated by Sonneratia griffithii tree vegetation, with heights exceeding 5
m, riparian plants such as Axonopus compressus. |
|
3 |
Getean River |
-8.548 |
113.898 |
31 |
The river,
which has a smaller estuary, has a width of 15 m and lotic water conditions.
This area is dominated by Calliandra surinamensis tree vegetation and riparian plants such
as Cymbopogon schoenanthus. |
|
4 |
Hamlet
River |
-8.534 |
113.888 |
33 |
The river,
which has a smaller estuary, has a width of 9 m and lotic water conditions.
This area is dominated by Albizia chinensis tree vegetation and riparian plants such as
Arachis hypogaea
L. |
Table 2. List
of dragonflies found in Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National
Park.
|
|
Suborder |
Family |
Species |
Protection and conservation
status of the species |
Relative abundance |
|
|||||
|
IUCN |
CITES |
NS |
Great Estuary |
Small Estuaries |
Getean River |
Hamlet River |
Total |
||||
|
1 |
Anisoptera |
Libellulidae |
Neurothemis ramburii (Nr) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
17,39 |
10 |
23,08 |
10,71 |
22 |
|
2 |
Anisoptera |
Libellulidae |
Orthetrum sabina (Os) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
19,57 |
20 |
30,77 |
28,57 |
33 |
|
3 |
Anisoptera |
Libellulidae |
Orthetrum pruinosum (Op) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
5 |
0,00 |
0,00 |
1 |
|
4 |
Anisoptera |
Libellulidae |
Diplacodes trivialis (Dt) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
4,35 |
0 |
0,00 |
0,00 |
2 |
|
5 |
Anisoptera |
Libellulidae |
Zyxomma obtusum (Zo) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
6,52 |
5 |
0,00 |
0,00 |
4 |
|
6 |
Anisoptera |
Libellulidae |
Onychothemis culminicola (Oc) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
15 |
0,00 |
0,00 |
3 |
|
7 |
Anisoptera |
Libellulidae |
Potamarcha congener (Pc) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
6,52 |
0 |
0,00 |
7,14 |
5 |
|
8 |
Anisoptera |
Libellulidae |
Trithemis festiva (Tf) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
4,35 |
0 |
0,00 |
0,00 |
2 |
|
9 |
Zygoptera |
Chlorocyphidae |
Libellago lineata (Ll) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
0 |
15,38 |
7,14 |
8 |
|
10 |
Zygoptera |
Coenagrionidae |
Ischnura senegalensis (Is) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
4,35 |
0 |
0,00 |
0,00 |
2 |
|
11 |
Zygoptera |
Coenagrionidae |
Agriocnemis pygmaea (Ap) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
0 |
2,56 |
0,00 |
1 |
|
12 |
Zygoptera |
Coenagrionidae |
Agriocnemis femina (Af) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
0 |
5,13 |
0,00 |
2 |
|
13 |
Zygoptera |
Coenagrionidae |
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Pm) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
36,96 |
45 |
12,82 |
7,14 |
33 |
|
14 |
Zygoptera |
Coenagrionidae |
Pseudagrion pruinosum (Pp) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
0 |
0,00 |
3,57 |
1 |
|
15 |
Zygoptera |
Coenagrionidae |
Pseudagrion rubriceps (Pr) |
LC |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
0 |
2,56 |
0,00 |
1 |
|
16 |
Zygoptera |
Protoneuridae |
Prodasineura humeralis (Ph) |
NE |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
0 |
5,13 |
25,00 |
9 |
|
17 |
Zygoptera |
Euphaeidae |
Eupaea varigeata (Ev) |
NE |
NA |
NP |
0,00 |
0 |
2,56 |
10,71 |
4 |
Note: IUCN: NE—Not Evaluated | DD—Data
Deficient | LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened | VU—Vulnerable | EN—Endangered
| CR—Critically Endangered | EW—Extinct in the Wild and Extinct. CITES: NA—Not
Appendix | A.I—Appendix I | A.II—Appendix II |
National Status (NS): P—protected | NP—not protected (P.106 /MENLHK /SETJEN
/KUM.1/12/2018).
Table 3. Abiotic
parameters at Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National Park.
|
|
Parameters |
Great Estuary |
Small Estuaries |
Getean River |
Hamlet River |
|
1 |
Light intensity (lux) |
2054.3 ± 102.9 |
45500 ± 2351.6 |
81866.7 ± 62185.7 |
45966.7 ± 5718.7 |
|
2 |
Air temperature (°C) |
29.5 ± 0.5 |
27.4 ± 0.6 |
33.7 ± 1.5 |
30.7 ± 0.6 |
|
3 |
Air humidity |
81.8 ± 2.8 |
77.3 ± 3.2 |
67 ± 8.5 |
69.3 ± 3.8 |
|
4 |
Wind speed (m/s) |
0 ± 0.0 |
0.1 ± 0.3 |
0.8 ± 0.1 |
2.3 ± 0.1 |
Table 4. List
of plant diversity in Sukamade Resort, Meru Betiri National
Park.
|
|
Plants |
Family |
Species |
Great Estuary |
Small Estuaries |
Getean River |
Hamlet River |
|
1 |
Trees |
Pandanaceae |
Pandanus tectorius |
12 |
38 |
0 |
0 |
|
2 |
Trees |
Calophyllaceae |
Calophyllum inophyllum |
14 |
24 |
0 |
0 |
|
3 |
Trees |
Fabaceae |
Albizia chinensis |
0 |
0 |
0 |
55 |
|
4 |
Trees |
Fabaceae |
Cassia alata
L. |
0 |
0 |
32 |
29 |
|
5 |
Trees |
Fabaceae |
Calliandra surinamensis |
0 |
0 |
145 |
42 |
|
6 |
Trees |
Moraceae |
Ficus elastica |
0 |
0 |
0 |
25 |
|
7 |
Trees |
Lythraceae |
Sonneratia griffithii |
78 |
49 |
0 |
0 |
|
8 |
Trees |
Musaceae |
Musa paradiciaca |
0 |
0 |
0 |
18 |
|
9 |
Trees |
Arecaceae |
Cocos nucifera |
0 |
0 |
0 |
19 |
|
10 |
Riparian |
Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea indica |
0 |
16 |
23 |
0 |
|
11 |
Riparian |
Amaranthaceae |
Celosia argentea |
0 |
0 |
25 |
0 |
|
12 |
Riparian |
Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculus repens |
0 |
0 |
24 |
0 |
|
13 |
Riparian |
Zygophyllaceae |
Tribulus terrestris |
0 |
0 |
28 |
0 |
|
14 |
Riparian |
Apocynaceae |
Wrigtiya Antidysenterica |
0 |
64 |
0 |
23 |
|
15 |
Riparian |
Poaceae |
Cymbopogon schoenanthus |
95 |
86 |
55 |
48 |
|
16 |
Riparian |
Poaceae |
Axonopus compressus |
128 |
93 |
0 |
0 |
|
17 |
Riparian |
Fabaceae |
Arachis hypogaea L. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
225 |
|
18 |
Riparian |
Verbenaceae |
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis |
0 |
0 |
53 |
75 |
FOR
FIGURES & IMAGE - - CLICK HERE FOR FULL PDF
REFERENCES
Astuti, A., I.N. Nayasilana,
S. Sugiyarto & A. Budiharjo
(2022). Community
structure of dragonflies (Odonata) in Gunung Bromo’s
Forest area with special purpose (FASP), Karanganyar,
Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas
Journal of Biological Diversity 23(5): 2493–2501. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230529
Berliani, N., R. Kardiman
& R. Satria (2024). Species diversity of Odonata as
a bioindicator of water pollution in the Batang Harau watershed, Tanah Datar
District, West Sumatra. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science 1346(1): 012026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1346/1/012026
Cheri, C.R.
(2020). Dragonflies
and Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) as Indicators for
Riparian Condition in Ozark Spring Streams. (Thesis) Cameron Riley Cheri,
Missouri State University.
Chovanec, A., M. Schindler, J. Waringer & R. Wimmer (2015). The dragonfly association index
(Insecta: Odonata)—A tool for the type-specific
assessment of lowland rivers. River Research and Applications 31(5):
627–638. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2760
Datto-Liberato, F.H., V.M. Lopez, T. Quinaia,
R.F. do Valle Jr, M J. Samways, L. Juen, C. Valera
& R. Guillermo-Ferreira (2024). Total environment sentinels:
Dragonflies as ambivalent/amphibiotic bioindicators of damage to soil and
freshwater. Science of The Total Environment 934: 173110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173110
Da
Silva-Méndez, G., S. Riso, M.O. Lorenzo-Carballa & A. Cordero-Rivera (2022). Sampling larvae, exuviae or adults of Odonata for ecological studies: a test
of methods in permanent rivers in the Iberian Peninsula. Odonatologica
51(1–2): 63–81. https://doi.org/10.60024/odon.v51i1-2.a4
Dharmawan, D.P.R., W. Subhan, J. Prihatin, V.E. Susilo & S. Ariyunita (2022). Diversity of Dragonflies (Odonata)
at Pancur Resort Alas Purwo
National Park, Indonesia. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology
12(2): 57–62. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4668.2022
French, S.K.
& S.J. McCauley (2018). Canopy cover affects habitat selection by adult dragonflies. Hydrobiologia 818(1): 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3600-5
Gultom, S. (2022). Indentifikasi
Jenis Capung Di Taman Wisata Alam Danau
Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara. SITek
(Jurnal Sains, Informasi dan Teknologi)
1(1): 20–29.
Hastomo, S.O.E., Z. Muttaqin
& K.D. Cita (2022). Inventory and diversity of
dragonflies (Odonata) at Kuningan Resort of Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java Province. In: IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 959(1): 012019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/959/1/012019
Hykel, M., J. Růžičková
& A. Dolný (2020). Perch selection in Sympetrum
species (Odonata: Libellulidae): importance of
vegetation structure and composition. Ecological Entomology 45(1):
90–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12778
IUCN (2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/en. Accessed on 20.vi.2024.
Kalkman, V.J. & A.G. Orr (2013). Field Guide to the damselflies
of New Guinea. Brachytron 16(2): 3–118.
Kalkman, V.J., V. Clausnitzer,
K.-D.B. Dijkstra, A.G. Orr, D.R. Paulson & J. van Tol
(2008). Global
diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia
595; 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9029-x
Kehar, G.R., A.M. Shaikh, W.A. Panhwar, N. Solangi & N.A. Kehar (2025). A comprehensive assessment of the species diversity
and ecological distribution of the dragonfly family Libellulidae
in Taluka Garhi Khairo,
District Jacobabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology 14(3):
980–990. https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2025.140089
Lino, J., R. Koneri & R.R. Butarbutar
(2019). Keanekaragaman capung (Odonata)
di tepi sungai kali desa kali Kabupaten Minahasa Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal
MIPA 8(2): 59–62. https://doi.org/10.35799/jmuo.8.2.2019.23767
Liu, C., R.
Du, F. Li & J. Sun (2022). Bioinspiration of the vein
structure of dragonfly wings on its flight characteristics. Microscopy
Research and Technique 85(3): 829–839. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23952
Magurran, A.E. (2004). Measuring Biological
Diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 40-69.
Nafisah, N.A. & R. H. Soesilohadi (2021). Community structure of dragonfly
(Ordo: Odonata) in natural forest and tourist sites petungkriyono
Forest, Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and
Biotechnology 6(3): 67328. https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.67328
Nasirian, H. & K.N. Irvine (2017). Odonata larvae as a bioindicator
of metal contamination in aquatic environments: application to ecologically
important wetlands in Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189:
1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6145-6
Navarro,
A.M., A. Estrada, X. Font, M.G. Matias, C. Meireles,
M. Mendoza, J.P. Honrado, H.D. Prasad, J.R. Vicente
& R. Early (2018). Community structure informs species geographic distributions. PLOS
ONE 13(7): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197877
Nicolla, A.C., A.N. Irsyad,
W. Firdasia, Z. Sarifah,
E.I. Nilamsari, N. Umah, R.
Daradwinta & S. Sukirno
(2021). Comparison
of Damselfly (Odanata: Zygoptera)
diversity in wet dune slack habitat with canopied and non-canopied areas of Gumuk Pasir Parangkusumo,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science 736 (1): 012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/736/1/012046
Odum EP. (1996). Dasar-Dasar Ekologi. Edisi Ketiga. Universitas Gajah Mada Press, Yogyakarta, Indonesian, 131-139 pp.
Orr, A.G.
(2005). Dragonflies
of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore: A Pocket Guide. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications, Borneo.
Orr, A.G.
& V.J. Kalkman (2015). Field Guide to the
Damselflies of New Guinea. Brachytron Supplement,
190 pp.
Orlofske, J.M., B.R. Wilson, D.E. Tesar, C.D. Tyrrell & R. Headley (2024). Fluvial habitat associations of
riverine dragonflies (Odonata, Gomphidae) in the
Huron Mountains (Michigan, USA). River Research and Applications 40(10):
2022–2034. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4339
Palacino-Rodríguez, F., M. Altamiranda-Saavedra, D.A. Palacino
& A.C. Penagos (2020). Ecology of Mesamphiagrion laterale (Odonata: Coenagrionidae):
abundance, reproduction and interactions with co-occurring species. International
Journal of Odonatology 23(2): 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2020.1739567
Perron, M.A.C. & F.R. Pick (2020). Water quality effects on
dragonfly and damselfly nymph communities: A comparison of urban and natural
ponds. Environmental Pollution 263: 114472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114472
Rohman, A., F.S.K. Nurwulan,
W. Subchan & Y.C. Buana
(2024). Community
structure of dragonflies (Odonata) at Garahan Resort,
Sempolan, Perhutani, Forest
Management Unit (KPH) Jember. BIO Web of Conferences 101: 03004. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410103004
Rohman, A. & N. Faradisa
(2020). Dragonfly
Diversity (Insect: Odonata) in Asem Binatur River, Pekalongan,
Indonesia. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 10(1):
79–84. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.1986.2020
Salsabiela, N., A. Novitasari,
A.C. Windianingsih, R.B. Alfian,
A. Setyaningrum, B.E. Yudharta,
O.A. Safa’ah & S. Sukirno
(2022). Effect of
altitude on odonata biodiversity in the Paddy Field
of Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. In
7th International Conference on Biological Science (ICBS). Atlantis Press,
171–180 pp. https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220406.026
Setiyono, J., S. Diniartsih,
E.N.R. Oscilata & N.S. Budi (2017). Dragonflies of Yogyakarta. Jenis Capung Daerah Istimewa
Yogyakarta. Indonesia Dragonflya Society, Yogyakarta.
Susanto,
M.A.D., N.F. Firdhausi & S. Bahri
(2023). Diversity
and community structure of dragonflies (Odonata) in various types of habitat at
Lakarsantri District, Surabaya, Indonesia. Journal
of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 8(2): 76690. https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.76690
Susanto,
M.A.D., Z.P. Gama & A.S. Leksono (2024). Habitat characteristics and
threats of little-known endemic dragonfly, Neurothemis
feralis (Burmeister, 1839) (Odonata: Libellulidae) in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas
Journal of Biological Diversity 25(7): 2907–2920. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d250712
Virgiawan, C., L. Hindun
& Sukarsono (2015). Studi Keanekaragaman Capung (Odonata) Sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Air Sungai Brantas Batu-Malang Dan Sumber Belajar Biologi. Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Indonesia 1(2): 188–196. https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v1i2.3330
Vanderzwalmen, M., D.S. Lacalle,
P. Tamilselvan., J. McNeil, D. Delieuvin,
K. Behlouli, A. Hursthouse,
I. McLellan, M.E. Alexander, F.L. Heriquez, D. Snellgrove & K.A. Sloman
(2022). The Effect of
Substrate on Water Quality in Ornamental Fish Tanks. Animals 12(19):
2679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192679
Worthen, W.B.
& H.J. Horacek (2015). The distribution of dragonfly
larvae in a South Carolina stream: Relationships with sediment type, body size,
and the presence of other larvae. Journal of Insect Science 15(1): 31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iev013
Yuditaningtyas, M., M. Hadi
& U. Tarwotjo (2022). Struktur
komunitas dan habitat odonata di kawasan wisata waduk Jatibarang
Semarang. Bioma: Berkala
Ilmiah Biologi 24(1):
73–79. https://doi.org/10.14710/bioma.24.1.73-79
Zulhariadi, M., M. Mirnawati,
D.N. Andriani, A. Aesi
& R. Algipari (2024). Diversity of Dragonflies (Order:
Odonata) in the Suranadi Nature Tourism Park Area,
West Lombok. Penbios: Jurnal
Pendidikan Biologi Dan Sains
9(01): 01–08.
Zulhariadi, M., R.D. Irawan,
A. Zulfaeda & N. Hidayani
(2022). Dragonflies
diversity and land cover changes in the Batubolong
River, West Lombok District. Biotropia 29(2):
112–123. https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2022.29.2.1637