Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2026 | 18(2): 28275–28286
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9455.18.2.28275-28286
#9455 | Received 21 October 2024 | Final received 10 January 2026 |
Finally accepted 10 February 2026
Assessing the tree diversity
along the Dudhganga River in Kolhapur District of
Maharashtra, India
Sachin Chavan 1
& Rajaram Gurav 2
1,2 Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra
416004, India.
1 botanysachin10@gmail.com, 2 rvg_botany@unishivaji.ac.in
(corresponding author)
Editor: S. Jeevith,
Siddharth Foundation, Coimbatore, India. Date
of publication: 26 February 2026 (online & print)
Citation:
Chavan, S. & R. Gurav (2026). Assessing the
tree diversity along the Dudhganga River in Kolhapur
District of Maharashtra, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 18(2):
28275–28286. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9455.18.2.28275-28286
Copyright: © Chavan & Gurav 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: We sincerely thank the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for providing financial support for this research.
This study forms part of the PhD work of the first author submitted to Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Sachin Chavan, senior research scholar, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. His research focuses on riparian vegetation ecology, biodiversity assessment, carbon sequestration studies, spatial mapping using GIS, and quantitative ecological analysis of riverine ecosystems in the Western Ghats. Dr. R.V. Gurav, professor, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Specialises in plant taxonomy and biodiversity conservation, with extensive contributions to floristic documentation, vegetation analysis, and conservation of threatened plant taxa. He has supervised several doctoral scholars and contributed to research in plant systematics, conservation biology, and sustainable plant resource management.
Author contributions: SC—lead in conceptualisation, field surveys, data collection, data analysis, GIS mapping, manuscript drafting, and visualisation; contributed equally to manuscript review and editing. RVG—lead supervision, research design refinement, methodological guidance, taxonomic validation, and manuscript review and editing.
Acknowledgements: We sincerely thank the Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, for providing laboratory and academic support. We also acknowledge the assistance of local communities and field assistants who supported vegetation surveys along the river stretches.
Abstract: Riparian vegetation is the buffer
zone between the aquatic ecosystem of a river and the terrestrial ecosystem.
Trees are a typical feature of many ecosystems. Understanding the diversity and
geographic distribution of trees holds significant theoretical and practical
value. This study highlights the rich diversity of tree species along the river
Dudhganga with 80 species from 30 families identified
through an extensive field survey from October 2021 to June 2024. The
species-rich families are Fabaceae with 10 native species, contributing 18% of
the total native tree diversity, Moraceae with eight
species, and Malvaceae & Lamiaceae
each with four species. Species-rich and diverse genus Ficus
dominated with seven species. Ficus racemosa exhibits a widespread distribution across
riparian habitats, which is the most evenly distributed species, while Pongamia pinnata stands out as
the most dominant species among riparian tree taxa. Among the 80 tree species, two species are endemic to India, 55 are
native and 25 are invasive. The altitudinal gradient exerts a substantial
influence, as evidenced by research indicating that the diversity and density
of riparian trees escalate with ascending altitudes. This study reveals a
relatively diverse tree flora in riparian areas and aims to serve as a tool for
managing the tree species diversity of the riparian land.
Keywords: Altitudinal gradient,
conservation planning, dominance pattern, endemic tree species, family-level
diversity, floristic composition, full census approach, riverine ecosystem,
riparian ecology, species richness.
INTRODUCTION
Riparian zones form transitional
interfaces between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, encompassing stream
channels and adjacent landscapes influenced by hydrological processes such as
flooding, elevated water tables, and soil moisture regimes (Naiman
& Décamps 1997). Vegetation within these zones
comprises plant communities adapted to dynamic environmental conditions and
provides critical ecosystem services, including provisioning, regulating,
supporting, and cultural functions (Mohan & Joseph 2024). Acting as
ecological buffers and ecotones, riparian ecosystems enhance watershed
stability by regulating nutrient flow, sediment retention, and energy exchange
between land and water (Sumarmi et al. 2022).
Globally, riparian ecosystems are
among the most threatened landscapes due to river regulation, land-use change,
invasive species, and increasing anthropogenic pressures. While vegetation
structure along free-flowing rivers is relatively stable, regulated rivers
often show altered species composition and spatial patterns owing to modified
flow regimes (Nilsson et al. 1997). Biological invasions and shifts in species
dominance further disrupt ecosystem structure and function (Richardson et al.
2007). Despite their ecological importance, riparian landscapes are inherently
rare, occupying only a small fraction of the Earth’s surface (Hynes 1970).
Riparian vegetation zones are recognised as highly species-rich and productive systems,
playing a key role in maintaining water quality by acting as natural filters
for sediments and pollutants (Naiman et al. 2005; Liunima et al. 2022). However, most vegetation studies have
focused on forest ecosystems, with comparatively fewer investigations
addressing riparian tree diversity and structure (Gregory et al. 1991; Nilsson
et al. 1997). In India, studies from the Western Ghats report high riparian
diversity (Korse & Krishnakumar
2006), but in Maharashtra, systematic information on riparian tree diversity
remains limited, with only a few studies such as that along the Panchganga River (Mohite & Mane 2020).
The Western Ghats serve as a
major watershed for peninsular rivers and are recognised
globally as a biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al. 2000). The Dudhganga
River, a tributary of the Krishna River, originates in the Western Ghats and
flows through the Radhanagari forest, a UNESCO World
Heritage Site (UNESCO 2012). Despite its ecological and socioeconomic
importance, comprehensive data on riparian tree species diversity,
distribution, and altitudinal variation along the Dudhganga
River are lacking.
Information on riparian tree
diversity, dominance, and spatial distribution along the Dudhganga
River across different altitudinal zones is currently insufficient, limiting
effective conservation and management planning. Riparian tree species diversity
and composition along the Dudhganga River vary
significantly with altitude, with higher elevations supporting greater species
richness and structural diversity.
The present study aims to
document the tree species composition of riparian vegetation along the Dudhganga River, assess species richness, dominance, and
family-level patterns of riparian trees, analyse
spatial variation in riparian tree diversity across upstream, midstream, and
downstream sections of the river, and generate baseline data to support
conservation and sustainable management of riparian ecosystems in the Dudhganga River basin.
STUDY AREA AND METHODS
The Dudhganga
River originates in the Western Ghats and flows eastward, joining the Krishna
River at Danwad. Based on the composition of the
recorded species, the riparian zone of the Dudhganga
River occupies a transitional ecotone, with southern moist mixed deciduous
forests predominating, and a gradual shift toward southern tropical
semi-evergreen forests in the upper catchment. This vegetation pattern
corresponds well with the established classifications for the northern Western
Ghats (Singh & Karthikeyan 2000; Gunaga et al.
2013). The study area spans 131 km of riparian vegetation on both sides of the
river (Image 1), extending from Kalammawadi Dam
(16.353° N, 74.010° E) to Sangam Math at Danwad
(16.514° N, 74.635° E), forming an integral part of the Krishna River basin.
The Western Ghats biodiversity is
influenced by altitudinal changes, which contribute to the variation in tree
diversity along the river’s course. The field survey has been carried out on
upstream, midstream, and downstream riparian vegetation of the river Dudhganga based on elevation gradient, vegetation
composition, and distance from the starting point, ensuring a systematic
division reflecting slope, species distribution, and flow characteristics.
The upstream (higher elevation) area starts from Panori (16.367° N, 74.032° E) to Sulambi
(16.414° N, 74.066 E), the midstream (middle altitude) area comprises area from
the Bidri (16.434° N, 74.137° E) to Belawale Budruk (16.506° N,
74.156° E), while the downstream (lower elevation) area starts from Dattawad (16.584° N, 74.568° E) to Examba
(16.564° N, 74.599° E) (Image 2 & 3).
Data Collection
The tree specimens were surveyed
between October 2021 and June 2024. To ensure accurate estimation of tree
diversity along the river Dudhganga, data was
collected using the mobile GPS application, namely GPSWAYPOINT. Following the
census approach described by Condit (1998), we conducted a systematic
walk-through survey of the entire accessible riparian stretch and recorded all
detectable individual trees. This approach represents the first application of
a near-complete tree census method for riparian vegetation in this region and
was adopted to minimise sampling bias commonly
associated with plot-based methods. Although the survey was designed to maximise spatial coverage, complete access to all
microhabitats was not always possible due to dense vegetation, steep slopes,
and seasonally waterlogged sections typical of dynamic riparian environments.
Consequently, a small proportion of individuals occurring in physically
inaccessible or periodically inundated microhabitats may have been
underrepresented. However, repeated surveys across multiple post-monsoon
seasons and continuous riverbank coverage ensured robust documentation of
dominant, common, and ecologically significant riparian tree species across the
Dudhganga River. This approach allowed for capturing
the true distribution of species across the landscape and reduced the chances
of missing rare or scattered species, which is a common limitation of
fixed-area sampling methods such as quadrats or transects (Chazdon
et al. 1998; Gotelli & Colwell 2001). By mapping
every tree systematically, a comprehensive dataset was obtained, capturing the
true representation of riparian vegetation across different altitude zones.
The riparian trees within the
study area were identified and recorded. All individual trees with a girth at
breast height (GBH) greater than 20 cm were measured. The collected specimens
were identified with the help of Flora of Bombay (Cooke 1903) and Kolhapur
Flora (Yadav & Sardesai 2002). The dry method was
used to prepare the herbarium specimens and deposited at the herbarium of the
Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur
(SUK), following the protocol of Jain & Rao (1977). The nomenclature and
classification followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV System (Stevens
2001). Nomenclature and distribution information was verified using Plants of
the World Online (POWO 2024) and India Flora Online (Rao & Kumar 2024).
Vernacular names were referred from Flowers of India (2024).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tree diversity and distribution
along the riparian continuum
A total of 80 angiosperm tree
species, belonging to 66 genera and 30 families, were recorded from the
riparian vegetation of the Dudhganga River (Table 1).
Tree diversity was unevenly distributed along the longitudinal gradient of the
river, with species richness and community composition varying distinctly
across the upstream, midstream, and downstream sections. Overall, 55 species
(68.8%) were native, while the remaining species were classified as non-native
/ invasive, indicating a predominance of indigenous flora with increasing
invasion pressure downstream. Notably, 21 tree species were common to all three
zones, reflecting their broad ecological tolerance and adaptability to varying
riparian conditions.
Upstream zone
The upstream section supported
the highest tree species richness (62 species), comprising 47 native and 15
non-native / invasive species. This zone is characterized by higher elevation,
steeper gradients, well-drained rocky to sandy soils, and higher water flow
velocity. Dominant species such as Salix tetrasperma,
Syzygium salicifolium,
Vitex leucoxylon, Terminalia arjuna,
and Syzygium cumini
were well adapted to seasonal water fluctuations, moderate water stress, and
occasional flooding. The strong dominance of native species reflects relatively
intact riparian habitats, greater connectivity with adjoining natural
vegetation, and lower levels of anthropogenic disturbance, favoring the
persistence and regeneration of indigenous tree taxa.
Midstream zone
The midstream section recorded 50
tree species, including 29 native and 21 non-native / invasive species,
representing a transitional phase in both species
composition and disturbance intensity. This zone is characterized by moderate
water flow, wider floodplains, and nutrient-rich alluvial soils. Species such
as Ficus hispida,
Pongamia pinnata,
Ficus racemosa,
and Mitragyna parvifolia
were prevalent, benefiting from periodic inundation and higher soil moisture
availability. Compared to the upstream zone, the midstream section exhibited a
noticeable increase in invasive species, suggesting moderate anthropogenic
influence from agriculture, settlements, and riverbank modifications, which
create favorable conditions for invasion.
Downstream zone
The downstream section exhibited
the lowest species richness (30 species), comprising 17 native and 13
non-native / invasive species. This zone is characterized by lower elevation,
reduced flow velocity, prolonged inundation, and greater accumulation of fine
sediments and organic matter. Flood-tolerant and disturbance-adapted species
such as Neltuma juliflora,
Bambusa bambos,
Vachellia nilotica,
and Syzygium salicifolium
were common. The relatively high proportion of invasive species in this zone
reflects intensified human pressure, habitat fragmentation, and altered
hydrological regimes, which collectively weaken native species dominance and
facilitate invasive plant establishment.
Overall pattern
Across the riparian continuum, a
clear longitudinal trend was observed, marked by a gradual decline in total
tree species richness and native species dominance from upstream to downstream,
accompanied by a proportional increase in invasive species. This zonation
underscores the combined influence of hydrology, soil characteristics,
elevation, flood frequency, and anthropogenic disturbance in structuring
riparian tree communities along the river ecosystem.
Dominant families of the riparian
region
Fabaceae was the most dominant
family, contributing 10 species (18.2%) to the native riparian tree diversity
of the Dudhganga River, followed by Moraceae with eight species (14.5%). Lamiaceae
and Malvaceae were represented by four species each
(7.3% each), while Rubiaceae contributed three
species (5.5%). The remaining 20 families collectively accounted for 26 species
(47.3%), indicating a broad but uneven distribution of native tree diversity
across families (Figure 2).
Range-restricted taxa
A significant portion of the tree
species was found to be restricted to specific sections of the riparian area.
The upstream region has 28 unique species, representing 35.90% of the total
restricted species. The midstream region had 19 restricted species, accounting
for 24.34% of the total. Despite having a lower overall species richness, the
downstream regions still contained three species exclusive to this area,
comprising 11.11% of the restricted species. These findings emphasize the
importance of conserving all three sections of the riparian ecosystem to
maintain the overall biodiversity and protect unique genetic resources.
At-risk taxa
Out of the 80
tree species recorded in the riparian zone of the river Dudhganga, 20 species have a limited presence, with only a
few individuals found in a single locality. Currently, two species, Santalum album and Dalbergia
latifolia, are classified as ‘Vulnerable’ (IUCN
2024), while Swietenia macrophylla is
listed as ‘Endangered’ according to IUCN conservation status (IUCN 2024).
Twenty-four species are categorized as ‘Least Concern’, and Mangifera
indica L. is classified as ‘Data Deficient’
(Table 1). The flagship species of the Western Ghats, Memecylon
umbellatum, is also present in the study area and
found to be restricted to the upstream area. The zonation of riparian
vegetation along the river belt was evident, with distinct species
distributions observed across all three sections.
Non-native trees
Non-native species such as Eucalyptus
rudis, Neltuma juliflora, Pithecellobium dulce,
and Senna siamea are prevalent in the riparian
vegetation of the river Dudhganga. Twenty-five
non-native tree species, including several invasive taxa, were recorded along
the Dudhganga River. Although riparian zones are
typically characterised by rapid successional
dynamics, the proliferation of invasive species can disrupt natural
regeneration processes by suppressing native species establishment, thereby
posing a potential long-term threat to riparian forest structure and stability.
These invasive species can also disrupt watershed hydrology and riparian
ecosystems (Richardson et al. 2007). Many researchers have reported that the
riparian zone has served as a corridor for the introduction and spread of
invasive species, primarily due to long-term human activities (Johansson et al.
1996; Hood & Naiman 2000; Tockner
& Stanford 2002). Invasive tree species pose a significant threat to
the ecological balance of riparian vegetation, often outcompeting native flora
and altering habitat dynamics. Along the river Dudhganga,
species such as Neltuma juliflora,
Pithecellobium dulce, Leucaena leucocephala,
and Acacia auriculiformis have established
small but dominant micro populations. Among these, Pithecellobium
dulce and Neltuma juliflora
exhibit particularly aggressive invasion patterns, forming multiple micro
populations that dominate certain localities. Notably, a large patch of Pithecellobium dulce is present at the
confluence of the river Dudhganga and the river
Krishna near Sangam Math, June Danwad. Their rapid
spread can impact native biodiversity, water availability, and soil
composition, making their management crucial for maintaining the ecological
integrity of the riparian ecosystem.
Threats
Riparian vegetation is
experiencing gradual degradation due to factors such as deforestation, soil
erosion, mining and construction activities. Areas with intensive agriculture
and other human activities, including water extraction, logging, grazing by
cattle, and recreation are particularly vulnerable to vegetation loss. Studies
have demonstrated that the loss of riparian vegetation can have significant
ecological consequences, including a reduction in biodiversity. Riparian
corridors serve as vital habitats for numerous animal species and breeding
grounds for many migratory birds. Anthropogenic disturbances can significantly
alter the structure and composition of these plant communities (Mohan &
Joseph 2024).
The study identified several
anthropogenic and natural threats along the Dudhganga
River, varying across the upper, mid, and lower courses.
Upstream—located in the higher
altitudes with relatively undisturbed forested areas, the primary threats
include deforestation due to agricultural expansion, encroachment, and soil
erosion on steep slopes. Occasional illegal logging and grazing pressures also
impact vegetation stability.
Midstream—this zone experiences
moderate human interference, with threats such as sand and gravel mining, habitat
fragmentation due to infrastructure development, and pollution from
agricultural runoff. The conversion of riparian land for settlements and
farming is gradually altering species composition.
Downstream—the most impacted
zone, facing severe threats from industrial pollution, urban expansion, and
intensive agricultural activities. Unregulated wastewater discharge, sand
dredging, and invasive species proliferation have significantly degraded
riparian vegetation, leading to biodiversity loss and altered hydrological
patterns.
CONCLUSION
These findings highlight the rich
arboreal diversity of the Dudhganga riparian zone,
with notable economically valuable species, including Mappia
nimmoniana and Pongamia
pinnata, underscoring its ecological significance
and the need for continued conservation efforts. Notably, the Fabaceae family
emerged as the most predominant, with Ficus
standing out as the most diverse genus within the study area. Therefore, it is
imperative to prioritize conservation efforts to safeguard this rich
biodiversity along the river Dudhganga by encouraging
local communities to participate in afforestation, especially planting native
species, sustainable water management, and riparian conservation efforts
including regulating anthropogenic activities.
Table 1. Checklist
of tree species
recorded in the riparian vegetation of the Dudhganga
River.
|
|
Riparian tree
species |
Family |
Vernacular name |
IUCN Red List
status |
Biogeographic
status |
Regional
distribution |
|
1 |
Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Australian Babul |
-- |
I |
U, M, D |
|
2 |
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Siris Tree |
LC |
N |
M, D |
|
3 |
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Pandhra Shirish |
LC |
N |
U |
|
4 |
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. |
Apocynaceae |
Saptaparni, Satvin |
LC |
N |
M |
|
5 |
Annona reticulata L. |
Annonaceae |
Ram-Phal |
-- |
I |
M |
|
6 |
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. |
Moraceae |
Phans |
NA |
N |
U, M |
|
7 |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Meliaceae |
Kadu Limb |
-- |
I |
D |
|
8 |
Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss |
Poaceae |
Kashti |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
9 |
Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult.f. |
Poaceae |
Bet |
NA |
N |
U, M |
|
10 |
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.
ex J.C.Wendl. |
Poaceae |
Bet |
-- |
I |
U |
|
11 |
Bauhinia purpurea L |
Fabaceae |
Rakta Kanchan |
LC |
N |
U |
|
12 |
Bergera koenigii L. |
Rutaceae |
Kadipatta |
NA |
N |
U |
|
13 |
Bombax ceiba L. |
Malvaceae |
Kate-Saver |
LC |
N |
U, M |
|
14 |
Caryota urens L. |
Arecaceae |
Fish-Tail Palm |
LC |
N |
U |
|
15 |
Cassia fistula L. |
Fabaceae |
Bahava |
LC |
N |
U |
|
16 |
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. |
Malvaceae |
Safed Simal |
-- |
I |
U |
|
17 |
Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck |
Rutaceae |
Limbu |
-- |
I |
U, M |
|
18 |
Cocos nucifera L. |
Arecaceae |
Narel |
-- |
I |
U, M, |
|
19 |
Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. |
Boraginaceae |
Bhokar |
LC |
N |
U, M, D |
|
20 |
Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. |
Capparaceae |
Katarlingad |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
21 |
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Biti, Sissu |
VU |
N |
U, M |
|
22 |
Diospyros montana Roxb. |
Ebenaceae |
Lohari |
NA |
N |
U |
|
23 |
Erythrina variegata L. |
Fabaceae |
Pangira |
LC |
N |
U |
|
24 |
Eucalyptus rudis Endl. |
Myrtaceae |
Nilgir |
-- |
I |
U, M, D |
|
25 |
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. |
Myrtaceae |
Nilgir |
-- |
I |
U, M |
|
26 |
Ficus benghalensis L. |
Moraceae |
Wad |
NA |
N |
U, M |
|
27 |
Ficus hispida L.f. |
Moraceae |
Bokeda, Kala-Umber |
LC |
N |
U, M, |
|
28 |
Ficus microcarpa L.f. |
Moraceae |
Kamarup |
LC |
N |
M |
|
29 |
Ficus racemosa L. |
Moraceae |
Umber |
LC |
N |
U, M, D |
|
30 |
Ficus religiosa L. |
Moraceae |
Pimpal |
LC |
N |
U, M |
|
31 |
Ficus tinctoria G.Forst. |
Moraceae |
Datir |
LC |
N |
U |
|
32 |
Ficus virens Aiton |
Moraceae |
Bassari, Gandhaumbara |
LC |
N |
M |
|
33 |
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth |
Fabaceae |
Undirmari |
-- |
I |
M |
|
34 |
Glochidion ellipticum Wight |
Phyllanthaceae |
Bhoma |
NA |
N |
U |
|
35 |
Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. |
Lamiaceae |
Sivan |
NA |
N |
U |
|
36 |
Grewia serrulata DC. |
Malvaceae |
Kawri |
NA |
N |
U |
|
37 |
Grewia tiliifolia Vahl |
Malvaceae |
Dhaman |
NA |
N |
U |
|
38 |
Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don |
Apocynaceae |
Indrajav |
LC |
N |
U |
|
39 |
Jatropha integerrima Jacq. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Jangli Erand |
-- |
I |
M, D |
|
40 |
Kydia calycina Roxb. |
Malvaceae |
Warang |
NA |
N |
U |
|
41 |
Lasiosiphon glaucus Fresen. |
Thymelaeaceae |
Datpadi, Rametha |
-- |
I |
U |
|
42 |
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit |
Fabaceae |
Subabul |
-- |
I |
U, M, D |
|
43 |
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.)
Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Chandwar |
NA |
N |
U |
|
44 |
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Shendri |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
45 |
Mappia nimmoniana (J.Graham) Byng & Stull |
Icacinaceae |
Amrita |
NA |
N |
U |
|
46 |
Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f. |
Melastomataceae |
Anjani |
LC |
N |
U |
|
47 |
Mangifera indica L. |
Anacardiaceae |
Amba |
DD |
N |
U, M, D |
|
48 |
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.)
Korth. |
Rubiaceae |
Kalam |
NA |
N |
U, M |
|
49 |
Monoon longifolium (Spreng.) Kosterm. |
Annonaceae |
Devdar |
NA |
N |
M, D |
|
50 |
Moringa oleifera Lam. |
Moringaceae |
Shevga |
NA |
N |
U |
|
51 |
Morus alba L. |
Moraceae |
Tuti |
-- |
I |
M |
|
52 |
Musa × paradisiaca L. |
Musaceae |
Kel |
-- |
I |
U, M |
|
53 |
Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf. |
Fabaceae |
Vilayati Babul |
-- |
I |
D |
|
54 |
Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.)
Bosser |
Rubiaceae |
Kadamba |
NA |
N |
U |
|
55 |
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz |
Bignoniaceae |
Broken Bones Tree |
NA |
N |
U |
|
56 |
Pandanus furcatus Roxb. |
Pandanaceae |
Bongi |
NA |
N |
U |
|
57 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne |
Fabaceae |
Peela Gulmohar |
-- |
I |
M |
|
58 |
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Vilayatichinch |
-- |
I |
U, M, D |
|
59 |
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |
Fabaceae |
Karanj |
LC |
N |
U, M, D |
|
60 |
Psidium guajava L. |
Myrtaceae |
Peru |
-- |
I |
U, M, D |
|
61 |
Ricinus communis L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Yerand |
-- |
I |
U, M, D |
|
62 |
Salix tetrasperma Roxb. |
Salicaceae |
Walunj |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
63 |
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. |
Fabaceae |
Gulabi Siris |
-- |
I |
U, M, D |
|
64 |
Santalum album L. |
Santalaceae |
Chandan |
-- |
I |
M |
|
65 |
Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose |
Fabaceae |
Shikakai |
NA |
N |
U |
|
66 |
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby |
Fabaceae |
Kassod |
-- |
I |
U, M, D |
|
67 |
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. |
Fabaceae |
shewarie |
LC |
N |
M, D |
|
68 |
Swietenia macrophylla King |
Meliaceae |
Mahogany |
-- |
I |
M |
|
69 |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels |
Myrtaceae |
Jambhul |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
70 |
Syzygium salicifolium J.Graham |
Myrtaceae |
Pan Jambhul |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
71 |
Tamarindus indica L. |
Fabaceae |
Chinch |
-- |
I |
M, D |
|
72 |
Tamarix ericoides Rottler & Willd. |
Tamaricaceae |
Kadsherni |
NA |
N |
D |
|
73 |
Tectona grandis L.f. |
Lamiaceae |
Sagwan |
NA |
N |
U, M |
|
74 |
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.
ex DC.) Wight &
Arn. |
Combretaceae |
Arjun |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
75 |
Terminalia paniculata B.Heyne ex Roth |
Combretaceae |
Kinjal |
NA |
N |
U |
|
76 |
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. |
Fabaceae |
Babhal |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
77 |
Vitex leucoxylon L.f. |
Lamiaceae |
Sheras Songarbi |
NA |
N |
U, M |
|
78 |
Vitex negundo L. |
Lamiaceae |
Nirgundi |
NA |
N |
U, M, D |
|
79 |
Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant |
Rubiaceae |
Til |
NA |
N |
U |
|
80 |
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz |
Lythraceae |
Dhayati, Dowari |
LC |
N |
U |
DD—Data Deficient | EN—Endangered
| NA—Not Assessed | LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened | VU—Vulnerable |
U—Upstream | M—Midstream | D—Downstream | I—Invasive | N—Native.
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