Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2025 | 17(6): 27141–27158

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9405.17.6.27141-27158

#9405 | Received 05 September 2024 | Final received 03 June 2025 | Finally accepted 13 June 2025

An annotated checklist of the genus Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. (Araceae): an update on the distribution and conservation status of its species

Norilyn Fontarum-Bulawin¹, Michael A. Calaramo²& Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro³

^1,3The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1008, Philippines.

¹Department of Education, National Capital Region, Division of Mandaluyong, Mandaluyong City, 1550, Philippines.

²Northwestern University Ecological Park & Botanic Gardens. Airport Avenue, Bengcag, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, 2900, Philippines.

³Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines.

¹norilyn.bulawin.gs@ust.edu.ph(corresponding author), ²michael.calaramo@nwu.edu.ph, ³gdalejandro@ust.edu.ph

Editor: A.J. Solomon Raju, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. Date of publication: 26 June 2025 (online & print)

Citation: Fontarum-Bulawin, N., M.A. Calaramo & G.J.D. Alejandro (2025). An annotated checklist of the genus Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. (Araceae): an update on the distribution and conservation status of its species. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(6): 27141–27158. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9405.17.6.27141-27158

Copyright: © Fontarum-Bulawin et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: The study is not funded.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Grecebio J.D. Alejandro is a full professor and currently the director of Graduate Research at the University of Santo Tomas. He was a fellow of the German Academic Exchange Program for doctoral studies and the Alexander von Humboldt for postdoctoral studies. He has published more than 150 papers in indexed Journals and authored and/or co-authored almost 90 Philippine endemic plants. Michael A. Calaramo is a director and curator of Northwestern University Ecotourism Park and Botanic Gardens. Head of the Biodiversity Research Unit. Also the research leader in the ARRCN Northern Light Project-Northwesterniana Team for the Asian Raptor Migration in Northern Luzon, Philippines. Norilyn F. Bulawin is affiliated with the Graduate School of the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines, and the Department of Education, National Capital Region, Division of Mandaluyong. She discovered, authored, and co-authored a study on the plant Amorphophallus and conducted additional research related to Amorphophallus species.

Author contributions: GJDA: Conceptualization (equal); Data curation (equal); Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Resources (equal); Supervision (equal); Writing – original draft (equal); Writing – review and editing (equal). MAC: Conceptualization (equal); Data curation (equal); Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Project administration (equal); Supervision (equal); Writing – original draft (equal); Writing – review and editing (equal). NFB: Conceptualization (equal); Data curation (equal); Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Project administration (equal); Supervision (equal); Writing – original draft (equal); Writing – review and editing (equal).

Acknowledgements: The authors are very grateful to the following online institution such as AD, B, BONN, MB, CALI, PE, FTG, BKF, GB, HBG, ITB, BO, HAST, UKMB, HNT, VNM, L, MO, HBG, TAI, K, LECB, SUK, WAG, CATE Araceae, Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, International Aroid Society, International Plant Names Index, Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Plant of the World Online, The World Flora Online, Tropicos, and World Checklist of Vascular Plants for information of Amorphophallus were used in this study. We also thank Jennifer S. Danila for the support during the data gathering.

Abstract: Araceae’s most remarkable genus is Amorphophallus, which is propagated for food, ornamental, and herbal medicine due to its medicinal properties. This checklist includes 241 accepted species of Amorphophallus, featuring their scientific names, covered countries, conservation and distribution status, ecological habitats, and biogeographical regions. Around 83% of Amorphophallus species are native, and 17% were endemic, and found in Burundi, Benin, Cambodia, Cameroon, Congo, China, Equatorial Guinea, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Madagascar, Malaysia, Nigeria, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Thailand is the most species-rich country (66 spp.), while Indo-Malay is the most species-rich biogeographic region (56.65%). Furthermore, limestone areas are the typical ecological habitat in which Amorphophallus species can be found (9.76%). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species documents the genus as ‘Critically Endangered’ (4.15%), ‘Vulnerable’ (2.90%), ‘Endangered’ (0.83%), ‘Near Threatened’ (0.83%), ‘Least Concern’ (0.83%), ‘Data Deficient’ (0.83%); 76.35% (184 species out of 241) were not evaluated because the report’s scope for assessing threatened plants might be inadequate, and 13.70% have no record. This inventory from digital databases will assess a more holistic strategic conservation plan of Amorphophallus species worldwide.

Keywords: Amorphous, biogeography, diversity, ecological habitat, endemic, global databases, native, occurrences, phallus, worldwide.

INTRODUCTION

One of the globally biggest families is the Araceae (Moodley et al. 2016; Bulawin et al. 2024), and one of the largest genera of the family Araceae is Amorphophallus (Claudel 2021; Bulawin et al. 2024). About 241 accepted species of Amorphophallus are distributed worldwide (IPNI 2022; GBIF 2022; WCVP 2022; Bulawin et al. 2022–2024), and 70% of species can be found in southeastern Asia (Claudel et al. 2019). Most species are limited, and only a few are distributed over a large area (Grob et al. 2003). Amorphophallus species are native in southern and southeastern Asia, northern Australia & Oceania, China, Taiwan, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Laos, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo Island, Java Island, Malaysia, Philippines, Celebes Island, Sumatra, New Guinea, Fiji, and Samoa extending from tropical and subtropical climates (Sivilla & Santos 2021).

Amorphophallus is derived from the Greek word amorphous which means deformed, and phallus meaning penis (Yuzammi 2009). Most parts of the plant manifest varied and unique appearances, one of which is the plant’s height (Claudel et al. 2017). Amorphophallus is well known for its colossal flowers and decaying flesh odor (Liu et al. 2017). The colorful spathe of the inflorescence is essential for breeding and laying eggs of the insects (Ulrich et al. 2016). The spadix at the center of the flower emits heat and odor that entices pollinators (Diaz & Kite 2006; Barthlott et al. 2009). The essential part of the flower is the appendix, an organ that draws the attention of insects for pollination (Chartier & Gibernau 2009). The tuber is the underground stem that serves as a storage organ and for plant propagation. Amorphophallus plant commonly grows with an individual leaf (Mc Pherson & Hetterscheid 2011), and the lamina has elliptical leaflets with acute to acuminate apex, similar to the leaves of young trees, and a lichen-like pattern covers the petiole (Claudel et al. 2019). The conspicuous characteristics of Amorphophallus that can be readily identified are the mark arrangement or pattern and the shade of the petiole (Gustini et al. 2017).

In the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, and other southeastern Asian countries, Amorphophallus is used for human consumption, not only as an ornamental plant (Sivilla & Santos 2021), but also for medicinal purposes. Tubers, young branches, and inflorescence are the parts of Amorphophallus that are edible, and can be used in traditional healing (Anil et al. 2011; Phornvillay et al. 2015; Mastuti et al. 2018; Sookchaloem et al. 2018). Amorphophallus was a secondary food source, next to rice, and was utilized in land-clearing ceremonies as an offering of food in some countries (Mursyidin et al. 2022). It is also used in making chips (Misra et al. 2010) and pasta (Chua et al. 2010). Essential parts of plants can be utilized as a source of medicine and food ingredients (Rivai et al. 2022). Traditionally, it has been used as an herbal medicine due to its medicinal properties (Sharma et al. 2022).

The contemporary inventory of accepted Amorphophallus species with scientific names, number of occurrences, countries, conservation & distribution status, ecological habitat, and biogeography is introduced in this world checklist. This study utilized digital databases to have a general checklist of Amorphophallus, distribution, and conservation status globally. Through this checklist, the different accepted species of Amorphophallus worldwide, the countries where the species were found, conservation status, habitat, and biogeography regions where the species were distributed are identified. This study will serve as a basic standard of information regarding the genus diversity, distribution, and global conservation to improve strategic management, and a sustainable plan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Knowledge about the ecology, characteristics, and habitats of most plants is limited or nonexistent. The plant’s global databases help address some of the plant’s growth forms (Taseski et al. 2019). This study provides a worldwide inventory of the accepted species of Amorphophallus, covered countries, conservation & distribution status, ecological habitat, and biogeographic regions (Table 3). All the acquired information on Amorphophallus species came from digital articles, online herbaria (Table 2) (Internet Directory for Botany 2022; NYBG 2022), and public access databases on biodiversity (Table 1) (Pelser et al. 2011 onwards; CATE Araceae 2022; GBIF 2022; IAS 2022; IPNI 2022; POWO 2022; Tropicos 2022; WCSP 2022; WCVP 2022; WFO 2022). Only the taxonomically accepted species of Amorphophallus were included in this paper. The checklist did not include synonyms and varieties. The well-known online international system, open access that provides a database for plant biodiversity is the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (Reyserhove et al. 2020). The scientific names of accepted species of Amorphophallus were obtained from the GBIF (2022) and cross-checked against the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP 2022), International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2022), and other online herbaria. Also, the number of occurrences, covered countries, biogeographic regions, and conservation status were added in the analysis. The information on distribution and ecological status of Amorphophallus species was acquired from the Plant of the World Online (POWO 2022), International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2022), and online herbaria worldwide. In this checklist, various online herbaria, biodiversity databases, and protologues were also utilized to verify the information of Amorphophallus species.

The status of occurrences was zero when a survey of a taxon at a specific time and place encountered no specimens. The NR abbreviation was used for no record occurrences based on online herbarium databases. Covered countries were documented by using ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code (https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/country_code_list.htm). These countries where the various species of Amorphophallus were found aligned according to the counterpart biogeographic regions (Image 1), such as Neotropical—NE, Nearctic—NT, Afrotropical—AT, Palearctic—PA, Australasia—AS, and Indo-Malay—IM (Olson et al. 2001). On the one hand, the detailed conservation status was according to the IUCN Global Red List Category. The following abbreviation was used for the conservation status of Amorphophallus species: UA—Unassessed, DD—Data Deficient, LC—Least Concern, NT—Near Threatened, VU—Vulnerable, EN—Endangered, and CR—Critically Endangered. For those Amorphophallus species without a record, the NR abbreviation was used. Information about the distribution status of Amorphophallus species used the abbreviation EC for endemic Amorphophallus and NA for native species of Amorphophallus. The ecological habitat of various species of Amorphophallus were indicated (Figure 7), and those Amorphophallus species with unknown ecological habitat or no record based on online herbarium databases were given the abbreviation UK.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Out of 241 species of Amorphophallus worldwide (Table 3) (Bulawin et al. 2022–2024), around 7,463 total occurrences of Amorphophallus species were recorded in global databases from different countries. Other countries had zero occurrences due to the absence of encountered specimens when a survey of a taxon at a specific time and place was conducted, and some species had no record in global databases. The species with the highest occurrences were A. paeoniifolius (12.31%), A. abyssinicus (10.49%), A. baumannii (5.21%), A. dracontiodes (4.98%), A. konjac (4.66%), A. galbra (4.45%), A. aphyllus (3.95%), A. titanium (2.99%), and A. variabilis (2.33%). Amorphophallus paeoniifolius had the highest occurrences of all the species of Amorphophallus, which was known for its geographical extent. This species can be cultivated in many regions, including southeastern Asia (Gao et al. 2017; Bulawin et al. 2022). Most of the species with highest occurrences could be found in the following countries: Nigeria, Togo, Indonesia, Burkina Faso, Guinea, United States, and Belgium in Afrotropic, Indo-Malay, Nearctic, and Palearctic regions (Image 1). Table 3 presents the worldwide checklist of Amorphophallus species based on digital databases and herbarium records.

There were various accepted species of Amorphophallus from different countries worldwide. The most species-rich country based on the record of digital databases was Thailand with (66 species), followed by France (39 species), Vietnam (34 species), United States (34 species), Indonesia (32 species), Malaysia (30 species), Laos (28 species), India (22 species), Philippines (21 species), and China (18 species) (Figure 2). Manifesting distinct habitats for the diversity and bioresources of the species (Sungkajanttranon et al. 2018) made Thailand the most species-rich country of Amorphophallus species. Figure 3 presents the number of Amorphophallus species by country based on online herbarium and databases.

The generally recognized and accepted assessment criteria to identify the condition of the species for conservation design are the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Yudaputra et al. 2022). Based on the digital databases, 76.35% of Amorphophallus species were unassessed for conservation status, and 13.70% have no record. Around 4.15% of Amorphophallus species globally are CR, 2.90% VU, 0.83% EN, 0.83% NT, 0.83% LC, and 0.83% DD (Figure 4). This result shows that Amorphophallus species are included in the list of protected flora (Wulandari et al. 2022) since some were Critically Endangered, Vulnerable, Endangered, and Near Threatened according to IUCN Red List Criteria (2022).

Native species occur naturally in a region; endemic species are native and restricted to a specific area (Dempsey 2022). Globally, 83% of Amorphophallus species were native, and 17% were endemic (Figure 5). Based on the record of digital databases, the 10 most countries with native species of Amorphophallus were Vietnam (35 species), followed by Malaysia (31 species), Laos (30 species), Thailand (27 species), Indonesia (24 species), India (21 species), China (16 species), Myanmar (13 species), Democratic Republic of Congo (10 species), and the Cambodia (nine species). The 10 countries with endemic species of Amorphophallus were the following: Thailand (34 species), Philippines (20 species), Madagascar four species, Malaysia two species, Nigeria one species, Equatorial Guinea (one species), the Democratic Republic of Congo (one species), Cameroon (one species), Benin (one species), and Burundi (one species) (Figure 6). Most Amorphophallus had a broader extent of endemism because of a large scope of geographic adaptation that made it a diverse species (Anil et al. 2014).

Most of the ecological habitat of the Amorphophallus species was unknown based on digital databases, with 49.83% (Figure 7). Followed by others or different ecological habitats with 5.72%. Few of Amorphophallus species grown in limestone (9.76%), followed by deciduous forest (5.72%), savannah (4.04%), secondary forest (3.70%), primary forest (3.03%), dipterocarp forest (2.69%), shady area (2.69%), under bamboo (1.35%), forest margin (1.35%), open forest (1.01%), open woodland (1.01%), lowland forest (1.01%), rich soil with added loam (0.67%), and low land (0.67%). Some species occur in limestone areas rich in decaying organic matter (Nguyen et al. 2016). Additionally, they are primarily found in secondary forests rather than primary forests, as they are considered pioneer species, and few have evolved in open fields (Liu et al. 2017).

Amorphophallus species are abundant in the biogeographical regions of Indo-Malay (56.65%), followed by the Palearctic (19.34%), the Afrotropics (11.85%), Nearctic (9.83%), Australasia (1.16%), and lastly the Neotropics (1.16%). No Amorphophallus species are distributed in Oceania and Antarctic biogeography regions. Indo-Malay includes those countries in southern, southeastern Asia, and the southern part of eastern Asia. Most of the Amorphophallus species have been discovered in southeastern Asia (Bulawin et al. 2022), and this result suggests that Amorphophallus species were abundant in Indo-Malay biogeography.

Based on the occurrences, it appears that the genus Amorphophallus has lower occurrences than other genera in the family Araceae, such as Anthurium, Arisaema, Arum, Caladium, Calocasia, Dieffenbachia, Monstera, Philodendron, Syngonium, Xanthosoma, and Zantedeschia, especially when it is not in season. The development or maturity of Amorphophallus varies across different species, and it is a seasonal plant that undergoes an annual cycle of activity and dormancy (Mc Pherson & Hetterscheid 2011).

Besides, Amorphophallus species need an appropriate environmental condition to grow because several factors can affect their growth and distribution such as habitat type, altitude, light, humidity and temperature (Wulandari et al. 2022). These were the reasons why some species of Amorphophallus have zero or absence of occurrences in some other countries (Sungkajanttranon et al.2018; Wulandari et al. 2022). A. paeoniifolius (Figure 1) had a higher percentage of occurrences because of its comestible tuber and medicinal properties (Anil et al. 2011). It is known for its geographical extent, as this species can be cultivated in many regions (Bulawin et al. 2022).

In describing the rate of biodiversity of a particular ecosystem, evaluation of plants, geographical distribution in terms of species richness, species evenness, endemism, and conservation status is fundamental (Batuyong et al. 2020). Out of 10 countries with a higher number of Amorphophallus species, Thailand is the most species-rich country because of its suitable environment for its growth, which has tropical, and subtropical climates (Figure 2) (Sivilla & Santos 2021). Species richness of plants is greater in the herbaceous forest area compared to other forest zones (Mbuni et al. 2019).

Based on the record of the United Nations, over a million species globally are at risk of extinction, and it was a discouraging report (Dapar et al. 2020). As a result of the climate crisis and anthropogenic activities, there is a consistently declining plant biodiversity (Onyancha et al. 2020; Pasta et al. 2020; Calaramo et al. 2022). IUCN Red List Criteria could assess the extinction risk (Yudaputra et al. 2022). It could figure out the danger rate for particular species globally (Brummitt et al. 2015). According to digital databases, 76.35% of Amorphophallus species were not evaluated for conservation status, and 13.70% have no record (Figure 4). Around 4.15% of Amorphophallus species globally were ‘Critically Endangered’, 2.90% ‘Vulnerable’, 0.83% Endangered, 0.83% ‘Near Threatened’, 0.83% ‘Least Concern’, and 0.83% ‘Data Deficient’. IUCN admitted that the report’s scope for assessing threatened plants might be inadequate (Brummitt et al. 2015).

Vietnam had the highest number of native Amorphophallus species, while Thailand had the highest number of endemic species, based on digital databases (Figure 6). The natural habitat of Vietnam sustained the diverse vegetation and higher biodiversity (Hung & Potokin 2019), which resulted in more native species surviving in the country. However, endemism is applied to species with a small population size with a very limited ecological distribution (Yudaputra et al. 2022). With the distinct habitat for diversity and bioresources of the species manifested by Thailand (Sungkajanttranon et al. 2018) higher number of endemic Amorphophallus species were able to survive and grow in the country. Endemic species in a particular area can adapt more readily and thrive in diverse environmental conditions (Wulandari et al. 2022).

Some Amorphophallus species are adapted in a partly shaded area, secondary forest, and grassland (Mc Pherson & Hetterscheid 2011). A few species grow in limestone or karst forest ecosystem (Figure 8) based on digital databases, with 9.76% because some of the Amorphophallus species have a shallow root that is susceptible to drought (Misra et al. 2010). Amorphophallus needs soil that allows water to drain moderately. For the plant to grow better, appropriate soil nutrients, and proper draining of water in the soil are required (Yuzammi et al. 2018). Also, limestone contains fragments of elements that can enhance soil quality. Because of this, most of the time, Amorphophallus species are found in limestone and granite soil (Nguyen et al. 2016).

According to digital databases, Amorphophallus species are mostly distributed in the Indo-Malay biogeography region (Figure 9) with 56.65% because 70% of various species of Amorphophallus can be found in southeastern Asia (Claudel et al. 2019), which is under Indo-Malay biogeography. The center of distribution of Amorphophallus is Thailand because, based on the record of digital databases, Thailand is the most species-rich country due to its ecological status suited for the diversity and bioresources of Amorphophallus species.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The world checklist of Amorphophallus species revealed the current number of accepted species worldwide, their distribution status, ecological habitats, and conservation status. Out of 241 species as of this writing, A. paeoniifolius has the most significant number of occurrences, and Thailand is the most species-rich country of Amorphophallus. Many Amorphophallus species have not been evaluated, which can hinder the accurate assessment of the conservation status of some species. This data needs to be revisited, and more species should be included in the list for further protection. The majority of Amorphophallus species were adapted to limestone habitats. Therefore, the limestone ecosystem is one of the areas that people should protect from excessive degradation direct or indirect anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the primary goal of the checklist is to provide a record of all the Amorphophallus species worldwide. Ecologists, biogeographers, and taxonomists must review the digital databases of Amorphophallus species and update them to enhance their utility in gaining knowledge about species biodiversity, thereby filling the information gap and making biodiversity details more comprehensive and up-to-date.

Table 1. Databases used for a worldwide checklist of Amorphophallus species.

Database	Webpage URL
CATE Araceae	https://cate-araceae.myspecies.info/
Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines	https://www.philippineplants.org/
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)	https://www.gbif.org/
International Aroid Society	https://www.aroid.org/
International Plant Names Index (IPNI)	https://www.ipni.org/
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP)	https://wcsp.science.kew.org/home.do
Plants of the World Online (POWO)	https://powo.science.kew.org/
The World Flora Online (WFO)	https://www.worldfloraonline.org/
Tropicos	https://www.tropicos.org/home
World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)	https://wcvp.science.kew.org/taxon/979828-1

Table 2. Herbaria used for the confirmation of Amorphophallus species [NYBG Steere Herbarium (2022) | Internet Directory for Botany (2022)].

Institution	Location	Herbarium code
Adelaide Botanic Garden	Australia	AD
Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden	Germany	B
Bonn Botanic Garden	Germany	BONN
Botanic Garden of Marburg University	Germany	MB
Calicut University Botanical Garden	India	CALI
Chinese National Herbarium	China	PE
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden	USA	FTG
Forest Herbarium	Thailand	BKF
Gothenburg Botanical Garden	Sweden	GB
Hamburg Botanical Garden	Germany	HBG
Herbarium Bandungense Jurusan Biologi	Indonesia	ITB
Herbarium Bogoriense	Indonesia	BO
Herbarium, Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Taipei	Taiwan	HAST
Herbarium Universiti of Kebangsaan	Malaysia	UKMB
Huntington Botanical Gardens	California	HNT
Institute of Tropical Biology	Vietnam	VNM
Leiden Botanic Garden	Netherlands	L
Missouri Botanic Garden	USA	MO
National Herbarium of the Netherlands or Herbarium Hamburgense	Netherlands	HBG
National Taiwan University Herbarium	Taiwan	TAI
Royal Botanic Garden	Australia	K
Saint Petersburg University	Russia	LECB
Shivaji University	India	SUK
Wageningen Herbarium	Netherlands	WAG

Table 3. Worldwide checklist of Amorphophallus species based on digital databases and herbarium records.

Species	Number of occurrences	Country	IUCN Red List status	Status of distribution	Ecological habitat	Biogeographic region
1. A. aberrans Hett.	5	TH, FR	UA	EC in TH	Dry savannah forest	IM, PA
2. A. abyssinicus (A.Rich.) N.E.Br.	783	BE, CD, BF, TZ, CI, CM, GN, NG, TG, CF	UA	NA to NG, BF, NE, TG, ZM, CM, NA, CF, TD, ET, ZA, TZ, UG, ZW	UK	PA, AT
3. A. adamsensis Magtoto, Mones, Ballada, Austria, R.M.Dizon, Alangui, Regina	NR	PH	NT	EC in PH	UK	IM
4. A. albisphathus Hett.	17	TH, BE, MY, US	UA	EC in TH	Limestone	IM, PA, NT
5. A. albus P.Y.Liu & J.F.Chen	23	CN, FR, CH, BE, SE	UA	NA to CN	Open forest	PA
6. A. allenii A. Galloway, Malkm. Huss., Prehsler & Claudel	0	TH	NR	NA to TH	UK	IM
7. A. amygdaloides Hett. & Sizemore	5	TH	UA	EC in TH	UK	IM
8. A. andranogidroensis Hett. & Mangelsdorff	2	MG	UA	EC in MG	Deciduous forest	AT
9. A. angolensis (Welw. ex. Schott)N.E.Br.	79	GA, CD, CF, AO, CN	UA	NA to AO, GA, SD, CD	UK	AT, PA
10. A. angulatus Hett. & A.Vogel	11	MY	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
11. A. angustispathus Hett.	4	MM	UA	NA to MM	UK	IM
12. A. ankarana Hett. Ittenb. & Bogner	25	MG, BE, FR	UA	EC in MG	Limestone	AT, PA
13. A. annulifer Hett.	2	ID	UA	NA to Java	UK	IM
14. A. antsingyensis Bogner, Hett. & Ittenbach	27	MG	UA	EC in MG	Primary & secondary forest/limestone	AT
15. A. aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch.	295	BJ, SN,GM, SL, GN, GW, ML, BE, TG, CI	UA	NA to BF, CF, TD, GW, ML, SN, SL,TG	Savannah/dry forest	AT, PA
16. A. arcuspadix A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt	1	FR	UA	NA to LA	UK	PA
17. A. ardii Yuzammi & Hett.	NR	ID	NR	NA to Sulawesi	UK	IM
18. A. asper (Engl.) & Gehrm.	7	ID	UA	NA to Sumatra	UK	IM
19. A. asterostigmatus Bogner & Hett.	13	TH	UA	EC in TH	Limestone	IM
20. A. atrorubens Hett. & Sizemore	2	TH	UA	EC in TH	Limestone	IM
21. A. atroviridis Hett.	9	TH, BE	UA	EC in TH	Limestone	IM, PA
22. A. bangkokensis Gagnep	2	TH	UA	EC in TH	Low-lying waste ground	IM
23. A.barbatus A.Galloway & Ongsakul	0	LA	NR	NA to LA	UK	IM
24. A. barthlottii Ittenb. & Lobin	6	CI, LR	UA	NA to CI, LR	UK	AT
25. A. baumannii (Engl.) N.E.Br.	389	BE, GH, TG, SN, BF, NG, GW, SL, GM, NG	UA	NA to NG, BF, NE, NG, SN, SL, CF, TD, GM, GH, GW, LR, TG	Savannah/ open woodland/and stony soil	PA, AT
26. A. beccarii Engl.	26	ID, FR	UA	NA to Sumatera	UK	IM, PA
27. A. bequaertii De Wild.	4	CD	UA	EC in East CD	Primary forest	AT
28. A. blumei Schott, 1863	0	IN	NR	NR	UK	NR
29. A. bognerianus Sivad & Jaleel	2	IN	UA	NA to East Himalaya	UK	IM
30. A. bolikhamxayensis A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt	1	FR	UA	NA to LA	UK	PA
31. A. bonaccordensis Sivad. & N.Mohanan	4	IN	UA	NA to IN	UK	IM
32. A. borneensis (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm	18	MY, ID, BE, BN	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM, PA,
33. A. boyceanus Hett.	1	TH	UA	EC in TH	UK	IM
34. A. brachyphyllus Hett.	10	MY	UA	EC in Bau area, Kuching Div.	Lowland forest/ Limestone/evergreen forest	IM
35. A. brevipetiolatus A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt	0	LA	NR	NA to LA	UK	IM
36. A. brevispathus Gagnep.	11	TH	UA	EC in TH	Limestone	IM
37. A. bubenensis J.T.Yin & Hett.	0	CN	NR	NA to CN South Central	UK	PA
38. A. bufo Ridl.	7	MY	UA	NA to Malaya	UK	IM
39. A. bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume	161	IN, US, CN, TH, BE, FR, NP, BT, ID	UA	NA to IN, CN, BD, IN, MM, NP	UK	IM, NT, PA,
40. A. calabaricus N.E.Br.	34	CM, NG, BJ, CD, GA, UG	UA	NA to NG, CM, KE, UG, CP	UK	AT
41. A. calcicola Tamayo, M.N., Magtoto, Liezel, L.M., Sumalinog, M. JR., Reyes, T.D. Jr., Austria, C.M.	NR	PH	CR	EC in PH	Forest/limestone	IM
42. A. canaliculatus Ittenb., Hett. & Lobin	6	GA	UA	NA to GA	UK	AT
43. A. candidissimus X.Gong & H.Li	0	VN	NR	NA to VN	UK	IM
44. A. carneus Ridl.	9	MY, TH	UA	NA to MY, TH	Limestone	IM
45. A. carnosus Engl.	9	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
46. A. caudatus Bustamante, R.A.A., Mansibang, J.A., Hetterscheid, W.L.A., Tamayo, M.N.	NR	PH	CR	EC in PH	Low land forest	IM
47. A. chlorospathus Kurz ex Hook.f.	3	IN, MM	UA	NA to IN, MM	UK	IM
48. A. cicatricifer Hett.	6	TH	UA	EC in Kanchanaburi	Evergreen forest	IM
49. A. cidarioides J.R.Callado, Medecilo & Hett.	NR	PH	NR	EC in PH	Watery areas	IM
50. A. cirrifer Stapf.	9	TH	UA	EC in TH	Deciduous forest/open forest	IM
51. A. claudelii A.Galloway & Ongsakul	1	FR	UA	NA to LA	UK	PA
52. A. coaetaneus S.V.Liu & S.J.Wei	18	VN, FR, CN, US	UA	NA to CN, VN	Forest valley	IM, PA, NT
53. A. commutatus (Schott) Engl.	56	IN	UA	NA to IN	UK	IM
54. A. consimilis Blume	80	SN, GM, BJ, ML, FR, GW, BE	UA	NA to GM, SN	Low land	AT, PA
55. A. corrugatus N.E.Br.	43	TH, US, VN	UA	NA to CN, MM, TH	Primary forest/evergreen forest	IM, NT
56. A. costatus Hett.	5	MY, ID	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
57. A. coudercii (Bogner) Bogner	5	KH, VN	UA	NA to KH	UK	IM
58. A. crinitus A.Galloway, Luu, Malkm.-Huss., Prehsler & Claudel	0	VN	NR	NA to VN	UK	IM
59. A. crispifolius A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt	0	LA	NR	NA to LA	UK	IM
60. A. croatii Hett. & Galloway	2	LA	UA	NA to LA	UK	IM
61. A. cruddasianus Prain	5	MM, TH, US	UA	NA to MM, TH, LA	UK	IM, NT
62. A. curvistylis Hett.	7	TH	VU	EC in Kanchanaburi	Limestone/deciduous forests	IM
63. A. declinatus Hett.	7	PH	UA	EC in PH	UK	IM
64. A. decus-silvae Backer & Alderw.	27	ID, US	UA	NA to Jawa	UK	IM, NT
65. A. discophorus Backer & Alderw.	5	ID	UA	NA to Jawa	UK	IM
66. A. dracontioides (Engl.) N.E.Br.	372	BJ, TG, CI, BF, GH, NG, GN	UA	NA to NG, BF, CF, GM, GH, CI, NE, TG	Dry savannah	AT
67. A. dunnii Tutcher	52	CN, HK, BE, DE, FR, US	UA	NA to CN	UK	IM, PA, NT
68. A. dzui Hett.	6	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
69. A. eburneus Bogner	23	MY	UA	EC in Padawan (Kuching Div.) and Tebedu (Samarahan Div,).	Lowland forest/limestone	IM
70. A. echinatus Bogner & Mayo	3	TH, LA	DD	EC in Kanchanaburi	Dense, moist forest	IM
71. A. eichleri (Engl.) Hook.f.	24	BE, FR, CD, CF, BR, CM	UA	NA to CD	Primary rain forest	PA, AT, NE
72. A. elatus Hook.f.	9	TH, FR, MY	UA	NA to MY, TH	Evergreen forest/deciduous forest	IM, PA
73. A. elegans Ridl.	5	MY, TH	UA	NA to MY, TH	Evergreen forest/limestone	IM
74. A. elliottii Hook.f.	12	SL, TH	UA	NA to SL	Forest between low grass	AT, IM
75. A. erythrororrhachis Hett., Pronk & R.Kaufmann	3	MG	UA	NA to MG	UK	AT
76. A. excentricus Hett.	8	TH, US	UA	NA to MY, TH	Evergreen forest	IM, NT
77. A. fallax (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel	6	VN, LA	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
78. A. ferruginosus A.Galloway	0	LA	NR	NA to LA	UK	IM
79. A.flammeus M.A.Calaramo, M.A.R. Batuyong, N.F.Bulawin, G.J.D.Alejandro	NR	PH	VU	EC to PH	Limestone forest thickets with loamy substrate	IM
80. A. flotoi (S.Y.Hu) Govaerts	67	TH, US, LA, FR, KH	UA	NA to KH, VN, LA, TH	UK	IM, NT. PA
81. A.fontarumii N.F.Bulawin, M.M.Medecilo-Guiang, G.J.D.Alejandro	NR	PH	CR	EC to PH	Limestone	IM
82. A. forbesii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.	1	ID	UA	NA to Sumatra	UK	IM
83. A. fornicatus Hett., J.R.Collado & Wistuba	NR	PH	NR	EC to PH	Secondary forest	IM
84. A. fuscus Hett.	5	TH, BE	UA	NA to TH	Limestone	IM, PA
85. A. galbra F.M.Bailey	332	AU, PG, ID, US	UA	NA to PG, AU,	UK	AS, IM, NT
86. A. gallaensis (Engl.) N.E.Br.	14	KE, SO, IT, ET	UA	NA to KE, SO, ET	Dry Savannah/open woodland	AT, PA
87. A. gallowayi Hett.	4	FR, LA, VN	UA	NA to LA	UK	IM, PA
88. A. gigas Teijsm. & Binn.	39	ID, US	TD	NA to Sumatera	UK	IM, NT
89. A. glaucophyllus Hett. & Serebryanyi	0	TH	NR	EC in Kanchanaburi	UK	IM
90. A. gliruroides Engl.	1	TH	UA	NA to MM	UK	IM
91. A. glossophyllus Hett.	9	VN, FR	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM, PA
92. A. goetzei (Engl.) N.E.Br.	20	TZ, MW, MZ, CD	UA	NA to MZ, TZ, CD	Evergreen forest/ River valleys	AT
93. A. gomboczianus Pic. Serm.	24	ET, ZM	UA	NA to ET	Savannah/ open woodland/ forest margin/proximity of river	AT
94. A. gracilior Hutch.	3	NG, BJ	UA	EC in BJ, NG	Primary rain forest/swamps	AT
95. A. gracilis Engl.	2	ID	UA	NA to Sumatera	UK	IM
96. A. haematospadix Hook.f.	20	MY, FR, TH, US	UA	NA to MY, TH	Limestone	IM, PA, NT
97. A. harmandii Engl. & Gehrm	45	TH, KH, LA	UA	NA to KH, LA, TH, VN	Deciduous forest/under bamboo	IM
98. A. hayi Hett.	1	VN	DD	NA to VN, CN	Secondary forest	IM
99. A. hemicryptus Hett. & J.F.Maxwell	0	KH	NR	NA to KH	Deciduous forest/ Hardwood forest/	IM
100. A. henryi N.E.Br.	172	TH, CN, AR, BE, US	UA	NA to TH	Limestone/mixed forest/bamboo plantation	IM, PA,NE, NT
101. A. hetterscheidii Ittenb. & Lobin	3	CD, CF	UA	NA to CF, GA, CD	UK	AT
102. A. hewittii Alderw.	66	MY, ID	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
103. A. hildebrandtii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm	104	MG	LC	NA to MG	UK	AT
104. A. hirsutus Teijsm. & Binn.	9	ID, IN, FR	UA	NA to Sumatera	UK	IM, PA
105. A. hirtus N.E.Br.	73	TH, CN, JP	UA	NA to TH	Dense grassland	IM, PA
106. A. hohenackeri (Schott) Engl. & Gehrm.	30	IN	UA	NA to IN	UK	IM
107. A. hottae Bogner & Hett.	12	MY	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
108. A. impressus Ittenb.	10	MW, TZ BE	UA	NA to MW, TZ	UK	AT, PA
109. A. incurvatus Alderw.	0	ID	NR	NA to Sumatera	UK	IM
110. A. infundibuliformis Hett., A.Dearden & A.Vogel	10	MY	UA	NA to Borneo	Lowland/dipterocarp	IM
111. A. interruptus Engl. & Gehrm.	39	VN	CR	NA to VN	UK	IM
112. A. johnsonii N.E.Br.	210	GH, CI, BF, BN, ML, NG, LR, TG, GN, CM	UA	NA to NG, BF, GH, PG,CI, LR, ML	Savannah	AT, IM
113. A. josefbogneri Hett.	1	TH	UA	EC in South Western Thailand: Kanchanaburi	UK	IM
114. A. julaihii Ipor, Tawan & P.C.Boyce	3	MY	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
115. A. juliae P.C.Boyce & Hett.	0	MY	NR	EC to Sarawak	UK	IM
116. A. kachinensis Engl. Gehrm.	22	CN, MM, TH, LA	UA	NA to CN, LA, MM, TH	Limestone	PA, IM
117. A. khammouanensis A.Galloway	0	LA	NR	NA to LA	UK	IM
118. A. kienluongensis V.D.Nguyen, Luu & Hett.	0	VN	VU	NA to VN	UK	IM
119. A. kiusianus (Makino) Makino	130	JP, CN, HK, US, BE, KR	VU	NA to CN, JP, TW	UK	PA, IM, NT
120. A. konjac K. Koch	348	CN, US, JP, MX, PH, NO, KR, FR, AT	UA	NA to CN	Forest margin/secondary forest	PA, NT, NE, IM
121. A. konkanensis Hett., S.R.Yadav & K.S.Patil	7	IN	UA	NA to IN	UK	IM
122. A. koratensis Gagnep	18	LA, TH, KH	UA	NA to KH, LA, TH	Deciduous/dipterocarp forest	IM
123. A. krausei Engl.	93	TH, MM, FR, LA	UA	NA to BD, CN, LA, MM, TH	Deciduous/depterocarp forest/ Evergreen forest	IM, PA
124. A. kuznetsovii (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel	1	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
125. A. lacourii Linden & André	120	TH, VN, FR, US, KH, LA, AU, BE	UA	NA to KH, LA, TH, VN	UK	IM, PA, NT, AS
126. A. lambii Mayo & Widjaja	27	MY, FR, IN, BE, TH	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM, PA
127. A. lanceolatus (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel	2	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
128. A. lanuginosus Hett.	3	VN	CR	NA to VN	UK	IM
129. A. laoticus Hett.	9	LA	UA	NA to LA	Evergreen/deciduous forest	IM
130. A. lewallei Malaisse & Bamps	11	BI, VE	CR	EC in Burundi	Savannah	AT, NE
131. A. linearis Gagnep	12	TH	UA	EC in TH	Evergreen/deciduous/dipterocarp forest/bamboo forest	IM
132. A. linguiformis Hett.	3	ID	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
133. A. longicomus Hett. & Serebryanyi	1	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
134. A. longiconnectivus Bogner	8	IN	UA	NA to IN	UK	IM
135. A. longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm	3	PH	UA	EC in PH	UK	IM
136. A. longistylus Kurz ex Hook.f.	2	IN	UA	NA to Andaman Is.	UK	IM
137. A. longituberosus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm	52	TH, MY, FR, BE	UA	NA to BD, TH, MY	Evergreen/Decidious/Dipterocarp forests	IM, PA
138. A. lunatus Hett. & Sizemore	2	TH	UA	EC in TH	Secondary forest	IM
139. A. luzoniensis Merr.	6	PH	UA	EC in PH	UK	IM
140. A. lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth	0	IN	NR	NA to IN	UK	IM
141. A. macrophyllus (Gagnep. Ex Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel	7	TH, FR, VN	UA	NA to TH VN	UK	IM, PA
142. A. macrorhizus Craib	58	TH, CN	UA	EC in TH	Deciduous/Dipterocarp forests	IM, PA
143. A. malkmus-husseinii A.Galloway, Prehsler & Claudel	0	LA	NR	NA to LA	UK	IM
144. A. mangelsdorffii Bogner	8	MG, BE	UA	NA to MG	UK	AT, PA
145. A. manta Hett. & Ittenbach	3	ID	UA	NA to Malaya and Sumatera	UK	IM
146. A. margaritifer (Roxb.) Kunth	24	IN	UA	NA to IN, BD, MM	UK	IM
147. A. margretae Ittenb.	1	CD	UA	NA to CD	UK	AT
148. A. maximus (Engl.) N.E.Br.	41	TZ, SO, KE, MZ, ZW, BE, CM, MW	UA	NA to KE, MZ, SO, TZ, ZW	UK	AT, PA
149. A. maxwellii Hett.	11	TH, BE	UA	EC in Kanchanaburi	Deciduous forest/ limestone	IM, PA
150. A. mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm.	6	LA, VN	UA	NA to LA, VN	UK	IM
151. A. merrillii K.Krause	3	PH	UA	EC in PH	UK	IM
152. A. mildbraedii K.Krause	5	CM	UA	NA to CM	UK	AT
153. A. minimus Bustamante, R.A.A., Claudel, C., Altomonte, J.C.A., Udasco, L.C. Jr., Tamayo, M.N.	NR	PH	CR	EC in PH	Montane /dipterocarp/secondary forests	IM
154. A. minor Ridl.	2	MY	UA	NA to MY	UK	IM
155. A. mossambicensis (Schott ex Garcke) N.E.Br.	10	ZM, TZ, MZ, CD, US, ZW	UA	NA to MZ, TZ, ZM, CD, ZW	Savannah	AT, NT
156. A. muelleri Blume	106	TH, ID, IN, MM, MY, FR, US, TL	UA	NA to IN, TH, ID, MY, BN, MM	Secondary forests	IM, PA, NT
157. A. mullendersii Malaisse & Bamps	5	CD	UA	NA to AO, CD	Savannah/ Gallery forests	AT
158. A. myosuroides Hett. & A.Galloway	4	LA, BE, FR	UA	NA to LA	UK	IM, PA
159. A. mysorensis E.Barnes & C.E.C. Fisch.	11	IN	UA	NA to IN	UK	IM
160. A. napalensis (Wall.) Bogner & Mayo	49	IN, NP, TH, BT, BD, BE, US	UA	NA to IN BD, NP	UK	IM, PA, NT
161. A. napiger Gagnep.	15	TH, LA	UA	NA to KH, LA, TH, VN	Deciduous forests	IM
162. A. natolii Hett., Wistuba, V.B.Amoroso, Medecilo & Claudel	NR	PH	CR	EC in PH	Limestone	IM
163. A. niahensis P. C. Boyce & Hett.	4	MY	UA	NA to Borneo	Limestone/shady area	IM
164. A. nicolaii Hett.	0	VN	NR	NA to VN	UK	IM
165. A. nicolsonianus Sivadasan	11	IN	UA	NA to IN	UK	IM
166. A. obovoideus Alderw.	0	ID	NR	NA to Sumatera	UK	IM
167. A. obscurus Hett. & Sizemore	4	TH	UA	EC in Ubon Ratchathani	UK	IM
168. A. ochroleucus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen	8	FR, VN	NT	NA to VN	UK	PA, IM
169. A. oncophyllus Prain ex Hook.f.	0	CN	NR	NA to Andaman Is.	UK	PA
170. A. ongsakulii Hett. & A.Galloway	6	LA, FR, BE	UA	NA to LA	UK	IM, PA
171. A. operculatus Hett. & Sizemore	8	FR, TH	UA	EC in Chumphon	UK	PA, IM
172. A. opertus Hett.	1	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
173. A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson	919	AU,IN, ID, PH, TH, PF, PG, YT, CN	LC/UA	NA to IN, BD, MY, ID, CN, LA, KH, MM, PH	Secondary forest/shady places	AS, IM, AT, PA
174. A. palawanensis Bogner & Hett.	21	PH	CR	EC to PH	Rich soil with added loam	IM
175. A. paucisectus Alderw.	2	ID	UA	NA to Sumatera	UK	IM
176. A. pendulus Bogner & Mayo	18	MY, ID	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
177. A. perakensis Engl.	2	MY	UA	NA to Malaya	UK	IM
178. A. perrieri Hett. & Wahlert	16	MG, US	UA	NA to MG	Semi-deciduous forest	AT, NT
179. A. pilosus Hett.	6	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
180. A. plicatus Bok & H.J.Lam	3	ID	UA	NA to Sulawesi	UK	IM
181. A. polyanthus Hett. & Sizemore	6	TH, US	UA	NA to TH	Deep shade, near base of rocky outcrop	IM, NT
182. A. prainii Hook. f.	53	MY, TH, US, ID, BE, IN	UA	NA to LA, MY, TH, Sumatera	Evergreen forest/Limestone	IM, NT, PA
183. A. preussii (Engl.) N.E.Br.	30	CM	VU	EC in CM	Primary shady forests	AT
184. A. prolificus Hett. & Galloway	3	TH	UA	EC in Central TH	UK	IM
185. A. pulchellus Hett. & Schuit	0	LA	NR	NA to Laos	Limestone	IM
186. A. purpurascens Kurz ex Hook.f.	8	MM	UA	NA to MM	UK	IM
187. A. pusillus Hett. & Serebryanyi	6	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
188. A. putii Gagnep	17	TH, MM, US	UA	NA to MM, TH	Evergreen forests/Shaded places	IM, NT
189. A. pygmaeus Hett.	13	TH, US	UA	EC in Prachuap Khiri Khan	Limestone	IM, NT
190. A. ranchanensis Ipor, A.Simon & Meekiong	4	MY	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
191. A. ravenii V.D.Nguyen & Hett.	0	LA	NR	NA to LA	UK	IM
192. A. rayongii Hett. & Medecilo	NR	PH	NR	EC in PH	Near the beach	IM
193. A. reflexus Hett. & A.Galloway	3	TH	UA	EC in Khampaeng Phet.	Limestone	IM
194. A. rhizomatosus Hett.	8	LA, GQ, GA, GN, NG	UA	NA to LA, VN	UK	IM, AT
195. A. richardsiae Ittenb.	4	ZM	UA	NA to ZM	UK	AT
196. A. rostratus Hett.	1	PH	UA	EC to PH	Secondary forest	IM
197. A. rugosus Hett. & A.L. Lamb	0	MY	NR	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
198. A. sagittarius Steenis	3	ID	UA	NA to Jawa	UK	IM
199. A. salmoneus Hett.	5	PH	UA	EC in PH	Limestone	IM
200. A. saraburensis Gagnep	1	TH	UA	EC in Saraburi	Monsoonal savannah	IM
201. A. saururus Hett.	5	FR, TH, US	UA	EC in N. E. TH Loei	UK	PA, IM, NT
202. A. scaber Serebryanyi & Hett.	6	VN, LA	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
203. A. schmidtiae Hett. & A.Galloway	1	LA	UA	NA to LA	UK	IM
204. A. scutatus Hett. & T.C. Chapm.	4	TH	UA	EC in Phetchabun	UK	IM
205. A. serrulatus Hett. & A.Galloway	1	TH	UA	EC in Northern Thailand	UK	IM
206. A. shyamsalilianus J.V.Gadpay., Somkuwar & A.A.Chaturv.	0	IN	NR	NA in IN	UK	IM
207. A. sinuatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen	2	FR, VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	PA, IM
208. A. sizemoreae Hett.	3	TH, US	UA	EC in Nakhon Sawan	UK	IM, NT
209. A. smithsonianus Sivadasan	11	IN	UA	NA to IN	UK	IM
210. A.sparsiflorus Hook.f.	3	MY	UA	NA to Malaya	UK	IM
211. A. spectabilis (Miq.) Engl.	11	ID	UA	NA to Jawa	UK	IM
212. A. staudtii (Engl.) N.E.Br.	23	CM, CI	UA	NA to CM, CD	Primary rainforest/shaded rich soils	AT
213. A. stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm	46	TZ, CD, KE	UA	NA to KE, TL, CD	UK	AT
214. A. subcymbiformis Alderw.	1	ID	UA	NA to Sumatera	UK	IM
215. A. sumawongii (Bogner) Bogner & Mayo	25	TH, FR, BE, US	UA	EC in Sa Ksaeo, Wathana Nakhon	Dry dipterocarp forest	IM, PA, NT
216. A. suwidjianus Ipor, Tawan & Meekiong	0	ID	NR	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
217. A. sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth	31	IN, LK	UA	NA to IN, LK	UK	IM
218. A. symonianus Hett. & Sizemore	14	FR, TH	UA	EC in Loei, Udon Thani	Limestone/medium shade	PA, IM
219. A. synandrifer Hett. & V.D.Nguyen	1	VN	CR	NA to VN	UK	IM
220. A. taurostigma Ittenb., Hett. & Bogner	43	MG, BE	VU	EC in MG	Shady humus pockets	AT, PA
221. A. tenuispadix Hett.	9	TH, FR, US	UA	EC in south western & Peninsular TH	Rocks at the foot of the hill	IM, PA, NT
222. A. tenuistylis Hett.	12	TH, US	UA	NA to KH, TH	Open mixed bamboo & deciduous forests/ limestone	IM, NT
223. A. terrestris Hett & Claudel	0	TH	NR	NA to TH	UK	IM
224. A. teuszii (Engl.) Motte	11	CD, AO, LK	UA	NA to AO, CD	UK	AT, IM
225. A. thaiensis (S.Y.Hu) Hett.	18	FR, TH, US	UA	EC in Mae Hong Son	UK	PA, IM, NT
226. A. tinekeae Hett. & A.Vogel	5	MY	UA	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
227. A. titanum (Becc.) Becc.	223	AU, ID, US, BE, CA, SE	EN	NA to Sumatera	UK	AS, IM, NT, PA
228. A. tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm	22	VN, LA	UA	NA to CN, VN	Dense tropical forests, moist, shaded places	IM
229. A. tuberculatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen	7	BI	UA	NA to VN	UK	AT
230. A. umbrinus A.Galloway, Luu, Malkm. Huss., Prehsler & Claudel	2	VN	UA	NA to VN	UK	IM
231. A. urceolatus Hett., A.Galloway & Medecilo	NR	PH	NR	EC in PH	Secondary forest/exposed places	IM
232. A. variabilis Blume	174	ID, CN, BE, US	UA	NA to Jawa, Sunda	UK	IM, PA, NT
233. A. venustus Hett., A.Hay & Mood	0	MY	NR	NA to Borneo	UK	IM
234. A. verticillatus Hett.	10	VN, FR, BE, US	VU	NA to VN	UK	IM, PA, NT
235. A. villosus A.Galloway, Luu, Malkm.-Huss., Prehsler & Claudel	0	VN	NR	NA to VN	UK	IM
236. A. vogelianus Hett. & Billensteiner	2	FR	UA	EC to TH Chiang Mai	UK	PA
237. A. xiei H.Li & Z.L.Dao	4	CN	UA	NA to CN South Central	Forest margins/tropical thickets	PA
238. A. yaoi A. Galloway, Hett., & Medecilo	NR	PH	NR	EC in PH	Hilly shaded areas	IM
239. A. yuloensis H.Li	10	CN, FR, TH	UA	NA to CN, IN, MM	Dense primary evergreen valley forests/limestone	PA, IM
240. A. yunnanensis Engl.	111	TH, CN, US, VN, BE, LA, MM	UA	NA to CN, LA, TH, VN	Primary evergreen/Deciduous/secondary forest/forest Margin	IM, PA, NT
241. A. zenkeri (Engl.) N.E.Br.	28	CM	UA	EC in Guineo-Congolese region: Fernando Po	UK	AT

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REFERENCES

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