Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2025 | 17(4): 26824–26849
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9403.17.4.26824-26849
#9403 | Received 04 September 2024 | Final received 04 March 2025 |
Finally accepted 27 March 2025
Diversity and habitat preferences
of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Dzongu, Mangan, Sikkim, India
Sonam Wangchuk Lepcha 1 &
Monish Kumar Thapa 2
1Noom Panang Village, GPU
Passingdang Saffo, Upper Dzongu, North Sikkim, Sikkim 737116, India.
2Department of Zoology, Assam
Royal Global University, Betkuchi, Guwahati, Assam 781035, India.
1 mythsofmutanchi@gmail.com, 2
monish.awrro@gmail.com (correspondence author)
Editor: Meena Haribal, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Date of publication: 26 April 2025 (online & print)
Citation: Lepcha,
S.W. & M.K. Thapa (2025). Diversity and
habitat preferences of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Dzongu, Mangan,
Sikkim, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(4): 26824–26849. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9403.17.4.26824-26849
Copyright: © Lepcha & Thapa 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies
in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Sonam Wangchuk Lepcha is a butterfly enthusiast from
Dzongu, Sikkim. Since 2016, he has contributed to the discovery of a new
butterfly species and several new distribution records across Sikkim. He currently serves as President of both the Butterfly Society of Sikkim
(TPCF) and the Joint Forest Management Committee, Dzongu. Monish Kumar Thapa is a PhD Scholar from Department of
Zoology at Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati. His research interest mainly focuses on biodiversity documentation, especially Lepidoptera
and Herpetofauna, with special emphasis on human-wildlife interactions and
conservation. Monish is also an executive member of the Assam Wildlife Rescue
and Research Organisation (AWRRO) and actively participates in
biodiversity surveys and awareness programmes across the region.
Author contributions: SWL—conceptualization, data collection, fieldwork, paper review;
MKT—conceptualization, data collection, paper review, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing—original draft and editing.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Sonam
Pintso Sherpa and Nosang M. Limbu for their guidance, and Dr. Bharat Kumar
Pradhan for your help. Special thanks to Mingdup Lepcha, Sonam Wangchuk Lepcha Jr., Lhendup Lepcha, Janukit Lepcha, Sonam Gyatso
Lepcha, Dorjee Tshering Lepcha, Achintya P. Hazarika, Dawa Lepcha, Lhakpa
Tshering Lepcha for continuous support and contributing few pictures of
butterflies from Dzongu area.
Abstract: The butterfly diversity of the
Dzongu region of Mangan District, Sikkim was assessed between 2016 and 2024,
revealing the presence of 420 species from 187 genera and six families.
Nymphalidae emerged as the dominant family with 165 species across 68 genera,
followed by the Lycaenidae with 92 species from 51 genera, Hesperiidae with 84
species from 44 genera, Papilionidae with 38 species from eight genera,
Pieridae with 32 species from 13 genera, and Riodinidae with nine species from three
genera. A total 118 butterfly species that were protected under the Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022, with the majority falling under
Schedule II. Very rare documents included Papilio krishna, Teinopalpus
imperialis, Meandrusa lachinus, Stichophthalma camadeva, Euaspa
pavo, Ionolyce helicon, Dodona adonira, and Koruthaialos
butleri, the state butterfly of Sikkim Bassarona durga and the newly
discovered species, Zographetus dzonguensis. A total of 194 butterfly
species exclusive to the northeastern region of India were documented. It was
found that the sub-tropical hill forest supported the highest butterfly
diversity with 395 species recorded, and the sub-alpine forest supported the lowest
diversity with 13 species. The unique geographical features of Dzongu support a
wide variety of butterfly species and the presence of more than half the
species in Sikkim underscores the importance of prioritizing conservation
efforts in this unique valley.
Keywords: Butterfly species, comprehensive
checklist, field survey, Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, northeastern India, northern
Sikkim, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, richness, Riodinidae.
Introduction
India is
recognized as one of the 17 mega biodiversity countries globally, with
northeastern India as a significant biodiversity hotspot. This region is
further categorized into the northeastern hills, the eastern Himalaya, and the
Brahmaputra Valley (Gogoi 2015). Sikkim, a small Himalayan State in
northeastern India with a geographical area of 7,096 km², boasts an incredibly
rich diversity of flora and fauna. It’s unique geographical location, varied
topography, fertile soil, ample rainfall, and numerous perennial streams make
(Idrisi et al. 2010). Sikkim is considered one of the most biodiverse zones.
It is
estimated that more than 40% of insect species are declining at a rate eight
times faster than that of mammals, birds, and reptiles (Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys
2019). The primary factors contributing to this decline include habitat loss,
urbanization, pollution, pathogens or invasive species, and global climate
change. Butterflies (Order: Lepidoptera), in particular, are regarded as
excellent bio-indicators of environmental health due to their short life cycle
and varied habitat needs and food preferences for activities such as mating,
breeding, and nectaring. Their well-documented taxonomy, geographic
distribution, and status make butterflies ideal subjects for biodiversity
studies.
Globally,
there are over 20,000 butterfly species (Happner 1998; Koneri et al. 2020), of
which 1,502 species are found in India (Udaya et al. 2019). Remarkably, the
state of Sikkim alone is home to approximately 700 of butterfly species
(Haribal 1992; ENVIS 2015). Scant studies on butterfly diversity in
northeastern India, the region’s butterfly populations remain incompletely
documented. Literature reveals that new species and previously unrecorded
butterfly sightings are regularly being discovered and added to the list of
butterflies in this northeastern region of India. Previous studies on the
Lepidoptera fauna of the Sikkim Range in the eastern Himalaya date back to de
Niceville’s work from 1881–1885. In 1884, de Niceville provided an annotated
overview of the state’s fauna in a Gazetteer. Subsequent studies were carried
out by Elwes (1882, 1888) and Dudgeon (1898, 1900–1901). Elwes (1888) compiled
a catalogue of Sikkim’s Lepidoptera, which was enhanced with additions, corrections,
and distribution information by Otto Moeller (Maulik 2003). Haribal (1992)
focused their work on lepidopteran species, especially butterflies, within the
state. Gupta (2003) documented 155 species and subspecies of Nymphalid
butterflies from Sikkim. Majumdar (2003) documented 227 butterfly species from
the Pieridae and Hesperiidae families. The Hesperiidae family comprises the
majority with 176 species, while the Pieridae family includes the remaining 51
species. Lepcha et al. (2021) recorded new distributional record for the E.
pavo from Sikkim. Again, Lepcha et al. (2023) reported new distributional
record of Euaspa milionia from the state in 2023. Lepcha (2023)
published a guidebook on butterflies of Dzongu, which includes 368 species from
the region in 2023. The primary aim of this paper is to compile a comprehensive
checklist of butterflies in the Dzongu region, Mangan District of northern
Sikkim, India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study was
conducted to document the butterfly diversity in Dzongu, located in the Mangan
District of northern Sikkim, India. Dzongu, roughly triangular in shape, is
bounded by the Teesta River to the southeastern and the Talung River to the
northeastern side. To the western side lies the southern part of the Himadri,
or greater Himalayan ranges, where Mt. Kanchenjunga, the world’s third-highest
peak (at 8,598 m) is situated. Dzongu spans between 27.466–27.633 °N and
88.383–88.633 °E (Figure 1), with elevations ranging 700–6,000 m. The area
covers a hilly terrain of 78 km2 with dense forests (Purkayastha
2013).
The area
boasts a unique and picturesque landscape of snow-clad mountains surrounded by
steep, narrow valleys and gorges. The dense forest cover brings showers almost
throughout the year. Bordering the Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve, Dzongu is
also home to some of the ancient Buddhist monasteries and temples, adding
cultural richness to its natural beauty. The geographical location of Dzongu
isolates it from the rest of Sikkim. The area can be divided into three
climatic zones: subtropical, temperate, and alpine, each rich in biodiversity.
Methods
The survey
was designed with the primary objective of compiling a comprehensive checklist
of butterflies from the Dzongu region in the Mangan District of northern Sikkim
employing a range of established methodologies including the line transect
method (Pollard 1977) and visual encounter survey (Heyer et al. 1994) to
document butterfly species. These techniques ensured thorough habitat coverage.
Study design
The field survey was conducted
over an extensive period of eight years, from 2016 to 2024. The year was
divided into four distinct seasons: summer, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter.
Observations were meticulously carried out under favorable weather conditions,
ensuring the absence of rain or strong winds. Data collection spanned eight
hours each day, from 0600 to 1100 h and from 1400 to 1700 h. Field surveys were
conducted five times during each season during the study period. As observation
hours were allocated equally across all sampling sites, the total observation
hrs per season were approximately consistent. To facilitate efficient data
collection, the study area was divided into four habitat zones: tropical
semi-evergreen forest (TSF), sub-tropical hill forest (STF), wet temperate
forests (WTF) and sub-alpine forest (SAF) (Image 7). These zones were
categorized based on the dominant vegetation types, and altitudine ranges as
per Champion & Seth (1968).
Data collection and
identification
During the fieldwork, data on all
encountered butterflies were meticulously collected. Observations were
conducted randomly along foot trails, stream and riverbeds, and grasslands
bordering these areas. Photographic evidence was captured using a Canon D80
Camera. The survey was conducted across all forest habitats within the study
area, spanning a total transect length of 35–40 km. Each transect path was
monitored for butterfly records with a width of approximately 150 m on either
side. Ten search paths were strategically chosen across different habitat
types: three paths in tropical semi-evergreen forest (TSF) and sub-tropical
hill forest (STF), and two paths in both wet temperate forest (WTF) and
sub-alpine forest (SAF) habitats (Image 7). Adhering to conservation principles,
no specimens were collected during the survey. A map of the study area (Figure
1) was created using Q-GIS software version 3.18, and data analysis was
performed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
Species indentification was based
on visual examination and color photographs, utilizing published guides for
butterflies. Identification keys from Evans (1932), the photographic guide by
Haribal (1992) and Kehimkar (2016), and the Butterflies of India website (https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/)
were employed.
RESULTS
The study
identified a total of 420 butterfly species from 187 genera under 25
subfamilies and six families in Dzongu Valley, Mangan District of northern
Sikkim (Table 1,2). Nymphalidae was the dominant family, represented by 68
genera and 165 species, followed by Lycaenidae with 51 genera and 92 species,
Hesperiidae with 44 genera and 84 species, Papilionidae with eight genera and
38 species, Pieridae with 13 genera and 32 species, and Riodinidae with three
genera and nine species (Table 1; Image 1–6). In total, 118 butterfly species
are recognized as schedule species under the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment
Act, 2022 (Anonymous 2022). Of these, 93 species are listed under Schedule II,
while 25 species are included in Schedule I. The study also identified 194
species of endemic butterflies that are restricted to the northeastern region
of India.
Diversity of butterflies in the
study area
Nymphalidae
showed the maximum species richness, comprising 39% with 165 species, followed
by Lycaenidae (22% with 92 species), Hesperiidae (20% with 84 species),
Papilionidae (9% with 38 species), Pieridae (8% with 32 species) and Riodinidae
(2% with 9 species) (Figure 2). It was concluded that the Dzongu Valley is very
rich in butterfly diversity.
Habitat types used by butterflies
Throughout
the study, butterflies were observed across all four habitat types. It was
found that the sub-tropical hill forest (STF) supported the highest diversity,
with 395 species recorded. This was followed by TSF with 368 species, WTF with
168 species, and SAF with 13 species. Notably, SAF was not utilized by the
Papilionidae and Hesperiidae families, while the other butterfly families were
present across all four habitat types (Figure 3).
Comparative analysis of butterfly
diversity of Sikkim and Dzongu
The study
reveals a significant difference in species richness of Dzongu in comparison
with Sikkim State. Dzongu, a small valley nestled in the northern part of
Sikkim, is a remarkable region known for its rich biodiversity. The Dzongu
Valley is home to an impressive total of 420 butterfly species, which comprises
60.95% of the entire butterfly species found in Sikkim. This high percentage
highlights Dzongu as a significant biodiversity hotspot within the state,
particularly in terms of Lepidoptera diversity.
The
butterflies of Dzongu make up 60.95% of the total butterfly species in Sikkim.
Notes on selected species
1. Papilio
krishna (Moore, 1858)
This
butterfly is rare in Dzongu, observed in locations such as Ring Uung Kyoung,
Tingvong, Laven, Passingdang, and Namprickdang. Occasionally, it was seen
actively puddling with other butterflies.
2.
Teinopalpus imperialis (Hope, 1843)
Two
individuals were seen at Lingthem near Na-ar Uung Kyong and Gong-Lee in 2024.
Both the individuals were seen during mud-puddling.
3. Graphium
paphus (de Nicéville, 1886)
Graphium
paphus, known as
the Spectacle Swordtail, were seen in Ring Uung Kyoung, along the Rungyoung
River belt, and in the Talong Chu River belt area in Dzongu.
4. Meandrusa
lachinus (Fruhstorfer, 1902)
This species
was observed in Lingthem and Laven, particularly in puddling areas near small
river streams.
5. Dercas
lycorias (Doubleday, 1842)
Commonly seen
at Lingza waterfalls. Around 20–24 individuals were observed engaging in
puddling behavior.
6. Helcyra
hemina (Hewitson, 1864)
This
butterfly was spotted first near Passingdang, mud puddling on roadside rocks.
This species was noted for its high-speed flight. Another individual was seen
again the following year in the same area, perched above tree leaves along the
roadside.
7. Calinaga
gautama (Moore, 1902)
First spotted
at an elevation of 1,400 m in Panang Village near a villager’s house. It was
later observed at the Namprickdang riverside on wet stone puddling and again at
Ring Uung Kyoung along the river belt with other butterflies.
8. Bassarona
durga (Moore, 1858)
It is common
in Dzongu, observed from lower to upper regions between June and October
annually. It is often seen actively flying along roadsides, riverbelts, and in
and around human habitats. This butterfly has been declared as the state
butterfly of Sikkim on 5 June 2022, during World Environment Day.
9. Euthalia
franciae (Gray, 1846)
This species
has been recorded multiple times in Dzongu, particularly in areas such as
Hee-Gyathang, Noam Panang, Passingdang, and Lingza. This species is especially
active during the guava fruit season.
10. Euthalia
iva (Moore, 1858)
Seen at Ring
Uung Kyoung along the river belt, flying above short trees. It was also
recorded at the Laven River belt and Passingdang along the roadside.
11. Neurosigma
siva (Westwood, 1850)
Exclusively
observed in upper Dzongu, particularly at Lingza Village and waterfall areas,
as well as in the Bay area at elevations up to 2,200 m.
12. Neptis
manasa (Moore, 1858)
Eight to nine
individuals were observed in upper Dzongu, particularly between Mantam and
Laven in roadside areas.
13. Neptis
nycteus (de Nicéville, 1890)
Seen at
Panang Village in human habitation. The butterfly was flying on top of trees.
14. Stichophthalma
camadeva (Westwood, 1848)
The northern
Jungle queen is frequently observed in the Noam Panang area, along roadsides in
lower Dzongu, and even in upper Dzongu, particularly in bamboo forests. The
number of sightings often exceeds 30–40 individuals annually.
15. Lethe
ramadeva (de Nicéville, 1887)
Recorded at
Lingthem, Ruklu, and Laven along roadside areas. Often seen basking.
16. Lethe
scanda (Moore, 1858)
Three
individuals were observed at distances from each other flying actively in Safo
along the roadside area at an altitude above 1,925 m.
17. Lethe
gulnihal (de Nicéville, 1887)
Lethe
gulnihal was recorded
for the first time in August 2024 from Saffo Village, Dzongu, at the elevation
of 1,996 m. A total of five individuals were observed.
18. Lethe
serbonis (Hewitson, 1876)
Three
individuals were seen in the dense forest of the Talung area at elevations
above 2,400 m.
19. Lethe
visrava (Moore, 1866)
Commonly,
seen in bamboo forest and forests of Noam Panang, Lingthem, Lingdem, and Laven.
20. Neorina
hilda (Westwood, 1851)
Four
individuals were observed in the dense forest of the Talung at elevations above
2,400 m.
21. Lethe
brisanda (de Nicéville, 1886)
This
butterfly occurred singularly among different areas in the densely forested
Talung Valley (WTF).
22. Iraota
timoleon (Stoll, 1790)
Two individuals
were observed at the Passingdang Monastery.
23. Cigaritis
rukma (de Nicéville, 1889)
This species
was observed at Laven, Lingza, Mantam, Passingdang, and Lingthem in open
roadside or construction areas, with sightings typically involving multiple
individuals.
24. Cigaritis
evansii (Tytler, 1915)
Seen in
Tingvong, Mantam, and Passingdang areas, primarily along open roadsides or in
construction areas, often as multiple individuals.
25. Euaspa
milionia (Hewitson, 1869)
The species
was observed at Salim Pakyel, as it flew away high up into the trees.
26. Dodona
egeon (Westwood, 1851)
This rare
butterfly has been observed 15–17 times in Passingdang and Namprickdang, and
5–7 times at Mantam, Tingvong, and Laven, often along the roadside.
27. Zographetus
dzonguensis Kunte et al. 2021
Zographetus
dzonguensis, commonly
known as the Chocolate-bordered Flitter, was first recorded in the Namprickdang
area of upper Dzongu in 2016, with subsequent sightings in 2019 and 2020 during
the months of September and October. In 2016, three individuals were observed;
this number increased to 13 individuals in 2019, but only two were recorded in
2020. This species was found at elevations just above 150 m, within jungle
environments and along forest nursery roads. Notably, Z. dzonguensis was
also observed actively flying around orange trees inside the jungle.
28. Celaenorrhinus
badia (Hewitson, 1877)
First, this
species was spotted inside the forested area at the village of Laven in Upper
Dzongu, where five individuals were seen under the leaves. This species was
later seen in the Namprickdang area, under similar conditions, with sightings
ranging from four to six individuals.
29. Chamunda
chamunda (Moore, 1866)
Observed in
the Noam Village, inside a jungle near a small stream, where two individuals
were seen actively flying under the leaves.
30. Coladenia
hoenei (Evans, 1939)
Initially
observed in the Namprickdang area, where a single specimen was seen flying
among dry leaves. Another sighting occurred in Laven Village.
31. Darpa
hanria (Moore, 1866)
Recorded at
Lingza along a small river stream connected to the Talong Chu River, where it
was found on a large rock with other butterflies during a sunny day. Later,
this species was spotted at Blyokvoo, upper Dzongu, during mud puddling.
32. Satarupa
zulla (Tytler, 1915)
This species
was recorded in several locations including Laven, Passingdang, Panang,
Tingvong, Blyokvoo, Ravong, and Phedang, lower Dzongu. Typically, individuals
were seen singly, likely on bird droppings or mud, and were very active, commonly
found on roadside rocks.
CONCLUSION
This
long-term study allowed us to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the
region’s butterfly diversity and distribution. The study conducted in Dzongu
Valley of northern Sikkim revealed a remarkable diversity of butterfly species,
with a total of 420 species identified belonging to 187 genera under six
families (Table 1). The survival of butterflies is closely linked to suitable
habitats, the availability of nectar and host plants, and the conditions of their
immediate environment, highlighting the interrelationship of these factors
(Thapa et al. 2023). The availability of dissolved minerals in the water
resources significantly contributes to the high butterfly diversity in the
area, as it encourages adult butterflies to engage in mud-puddling in large
groups on sandy patches along rivers. In Dzongu, these essential water
resources include lakes, wetlands, and river beds, such as Tungkyong Dho
(Lake)— a designated biodiversity Heritage Site of Dzongu- along with Lingthem
Kyong, Talung Wetland, Lingdem Hotspring, Namprick Uung Kyong, Rungyoung River,
Narim Uung Kyong, and others (Image 7). The presence of rare and exclusive
butterfly species in the Dzongu region highlights the area’s significant
biodiversity potential and also indicates the presence of rare host plants.
The butterfly
diversity in Dzongu is an indicator of rich biodiversity that includes a
variety of flora and fauna thriving in pristine forests. The region is facing
deforestation due to the expansion of human settlements, urbanization, and the
clearing of land for agriculture. There is an urgent need to designate this
forested region for heightened protection and conservation efforts, ensuring
the preservation of its unique ecological value. This diversity not only
enhances the ecological value of the region but also plays a crucial role in
the broader environmental health of Sikkim, making it an invaluable area for
both scientific study and conservation efforts. This study enriches the
understanding of butterfly diversity in northern Sikkim and also emphasizes the
need for continued conservation efforts in these ecologically sensitive areas.
Table 1. Family-wise composition of butterflies exhibiting the total
number of genera and species in the study area.
|
|
Family |
Subfamily |
Genera |
Species |
|
01 |
Papilionidae |
01 |
08 |
38 |
|
02 |
Pieridae |
02 |
13 |
32 |
|
03 |
Nymphalidae |
12 |
68 |
165 |
|
04 |
Lycaenidae |
06 |
51 |
92 |
|
05 |
Riodinidae |
01 |
03 |
09 |
|
06 |
Hesperiidae |
03 |
44 |
84 |
|
Total |
25 |
187 |
420 |
|
Table 2. Annotated list of butterflies recorded in Dzongu, northern
Sikkim during the study period.
|
|
Scientific name |
Common name |
Habitats |
W(P)AA, 2022 |
Endemic to northeastern India |
|
Family: Papilionidae Subfamily: Papilioninae |
|||||
|
1 |
Graphium antiphates nebulosus |
Himalayan Five-bar Swordtail |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
2 |
Graphium chironides chironides |
Darjeeling Veined Jay |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
3 |
Graphium cloanthus cloanthus |
Himalayan Glassy Bluebottle |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
4 |
Graphium doson axionides |
Himalayan Common Jay |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
5 |
Graphium eurous sikkimica |
East Himalayan Six-bar
Swordtail |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
6 |
Graphium eurypylus acheron |
Indo-Chinese Great Jay |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
7 |
Graphium macareus indicus |
East Himalayan Lesser Zebra |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
8 |
Graphium paphus |
(Spectacle) Swordtail |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
9 |
Graphium sarpedon sarpedon |
Oriental Common Bluebottle |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
10 |
Graphium xenocles xenocles |
Great Zebra |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
11 |
Graphium agamemnon agamemnon |
Oriental tailed Jay |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
12 |
Papilio clytia |
Common Mime |
TSF |
SC II |
|
|
13 |
Papilio agestor agestor |
East Himalayan Tawny Mime |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
14 |
Papilio alcmenor alcmenor |
Khasi Red-breasted Mormon |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
15 |
Papilio arcturus arcturus |
East Himalayan Blue Peacock |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
16 |
Papilio bianor ganesa |
East Himalayan Common Peacock |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
17 |
Papilio bootes janaka |
Himalayan- tailed Redbreast |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
18 |
Papilio castor polias |
Himalayan Common Raven |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
19 |
Papilio demoleus demoleus |
Northern Lime Butterfly |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
20 |
Papilio epycides epycides |
Himalayan Lesser Mime |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
21 |
Papilio helenus helenus |
Oriental Red Helen |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
22 |
Papilio krishna krishna |
Himalayan Krishna Peacock |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
23 |
Papilio chaon chaon |
Khasi Yellow Helen |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
24 |
Papilio paris paris |
Chinese Paris Peacock |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
25 |
Papilio polytes romulus |
Indian Common Mormon |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
26 |
Papilio protenor euprotenor |
Himalayan Spangle |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
27 |
Papilio janaka |
Red-banded Mormon |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
28 |
Papilio agenor agenor |
Continental Great Mormon |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
29 |
Meandrusa lachinus lachinus |
Himalayan Brown Gorgon |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
30 |
Teinopalpus imperialis
imperialis |
Himalayan Kaiser-i-Hind |
STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
31 |
Atrophaneura adioneus |
Lesser Batwing |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
32 |
Atrophaneura varuna |
Common Batwing |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
33 |
Byasa dasarada dasarada |
East Himalayan Great Windmill |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
34 |
Byasa latreillei latreillei |
Himalayan Rose Windmill |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
35 |
Byasa polyeuctes polyeuctes |
Common Windmill |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
36 |
Pachiopta aristolochiae
aristolochiae |
Indian Common Rose |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
37 |
Troides aeacus aeacus |
Khasi Golden Birdwing |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
38 |
Troides helena cerberus |
Khasi Common Birdwing |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
Family: Pieridae Subfamily: Coliadinae |
|||||
|
39 |
Catopsilia pomona pomona |
Oriental Lemon Emigrant |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
40 |
Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe |
Oriental Mottled Emigrant |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
41 |
Colias fieldii fieldii |
Himalayan Dark Clouded Yellow |
TSF, STF, WTF, CTF |
|
|
|
42 |
Dercas lycorias lycorias |
Sylhet Plain Sulphur |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
43 |
Dercas verhuelli doubledayi |
Indo-Chinese tailed Sulphur |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
44 |
Eurema andersonii jordani |
Sikkim One-spot Grass Yellow |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
45 |
Eurema blanda silhetana |
Sylhat Three-spot Grass Yellow |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
46 |
Eurema brightta rubella |
Red-line Small Grass Yellow |
TSF |
|
|
|
47 |
Eurema hecabe hecabe |
Oriental Common Grass Yellow |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
48 |
Eurema laeta laeta |
Indian Spotless Grass Yellow |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
49 |
Eurema simulatrix sarinoides |
Changeable Grass Yellow |
TSF |
|
Endemic |
|
50 |
Gandaca harina assamica |
Assam Tree Yellow |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
Subfamily: Pierinae |
|||||
|
51 |
Hebomoia glaucippe glaucippe |
Oriental Great Orange-tip |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
52 |
Appias albina darada |
Common Albatross |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
53 |
Appias indra indra |
Himalayan Plain Puffin |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
54 |
Appias lalage lalage |
Himalayan Spot Puffin |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
55 |
Appias lyncida eleonora |
Indo-Chinese Chocolate
Albotross |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
56 |
Belenois aurota aurota |
Indian Pioneer |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
57 |
Cepora nadina nadina |
Khasi Lesser Gull |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
58 |
Cepora nerissa nerissa |
Chinese Common Gull |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
59 |
Delias acalis pyramus |
Himalayan Redbreast Jezebel |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
60 |
Delias agostina agostina |
Sikkim Yellow Jezebel |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
61 |
Delias belladonna ithiela |
Sikkim Hill Jezebel |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
62 |
Delias descombesi descombesi |
Red-spot Jezebel |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
63 |
Delias eucharis |
Indian Jezebel |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
64 |
Delias hyparete indica |
Indian Painted Jezebel |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
65 |
Delias pasithoe pasithoe |
Chinese Red-base Jezebel |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
66 |
Delias sanaca bhutya |
Eastern Himalayan Pale Jezebel |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
67 |
Pieris brassicae nepalensis |
Nepalese Large Cabbage White |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
68 |
Pieris canidia indica |
Himalayan Cabbage White |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
69 |
Pontia daplidice moorei |
Himalayan Bath White |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
70 |
Ixias pyrene |
Yellow Orange-tip |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
Family: Nymphalidae Subfamily: Danainae |
|||||
|
71 |
Danaus chrysippus chrysippus |
Orental Plain Tiger |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
72 |
Danaus genutia genutia |
Oriental Striped Tiger |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
73 |
Euploea core core |
Indian Common Crow |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
74 |
Euploea mulciber mulciber |
Bengal Striped Blue Crow |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
75 |
Parantica aglea melanoides |
Himalayan Glassy Tiger |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
76 |
Parantica melaneus plataniston |
Himalayan Chocolate Tiger |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
77 |
Parantica pedonga |
Pedong Tiger |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
78 |
Parantica sita sita |
Himalayan Chestnut Tiger |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
79 |
Tirumala limniace exoticus |
Oriental Blue Tiger |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
80 |
Tirumala septentrionis
septentrionis |
Oriential Dark Blue Tiger |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
Subfamily: Apaturinae |
|||||
|
81 |
Euripus nyctelius nyctelius |
Courtesan |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
82 |
Helcyra hemina hemina |
Indian White Emperor |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
83 |
Herona marathus marathus |
Assam Pasha |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
84 |
Hestinalis nama nama |
Sylhet Circe |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
85 |
Mimathyma ambica ambica |
East Himalayan Purple Emperor |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
86 |
Chitoria sordida sordida |
Sordid Emperor |
TSF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
87 |
Rohana parisatis parisatis |
Assam Black Prince |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
88 |
Rohana parvata parvata |
Himalayan Brown Prince |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
89 |
Sephisa chandra chandra |
Indian Eastern Courtier |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
Subfamily: Biblidinae |
|||||
|
90 |
Ariadne merione tapestrina |
Intricate Common Castor |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
Subfamily: Calinaginae |
|||||
|
91 |
Calinaga gautama |
Elongated Freak |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
Subfamily: Charaxinae |
|||||
|
92 |
Charaxes bernardus hierax |
Variable Tawny Rajah |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
93 |
Charaxes bharata |
Indian Nawab |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
94 |
Charaxes dolon centralis |
Himalayan Stately Nawab |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
95 |
Charaxes eudamippus eudamippus |
Himalayan Great Nawab |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
96 |
Charaxes marmax marmax |
Yellow Rajah |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
Subfamily: Cyrestinae |
|||||
|
97 |
Chersonesia risa risa |
Oriental Common Maplet |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
98 |
Cyrestis thyodamas thyodamas |
Oriental Map Butterfly |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
Subfamily: Heliconiinae |
|||||
|
99 |
Acraea issoria issoria |
Himalayan Yellow Coster |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
100 |
Cethosia biblis tisamena |
Himalayan Red Lacewing |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
101 |
Cethosia cyane cyane |
Bengal Leopard Lacewing |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
102 |
Argynnis childreni childreni |
Himalayan Large Silverstripe |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
103 |
Argynnis hyperbius hyperbius |
Chinese Tropical Fritillary |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
104 |
Issoria issaea |
Himalayan Queen Fritillary |
STF, WTF |
|
|
|
105 |
Cirrochroa aoris aoris |
Himalayan Large Yeoman |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
106 |
Phalanta phalantha |
Oriental Common Leopard |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
107 |
Vindula erota erota |
Cruiser |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
Subfamily: Libytheinae |
|||||
|
108 |
Libythea lepita lepita |
Himalayan Common Beak |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
109 |
Libythea myrrha sanguinalis |
Ochreous Club Beak |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
Subfamily: Limenitidinae |
|||||
|
110 |
Abrota ganga ganga |
Assam Sergeant-major |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
111 |
Bassarona durga durga |
Himalayan Blue Duke |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
112 |
Euthalia aconthea garuda |
Himalayan Common Baron |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
113 |
Euthalia alpheda jama |
Himalayan Streaked Baron |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
114 |
Euthalia franciae franciae |
Himalayan French Duke |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
115 |
Euthalia iva iva |
Himalayan Grand Duke |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
116 |
Euthalia lubentina lubentina |
Chinese Gaudy Baron |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
117 |
Euthalia monina kesava |
Assam Powdered Baron |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
118 |
Euthalia nara nara |
Himalayan Bronze Duke |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
119 |
Euthalia phemius phemius |
Sylhet White-edged Blue Baron |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
120 |
Euthalia sahadeva sahadeva |
Chinese Green Duke |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
121 |
Euthalia saitaphernes
saitaphernes |
Himalayan Spotless Baron |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
122 |
Euthalia telchinia |
Blue Baron |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
123 |
Neurosigma siva siva |
Sylhet Panther |
STF, BTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
124 |
Tanaecia julii appiades |
Changeable Common Earl |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
125 |
Athyma cama cama |
Himalayan Orange Staff Sergeant |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
126 |
Athyma inara inara |
Colour Sergeant |
TSF |
|
|
|
127 |
Athyma jina jina |
Bhutan Sergeant |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
128 |
Athyma orientalis |
Elongated Sergeant |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
129 |
Athyma ranga ranga |
Himalayan Blackvein Sergeant |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
130 |
Athyma selenophora bahula |
Sylhet Staff Sergreant |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
131 |
Athyma zeroca zeroca |
Khasi Small Staff Sergeant |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
132 |
Auzakia danava danava |
Indian Commodore |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
133 |
Moduza procris procris |
Oriental Commander |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
134 |
Parasarpa dudu dudu |
Sylhet White Commodore |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
135 |
Parasarpa zayla zayla |
Himalayan Bicolor Commodore |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
136 |
Sumalia daraxa daraxa |
Sylhet Green Commodore |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
137 |
Sumalia zulema |
Scarce White Commodore |
STF, WTF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
138 |
Neptis ananta ochracea |
East Himalayan Yellow Sailer |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
139 |
Neptis cartica cartica |
Himalayan Plain Sailer |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
140 |
Neptis clinia susruta |
Himalayan Sullied Sailer |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
141 |
Neptis hylas varmona |
Indian Common Sailer |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
142 |
Neptis manasa manasa |
Himalayan Pale Hockeystick
Sailer |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
143 |
Neptis nata adipala |
Khasi Clear Sailer |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
144 |
Neptis nycteus nycteus |
Sikkim Hockeystick Sailer |
STF, WTF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
145 |
Neptis pseudovikasi |
False Dingy Sailer |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
146 |
Neptis radha radha |
Himalayan Great Yellow Sailer |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
147 |
Neptis sankara amba |
East Himalayan Broad-banded
Sailer |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
148 |
Neptis sappho astola |
Himalayan Rusty Sailer |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
149 |
Neptis soma soma |
Sylhet Creamy Sailer |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
150 |
Neptis zaida bhutanica |
East Himalayan Pale Green
Sailer |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
151 |
Pantoporia hordonia hordonia |
Oriental Common Lascar |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
152 |
Pantoporia paraka paraka |
Oriental Perak Lascar |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
153 |
Phaedyma columella |
Short-banded Sailer |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
Subfamily: Pseudergolinae |
|||||
|
154 |
Dichorragia nesimachus
nesimachus |
Himalayan Constable |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
155 |
Pseudergolis wedah wedah |
Himalayan Tabby |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
156 |
Stibochiona nicea nicea |
Himalayan Popinjay |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
Subfamily: Satyrinae |
|||||
|
157 |
Aemona amathusia |
Yellow Dryad |
STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
158 |
Discophora sondaica zal |
Indian Common Duffer |
TSF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
159 |
Discophora timora timora |
Great Duffer |
TSF |
|
Endemic |
|
160 |
Enispe euthymius euthymius |
Himalayan Red Caliph |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
161 |
Stichophthalma camadeva
camadeva |
Northern Jungle Queen |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
162 |
Thaumantis diores diores |
Assam Jungleglory |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
163 |
Elymnias malelas malelas |
Bengal Spotted Palmfly |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
164 |
Elymnias patna patna |
Larger Blue-striped Palmfly |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
165 |
Elymnias vasudeva |
Jezebel Palmfly |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
166 |
Melanitis leda leda |
Oriental Common Evening Brown |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
167 |
Melanitis phedima bela |
Bengal Dark Evening Brown |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
168 |
Melanitis zitenius zitenius |
Himalayan Great Evening Brown |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
169 |
Aulocera brahminus |
Narrow-banded Satyr |
STF |
|
|
|
170 |
Aulocera loha japroa |
Doherty’s Satyr |
STF |
|
Endemic |
|
171 |
Callerebia narasingha
narasingha |
Himalayan Mottled Argus |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
172 |
Callerebia scanda opima |
East Himalayan Pallid Argus |
WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
173 |
Lethe baladeva baladeva |
Himalayan Treble Silverstripe |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
174 |
Lethe bhairava |
Rusty Forester |
STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
175 |
Lethe brisanda |
Dark Forester |
WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
176 |
Lethe chandica chandica |
Darjeeling Angled Red Forester |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
177 |
Lethe confusa confuse |
Himalayan Banded Treebrown |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
178 |
Lethe distans |
Scarce Red Forester |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
179 |
Lethe dura gammiei |
Bhutan Scarce Lilacfork |
TSE, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
180 |
Lethe gulnihal gulnihal |
Dull Forester |
STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
181 |
Lethe isana dinarbas |
Himalayan Common Forester |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
182 |
Lethe kansa |
Bamboo Forester |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
183 |
Lethe latiaris latiaris |
Himalayan Pale Forester |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
184 |
Lethe margaritae |
Bhutan Treebrown |
STF, WTF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
185 |
Lethe mekara mekara |
Darjeeling Common Red Forester |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
186 |
Lethe nicetas |
Yellow Woodbrown |
STF, WTF |
|
|
|
187 |
Lethe nicetella |
Small Woodbrown |
WTF, SAF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
188 |
Lethe ramadeva |
Single Silverstripe |
STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
189 |
Lethe scanda |
Blue Forester |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
190 |
Lethe serbonis |
Brown Forester |
WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
191 |
Lethe siderea sidereal |
Himalayan Scarce Woodbrown |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
192 |
Lethe sidonis |
Common Woodbrown |
STF, WTF, SAF |
|
|
|
193 |
Lethe sinorix sinorix |
Assam tailed Red Forester |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
194 |
Lethe sura |
Lilacfork |
STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
195 |
Lethe verma sintica |
East Himalayan Straight-banded
Treebrown |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
196 |
Lethe visrava |
White-edged Woodbrown |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
197 |
Mycalesis francisca sanatana |
Himalayan Lilacine Bushbrown |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
198 |
Mycalesis suaveolens suaveolens |
East Himalayan Vanilla
Bushbrown |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
199 |
Mycalesis visala visala |
Indian Long-branded Bushbrown |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
200 |
Neope bhadra |
Tailed Labyrinth |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
201 |
Neope pulaha pulaha |
East Himalayan Veined Labyrinth |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
202 |
Neope yama yama |
Bhutanese Dusky Labyrinth |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
203 |
Orinoma damaris damris |
Himalayan Tigerbrown |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
204 |
Orsotriaena medus medus |
Oriental Medus Brown |
TSF |
|
|
|
205 |
Ragadia crisilda crisilda |
Sylhet White-striped Ringlet |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
206 |
Ragadia crito |
Dusky-striped Ringlet |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
207 |
Rhaphicera moorei mantra |
Himalayan Small Tawny Wall |
WTF, SAF |
|
Endemic |
|
208 |
Rhaphicera satricus satricus |
Himalayan Large Tawny Wall |
WTF, SAF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
209 |
Telinga heri |
Large-eyed Bushbrown |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
210 |
Telinga malsara |
White-line Bushbrown |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
211 |
Telinga mestra vetus |
Bhutan White-edged Bushbrown |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
212 |
Telinga nicotia |
Bright-eye Bushbrown |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
213 |
Ypthima baldus baldus |
Himalayan Common Five-ring |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
214 |
Ypthima newara newara |
Himalayan Newar Three-ring |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
215 |
Ypthima sacra sakra |
East Himalayan Five-ring |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
216 |
Neorina hilda |
Yellow Owl |
WTF, SAF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
Subfamily: Nymphalinae |
|||||
|
217 |
Hypolimnas bolina jacintha |
Oriental Great Eggfly |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
218 |
Junonia almana almana |
Oriental Peacock Pansy |
STF |
|
|
|
219 |
Junonia atlites atlites |
Oriental Grey Pansy |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
220 |
Junonia hierta hierta |
Oriental Yellow Pansy |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
221 |
Junonia iphita iphita |
Oriental Chocolate Pansy |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
222 |
Junonia lemonias lemonias |
Lemon Pansy |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
223 |
Junonia orithya |
Blue Pansy |
STF |
|
|
|
224 |
Doleschallia bisaltide indica |
Himalayan Autumn Leaf |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
225 |
Kallima inachus inachus |
Himalayan Orange Oakleaf |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
226 |
Kallima knyvettii |
Scarce Blue Oakleaf |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
227 |
Aglais caschmirensis aesis |
Himalayan Tortoiseshell |
TSF, STF, WTF, SAF |
|
|
|
228 |
Kaniska canace canace |
Chinese Blue Admiral |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
229 |
Symbrenthia brabira brabira |
Himalayan Yellow Jester |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
230 |
Symbrenthia hypselis cotanda |
Himalayan Spotted Jester |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
231 |
Symbrenthia lilaea khasiana |
Khasi Common Jester |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
232 |
Symbrenthia niphanda niphanda |
Himalayan Blue-tailed Jester |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
233 |
Symbrenthia silana |
Scarce Jester |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
234 |
Vanessa cardui |
Painted Lady |
TSF, STF, WTF, SAF |
|
|
|
235 |
Vanessa indica indica |
Himalayan Red Admiral |
TSF, STF, WTF, SAF |
|
|
|
Family: Lycaenidae Subfamily: Curetinae |
|||||
|
236 |
Curetis bulis bulis |
Bright Sunbeam |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
Subfamily: Lycaeninae |
|||||
|
237 |
Heliophorus brahma brahma |
Himalayan Golden Sapphire |
TSF, STF, WTF, SAF |
|
Endemic |
|
238 |
Heliophorus epicles latilimbata |
Himalayn Purple Sapphire |
TSF, STF, WTF, SAF |
|
|
|
239 |
Heliophorus indicus |
Dark Sapphire |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
240 |
Heliophorus moorei moorei |
Bhutan Azure Sapphire |
STF, WTF, SAF |
|
Endemic |
|
241 |
Heliophorus tamu tamu |
Himalayan Powdery Green
Sapphire |
STF, WTF |
|
|
|
242 |
Heliophorus pseudonexus |
Modest Sapphire |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
Subfamily: Miletinae |
|||||
|
243 |
Allotinus drumila drumila |
Himalayan Crenulate Mottle |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
|
|
244 |
Miletus chinensis assamensis |
Assam Common Mottle |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
245 |
Taraka hamada mendesia |
Mendacious Forest Pierrot |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
Subfamily: Polyommatinae |
|||||
|
246 |
Anthene emolus emolus |
Bengal Common Ciliate Blue |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
247 |
Anthene lycaenina lycambes |
Himalayan Pointed Ciliate Blue |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
248 |
Acytolepis puspa gisca |
Himalayan Common Hedge Blue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
249 |
Caleta elna noliteia |
Indo-Chinese Elbowed Pierrot |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
250 |
Catochrysops panormus exiguus |
Malay Silver Forget-me-not |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
251 |
Catochrysops strabo strabo |
Oriental Forget-me-not |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
252 |
Celastrina argiolus iynteana |
Hill Hedge Blue |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
253 |
Celastrina lavendularis |
Eastern Plain Hedge Blue |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
254 |
Celatoxia marginata marginata |
Sikkim Margined Hedge Blue |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
255 |
Chilades pandava pandava |
Oriental Plains Cupid |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
256 |
Ionolyce helicon marguiana |
Pointed Lineblue |
TSF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
257 |
Jamides alecto eurysaces |
Himalayan Metallic Cerulean |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
258 |
Jamides bochus bochus |
Indian Dark Cerulean |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
259 |
Jamides celeno celeno |
Oriental Common Cerulean |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
260 |
Jamides elpis |
Glistening Cerulean |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
261 |
Jamides pura pura |
Continental White Cerulean |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
262 |
Lampides boeticus |
Pea Blue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
263 |
Leptotes plinius plinius |
Zebra Blue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
264 |
Lestranicus transpectus |
White-banded Hedge Blue |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
265 |
Megisba malaya sikkima |
Malayan |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
266 |
Nacaduba beroe gythion |
Assam Opaque Six-Lineblue |
STF |
|
|
|
267 |
Nacaduba kurava euplea |
Sikkim Transparent Six-Lineblue |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
268 |
Nacaduba pactolus continentalis |
Continental Large Four-Lineblue |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
269 |
Neopithecops zalmora zalmora |
Myanmar Common Quaker |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
270 |
Orthomiella pontis pontis |
Darjeeling Straightwing Blue |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
271 |
Petrelaea dana |
Dingy Lineblue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
272 |
Prosotas bhutea |
Bhutia Lineblue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
273 |
Prosotas dubiosa indica |
Indian Tailless Lineblue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
274 |
Prosotas nora ardates |
Indian Common Lineblue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
275 |
Prosotas pia marginate |
Margined Additional Lineblue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
276 |
Tarucus ananda |
Dark Pierrot |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
277 |
Udara albocaeruleus
albocaeruleus |
Himalayan Albocerulean |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
278 |
Udara dilectus dilectus |
Himalayan Pale Hedge Blue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
279 |
Pseudozizeeria maha maha |
Himalayan Pale Grass Blue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
280 |
Zizeeria karsandra |
Dark Grass Blue |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
281 |
Zizula hylax hylax |
Indian Tiny Grass Blue |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
Subfamily: Poritiinae |
|||||
|
282 |
Poritia hewitsoni hewitsoni |
Himalayan Common Gem |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
Subfamily: Theclinae |
|||||
|
283 |
Iraota timoleon timoleon |
Oriental Silverstreak Blue |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
284 |
Cigaritis evansii evansii |
Naga Rufous Silverline |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
285 |
Cigaritis lohita himalayanus |
Himalayan Long-banded Silver |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
286 |
Cigaritis rukma |
Cinnamon Silverline |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
287 |
Cigaritis rukmini |
Khaki Silverline |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
288 |
Cigaritis syama |
Club Silverline |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
289 |
Arhopala bazalus teesta |
Teesta Powdered Oakblue |
STF, WTF |
|
|
|
290 |
Arhopala eumolphus eumolphus |
Bengal Green Oakblue |
STF, WTF |
|
|
|
291 |
Arhopala paraganesa zephyretta |
Patkai Dusky Bushblue |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
292 |
Arhopala paramuta paramuta |
Sikkim Hooked Oakblue |
STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
293 |
Arhopala rama |
Himalayan Dark Oakblue |
STF, WTF |
|
|
|
294 |
Arhopala singla |
Pointed Oakblue |
STF, WTF |
|
|
|
295 |
Flos areste |
Tailless Plushblue |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
296 |
Flos chinensis |
Chinese Plushblue |
STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
297 |
Flos fulgida fulgida |
Shining Plushblue |
STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
298 |
Surendra quercetorum |
Himalayan Common Acacia Blue |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
299 |
Acupicta delicatum |
Dark Tinsel |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
300 |
Catapaecilma major |
Himalayan Common Tinsel |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
301 |
Cheritrella truncipennis |
Truncate Imperial |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
302 |
Drupadia scaeva cyara |
Himalayan Blue Posy |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
303 |
Ticherra acte acte |
Himalayan Blue Imperial |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
304 |
Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas |
Oriental Cornelian |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
305 |
Rapala damona |
Malay Red Flash |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
306 |
Rapala manea schistacea |
Bengal Slate Flash |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
307 |
Rapala nissa ranta |
Himalayan Common Flash |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
308 |
Rapala pheretima petosiris |
Copper Flash |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
309 |
Rapala refulgens |
Refulgent Flash |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
310 |
Rapala tara |
Branded Flash |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
311 |
Rapala varuna |
Indigo Flash |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
312 |
Sinthusa chandrana grotei |
East Himalayan Broad Spark |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
313 |
Sinthusa nasaka amba |
Malayan Narrow Spark |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
314 |
Hypolycaena erylus himavantus |
Sikkim Common Tit |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
315 |
Hypolycaena kina kina |
Darjeeling Blue Tit |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
|
|
316 |
Hypolycaena othona othona |
Oriental Orchid Tit |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
|
|
317 |
Zeltus amasa amasa |
Indian Fluffy Tit |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
318 |
Neocheritra fabronia fabronia |
Indo-Chinese Pale Grand
Imperial |
TSF, STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
319 |
Tajuria maculatus |
Spotted Royal |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
320 |
Tajuria yajna istroidea |
Chestnut-and-Black Royal |
TSF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
321 |
Tajuria diaeus diaeus |
Himalayan Straightline Royal |
TSF |
SC II |
|
|
322 |
Creon cleobis (Godart, [1824]) |
Broad-tail Royal |
TSF |
|
|
|
323 |
Ancema ctesia ctesia |
Himalayan Bi-spot Royal |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
324 |
Remelana jangala |
Northern Chocolate Royal |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
325 |
Euaspa milionia milionia |
Himalayan Water Hairstreak |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
326 |
Euaspa pavo |
Peacock Hairstreak |
TSF, STF |
SC I |
Endemic |
|
327 |
Shirozuozephyrus kirbariensis |
Kirbari Hairstreak |
STF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
Family: Riodinidae Subfamily: Nemeobiinae |
|||||
|
328 |
Abisara chela chela |
Sikkim Spot Judy |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
329 |
Abisara fylla |
Dark Judy |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
330 |
Abisara neophron neophronides |
Khasi tailed Judy |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
331 |
Dodona adonira |
Himalayan Striped Punch |
STF, WTF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
332 |
Dodona dipoea dipoea |
Himalayan Lesser Punch |
STF, WTF, SAF |
SC II |
Endemic |
|
333 |
Dodona egeon egeon |
Himalayan Orange Punch |
TSF, STF |
SC II |
|
|
334 |
Dodona eugenes venox |
Tailed Punch |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
335 |
Dodona ouida ouida |
Darjeeling Mixed Punch |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
336 |
Zemeros flegyas flegyas |
Himalayan Punchinello |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
Family: Hesperiidae Subfamily: Coeliadinae |
|||||
|
337 |
Badamia exclamationis |
Brown Awl |
TSF |
|
|
|
338 |
Burara amara |
Small Green Awlet |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
339 |
Burara gomata gomata |
Bengal Pale Green Awlet |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
340 |
Burara jaina jaina |
Darjeeling Common Orange Awlet |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
341 |
Burara oedipodea belesis |
Himalayan Branded Orange Awlet |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
342 |
Burara vasutana |
Green Awlet |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
343 |
Choaspes spp. |
Awlking spp. |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
344 |
Hasora anura anura |
Himalayan Slate Awl |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
345 |
Hasora badra badra |
Oriental Common Awl |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
346 |
Hasora chromus chromus |
Oriental Common Banded Awl |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
347 |
Hasora taminatus bhavara |
Himalayan White-banded Awl |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
348 |
Hasora vita indica |
Indian Plain Banded Awl |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
Subfamily: Hesperiinae |
|||||
|
349 |
Aeromachus jhora jhora |
Sikkim Grey Scrub Hopper |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
350 |
Aeromachus pygmaeus |
Pygmy Scrub Hopper |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
351 |
Aeromachus stigmata stigmata |
Himalayan Veined Scrub Hopper |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
352 |
Ampittia subvittatus
subradiatus |
Khasi Tiger Hopper |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
353 |
Ancistroides nigrita diocles |
Bengal Chocolate Demon |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
354 |
Erionota torus |
Rounded Palm-redeye |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
355 |
Halpe aucma |
Gold-spotted Ace |
TSF |
|
Endemic |
|
356 |
Halpe filda |
Absent Ace |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
357 |
Halpe zema zema |
Sikkim Zema Banded Ace |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
358 |
Iambrix salsala salsala |
Eastern Chestnut Bob |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
359 |
Koruthaialos butleri |
Dark Velvet Bob |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
360 |
Matapa aria |
Common Branded Redeye |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
361 |
Matapa cresta |
Fringed Branded Redeye |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
362 |
Matapa druna |
Grey-branded Redeye |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
363 |
Matapa sasivarna |
Black-veined Branded Redeye |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
364 |
Notocrypta curvifascia |
Restricted Demon |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
365 |
Notocrypta feisthamelii alysos |
Himalayan Spotted Demon |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
366 |
Notocrypta paralysos |
Common Banded Demon |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
367 |
Pedesta masuriensis masuriensis |
White-spotted Mussoorie Bush
Bob |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
368 |
Pedesta pandita |
Brown Bush Bob |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
369 |
Pirdana major |
Himalayan Green-striped Palmer |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
370 |
Pithauria murdava |
Dark Straw Ace |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
371 |
Pithauria stramineipennis |
Light Straw Ace |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
372 |
Scobura cephala |
Extra Forest Bob |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
373 |
Sebastonyma dolopia |
Tufted Ace |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
374 |
Sovia separata separata |
Chequered Ace |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
375 |
Zographetus satwa |
Purple and Gold Flitter |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
376 |
Zographetus dzonguensis |
Chocolate-bordered Flitter |
TSF |
|
Endemic |
|
377 |
Salanoemia noemi |
Yellow Spotted Lancer |
TSF |
|
Endemic |
|
378 |
Baoris farri |
Complete Paint-brush Swift |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
379 |
Baoris pagana |
Figure-of-8 Swift |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
380 |
Borbo bevani |
Lesser Rice Swift |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
381 |
Borbo cinnara |
Rice Swift |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
382 |
Caltoris tulsi tulsi |
Himalayan Purple Swift |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
383 |
Parnara guttatus mangala |
Himalayan Straight Swift |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
384 |
Pelopidas agna agna |
Bengal Obscure Branded Swift |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
385 |
Pelopidas assamensis |
Great Swift |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
386 |
Pelopidas sinensis |
Chinese Branded Swift |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
387 |
Polytremis discreta discreta |
Himalayan White-fringed Swift |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
388 |
Polytremis eltola eltola |
Darjeeling Yellow-spot Swift |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
389 |
Cephrenes acalle oceanica |
Variable Plain Palm-Dart |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
390 |
Oriens gola pseudolus |
Oriental Common Dartlet |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
391 |
Oriens goloides |
Smaller Dartlet |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
392 |
Telicota bambusae bambusae |
Oriental Dark Palm-Dart |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
Subfamily: Pyrginae |
|||||
|
393 |
Celaenorrhinus badia |
Scarce Banded Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
394 |
Celaenorrhinus dhanada |
Yellow-banded Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
395 |
Celaenorrhinus leucocera |
Common Spotted Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
396 |
Celaenorrhinus munda |
Himalayan Spotted Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
397 |
Celaenorrhinus patula |
Large Spotted Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
398 |
Celaenorrhinus ratna |
East Himalayan Ratna Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
399 |
Celaenorrhinus putra putra |
Restricted Spotted Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
400 |
Pseudocoladenia dan fabia |
Himalayan Fulvous Pied Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
401 |
Pseudocoladenia fatua |
Ruddy Pied Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
402 |
Pseudocoladenia festa |
Dull Pied Flat |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
403 |
Pintara tabrica |
Crenulate Orange Flat |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
404 |
Capila jayadeva |
Striped Dawnfly |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
405 |
Capila lidderdali |
Ringed Dawnfly |
TSF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
406 |
Chamunda chamunda |
Olive Flat |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
407 |
Coladenia agni agni |
Himalayan Brown Pied Flat |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
408 |
Coladenia hoenei |
Large Spot Pied Flat |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
409 |
Ctenoptilum vasava vasava |
Himalayan Tawny Angle |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
410 |
Darpa hanria |
Hairy Angle |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
411 |
Gerosis phisara phisara |
Khasi Dusky Yellow-breast Flat |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
412 |
Gerosis sinica narada |
Sikkim White Yellow-breasted
Flat |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
413 |
Mooreana trichoneura pralaya |
Yellow-veined Flat |
TSF, STF |
|
Endemic |
|
414 |
Odontoptilum angulata angulata |
Oriental Chestnut Angle |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
415 |
Satarupa gopala gopala |
Sikkim Large White Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
416 |
Satarupa zulla zulla |
Himalayan Equal White Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
Endemic |
|
417 |
Seseria dohertyi dohertyi |
Himalayan Contiguous Seseria |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
418 |
Seseria sambara sambara |
Himalayan Notched Seseria |
TSF, STF |
|
|
|
419 |
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa |
Sylhet Water Snow Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
|
420 |
Tagiades menaka menaka |
Bengal Spotted Flat |
TSF, STF, WTF |
|
|
For
figures & images - - click here for full PDF
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