Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2024 | 16(11): 26063–26077

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9186.16.11.26063-26077

#9186 | Received 06 June 2024 | Final received 15 September 2024 | Finally accepted 09 October 2024

Endemicity and diversity of birds of the Kuvempu University Campus, Shivamogga District, Karnataka: an updated checklist

M.N. Harisha ¹ & B.B. Hosetti ²

^1,2 Kuvempu University, Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Wildlife and Management, Kuvempu University,

Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451, India.

¹ harishwild@gmail.com (corresponding author), ² hosetti57@gmail.com

Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 November 2024 (online & print)

Citation: Harisha, M.N. & B.B. Hosetti (2024). Endemicity and diversity of birds of the Kuvempu University Campus, Shivamogga District, Karnataka: an updated checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(11): 26063–26077. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9186.16.11.26063-26077

Copyright: © Harisha & Hosetti 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: Self-funded.

Author details: Harisha, M.N., is serving as a guest faculty in the Department of Wildlife and Management, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka. He participated in curriculum development and various other community services. He advised more than 32 postgraduate students and published 23 articles in reputable journals. His areas of research interest include animal ecology, conservation biology, entomology and ornithology. B.B. Hosetti is a retired professor in the department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife management, Kuvempu University. He conducted many researches in various fields, especially in wetland ecology, environmental pollution, biodiversity and entomology. He advised more than 22 PhD students and published more than 120 articles in reputed journals, and edited more than 12 books on biodiversity and wildlife conservation.

Author contributions: MNH involved in the design of the research, survey, data collection, analysis and write up of the manuscript. BBH contributed in supervision of data collection and manuscript preparation.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: I thank faculties of the Department of Wildlife and Management and authorities of the Kuvempu University, for granting permission to carry out this study and also thankful to our students, Ms. Amrutha Rajan (AR), Ms. V.S. Dhanyashree (VSD), Mr. Abhishek Pujari (AP), Mr. K.V. Chethan (KVC), Mr. Suraj Channabasu Revadigar (SCR), and Mr. N.J. Karthik (NJK) for their assistance while photographing birds during the field survey and also for contributing some of their valuable bird photographs for this paper.

Abstract: The updated checklist of birds at Kuvempu University Campus including present and past records, now contains 229 species, belonging to 16 orders and 62 families. A family-wise analysis showed that Accipitridae dominated the avifauna of the region (16 species), followed by Muscicapidae (14 species), Picidae (11 species), Columbidae (9 species), Strigidae (8 species), and Cuculidae, Alaudidae, Sturnidae, & Motacillidae (7 species each). The community consists of 83% (190 species) resident and 17% (39 species) winter migrant species. The study also documented four species of birds that are classified as ‘Near Threatened’ (Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus, Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus, and Grey-headed Bulbul Microtarsus priocephalus), one ‘Endangered’ Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, and one ‘Vulnerable’ Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The campus harbours 69 species, of which 14 are endemic to both the Indian Subcontinent and the Western Ghats. The study highlights the impact of anthropogenic activities as the main cause for the loss of diversity of birds and their habitats and emphasizes the urgent need to conserve this biodiversity-rich area with long-term monitoring programs.

Keywords: Bird conservation, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, campus birds, endangered, endemic, threatened, vulnerable species, winter migrants, Western Ghats.

INTRODUCTION

Birds are the best monitors of environmental changes and serve as ecological indicators to assess habitat quality (Bibby 1999; Morelli et al. 2014). The changes in their composition, population behavior patterns, and reproductive ability have most often been used to assess the long-term effects of habitat fragmentation. Hence, they are good indicators of the ecological status of any given ecosystem (Harisha & Hosetti 2009; Byju et al. 2023).

Bird species composition is highly related to the forest vegetation types and depends on stratification, canopy density, altitude, season, and disturbance (Bilgrami 1995; Das 2008; Jayson & Mathew 2003) and their assemblage structure is affected by changes in habitat either due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances (Duguay et al. 2000; Weakland et al. 2002; Rahayuningsih et al. 2007). Also, a seasonal change in the species diversity of birds occurs in forests due to their foraging behaviour (Robertson & Hackwell 1995). The diversity, abundance, and distribution of birds, particularly of native species, positively correlate with the increasing structural complexity of the vegetation and have an impact on birds in terms of their food, water, and cover (Gregory et al. 2003; Clawges et al. 2008; Rajpar & Zakaria 2011).

Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary has more than 253 species of birds (Referred to as eBird Field Checklist Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary - Lakkavalli, Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka, IN; ebird.org/india/hotspot/L3134967). The birds of Kuvempu University (KU) Campus have been documented since 1997. The first published systematic bird list from the KU campus reported 94 species (Nazneen et al. 2000). Later, it was updated with the addition of 41 species (Dinesh et al. 2007). Except for these reports, no detailed long-term studies have been done on the diversity of birds in the Campus. In this context, the present study was undertaken to record the status, composition, and endemicity of birds of the KU Campus, Shivamogga.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area

Kuvempu University Campus (13.7359 °N & 75.6324 °E) in the tropical climatic zone is hilly and the elevation gradually varies 680–720 m (Image 1). The campus is located 24 km south-east of Shivamogga City and 4 km north of Bhadra Reservoir, amidst the dry deciduous forest, and is on the edge of Bhadra Tiger Reserve and Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. The University campus sprawls over an area of 132.012 ha in that around 56.48% (74.56 ha) of land is forest area (undisturbed area) and the remaining 43.51% (57.45 ha) of land is used for construction & vegetation cover of the university buildings blending naturally with the varied landscape types. Annual rainfall is around 1,000 mm; the average temperature varies 18–36 °C and the average humidity ranges 60–75 %.

Vegetation structure

The predominating vegetation of the campus is typically of southern tropical dry deciduous type with considerable similarities with the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. The campus has a diverse range of habitats including:

1. Evergreen forests with species like bamboo, Santalam album, Ficus religiosa, F. benghalensis, F. racemosa, F. arnottiana, Syzygium cumini, and Artocarpus spp.;

2. Deciduous forests dominated by trees like Terminalia paniculata, Trema micrantha, Xylia xylocarpa, Anogeissus latifolia, Diospyros montana, Acacia spp., Lagerstroemia spp., Radermachera xylocarpa, Careya arborea, Lannea coromandelica, and Bombax ceiba;

3. Scrublands represented by dense thickets of shrubs like Lantana camara, Carissa carandas, Ziziphus oenoplia, Catunaregam spinosa and Erythrina stricta;

4. Grasslands with species like Oplismenus burmannii, Arthraxon lanceolatus, A. hispida, Heteropogon contortus, H. ritchiei, Apluda mutica, Fimbristylis lawiana, Ischaemum polytrias, and Themeda triandra are common. While Parthenium spp., Ipomoea spp., Amaranthus spinosus, Achyranthes aspera, Malvastrum tricuspidatum, Stachytarpheta indica, Cassia tora, and Senna tora are the prominent weeds in the study area;

5. Wetlands include a man-made pond;

6. Rocky outcrops are granite rocky hills and boulders, home to specialized flora and fauna;

7. Riparian zones are areas along water body, supporting plant and animal life; and

8. Urbanized areas with buildings, roads, and other infrastructure.

Sampling methods

The avian checklist was prepared from the intensive survey and opportunistic recordings between January 2007 to February 2015. Bimonthly field surveys were carried out by walking on fixed transects (five transects were 200 m in length with a maximum of 25 m view on with side) in the morning (0600–1000 h) and in the evening (1600–1800 h) when birds were found to be most active (Gupta et al. 2009). A minimum of 30 minutes (speed: 8m/minute) was spent for each transect (Nazneen et al. 2001). The trails were selected and different habitats were covered (i.e., moist, dry deciduous, bamboo forest, and scrub forest). Birds were observed with a field binocular (Olympus) and photographs were taken with a Canon 400D with 75–300 mm lens for further identification. Calls of species were used to confirm the presence of species; however, species were recorded only after their sighting. Birds were identified by using field guides (Ali & Ripley 1983; Grimmett et al. 2011). Standardized common, and scientific nomenclature are following Praveen et al. (2021b & 2024). The residential status of birds was categorized as resident and winter visitors were assigned strictly regarding the study area based on the presence or absence method (Ali & Ripley 1987). The status of threatened categories was adopted from the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2019). Species richness was calculated as the total number of bird species observed in the study area.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Diversity and composition of avifauna

The updated checklist of birds at Kuvempu University Campus including present and past records, now contains 229 species, belonging to 16 orders and 62 families, which accounts for 42.17% of the 543 bird species of Karnataka (Praveen et al. 2021a) (Table 1). The present study alone reported 107 species new to the earlier reports. The past surveys in 1997–2000 (Nazneen et al. 2001) reported 94 species (of which 88 were new and six were not reported in the current study), and later in 2000–2001 (Dinesh et al. 2007) which was then updated by addition of 41 species, (of which 34 were new, three species such as Indian House Swift Apus affinis), Black-hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus and Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus which were retaken from Nazneen et al. (2007) and four were not reported in the current survey to that of the earlier survey. Since then, more species have been added to the campus avifauna, and more information is available on species and their status. Highlights of the present survey include 107 new records of species to the area, 122 common species (88 reported by Nazneen et al. (2001), and 34 by Dinesh et al. (2007)) to that of the earlier surveys, while 11 species from the past were not reported.

Accipitridae exhibited the highest species richness (16 species), followed by Muscicapidae (14 species), Picidae (11 species), Columbidae (9 species), Strigidae (8 species), Cuculidae, Alaudidae, Sturnidae, & Motacillidae (7 species each), and Phasianidae, Estrildidae, Nectariniidae, Cisticolidae, and Dicruridae (6 species) (Table 1). Several other studies have also found a similar pattern of dominance of Accipitridae from different protected areas in India, i.e., from Lakkavalli Range Forest, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Chikkamagaluru (Harisha & Hosetti 2009), Sharavathy landscape, Shivamogga (Barve & Warrier 2013), Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Ballari, Karnataka (Harisha et al. 2021).

Residential status

The analysis of data on the residential status of avifauna revealed that 39 species were winter visitors, whereas, the remaining 190 species were residents, accounting for 17% and 83%, respectively.

Endemism

Alterations in the land use pattern of the forest patches throughout the Western Ghats have triggered the decline in the diversity of endemic bird species (Nihara et al. 2007). The campus also helps in the conservation of endemic species; in the present study 69 species endemic to the Indian Subcontinent were recorded, of which 14 species (Image 6–17) such as Grey-fronted Green Pigeon Treron affinis, Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus, Malabar Barbet Psilopogon malabaricus, White-cheeked Barbet Psilopogon viridis, Malabar Parakeet Psittacula columboides, Malabar Woodshrike Tephrodornis sylvicola, Malabar Lark Galerida malabarica, Grey-headed Bulbul Brachypodius priocephalus, Rufous Babbler Argya subrufa, Malabar Starling Sturnia blythii, Nilgiri Flowerpecker Dicaeum concolor, Crimson-backed Sunbird Leptocoma minima, Malabar Flameback Chrysocolaptes socialis, and Vigors’s Sunbird Aethopyga vigorsii are endemic to the Western Ghats and the Indian subcontinent (Jathar & Rahmani 2006; Rasmussen & Anderton 2012; Praveen et al. 2021b, 2024) (Table 1).

IUCN Red List status

The study also revealed that the campus also supports a few threatened species such as the ‘Endangered’ Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, ‘Vulnerable’ Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus, and ‘Near Threatened’ species such as Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus, Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus, & Grey-headed Bulbul Microtarsus priocephalus were recorded from deciduous forest patch in the campus indicating their conservation significance. All the remaining species (223) are of ‘Least Concern’ (IUCN 2019) (Table 1).

Interesting absences

The current list of birds observed does not include 11 species of birds which were previously reported (Nazneen et al. 2001; Dinesh 2007), of which eight were wetland birds such as Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis, Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia, Great Egret Ardea alba, Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola, Fantail Snipe Gallinago gallinago, Common Tern Sterna hirundo, Cotton Teal Nettapus coromandelianus, and Common Coot Fulica atra. The absence of these wetland birds could be due to increased anthropogenic pressure like habitat alternations, and improper, unscientific trenching and drainage systems around the water body. The area of the man-made pond is about 0.30 ha (Image 2). Earlier it was an undisturbed earthen pond and the only source of water was rainwater that came from the surrounding forest. In 2004, it was converted into a stagnant concrete pond, even though the study area is in a dry deciduous forest. Due to an unscientific trenching and drainage system, the inflow of water to the pond from the surrounding catchment area in the forest decreased, and rainwater instead of percolating into the pond flowed out of the area. Consequently, there was low retention of water in the pond and it dried at the end of winter and during summer, leading to a harsh habitat for the animals to survive (Harisha & Hosetti 2021) (Image 3).

The water birds, generally at or near the top of most wetland food chains, are highly susceptible to habitat disturbances and are therefore good indicators of the general condition of wetland habitats (Kushlan 1992; Jayson & Mathew 2002). The study also revealed that the pond has a pathway that the university staff and students use for regular walking, jogging, or exercising in the morning (0600–0800 h) and evening (1600–1900 h), posing threats to the assemblage of wetland birds.

The other three bird species not observed in the current survey include Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga siparaja, White-throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis, and Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus. However, subspecies, such as Vigors’s Sunbird Aethopyga vigorsii, and Spot-breasted Fantail Rhipidura albogularis have been regularly observed in the campus. The Crimson Sunbird is monotypic, its absence from the study area could be due to a true absence or due to a lack of favorable habitats for the species and because of its restricted home range (distribution range: Himalayan foothills in India, from the west in Himachal Pradesh (Kangra) to the east in Sikkim and Bhutan, south to northern West Bengal, eastern Bihar, eastern Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha (possibly northern Andhra Pradesh), and western Bangladesh (Cheke et al. 2020). The reasons for the absence of the polytypic White-throated Fantail could also be due to its restricted home range, i.e., central Himalaya (Nepal and Sikkim), and from plains of Bangladesh to eastern India (lower West Bengal) (Boles 2020). However, the Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus is a monotypic species and was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005), absence from the study area could be due to its limited distribution, which includes western, central, and southern Europe (south from southern Finland), and northern Africa (Morocco to Tunisia), east to Altai Mountains (Southern Siberia, western Mongolia, and extreme northwastern China), and south to northern Iran and locally to northern Arabian Peninsula; non-breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa (Walther & Jones 2020).

Birds with breeding activity

The campus supported breeding activities of a few species of birds such as the House Crow Corvus splendens, followed by the Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata and White-rumped Munia L. striata, Blue-faced Malkoha Phaenicophaeus viridirostris, Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis, Changeable Hawk Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus, Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus, Red-vented Bulbuls P. cafer, Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus, Purple-rumped Sunbirds Leptocoma zeylonica, Barn Owl Tyto alba, Spotted Owlet Athene brama, and Indian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi. The presence of an old nest of White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata, besides the active nest on the same Artocorpus sp., indicates that the bird used the site for nesting year after year. Earlier reports (Nazneen et al. 2001; Dinesh et al. 2007) corroborating with the present findings indicate that the flat terrain with open sun-baked areas behind the employee quarters might be a traditional breeding ground for many bird species such as Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus, Indian Nightjars Caprimulgus asiaticus, Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus, and Yellow-wattled Lapwing V. malabaricus.

The landscape with diverse habitat types provides additional opportunities for diverse avian assemblages (Karr & Roth 1971). The present study shows that the KU campus represents a sound avifaunal diversity as it lies in an important ecological zone, i.e., Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary of the Western Ghats Mountain ranges. Therefore, a variety of habitats and environments of the campus attract and support a variety of bird species. The diversity and distribution of species within a habitat are influenced by the variation in vegetation (MacArthur et al. 1962; Karr & Roth 1971; Pearman 2002). During the flowering and fruiting seasons, the plants like Ficus arnottiana (December– April), F. racemosa (December–March), F. benghalensis (November–January), F. religiosa (November–January), Trema orientalis (August–January), Lannea coromandelica (Januray–July), Ziziphus oenoplia (July–January), Z. mauritiana (May–June), Muntingia calabura (May–June), and Securinega virosa (December–March) were in extensive bloom with flowers and fleshy fruits. On the other hand, trees like Bombax ceiba (February–May), Careya arborea (February–July), Butea monosperma (February–April), Spathodea campanulata (December–March), and Peltophorum pterocarpum (September–November; March–May), though with dry non-edible fruits, were blooming with flowers of bright coloured and fine good quantity of nectar. These plant resources might also attract insects and consequently provide prey resources for insectivorous birds.

Anthropogenic disturbances on forest structure and function are well-established (Bhat & Murali 2001; Chandrashekara et al. 2006) and their impact on overall avifaunal diversity. The present study also revealed the threats to avifaunal habitats due to anthropogenic activities such as habitat alternations, improper drainage systems and land use patterns for new building constructions, road widening, frequent weed clearing, garbage dumping, and pollution (Images 4 & 5). Such disturbances adversely affect habitats and might threaten both resident and migratory bird species.

Conclusion

The present study revealed that varied habitats and vegetation structures on the campus attract and support a variety of resident, migrant, endemic, and threatened bird species. This reiterates the significance of academic campuses in conserving biological diversity at a regional level. The avifauna and their habitat are adversely impacted due to intensive anthropogenic activities. And more scientific studies are required to understand the season-wise population dynamics of birds in this area

Table 1. Updated checklist of birds of Kuvempu University Campus, Shivamogga, Karnataka.

	Common name/ Order/ Family	Scientific name	Nazneen et al. 2000	Dinesh et al. 2007	Harisha & Hosetti	IUCN Red List status	Residential status	Endemicity
	1. Order: Galliformes
	1. Family: Phasianidae
1	Jungle Bush Quail	Perdicula asiatica Latham, 1790			+	LC	R	IS
2	Rock Bush Quail	Perdicula argoondah Sykes, 1832			+	LC	R	IS
3	Grey Francolin	Ortygornis pondicerianus J.F. Gmelin, 1789			+	LC	R
4	Red Spurfowl	Galloperdix spadicea J.F. Gmelin, 1789			+	LC	R	IS
5	Grey Junglefowl	Gallus sonneratii Temminck, 1813	+			LC	R	IS
6	Indian Peafowl	Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R	IS
	2. Order: Columbiformes
	1. Family: Columbidae
7	Rock Pigeon	Columba livia J.F. Gmelin, 1789	+			LC	R
8	Spotted Dove	Spilopelia chinensis Scopoli, 1786	+			LC	R
9	Oriental Turtle Dove	Streptopelia orientalis	+			LC	R
10	Eurasian Collared Dove	Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky, 1838	+			LC	R
11	Asian Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	R
12	Laughing Dove	Spilopelia senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766			+	LC	R
13	Grey-fronted Green Pigeon	Treron affinis Jerdon, 1840			+	LC	R	IS/WG
14	Yellow-footed Green Pigeon	Treron phoenicopterus Latham, 1790			+	LC	R
15	Green Imperial Pigeon	Ducula aenea Linnaeus, 1766			+	LC	R
	3. Order: Caprimulgiformes
	1. Family: Caprimulgidae
16	Jerdon’s Nightjar	Caprimulgus atripennis Jerdon, 1845			+	LC	R	IS
17	Indian Nightjar	Caprimulgus asiaticus Latham, 1790			+	LC	R
18	Jungle Nightjar	Caprimulgus indicus Latham, 1790			+	LC	R	IS
19	Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis Horsfield, 1821			+	LC	R
	2. Family: Apodidae
20	Little Swift	Apus affinis J.E. Gray, 1830	+	+		LC	R
21	Asian Palm Swift	Cypsiurus balasiensis J. E. Gray, 1829	+			LC	R
	3. Family: Hemiprocnidae
22	Crested Treeswift	Hemiprocne coronata Tickell, 1833			+	LC	R
	4. Order: Cuculiformes
	1. Family: Cuculidae
23	Asian Koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
24	Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis Stephens, 1815	+			LC	R
25	Blue-faced Malkoha	Phaenicophaeus viridirostris Jerdon, 1840	+			LC	R	IS
26	Common Hawk Cuckoo	Hierococcyx varius Vahl, 1797			+	LC	R	IS
27	Square-tailed Drongo Cuckoo	Surniculus lugubris Horsfield, 1821			+	LC	R
28	Pied Cuckoo	Clamator jacobinus Boddaert, 1783			+	LC	R
29	Grey-bellied Cuckoo	Cacomantis passerines Vahl, 1797			+	LC	R	IS
	5. Order: Gruiformes
	1. Family: Rallidae
30	White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus Pennant, 1769	+			LC	R
	6. Order: Pelecaniformes
	1. Family: Ciconiidae
31	Woolly-necked Stork	Ciconia episcopus Boddaert, 1783		+		VU	R
	2. Family: Ardeidae
32	Little Egret	Egretta garzetta Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R
33	Western Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
34	Indian Pond Heron	Ardeola grayii Sykes, 1832	+			LC	R
35	Black crowned Night Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	R
	3. Family: Threskiornithidae
36	Red-naped Ibis	Pseudibis papillosa Temminck, 1824			+	LC	R	IS
37	Black-headed Ibis	Threskiornis melanocephalus Latham, 1790		+		NT	R
	4. Family: Phalacrocoracidae
38	Little Cormorant	Microcarbo niger Vieillot, 1817	+			LC	R
	7. Order: Charadriiformes
	1. Family: Charadriidae
39	Yellow-wattled Lapwing	Vanellus malabaricus Boddaert, 1783	+			LC	R	IS
40	Red-wattled Lapwing	Vanellus indicus Boddaert, 1783	+			LC	R
41	Little Ringed Plover	Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786	+			LC	W
	2. Family: Scolopacidae
42	Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	W
	3. Family: Turnicidae
43	Barred Buttonquail	Turnix suscitator J.F. Gmelin, 1789			+	LC	R
	8. Order: Accipitriformes
	1. Family: Accipitridae
44	Oriental Honey Buzzard	Pernis ptilorhynchus Temminck, 1821			+	LC	R
45	White-eyed Buzzard	Butastur teesa Franklin, 1831			+	LC	R
46	Black-winged Kite	Elanus caeruleus Desfontaines, 1789		+		LC	R
47	Short-toed Snake Eagle	Circaetus gallicus J.F. Gmelin, 1788			+	LC	R
48	Black Eagle	Ictinaetus malaiensis Temminck, 1822			+	LC	R
49	Booted Eagle	Hieraaetus pennatus J.F. Gmelin, 1788			+	LC	W
50	Changeable Hawk Eagle	Nisaetus cirrhatus J.F. Gmelin, 1788		+		LC	R
51	Crested Serpent Eagle	Spilornis cheela Latham, 1790			+	LC	R
52	Black Kite	Milvus migrans Boddaert, 1783	+			LC	R
53	Brahminy Kite	Haliastur Indus Boddaert, 1783	+			LC	R
54	Shikra	Accipiter badius J.F. Gmelin, 1788	+			LC	R
55	Besra	Accipiter virgatusTemminck, 1822			+	LC	R
56	Egyptian Vulture	Neophron percnopterus Linnaeus, 1758	+			EN	R
57	Pallid Harrier	Circus macrourus S.G. Gmelin, 1770			+	NT	W
58	Western Marsh Harrier	Circus aeruginosus Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	W
59	Montagu’s Harrier	Circus pygargus Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	W
	9. Order: Strigiformes
	1. Family: Tytonidae
60	Common Barn Owl	Tyto alba Scopoli, 1769			+	LC	R
	2. Family: Strigidae
61	Indian Eagle Owl	Bubo bengalensis Franklin, 1831			+	LC	R	IS
62	Indian Scops Owl	Otus bakkamoena Pennant, 1769			+	LC	R	IS
63	Brown Wood Owl	Strix leptogrammica Temminck, 1832			+	LC	R
64	Mottled Wood Owl	Strix ocellata Lesson, 1839			+	LC	R	IS
65	Brown Boobook	Ninox scutulata Raffles, 1822			+	LC	R
66	Brown Fish Owl	Ketupa zeylonensis J.F. Gmelin, 1788			+	LC	R
67	Jungle Owlet	Glaucidium radiatum Tickell, 1833			+	LC	R	IS
68	Spotted Owlet	Athene brama Temminck, 1821	+			LC	R
	10. Order: Trogoniformes
	1. Family: Trogonidae
69	Malabar Trogon	Harpactes fasciatus Pennant, 1769			+	LC	R	IS
	11. Order: Bucerotiformes
	1. Family: Bucerotidae
70	Indian Grey Hornbill	Ocyceros birostris Scopoli, 1786	+			LC	R	IS
71	Malabar Grey Hornbill	Ocyceros griseus Latham, 1790		+		LC	R	IS/WG
72	Malabar Pied Hornbill	Anthracoceros coronatus Boddaert, 1783	+			NT	R	IS
	2. Family: Upupidae
73	Common Hoopoe	Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
	12. Order: Piciformes
	1. Family: Picidae
74	Heart-spotted Woodpecker	Hemicircus canente Lesson, 1832			+	LC	R
75	Brown-capped pygmy Woodpecker	Yungipicus nanus Vigors, 1832			+	LC	R	IS
76	Yellow-crowned Woodpecker	Leiopicus mahrattensis Latham, 1801			+	LC	R
77	Common Flameback	Dinopium javanense Ljungh, 1797			+	LC	R
78	Black-rumped Flameback	Dinopium benghalense Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R	IS
79	Greater Flameback	Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus Tickell, 1833			+	LC	R
80	Malabar Flameback	Chrysocolaptes socialis Koelz, 1939			+	LC	R	IS/ WG
81	White-naped Woodpecker	Chrysocolaptes festivus Boddaert, 1783			+	LC	R	IS
82	White-bellied Woodpecker	Dryocopus javensis Horsfield, 1821			+	LC	R
83	Lesser Yellownape	Picus chlorolophus Vieillot, 1818			+	LC	R
84	Rufous Woodpecker	Micropternus brachyurus Vieillot, 1818			+	LC	R
	2. Family: Ramphastidae
85	White-cheeked Barbet	Psilopogon viridis Boddaert, 1783	+			LC	R	IS/WG
86	Brown-headed Barbet	Psilopogon zeylanicus J.F. Gmelin, 1788	+			LC	R	IS
87	Coppersmith Barbet	Psilopogon haemacephalus Statius Muller, 1776	+			LC	R
88	Malabar Barbet	Psilopogon malabaricus Blyth, 1847			+	LC	R	IS/ WG
	13. Order: Coraciiformes
	1. Family: Meropidae
89	Blue-bearded Bee-eater	Nyctyornis athertoni Jardine & Selby, 1828			+	LC	R
90	Green Bee-eater	Merops orientalis Latham, 1801	+			LC	R
91	Chestnut-headed Bee-eater	Merops leschenaultia Vieillot, 1817	+			LC	R
92	Blue-tailed Bee-eater	Merops philippinus Linnaeus, 1767	+			LC	W
	2. Family: Coraciidae
93	Indian Roller	Coracias benghalensis Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
	3. Family: Alcedinidae
94	Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
95	White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
96	Pied Kingfisher	Ceryle rudis Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
	14. Order: Falconiformes
	1. Family: Falconidae
97	Common Kestrel	Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758		+		LC	W
	15. Order: Psittaciformes
	1. Family: Psittaculidae
98	Vernal Hanging Parrot	Loriculus vernalis Sparrman, 1787	+			LC	R
99	Rose-ringed Parakeet	Psittacula krameri Scopoli, 1769	+			LC	R
100	Plum-headed Parakeet	Psittacula cyanocephala Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R	IS
101	Malabar Parakeet	Psittacula columboides Vigors, 1830			+	LC	R	IS/ WG
	16. Order: Passeriformes
	1. Family: Pittidae
102	Indian Pitta	Pitta brachyura Linnaeus, 1766		+		LC	W	IS
	2. Family: Campephagidae
103	Black-headed Cuckooshrike	Lalage melanoptera Ruppell, 1839		+		LC	R
104	Large Cuckooshrike	Coracina macei R. Lesson, 1831	+			LC	R
105	Orange Minivet	Pericrocotus flammeus J.R. Forster, 1781	+			LC	R	IS
106	Small Minivet	Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R
	3. Family: Oriolidae
107	Indian Golden Oriole	Oriolus kundoo Sykes, 1832	+			LC	W
108	Black-hooded Oriole	Oriolus xanthornus Linnaeus, 1758	+	+		LC	R
109	Black-naped Oriole	Oriolus chinensis Linnaeus, 1766		+		LC	W
	4. Family: Artamidae
110	Ashy Woodswallow	Artamus fuscus Vieillot, 1817	+	+		LC	R
	5. Family: Vangidae
111	Common Woodshrike	Tephrodornis pondicerianus J.F. Gmelin, 1789			+	LC	R
112	Large Woodshrike	Tephrodornis virgatus Timminck, 1824		+		LC	R
113	Malabar Woodshrike	Tephrodornis sylvicola Jerdon, 1839			+	LC	R	IS/WG
114	Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike	Hemipus picatus Sykes, 1832		+		LC	R
	6. Family: Aegithinidae
115	Common Iora	Aegithina tiphia Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
	7. Family: Dicruridae
116	Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817	+			LC	R
117	Ashy Drongo	Dicrurus leucophaeus Vieillot, 1817	+			LC	W
118	Bronzed Drongo	Dicrurus aeneus Vieillot, 1817			+	LC	R
119	White-bellied Drongo	Dicrurus caerulescens Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R	IS
120	Greater Racket-tailed Drongo	Dicrurus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1766		+		LC	R
121	Hair-crested Drongo	Dicrurus hottentottus Linnaeus, 1766			+	LC	R
	8. Family: Rhipiduridae
122	White-browed Fantail	Rhipidura aureola Lesson, 1831			+	LC	R
123	Spot-breasted Fantail	Rhipidura albogularis Lesson, 1832			+	LC	R	IS
	9. Family: Laniidae
124	Brown Shrike	Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	W
125	Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
126	Bay-backed Shrike	Lanius vittaus Valenciennes, 1826			+	LC	R
127	Great Grey Shrike	Lanius excubitor Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	R
	10. Family: Corvidae
128	Rufous Treepie	Dendrocitta vagabunda Latham, 1790	+			LC	R
129	House Crow	Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817	+			LC	R
130	Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827	+			LC	R
	11. Family: Monarchidae
131	Black-naped Monarch	Hypothymis azurea Boddaert, 1783			+	LC	R
132	Indian Paradise-flycatcher	Terpsiphone paradise Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
	12. Family: Dicaeidae
133	Thick-billed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum agile Tickell, 1833			+	LC	R
134	Pale-billed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Latham, 1790	+			LC	R
135	Nilgiri Flowerpecker	Dicaeum concolor Jerdon, 1840			+	LC	R	IS/WG
	13. Family: Nectariniidae
136	Purple-rumped Sunbird	Leptocoma zeylonica Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R	IS
137	Crimson-backed Sunbird	Leptocoma minima Sykes, 1832		+		LC	R	IS/ WG
138	Purple Sunbird	Cinnyris asiaticus Latham, 1790	+			LC	R
139	Loten's Sunbird	Cinnyris lotenius Linnaeus, 1766		+		LC	R	IS
140	Vigors's Sunbird	Aethopyga vigorsii Sykes, 1832			+	LC	R	IS/ WG
141	Little Spiderhunter	Arachnothera longirostra Latham, 1790			+	LC	R
	14. Family: Irenidae
142	Golden-fronted Leafbird	Chloropsis aurifrons Temminck, 1829	+			LC	R
143	Jerdon’s Leafbird	Chloropsis jerdoni Blyth, 1844			+	LC	R	IS
	15. Family: Ploceidae
144	Baya Weaver	Ploceus philippinus Linnaeus, 1766		+		LC	R
145	Streaked Weaver	Ploceus manyar Horsfield, 1821		+		LC	R
	16. Family: Estrildidae
146	Red Munia	Amandava amandava Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	R
147	Tricoloured Munia	Lonchura malacca Linnaeus, 1766		+		LC	R	IS
148	Indian Silverbill	Euodice malabarica Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
149	Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
150	White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R
151	Black-throated Munia	Lonchura kelaarti Jerdon, 1863		+		LC	R	IS
	17. Family: Passeridae
152	House Sparrow	Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
153	Yellow-throated Sparrow	Gymnoris xanthocollis E. Burton, 1838			+	LC	R
	18. Family: Motacillidae
154	Paddyfield Pipit	Anthus rufulus Vieillot, 1818	+			LC	R
155	Tree Pipit	Anthus trivialis Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	W
156	Olive-backed Pipit	Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, 1907			+	LC	W
157	White-browed Wagtail	Motacilla maderaspatensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789	+			LC	R	IS
158	Western Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	W
159	Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771	+			LC	W
160	Forest Wagtail	Dendronanthus indicus J.F. Gmelin, 1789			+	LC	W
	19. Family: Fringillidae
161	Common Rosefinch	Carpodacus erythrinus Pallas, 1770		+		LC	W
	20. Family: Paridae
162	Indian Black-lored Tit	Machlolophus aplonotus Blyth, 1847		+		LC	R	IS
163	Cinereous Tit	Parus cinereus Vieillot, 1818	+			LC	R
	21. Family: Alaudidae
164	Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark	Eremopterix griseus Scopoli, 1786	+			LC	R	IS
165	Singing Bushlark	Mirafra javanica Horsfield, 1821		+		LC	R
166	Indian Bushlark	Mirafra erythroptera Blyth, 1845			+	LC	R	IS
167	Jerdon's Bushlark	Mirafra affinis Blyth, 1845			+	LC	R	IS
168	Sykes’s Lark	Galerida deva Sykes, 1832		+		LC	R	IS
169	Malabar Lark	Galerida malabarica Scopoli, 1786		+		LC	R	IS/ WG
170	Rufous-tailed Lark	Ammomanes phoenicura Franklin, 1831			+	LC	R	IS
	22. Family: Cisticolidae
171	Grey-breasted Prinia	Prinia hodgsonii Blyth, 1844		+		LC	R
172	Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis Rafinesque, 1810			+	LC	R
173	Ashy Prinia	Prinia socialis Sykes, 1832	+			LC	R	IS
174	Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata Sykes, 1832	+			LC	R
175	Jungle Prinia	Prinia sylvatica Jerdon, 1840			+	LC	R	IS
176	Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius Pennant, 1769	+			LC	R
	23. Family: Acrocephalidae
177	Blyth’s Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth, 1849		+		LC	W
178	Clamorous Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus stentoreus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833			+	LC	W
179	Booted Warbler	Iduna caligata Lichtenstein, 1823		+		LC	W
	24. Family: Hirundinidae
180	Dusky Crag Martin	Ptyonoprogne concolor Sykes, 1832			+	LC	R
181	Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	W
182	Wire-tailed Swallow	Hirundo smithii Leach, 1818	+			LC	R
183	Red-rumped Swallow	Cecropis daurica Laxmann, 1769		+		LC	W
184	Streak-throated Swallow	Petrochelidon fluvicola Blyth, 1855			+	LC	R
	25. Family: Pycnonotidae
185	Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
186	Red-vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus cafer Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R
187	White-browed Bulbul	Pycnonotus luteolus Lesson, 1841		+		LC	R	IS
188	Yellow-browed Bulbul	Acritillas indica Jerdon, 1839			+	LC	R	IS
189	Grey-headed Bulbul	Microtarsus priocephalus Jerdon, 1839			+	NT	R	IS/WG
	26. Family: Phylloscopidae
190	Green Warbler	Phylloscopus nitidus Blyth, 1843			+	LC	W
191	Greenish Warbler	Phylloscopus trochiloides Sundevall, 1837		+		LC	W
192	Tickell's Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus affinis Tickell, 1833			+	LC	W
193	Large-billed Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus magnirostris Blyth, 1843		+		LC	W
	27. Family: Sylviidae
194	Yellow-eyed Babbler	Chrysomma sinense J.F. Gmelin, 1789			+	LC	R
	28. Family: Zosteropidae
195	Indian White-eye	Zosterops palpebrosus Temminck, 1824		+		LC	R
	29. Family: Timaliidae
196	Indian Scimitar Babbler	Pomatorhinus horsfieldii Sykes, 1832		+		LC	R	IS
197	Tawny-bellied Babbler	Dumetia hyperythra Franklin, 1831			+	LC	R	IS
198	Dark-fronted Babbler	Dumetia atriceps Jerdon, 1839		+		LC	R	IS
	30. Family: Pellorneidae
199	Puff-throated Babbler	Pellorneum ruficeps Swainson, 1832		+		LC	R
	31. Family: Leiothrichidae
200	Common Babbler	Argya caudata Dumont, 1823			+	LC	R	IS
201	Rufous Babbler	Argya subrufa Jerdon, 1839	+			LC	R	IS/ WG
202	Jungle Babbler	Argya striata Dumont, 1823	+			LC	R	IS
203	Large Grey Babbler	Argya malcolmi Sykes, 1832	+			LC	R	IS
204	Yellow-billed Babbler	Argya affinis Jerdon, 1845			+	LC	R	IS
	32. Family: Sittidae
205	Velvet-fronted Nuthatch	Sitta frontalis Swainson, 1820			+	LC	R
206	Indian Nuthatch	Sitta castanea Lesson, 1830			+	LC	R	IS
	33. Family: Sturnidae
207	Chestnut-tailed Starling	Sturnia malabarica J.F. Gmelin, 1789	+			LC	W
208	Malabar Starling	Sturnia blythii Jerdon, 1845			+	LC	R	IS/ WG
209	Brahminy Starling	Sturnia pagodarum J.F. Gmelin, 1789	+			LC	R
210	Rosy Starling	Pastor roseus Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	W
211	Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R
212	Jungle Myna	Acridotheres fuscus Wagler, 1827	+			LC	R
213	Southern Hill Myna	Gracula indica Cuvier, 1829			+	LC	R	IS
	34. Family: Muscicapidae
214	Indian Robin	Copsychus fulicatus Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R	IS
215	Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis Linnaeus, 1758	+			LC	R
216	Bluethroat	Luscinia svecica Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	W
217	White-rumped Shama	Copsychus malabaricus Scopoli, 1786			+	LC	R
218	Asian Brown Flycatcher	Muscicapa dauurica Pallas, 1811			+	LC	W
219	Brown-breasted Flycatcher	Muscicapa muttui E.L. Layard, 1854			+	LC	W
220	Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher	Cyornis tickelliae Blyth, 1843			+	LC	R
221	Verditer Flycatcher	Eumyias thalassinus Swainson, 1838			+	LC	W
222	Red-breasted Flycatcher	Ficedula parva Bechstein, 1792			+	LC	W
223	Blue-capped Rock Thrush	Monticola cinclorhyncha Vigors, 1831			+	LC	W
224	Blue Rock Thrush	Monticola solitarius Linnaeus, 1758			+	LC	W
225	Black Redstart	Phoenicurus ochruros S.G. Gmelin, 1774			+	LC	W
226	Pied Bushchat	Saxicola caprata Linnaeus, 1766	+			LC	R
227	Siberian Stonechat	Saxicola maurus Pallas, 1773			+	LC	W
	35. Family: Turdidae
228	Indian Blackbird	Turdus simillimus Jerdon, 1839			+	LC	R	IS
229	Orange-headed Thrush	Geokichla citrina Latham, 1790			+	LC	R

LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened | VU—Vulnerable | R—Resident | W—Winter Migrant | IS—Endemic to Indian Subcontinent | WG—Endemic to Western Ghats.

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