Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2025 | 17(7): 27207–27225
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9010.17.7.27207-27225
#9010 | Received 03 March 2024 | Final received 25 April 2025 | Finally
accepted 17 July 2025
Additions to the Agaricales of
Kolhapur District, Maharashtra, India
Anjali Rajendra Patil 1
& Sushant Ishwar Bornak 2
1,2 Department of Botany, Rajaram
College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416004, India.
1 dhirajanj@gmail.com, 2 sushant.bornak94@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Editor: A. Karthikeyan,
ICFRE-Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India. Date of publication: 26 July
2025 (online & print)
Citation: Patil,
A.R. & S.I. Bornak (2025). Additions to the Agaricales of Kolhapur
District, Maharashtra, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 17(7):
27207–27225. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9010.17.7.27207-27225
Copyright: © Patil & Bornak 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Research, Training and Human Development
Institute (SARTHI) in the form of Junior Research Fellowship (CSMNRF-2021).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr. Sushant Bornak is a research scholar in Botany at
Rajaram College, Kolhapur, with over 6-years of experience in mushroom
taxonomy, fungal culture, and molecular identification. He has authored five
international publications and is passionate about fungal
biology, systematics, and academic teaching.
Dr. Anjali Patil is a professor of Botany at Rajaram College, Kolhapur.
A fungal taxonomist and plant pathologist, she specializes in fungal ecology,
diversity, and distribution in the Western Ghats of
Maharashtra. She has authored over 50 national and international research
publications.
Author contributions: ARP—served as the principal
investigator of the study and contributed significantly to the writing and
formatting of the manuscript. SIB—was responsible for the collection,
identification, and description of the mushroom species, and also assisted in
the writing and formatting of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The author Sushant Ishwar Bornak
acknowledges financial support from Chhatrapati Shahu
Maharaj Research, Training and Human Development Institute (SARTHI) in the form
of Junior Research Fellowship (CSMNRF-2021).
Abstract: This paper is a part of the
series dealing with taxonomy of members of Agaricales from Kolhapur District.
In the present investigation 10 species belonging to order Agaricales—Agrocybe
pediades, Amanita manicata, Bolbitius coprophilus,
Entoloma serrulatum, E. theekshnagandhum, Hymenopellis radicata,
Macrocybe gigantea, Schizophyllum commune, Termitomyces heimii,
T. microcarpus—have been elaborated, of which A. manicata, B.
coprophilus, E. serrulatum, E. theekshnagandhum, M. gigantea
have been reported for the first time from Maharashtra State.
Keywords: Basidiomycota, edible mushrooms,
fungal diversity, fungal ecology, macrofungi, new records, taxonomy, Western
Ghats, wild mushroom.
INTRODUCTION
Agaricales Underw. is the
largest order in Agaricomycetes comprise of total eight suborders, 46 families,
482 genera, and more than 40,000 species. Previously, based on the phylogenetic
studies Agaricales was divided into seven suborders, viz., Agaricineae Aime
et al., Pluteineae Aime et al., Tricholomatineae Aime
et al., Marasmiineae Aime et al., Schizophyllineae Aime
et al., Pleurotineae Aime et al., and Hygrophorineae Aime
et al. with one more addition of suborder Clavariineae Olariaga
by Olariaga et al. in 2020 (Wang et al. 2023). Most species in the Agaricales
form mushrooms with gilled hymenophore, pileus, and stipe which play various
roles as decomposers, symbionts, and pathogens, helping to maintain the
ecosystem. Most species belonging to this order consumed as foods and rich in
nutrient supplements and medicines. Taxonomy of the order Agaricales has much
debate on identifying species. Traditionally species belonging to the order
identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, however
sometimes these characteristics are often not sufficient to identify Agaricales
specimens to the species level. Nowadays, DNA sequence–based classification and
identification are now being widely used to overcome the limitations of
morphology-based identification (Yoo et al. 2022). Indian Agaricales were first
reviewed by Sathe & Rahalkar (1978) and Manjula (1983) who provided a very exhaustive
list of agaricoid and boletoid fungi from India and Nepal (Gogoi & Parkash
2015).
Maharashtra is the third largest
state of India next to Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh covering an area of 307,713
km2. The state lies at 18.960 N, 72.820 E and
altitude ranges 0–1,800 m. The state has ample forest area which occupies
approximately one fifth of the state confined to the Western Ghats and eastern
Vidarbha region with an annual rain fall of about 4,000 mm in the western
region of Western Ghats and about 700–1,250 mm in Vidarbha region (Senthilarasu
2014).
Mycologists paid little attention
to the diversity of mushrooms found in Maharashtra. The diversity of mushrooms
from Maharashtra was mainly contributed by Blatter (1911), Parandekar (1964),
Trivedi (1972), Sathe & Rahalkar (1975, 1976), Narendra & Rao (1976),
Thite et al. (1976), Chavan & Barge (1977), Patil & Thite (1977, 1978),
Sathe & Sasangan (1977, 1978), Patil (1978), Patil et al. (1979), Sathe
& Kulkarni (1979), Sathe & Deshpande (1979, 1980a,b, 1982), Manjula
(1983), Bhide et al. (1987), Kulkarni (1990, 1992), Hedawoo & Mohite
(2008), Hedawoo (2010), and Senthilarasu (2014).
A detailed checklist of gilled
mushrooms from Maharashtra was provided by Senthilarasu (2014), in which 178
species in 68 genera belonging to 23 families and five orders, viz.,
Agaricales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Polyporales, and Russulales have been
reported. Most of the species diversity was published between 1901 and 1992.
Since then, there was no report on the taxonomy and diversity of gilled fungi
occurring in Maharashtra (Senthilarasu 2014). Borkar et al. (2015) studied
Mushroom diversity of Konkan region of Maharashtra and described 21 species
belonging to the order Agaricales. Patil & Bornak (2022, 2023) studied diversity
of Agaricales from Kolhapur District, Maharashtra and listed 14 species of
which one species is new to India and three species are new to Maharashtra
State. This paper is the continuation of Agaricales diversity from Kolhapur
District.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area
Kolhapur lies in the south-west
between 15.716– 17.1660 N and 73.666–74.7000 E. As a part of Western Ghats, Kolhapur district
has ample biodiversity having tropical climate with high rainfall and warm
summers. The monsoon rains are due to winds from the southwest as well as
north-east with the maximum rainfall of (6,000 mm) in the west to minimum (600
mm) in the east. The district is rich in vegetation cover. The total forest
cover in the district is 1,672 km2, out of which 563 km2
is reserve forest and 417 km2 is protected forest. Total forest area
is about 22% of the total geographic area of the district. There are three main
types of forests: a) subtropical evergreen, b) moist deciduous and
semievergreen, and c) dry deciduous forest (Patil & Bornak 2023).
Collection and identification
Frequent trips were made to
various localities of Kolhapur district between 2020 and 2023. All the species
were collected during the monsoon season. Healthy specimens at different stages
of development were collected. Field photographs were taken with the help of
Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro and OnePlus 9RT mobile camera to note colour, size,
shape, and habitat whereas, odour and other ecological characters were noted
down in the field notebook. Microscopic observations of fresh fruiting bodies
were done using 1.5% Phloxine B stain and Lawrence and Mayo N-300M research
microscope. Dry and wet (70% ethanol) preservation techniques have been used
for collected specimens.
RESULTS
Agrocybe pediades
(Image 1a–h)
(Pers.: Fr.) Fayod in Ann.
Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 79: 359, 1889.
Fruiting body small to medium; Pileus
up to 1–3 cm in diam., convex, ex-umbonate; surface pale brownish to
yellowish-brown, moist, smooth, hygrophanous; margin regular, not splitting at
maturity, non-striate; flesh thin, 0.2 cm thick, pale; taste and odour mild. Lamellae
broadly adnate to sub-decurrent, ventricose, sub-distant to distant, moderately
broad, pale brown. Spore print dark brown. Stipe 3–6 × 0.3 cm,
central, cylindrical, slightly bulbous at base, solid, pale brown to brown,
with granular texture, shiny. Basidiospores 10.2–14.5 × 6.6–9.2 µm,
ellipsoidal, with a truncate germ pore, thick–walled, smooth; Basidia
22–26.8 × 7.8–10.2 µm, clavate, 4-spored, hyaline, lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia
16.8–33.5 × 6.6–9 µm, polymorphic, cylindrical, lageniform, thin–walled,
hyaline, some with granular apices. Pleurocystidia absent. Clamp
connections present throughout.
Collections examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Bhudargad, Bhendvade, Gadhinglaj–Gargoti Road, (16.3090 N, 74.1810
E), on soil mixed in rice husk, gregarious, in cluster, 14.vi.2020,
Bornak, S.I. & Patil, A.R. (Y20V1C3); Gaganbawda, Kolhapur–Gaganbawda Road,
(16°33ʹ26”N-73°51ʹ11”E), on littered soil, gregarious, 26.vi.2020, Bornak, S.I.
(Y20C4V4); Karvir, Rajaram College Campus, (16.6860 N, 74.2560 E),
on humid soil, in cluster, 12.vii.2020, Bornak, S.I. (Y20V10C3); Karvir,
Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj College of Agriculture, Kolhapur campus
(16.6870 N, 74.2610 E), on soil, in pair, 07.vii.2022,
Bornak, S.I, (Y22V3C9); Karvir, Rajaram College Campus, (16.6870 N,
74.2570 E), on soil, under Gliricidia sepium tree, in a
cluster, 09.vii.2023. Bornak, S.I. (Y23V1C5).
Remarks
Agrocybe pediades, an edible mushroom recognized
by its name ‘Common field cap’, is growing gregariously in grassy fields, on lawns,
and pasture lands. A. pediades is
recognized by the smooth pileus surface, which is brownish-yellow with some
reddish shades, appendiculate pileal margin and powdery squamulose stipe with
scattered remnants of evanescent annulus (Kaur et al. 2014). It is common and
distributed worldwide and seems to be a problematic species. Many authors
designate several species to A. pediades based on
morphological characters such as pileus colour, viscidity, amount of veil,
shape of pileus, spore size, although morphological studies have demonstrated
most species to be synonymous or varieties within A. pediades (Niveiro
et al. 2020). A. pediades is highly prized due to its edibility. The
known Indian distribution of this species is Kerala, some parts of northern India
and Punjab (Kaur et al. 2014). From Maharashtra this species has been reported
from Pune (Senthilarasu 2014).
Amanita manicata (Berk. & Broome) Pegler
(Image 2a–h)
Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 12: 216
(1986).
Pileus 6–10 cm, fleshy, initially
hemispherical, then convex to completely flat, whitish to creamy white, wrapped
in a general grainy-greasy veil, the ochraceous orange colour that covers it
entirely when young, but subsequently thins out in patches, leaving the
underlying parts uncovered and clear. Margin smooth, not striated, strongly
appended by triangular flap like remnants of the partial veil, then completely
naked at maturity. Lamellae adnate to adnexed, low and only slightly
ventricose, crowded, white to whitish pink, up to 10 mm broad with short
lamellulae. Stipe 7–16 × 0.8–1.6 cm, cylindrical, solid, typically
sinuous in the median part with rounded base, sub–clavate. Smooth above the
ring, below entirely covered by ochre-orange coloured, large, fibrillose-hairy
scales. Stipe is concolourous with the pileus surface. Flesh white, 1 cm thick,
with strong unpleasant odour. Basidiospores 5.6–8.0 × 5.0–7.8 µm,
globose to sub-globose, few broadly ellipsoidal, amyloid, smooth. Basidia
40–56 × 9–11 µm, tetrasporic cylindrical-clavate. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia
absent.
Collection examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj College of Agriculture (16.6840 N,
74.2610 E), on ground, alone, scattered, 07.vii.2022, Bornak, S.I.
(Y22V4C1)
Remarks
A. manicata can be easily recognized by its
yellowish-brown to pale tawny brown pileus covering with floccoso-verrucose to
felty squamules; margin appendiculates with large floccose fragments which hang
down up to 2 cm; the cylindrical stipe covering with tawny brown floccoso-squamose
which becomes more intense and thicker as upwards; the cream to whitish or
pinkish tint lamellae; the subglobose and amyloid basidiospores (Liu et al.
2022) This species has been described from Karnataka, India (Kantharaja &
Krishnappa 2022). This is the first report from Maharashtra State.
Bolbitius coprophilus (Peck) Hongo
(Image 3a–i)
Mem. Fac. Lib. Arts Educ., Shiga University, Nat. Sci.
9: 82, 1959.
Fruiting body small to medium, 3–20 cm in
height. Pileus 2.5–6 cm in diam., campanulate when young, conical at
maturity, becoming applanate; umbonate, umbo broad, reddish-brown to pale brown
to brown; slightly pinkish when young, surface viscid, smooth, fragile, margin
irregular, pellucid, striate, splitting at maturity; flesh thin; Lamellae
free, unequal, crowded, narrow to moderately broad, white to pale yellow when
young, grayish-brown to brown at maturity, fragile; gill edges curled with age.
Stipe central, 3–18 × 0.4–0.6 cm broad, tubular, with slightly swollen
base, hollow, surface pale yellow, unchanging, with pinkish excludes on surface
when mature, pruinose–fibrillose, delicate, shiny, silky. Basidiospores
10.5–16 × 8–10 mm, ellipsoidal to ovate, truncated by a broad germ pore,
thick-walled, smooth, yellowish-brown. Basidia 18–30 × 9.5–14.8 mm,
clavate to cylindrico-clavate, thin walled, 2–4 spored; Lamella edges
sterile. Cheilocystidia 25–35.5 × 7.6–18.5 mm, cylindrical,
clavate-vesiculose, thin-walled, hyaline. Pleurocystidia not observed. Pileipellis
hymeniform, 18–45 × 8–12 mm, inflated, clavate, thin walled, hyaline; clamp
connections absent.
Collection examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Karvir, Parite, Kolhapur–Radhanagari road (16.5420 N, 74.1150 E),
on rice husk, alone, solitary, scattered, 16.vii.2023, Bornak, S.I. (Y23V6C3).
Remarks
B. coprophilus is characterized by a broad
pileus which is pale with a distinct pinkish tinge and a pileal shape that
varies from convex or campanulate when young and flat at maturity; the gills
are free and non-deliquescent and the basidiospores are ellipsoid to ovoid.
This species prefers to grow on organic substrates that are rich in nutrients,
such as dung or compost (Usman et al. 2022). B. coprophilus was
originally described from North America by Hongo in 1959. After that several
investigations were made from various regions of the world viz. dung heaps in
New York; wheat fields in England; horse and deer dung mixed with straw in
Denmark, Italy; scattered on cow dung, compost, and rice straw in Singapore;
compost and wheat straw in Argentina, Europe, and Poland; horse dung in France
and Austria; straw, dung, and compost in Russia (Usman et al. 2022). B.
coprophilus has been previously reported from India on elephant dung in
Kerala (Thomas et al. 2001; Manimohan et al. 2007) and from Punjab by Amandeep
et al. (2013). There is no report of this species from Maharashtra state. Thus,
this is a first report from Maharashtra State.
Entoloma serrulatum (Fr.) Hesler
(Image 4a–e)
Beih. Nova Hedwigia 21: 140 (1967).
Fruit body small to medium; Pileus
0.8–5 cm, dark bluish-purple, velvety when young becoming greyish-blue on
maturity, silky, convex, centrally depressed when mature with incurved margin. Lamellae
creamish-pink to pale blue, adnate, narrow and moderately crowded. Stipe
1.5–4.5 × 0.2–0.5 cm, bluish-grey, base cream, central, cylindrical, smooth,
hollow. Basidiospores 7–11 × 5.8–7.5 μm, hyaline, angular, pentagonal. Basidia
26–34 × 9–11 μm, clavate, 4- spored. Cheilocystidia 35–60 × 8–11.5 μm;
cylindric with clavate to subclavate apices. Lamellar edge sterile. Clamp
connections absent.
Collections examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Panhala, Pombare (16°43ʹ05”N-73°54ʹ09”E), on soil, under the trunk of Acacia
mearnsii De Wild. tree, solitary or in pair, 16.vii.2020, Bornak, S.I.
(Y20V15C4); Panhala, Padsali (16.5890 N, 73.8670 E),
amongst decaying leaf litter, solitary, scattered, 24.vi.2021, Bornak, S.I.
& Patil, Y.S. (Y21V3C4).
Remarks
Entoloma serrulatum can be recognized by the dark
blue cap, squamous pileal surface in the center and bluish lamellae with a dark
margin. Microscopically basidiospores measure 9–13 × 6–9 µm and the pileal
surface is composed of a cutis with pileocystidis forming a transition between
cutis and trichoderm, sometimes almost hymeniform. E. serrulatum has a
wide geographic distribution, occurring in Europe, South America, North
America, Asia, and Brazil (Karstedt 2010).
This species has been previously
reported from Kerala (Farook et al. 2013) and southwestern India (Pavithra et
al. 2016). Jagadish et al. (2019) showed that the species E. serrulatum along
with 20 other species have ectomycorrhizal assemblage in the vicinity of Anacardium
occidentale from the Arabian Sea coast near Mangalore City, Karnataka
State. This species is the first record from Maharashtra State.
Entoloma theekshnagandhum Manim., A.V. Joseph &
Leelav.
(Image 5a–h)
Mycol. Res. 99(9): 1088 (1995).
Fruiting body small to medium. Pileus
2–4 cm in diameter, convex, centrally depressed cap; surface white to yellowish
white, pale greenish-white when young, glabrous, smooth, pellucid–striate;
margin regular. Lamellae adnate to sub-decurrent, white to
yellowish-white, with lamellulae. Stipe 3–7 × 0.2–0.5 cm; central or
slightly eccentric, cylindric, sometimes compressed, hollow; yellowish-white,
pruinose at apex, glabrous towards base. Odour very strong, unpleasant;
taste unpleasant. Basidiospores 7–9 × 6.8–8.2 μm, quadrate or
pentagonal. Basidia 23–39 × 8–13 μm, clavate with four sterigmata.
Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia 18–65 × 6.5–22 μm, copious,
lageniform, clavate to obclavate, cylindrical, hyaline. Pleurocystidia
not observed. Caulocystidia 32–70 × 10–18 μm, similar to cheilocystidia.
Spore print pale pink to orange white.
Collections examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Panhala, Pombare (16.6890 N, 73.9060 E), on soil,
solitary, scattered, 16.vii.2020, Bornak, S.I. (Y20V15C3); Shahuwadi, Nandari
(16.0980 N, 73.8350 E), on soil, single, 05.viii.2021,
Bornak, S.I. & Patil, Y.S. (Y21V7C6).
Remarks
This species was first described
by Manimohan and Leelavathy (1988) as Alboleptonia graveolens. Later,
the name was changed to Entoloma theekshnagandhum (Manimohan et al.
1995). The species can be easily recognized by its robust, whitish, omphalinoid
basidiomes; the strong, unpleasant odour, quadrate spores, versiform
cheilocystidia and the darkening nature of the basidiomes upon drying,
development of a yellow colour when the fresh basidiomes are bruised (Manimohan
et al. 1995). The species has been reported from several places of Kerala
(Manimohan & Leelavathy 1988; Manimohan et al. 1995), Karnataka (Karun &
Sridhar 2016) and Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam (Gogoi &
Parkash 2015). Diversity of genus Entoloma is not well studied in
Maharashtra state. So far only E. brassicolens, E. byssisedum, E.
ochrospora, E. strictius, E. roseoflavum have been reported from
Maharashtra State (Senthilarasu 2014; Borkar et al. 2015). E.
theekshnagandhum is the first report from Maharashtra State.
Hymenopellis radicata (Relhan) R.H.Petersen
(Image 6 a–j)
Petersen & Hughes, Nova
Hedwigia, Beih. 137: 202 (2010).
Fruiting body medium; Pileus 2.5–9cm,
initially convex, then flattened-convex to flat, with wide low and obtuse umbo;
margin thin, regular, acute, smooth, a little wavy; smooth cuticle when young,
sooner or later radially wrinkled, glabrous, opaque with dry weather, viscous
when humid; pale brown, hazel, ochraceus, whitish at times, darker at the
centre; Lamellae of spaced gills, adnate or rounded, ventricose, wide,
interspersed with numerous lamellulae of various length; the colour is white,
the thread is entire and just stains brown when ripe; Stipe 5–16(20) ×
0.5–1.5 cm, slender, long, cylindrical, with the enlarged base continuing in
the soil under in the form of long root, rigid, fibrous, tough, full, at times
twisted; surface finely floccose, longitudinally fibrillar, white at the apex,
darkens gradually towards the base, where it has a colouration more or less
similar to that of the cap; Basidiospores 15–18 × 8–10 µm; widely
ellipsoidal, elongated–ovoid, smooth, guttulous; Basidia 45–55 × 10–15
µm; cylindrical, clavate, tetrasporic, with clamp connections; Cheilocystidia
12–35 µm; clavate, ventricose, smooth; Pleurocystidia 22–35 µm; widely
clavate, widely rounded, truncated at the apex; Annulus absent. Spore
print white.
Collections examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Bhudargad, Bediv (16.2110 N, 74.1630 E), on ground,
alone, solitary, 14.vi.2020, Bornak S.I. (Y20V2C12); Shahuwadi, Ambeshwar
Devrai, (16.9740 N, 74.8010 E), on soil, alone, solitary,
19.vi.2020, Bornak S.I. (Y20V4C26); Kalammawadi Road, Radhanagari, (16.4040
N, 74.0180 E), on soil, single, 16.vii.2023, Bornak, S.I.
(Y23V4C4).
Remarks
The type species of Hymenopellis is H.
radicata described in 1786 under the name Agaricus radicatus.
H. radicata is an edible species and can be cultivated commercially
which contains bioactive compound lectin which is antifungal, mucidin which
is antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and shows lung-protective effects and some
polysaccharides which are antifungal in nature (Niego et al. 2021). The
species is cosmopolitan. In Maharashtra this species has been reported from
Karnala, Thungareshwar, Lonavala, and Bhimashankar.
Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lodgel.
(Image 7a–g)
Mycologia, 1998
Pileus 8–35 cm across, convex to flat,
white, grayish-white, cream white, paler towards margin, glabrous and silky
smooth, margin entire and incurved, expands when mature, often cracking. Lamellae
notched, crowded, pale white to straw yellow, many tiers of lamellulae. Stipe
10–40 × 4–6 cm, central, solid, concolorous with pileus, fibrillose. Basidiospores
4.8–6.6 × 3.2–4.2 μm, ovate to ellipsoidal, hyaline, thin walled, smooth. Basidia
23–26.5 × 5.8–8.8 μm, four spored, clavate to sub-cylindrical, hyaline, oil
droplets prominent, basal clamp connections present. Cystidia absent. Lamellar
edges fertile. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of thin-walled
parallel hyphae. Pileipellis a cutis of narrow hyphae 4–8 µm in diameter,
hyaline in 5% KOH, clamp connections present. Spore print white. Odour
and taste not recorded.
Collections examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Karvir, Samrat Nagar, (16.6800 N – 74.2430 E) on soil, in
cluster, gregarious, 22.vi.2020, Bornak, S.I. & Patil, Y.S. (Y20V3C1);
Shivaji University Campus (16.6770 N, 74.2540 E), on
soil, solitary or scattered, 19.vii.2022, Bornak, S.I. & Patil, Y.S.
(Y22V6C1).
Remarks
Macrocybe gigantea was previously known as Tricholoma
giganteum reported for the first time from West Bengal, India (Pegler et
al. 1998). This species belongs to the family Tricholomataceae. Macrocybe
species are characterized by white, cream to greyish, or ochraceous, and
convex, umbonate to depressed pileus. The genus Macrocybe has been
considered as Tricholoma. Later, it was segregated from Tricholoma
and ranked as a genus using distinct morphological and molecular characteristics
(Razaq et al. 2016). Macrocybe species are widely distributed in
tropical regions from various parts of the world (Pegler et al.1998).
The genus shows similar characters with Calocybe, both having
conspicuous large basidiomata. However, Macrocybe species differs from Calocybe
in lacking siderophilous granulation in the basidia and molecular
characteristics. M. gigantea is an edible species with many varieties
recognized and is cultivated in the wild tropical and subtropical regions of
the world. It has a sweet taste and is rich in nutritive components such as
proteins, polysaccharides, fat, amino acids, and many mineral elements
(Galappaththi et al. 2022). Due to these nutritional and therapeutic
attributes, it could be advantageous to grow this fungus at industrial scale
for maximum benefits. M. gigantea can meet the demand of food for
growing population due to both nutritional and therapeutic peculiarities.
However, in wild form, there is a chance of radioactive contamination, which
can be overcome by the cultivation under controlled conditions. (Ghafoor et al.
2022). M. gigantea is distributed only in the Asian countries such as
China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan and there is no other report of this species
from the western Hemisphere. (Razaq et al. 2016). In India, this species has
been previously reported from Kerala, Karnataka, and West Bengal. This is the
first report from Maharashtra State.
Schizophyllum commune Fr.
(Image 8a–i)
Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 1: 103 (1815).
Fruiting body small. Pileus 1–4.5 cm
diam., thin, fan–shaped, shell like, in group or sessile or rudimentary stem,
soft when fresh, leathery when dry; margin involute, lobed, wavy;
whitish-grayish with hairy or velvety surface, greyish-brown towards the
margin. Lamellae decurrent, unequal, narrow, split along the edge,
distant, whitish to cream then pale grey–brown. Stipe rudimentary or
absent, lateral. Flesh very tough, thin, pinkish. Basidiospores 4.3–6.2
× 1.8–2.2 μm, smooth, hyaline, subcylindrical. Basidia 16–22 × 3.8–6.2
μm, tightly clavate, 4-spored.
Collections examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Bhudargad, Bhendvade, Gadhinglaj–Gargoti Road, (16°24ʹ13”N-74°22ʹ11”E), on dead
wood, in cluster, 14.vi.2020., Bornak, S.I. & Patil, A.R. (Y20V1C7);
Shahuwadi, Amba, Ambeshwar Devrai, (16.3410 N, 73.8450 E),
on dead wood, in group, 19.vi.2020, Bornak, S.I. (Y20V6C6); Panhala, Pombare
(16.7210 N, 73.8890 E), on unknown living tree trunk,
gregarious, scattered, 20.vi.2021, Bornak, S.I., Biranje, S.S. & Patil,
Y.S. (Y21V4C9); Panhala, Padasali (16.7030 N, 73.6720 E),
on dead wood, in cluster, 24.vi.2021, Bornak, S.I. (Y21V3C8); Bhudargad, Pal,
Pal Devrai (16.3710 N, 74.1900 E), on unknown wood, gregarious,
scattered, 22.viii.2022, Bornak, S.I., Patil, Y.S. & Biranje, S.S.
(Y22V9C5); Karvir, Parite, Kolhapur-Radhanagari road, (16.5390 N,
74.1050 E), on wood, gregarious, scattered, 16.vii.2023, Bornak,
S.I. (Y23V6C6); Karvir, Rajaram College Campus, (16.6860 N, 74.2590
E), on dead wood, in cluster, 24.vii.2023, Bornak, S.I. (Y23V5C1).
Remarks
Schizophyllum commune is saprobic on dead wood or
occasionally parasitic on living wood; growing alone, gregarious, sometimes
clustered; on decaying hardwood sticks and logs grows throughout year. This
species is widely distributed in North America, South America, Europe, Asia,
Africa, Ireland, and Great Britain, Bay area, India. S. commune is a
wood decaying fungus that causes a white rot, by using enzymes to decay. The
lignin and cellulose left behind on the decaying wood is white. There are also
reports of this species being found in humans and other animals. This fungus is
known to cause a human mycoses in a few cases involving immune incompetent
people, brain abscess especially in children. This is also an edible species
and is a very good source of protein, vitamins, lipids and minerals and widely
consumed in many parts of world. In northeastern India it is a traditional food
species (Verma & Verma 2017). This species has been a reported from
Mahabaleshwar and Mulashi, Maharashtra (Senthilarasu 2014). This is a first
report from the study area.
Termitomyces heimii Natarajan
(Image 9 a–j)
Mycologia 71 (4): 853 (1979).
Pileus 5–11 cm diam., surface smooth,
convex to planoconvex, when young prominently sub-umbonate, margin incurved,
white, striate with greyish to greyish-brown umbo, splits when mature. Context
fleshy, white. Lamellae free, crowded, white, becoming pink, up to 6–8
mm broad, margin serrate, lamellulae present. Stipe 13–18 cm long and
1.5–2 cm wide, white, surface smooth, cylindrical, solid, with a thick annulus,
pseudorhiza present, 13–20 cm below the ground level. Pileal surface an
epicutis hyphae 4–5 μm wide. Hymenophoral trama regular,
thin–walled parallel hyphae, 10–12 μm wide. Basidia clavate, 16.5–20.8 ×
5.7–7.0 μm, with four sterigmata. Pleurocystidia broadly clavate,
44 × 17 μm. Cheilocystidia not observed. Basidiopores
7.2–8.5 × 4.0–5.4 μm, ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, nonamyloid. Clamp
connections absent. Spore deposit pink.
Collection examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Jyotiba (16.7870 N, 74.1760 E), on open ground,
gregarious, scattered, 19.vii.2022, Bornak, S.I. & Subhedar, V. (Y20V10C1).
Remarks
The diagnostic feature of this
species is the large, white, smooth, sub-umbonate pileus and smooth annulate
stipe with a long pseudorrhiza. Other large annulate species of Termitomyces
differ from this significantly. In T. eurrhizus (Berk.) Heim, the fruit
bodies are larger, the pseudorhiza black and the viscid pileus surface dark
gray brown to fuliginous; the perforatorium is pointed. In T. lanatus
Heim the pileus is covered by a thick grayish woolly veil and the annulus and
stipe are covered with woolly scales. In T. striatus (Beeli) Heim the
pileus is ochraceous to gray brown and distinctly striate (Natarajan 1979).
T. heimii has ethno-medicinal importance
as it can be used in treatment for fever, cold, and fungal infections, used in
blood tonics during wound healing and blood coagulation, syrup is used for
jaundice and diarrhea and also shows antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant
properties. Water soluble solvents of T. heimii shows antimicrobial
activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes
(Paloi et al. 2023). The species has been reported from Maharashtra (Borkar et
al. 2015).
Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R.Heim
(Image 10a–e)
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser.
6 18:
128 (1942).
Fruiting body small to medium. Pileus
1.5–3 cm, at first companulate becoming e×panded convex on maturity with
shield-shaped acute umbo, margins splitting at maturity, pale to creamish-white,
yellowish-white, smooth, silky, shiny, viscid or slimy when wet. Lamellae
free to adnexed, narrow, less crowded, with lamellulae, cream turns into light
brown on maturity. Stipe 3.2–8 × 0.1–0.3 cm, creamish, central,
cylindrical, thin, fibrillose, smooth, silky, hollow and tapering towards the
base, devoid of annulus and without pseudorhiza. Basidiospores 5.0–7.2 ×
3.4–4.5 μm, hyaline, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, thin walled. Basidia 11.6−16.2
× 4.3–6.6 μm, with four sterigmata.
Collection examined
India, Maharashtra, Kolhapur,
Shahuwadi, Amba, (16.9420 N, 73.7910 E), on soil, in
cluster, gregarious, 30.vi.2023, Bornak, S.I. & Vedpathak, M.A. (Y23V4C3).
Remarks
T. microcarpus is closely related to T.
medius in shape of pileus as well as umbo, but T. microcarpus
differs for being devoid of pseudorhiza. In India along with T. heimii, T.
microcarpus was used to alleviate fever, colds, and fungal infections (Nhi
et al. 2022). This is an edible species and can be used to treat gonorrhea
(Pavithra et al. 2017). Despite of all this species has ample medicinal usage,
viz, lowers the total serum cholesterol, LDL–cholesterol and triglycerides in
rats, used in wound healing, used in treatment of diarrhoea, muscular pain,
delivery pain, stomachache, laziness, stiffness of joints, cough/cold, venereal
diseases, used for fever treatment and bone strengthening (Kumari et al. 2022).
The species has many vernacular
names, viz: Katola kum/Akki kum, Nuchikum, Pullaekum, Uei Chhatu, Choto karane,
(Kerala and Karnataka); Bhat Pihari, (Nei kalan, Ari Kumizh, Arishi Kalan
(Tamil Nadu); Bada bali chatu (Odisha); Jhari chewn, Mulchewn (Uttrakhand);
Kanki Phutu, Chowk Phutu, Chapat phutu (Chattisgarh); Shiti or Shitol olamis
(Goa); Inyak (Arunachal Pradesh); Balu khukhdi (Jharkhand); Mikhumu khapolok
(Tripura); Bhatoli, Mohtran (Himachal Pradesh) (Kumari et al. 2022). The
previous reports of T. microcarpus are from Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu and Pune in Maharashtra (Pavithra et al. 2017).
DISCUSSION
In the present investigation 10
species belonging to eight genera and eight families from order Agaricales have
been enumerated. Among these, five species have been described for the first
time from Maharashtra State. Agrocybe pediades, Hymenopellis radicata,
Macrocybe gigantea, Schizophyllum commune, Termitomyces heimii
and T. microcarpus are edible and Entoloma serrulatum is a poisonous
species (Ediriweera et al. 2015; Razaq et al. 2016; Mishra et al. 2021;
Niego et al. 2021).
The edible species such as M.
gigantea and S. commune, which are used in traditional dishes in
some parts of India, are commonly distributed in Kolhapur District. In addition
to their edibility, species such as A. pediades, H. radicata, T.
heimii, and T. microcarpus are also known for their medicinal
properties. These fungi exhibit a wide range of bioactivities including
antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
anticancer, wound-healing, and lung-protective effects. Such therapeutic
potential is attributed to the presence of various bioactive compounds,
emphasizing the nutritional and pharmacological significance of wild mushrooms
in rural communities.
In rural areas of Kolhapur
District, Termitomyces and Pleurotus species are among the most
commonly consumed wild edible mushrooms during the monsoon season. Termitomyces
species are typically found in forested regions and near agricultural lands,
often associated with termite mounds. These mushrooms are relatively easy to
recognize due to their long, slender pseudorhiza extending into the soil, a
distinguishing characteristic in most species, except Termitomyces
microcarpus, which lacks a prominent pseudorhiza. Similarly, Pleurotus
species are widely collected and consumed across various parts of the district.
Members of this genus can be identified by their fan-shaped pileus, lateral or
absent stipe, and often white to off-white basidiocarps. Despite the
familiarity of these genera to local populations, accurate mushroom
identification remains a challenging task. Distinguishing between edible and
toxic species based solely on macroscopic features can be unreliable and may
pose significant health risks. Therefore, while some genera may have
recognizable traits, caution and expert verification are essential for safe
wild mushroom consumption.
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IMAGES - - CLICK HERE FOR FULL PDF
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