The present
status and distribution of Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis aurea (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae)
in Bangladesh
M. Tarik Kabir 1 & M. Farid Ahsan 2
1 MPhil. Fellow, 2 Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong,
Chittagong, Bangaldesh
1 bankmyna_chapai@yahoo.com,2 faridahsan55@yahoo.com (corresponding author)
Date
of publication (online): 26 January 2012
Date
of publication (print): 26 January 2012
ISSN
0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: MewaSingh
Manuscript details:
Ms
# o2808
Received
16 May 2011
Final
received 04 December 2011
Finally
accepted 29 December 2011
Citation: Kabir, M.T. & M.F. Ahsan(2012). The present status and distribution of Long-tailed
Macaque Macaca fascicularis aurea (Mammalia:
Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Bangladesh. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 4(1): 2330Ð2332.
Copyright: © M. Tarik Kabir & M. Farid Ahsan 2012. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 UnportedLicense. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by
providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements: Bangladesh Rifle (BDR) authority kindly
extended their security and other helpful supports during our visits to the
coastal belts. Both coastal and
normal forest officials especially Mr. Abdur Raman,
Assistant Conservator of Forests and Mr. Gazi Matiar Rahman, Forest Ranger of Teknaf Forest
Range Office helped us by giving some information. Many local people, fishermen
and BDR also provided us with information. Mr. S.H. Hassan also accompanied us
twice in the field. The study was carried out with financial support of the
personal research grants of Professor Farid Ahsan and later as MPhilFellowship grants of Mr. Tarik Kabirfrom the NUFU Project associated with the Department of Zoology, University of
Chittagong, Chittagong. Professor Eivin Roskaft, Dr. E. Gereta, Dr.
B.G. Stokke and Mr. I.M. Mfundaof NTNU (The Norwegian University of Science and Technology) Trondheim, Norway,
and Dr. David J. Chivers of Cambridge University, UK
made some comments on the first draft of the manuscript. We thank them all.
The Long-tailed or
Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis aurea I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1830),
locally called Parailla Banoris one of the 10 species of primates known to occur in Bangladesh (Ahsan 1984). The zoologists of Bangladesh first came to know about it in 1981 from
the coastal mangrove forests of Whykheong area along
the Naf River belt of Teknafunder CoxÕs Bazar Forest Division (Ahsan 1984). At that time the total population of the species in the areas was
estimated to be 253 (Ahsan 1984; Khan et al.
1984). During the late 1980s the
coastal-forested areas of the habitat of Long-tailed Macaque were leased for
culturing shrimps. Then, the fate
of the macaques became vulnerable and they probably left the area due to
clearing of the forests for shrimp culture. After that few people have seen the macaques. Recently we located one group along theNaf River belt. An attempt was made to: (i) assess the present
status and distribution of the Long-tailed Macaque in Bangladesh; (ii) point
out causes of habitat and species loss; and (iii) recommend conservation
measures.
Methods: We made 18 field trips
to the sites where Long-tailed Macaques were previously recorded along the Naf River belt at Teknaf, Jimonkhali, Whykheong, Keruntoli, Chakaria Sundarbans, Maheshkhali Island
and the hilly region of Teknaf (Fashiakhali,Khutakhali, Ukhia, Whykheong, Hnila, Teknaf and Baharchara (Image
1). We interviewed local people,
forest officials, coastal forest officials and Bangladesh Rifles personnel (now
called Border Guard Bangladesh) of Teknaf about the
occurrence of the species in the area. We made boat trips from Teknaf to Whykheong and back along the coastal belt of the Naf River in search of the species.
Results: One group of
Long-tailed Macaque (two adult males and one adult female (Image 2)) was found
in the coastal forest belt along the Naf River at Keruntoli (20054.073N & 92016.902E)
near Teknaf Port (Image 1). Local people informed us that two Long-tailed Macaques had
died, one due to a pariah dog bite and another due to unknown reasons. The approximate home range of the group
was 7.91ha during July 2010 to February 2011.
Eight species of plants (Baen Avicennia officinalis, Baro Baen Avicennia alba, Keora Sonneratia apetala, Tora Aegialitis rotundifolia, Hargoza Acanthusilicifolius, Clerodendron sp., Chuilla Gola Dalbergia spinosa and Urighas Oryza coarctata) were found in the area occupied by macaques.
Causes of habitat
destruction of the Long-tailed Macaque: The main causes of habitat destruction of
the Long-tailed Macaque were found to be: (i)
clearing mangrove vegetation for shrimp culture; (ii) cutting comparatively old
trees for the extension of agricultural land for irrigation and for use as
fuel; (iii) fishermen and fish buyers coming to the mud belt during low tide,
hampering feeding of macaques; (iv) local people grazing cattle in the habitat
of macaques; (v) presence of Rohinga refugees from
Myanmar temporarily settled (in
1993 and still there in 2011, in two camps), destroying some habitat of
macaques; (vi) establishment of new settlements along the NafRiver coastal belt; and (vii) the construction of two jetties from the port to
the Ansar Camp.
Discussion: Ahsan (1984) recorded a mean group size of 12 (n=4) individuals in
the Whykheong area, where macaques are now absent due
to the clearing of the coastal vegetation for shrimp culture and
agriculture. Ahsan (1984) also
estimated the total population of this macaque to be about 253 in 1981 along theNaf River belt within approximately 10km2. In a conservation assessment workshop,
the species was assessed as Critically Endangered in South Asia and Near
Threatened globally (Molur et al. 2003). Hasan & Feeroz (2010) mentioned that
this species was considered locally extinct from Bangladesh in the mid 1980s
without any reference and they further pointed out that it had been found in Fashiakhali in 1989.
The two groups reported by Hasan& Feeroz (2010) in different years (five
individuals in 2005 and three individuals in 2008) from Teknafcoastal vegetation, were not far from each other and it is possible that it was
one group only. This is because we
found one group with five individuals in 2007 and only three individuals since
late 2008 in the same area. Hasan & Feeroz (2010) also
reported the presence of the Long-tailed Macaque at Lal Dwip (an island of Mynmarclose to Bangladesh), where now they are absent. Feeroz (2001) accounted for two
groups (13 and 17 individuals) from the Chakaria Sundarbans. The Long-tailed Macaque is no more present in the Chakaria Sundarbans area, and Hasan& Feeroz (2010) assumed that possibly that
population has been depleted.
Hasan & Feeroz (2010) reported that
two groups (although we predict one group only) of Long-tailed Macaque occupied
an area of 16.7ha, which is too large compared to the present home range of the
recovered group of Long-tailed Macaque (7.91ha). Ahsan (1994) compiled the home
range of this species as 0.12km2, which is much smaller than the
present one.
The extermination of
the Long-tailed Macaque from Bangladesh in Whykheongarea (where it was first sited in 1981, M.F. Ahsan,
pers. obs.) was due to the clearing of coastal vegetation of that area. Consequently, most of the monkeys might
have migrated to nearby Myanmar (by swimming across a small constriction of theNaf River, as this macaque is a good swimmer), which is about 200m away from Bangladesh.
Twenty-two plant
species were reported from Whykheong area (Khan &Wahab 1983; Khan et al. 1984), but the present cited
area supports less plant diversity (only eight species) than the previous
one. This is due to the clearing
of mangrove forests for shrimp culture and agriculture practices and the regenerating
forests of that area have become less diversified. The Long-tailed Macaque consumed foods from 21 species from
the Naf River coastal belt (Khan et al. 1984; Ahsan 1994).
Conclusion and
Recommendations: The Long-tailed Macaque is possibly on the verge of
extinction from Bangladesh, so we recommend urgent conservation measures. In this regard, the Forest Department
of Bangladesh should come forward and take necessary steps along with the
scientific community and local people. The present habitat at Keruntoli should be
properly protected so that nobody can: (i) graze
cattle, (ii) collect firewood, (iii) collect fruits of keoraand chuila gola, and (iv) fish. The
distance between Myanmar and Bangladesh along the NafRiver coastal belt is little at Whykheong and Jimonkhali. Improving the habitats of these two areas might attract migrated
Long-tailed Macaque from Myanmar. At the same time, the Government of Bangladesh should cancel leases of
coastal areas of this zone for any purpose. Furthermore, attempts may be made to reintroduce some
individuals of Long-tailed Macaque from Myanmar as the same subspecies occurs
there.
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