Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2024 | 16(10): 25962–25978

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8925.16.10.25962-25978

#8925 | Received 22 January 2024 | Final received 14 September 2024 | Finally accepted 30 September 2024

A checklist of avian fauna of Suang Reserve Forest, Nagaon, Assam, India with notes on some species of interest

Chiranjib Bora ^1* , Neeraj Bora ^2* , Chandan Bhuyan ³ , Rajkumar Das ⁴ & Raktim Jyoti Das ⁵

¹ Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam 782014, India.

² Department of Zoology, Nowgong College (Autonomous), Old A.T. Road, Nagaon, Assam 782001, India.

³ Department of Geography, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati 782014, Assam, India.

^4,5 Independent Bird Watcher, Nagaon, Assam 782001, India.

¹ chiranjibbora9@gmail.com, ² neerajbora15@gmail.com, ³ chandanbhuyan@gauhati.ac.in, ⁴ rajkimar.das@gmail.com, ⁵ raktimjyotidas10@gmail.com

(* corresponding authors)

Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 October 2024 (online & print)

Citation: Bora, C., N. Bora, C. Bhuyan, R. Das & R.J. Das (2024). A checklist of avian fauna of Suang Reserve Forest, Nagaon, Assam, India with notes on some species of interest. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(10): 25962–25978. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8925.16.10.25962-25978

Copyright: © Bora et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: Self-funded.

Author details: Chiranjib Bora is a PhD scholar in the Department of Zoology at Gauhati University, focusing on the endemic grassland birds of northeastern India. His research interests include avian ecology, particularly vocal behaviors. He is also a passionate birdwatcher. Neeraj Bora is a PhD scholar in the Department of Zoology at Nowgong College (Autonomous), researching local and migratory wetland bird species of Assam. His primary interests lie in avian ecology and animal behaviour. He is also a passionate wildlife photographer. Chandan Bhuyan is a PhD scholar in the Department of Geography at Gauhati University and currently serves as a research associate at NERIWALM, Tezpur. His expertise lies in geoinformatics, with a research focus on exploring the ecological and social dimensions of human-wildlife interactions. Rajkumar Das is an experienced birdwatcher with a deep passion for wildlife photography. He has observed and documented over 1,000 bird species to date. Raktim Jyoti Das is a dedicated nature enthusiast and an expert birdwatcher. He also has proficiency in wildlife photography.

Author contributions: Conceptualization: NB and CB; Data collection: CB, NB, RD, RJD and CBh; Methodology: CB and NB; Software: CB and CBh; Writing-original draft: NB, CB and CBh; Writing- review and editing: NB, CB and CBh. The final draft of the manuscript was read and approved by all the authors.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: Our heartfelt gratitude goes to Mr. Binod Dulu Bora of Hati Bondhu (NGO) for his invaluable suggestions regarding bird locations and his advice on the study area. We are also thankful to the Forest Department of Assam for their cooperation and support during the study period.

Abstract: This study presents the first avian checklist from the Suang Reserve Forest of Nagaon, Assam, India. The study conducted between 2018 and 2023 documented 228 bird species belonging to 18 orders and 64 families of which four are globally threatened according to the IUCN Red List. Passeriformes was the most dominant order, with 128 species. Among non-passerines, Piciformes exhibited the highest richness (15 species), followed by Cuculiformes and Accipitriformes (13 species each). The family Muscicapidae had the greatest species diversity (21 species), followed by Accipitridae (13 species), Phylloscopidae (11 species), and Picidae (11 species). We also documented 38 winter visitors and seven summer migrants in the reserve forest. Noteworthy findings included rare sightings of the White-cheeked Partridge and Grey Peacock-Pheasant, and unusual sightings of Wreathed Hornbill and Pacific Golden Plover. The results showed the healthy condition of the forest and its high biodiversity value, despite the study limitations due to inaccessible terrain. We recommend extensive documentation of avifauna and other biodiversity for this region for future conservation planning.

Keywords: Accipitriformes, biodiversity, birds, conservation, documentation, IUCN, migrants, Passeriformes, Piciformes, threatened.

INTRODUCTION

Birds are an essential part of the ecosystem and provide varied services that support life that depends on them (Michel et al. 2020). They carry out a variety of functions such as pest control, pollination, seed dispersal, and nutrient cycling ( Ceia et al. 2023). Monitoring bird populations can yield valuable information about the health of an ecosystem (Fraixedas et al. 2020). The Indian subcontinent recorded 317 bird species, which is over 12.5% of the world’s bird species (Praveen & Jayapal 2022). The confluence of the Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese, and Indian biogeographical areas, the northeastern region of India provides a diverse range of habitats that support a wide variety of avian species (Chatterjee et al. 2016). The state of Assam in northeastern India has a notably diverse bird population. Substantial contributions have been made to study the diversity, distribution, and ecology of birds in Assam in recent years (Barua & Sharma 2005; Choudhury 2006; Das & Deori 2010; Ahmed & Dey 2014 ; Chakdar et al. 2019; Kakati et al. 2022; Rahmani et al. 2023). Therefore, extensive surveys are very much needed to uncover all such unexplored regions. The Suang Reserve Forest in Nagaon district of Assam is one such undocumented region. It is a dense forest with undiscovered biodiversity. This moist deciduous forest features evergreen vegetation creating a unique habitat, complemented by its hilly terrain, hill streams, and nearby tea gardens. However, in terms of biodiversity documentation, no literature is available. Thus, the current study presents the first avian checklist documentation of the region and establishes baseline data for future studies and conservation efforts.

Study Area

Suang Reserve Forest (26.2832⁰N, 92.8619⁰E & 26.3552⁰N, 92.9475⁰E) is located near the Karbi Hills of Nagaon District in central Assam, under Nagaon Forest Division. The reserve forest, characterized by a dense forest cover covers an area of 2,645 ha (Figure 1). The predominant forest type is primarily moist deciduous or moist deciduous-mixed type. However, characteristics of tropical semi-evergreen forests are also observed in the study area. The reserve forest is surrounded on the north by Lungsung tea garden, on the south by Chapong pahar, on the east by Chapanala tea garden, and on the west by Balijuri and Jiajuri tea gardens. A prominent hill stream called Champawati also runs through it. The study area experiences a hot sub-tropical humid climate and is characterized by four distinct seasons, with summer (25.3–33 °C) and winter (11.2–25.2 °C) temperatures.

During the survey, prominent flora recorded included plantations of Tectona grandis and Shorea robusta as well as a variety of wild flora like Artocarpus chama, Mangifera indica, Dysoxylum gotadhora, Artocarpus lakoocha, Spondias pinnata, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, and Ficus racemosa. Notably, prominent mammalian fauna spotted during our surveys included Macaca mulatta, Macaca assamensis, Nycticebus bengalensis, Hoolock hoolock, Elephas maximus, Axis porcinus, and Muntiacus muntjac.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Field surveys were conducted for five years from January 2018 to January 2023 covering all four seasons (Pre-monsoon: March to May, Monsoon: June to September, Retreating Monsoon: October to November, and Winter: December to February). However, the tracks around the hill-stream were deliberately avoided in winter to avoid public interference.

The surveys were conducted during morning hours (0600–1000 h) and afternoon hours (1430–1530 h) by a team of two or three observers, following the point count method (Bibby et al. 2000), and at each point, GPS data was collected. The distance between two consecutive points was ~50 m. At each point, the observers recorded the number of bird species for 15 minutes. After arriving at each point of the count, a five-minute settling period was allowed for birds to resume normal behaviour. In the case of the birds that could not be seen but heard, counts were also made for those whose location was obvious from their songs/calls. Songs and calls were also recorded for later identification if necessary. Additionally, all other observations are entered as opportunistic sightings while moving from one point to another. Avian fauna was documented through direct observation using binoculars Nikon Prostaff (8 × 42 mm) and digital cameras (Nikon P900 and Nikon D500 with Nikkor 200–500 mm lens) for photographs. GPS data were collected using Garmin eTrex-10 and calls were recorded using a Zoom H1 handheld recorder. Birds were identified using a field guidebook (Grimmett et al. 2011).

The bird calls recorded were analysed later with the help of Raven Pro (1.6.5), using the machine learning model “BirdNET_GLOBAL_6K_V2.4” (Kahl et al. 2021). After that, the results were cross-checked at http://www.xeno-canto.org/ online database.

The threatened status of the birds was assessed as per the IUCN Red List status (IUCN 2023). The migratory status of the birds is given as per ‘Birds of the World (2022)’ (Billerman et al. 2022). Local names of the birds were compiled from available literature on birds in Assamese (Gogoi 2006; Dutta 2011).

RESULTS

The present study documented 228 species of birds belonging to ---18 orders and 64 families. Order Passeriformes was the most dominant one with 128 species. Among the non-passerines, maximum richness was represented by the order Piciformes with 15 species followed by Cuculiformes with 13 species, and Accipitriformes with 13 species (Figure 2). The family Muscicapidae shows the highest species richness (21 species), followed by Accipitridae (13 species), Phylloscopidae (11 species), and Picidae (11 species). Among the 228 bird species recorded, 183 (80%) are resident birds. Winter Visitors (WV) account for 38 species (17%) of the total bird population, and seven species are Summer Migrants (SM). Eight (4 Vulnerable and 4 Near Threatened) species were threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2023).

We recorded ----four species of Pheasants from this region out of which White-cheeked Partridge Arborophila atrogularis and Grey Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum are rare records. Also, some unusual sightings from the study area are Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulatus and Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva.

A detailed account of some interesting species like Grey Peacock-Pheasant, White-cheeked Partridge, Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus pulverulentus, Wreathed Hornbill, Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Red-headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus, Bristled Grassbird Schoenicola striatus, Jackobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus, Malayan Night Heron Gorsachius melanolophus, Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus, Pacific Golden Plover, Long-tailed Broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae and Black-breasted Weaver Ploceus benghalensis is additionally provided with IUCN Red List status.

DISCUSSION

This is the first study of avian fauna from the Suang RF in Nagaon. We recorded 228 species of birds. The findings are similar to observations from Behali Wildlife Sanctuary with 283 species belonging to ---18 orders and 64 families (Kakati et al. 2022) of Assam with similar habitats. A higher species richness of order Passeriformes with 127 species, suggests that the study area consists of heterogenous habitat types (Hilaluddin & Sharma 2008 ).

The sampling in this area initially started as bird watching, which was only for three months during the first year of the study as part of forest trekking and casual bird-watching activities. However, after recognizing the potential richness of birds in the forest, we decided to have a more structured approach and integrated proper scientific methodologies for appropriate documentation and data curation. The fact that there are eight species of globally threatened birds; four Vulnerable: Wreathed Hornbill, Great Hornbill, Bristled Grassbird & Great Slaty Woodpecker, and four Near Threatened: Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster, Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri, Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus, and Rufous-bellied Eagle Lophotriorchis kienerii, suggests that the area needs maximum protection to preserve these bird species. Frugivorous forest birds, like the Wreathed Hornbills and Great Hornbills were observed in eight easily accessible locations in the study area. These findings reveal that the forest is in pristine condition and habitat quality suggesting that the region has a high biodiversity value (Saikia & Rabha 2006). The record of Grey Peacock-Pheasant is the first photographic documentation, from middle Assam, suggesting that the study area is unexplored and needs extensive documentation (Bora & Bora 2023). The study’s limitation arises from the steep hilly terrain, so certain study areas were inaccessible and could not be explored. The felling of trees by local inhabitants was the only threat to the habitat we observed during the study period. We recommend that a comprehensive and proper scientific study be conducted on the biodiversity, including the avian community of the reserve forest, as no documentation was done earlier in this forest. This helps in future conservation planning of the reserve forest.

Notes on species of interest

Wreathed Hornbill Aceros undulatus (IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable)

Observed commonly in the hilly tracks of the study area (26.3191°N, 92.9427°E). Often observed in pairs. Mostly seen perched on fig trees (Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa) near the Champawati hill-stream that runs through the forest. Once nine individuals were seen together in flight.

Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis (IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable)

Great Hornbill pairs are frequently seen perched on large trees on the hilly slope or in flight in the trek towards the Champawati waterfall (26.3196°N, 92.9427°E).

Bristled Grassbird Schoenicola striatus (IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable)

It is a common resident from the grasslands of Kaziranga (Barua & Sharma 1999). During our survey, one individual was observed in a grassland (26.3389°N, 92.8256°E), adjacent to the reserve forest.

Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus pulverulentus (IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable)

Largest woodpecker found in the Indian subcontinent. Observed rarely in the study area, only twice during the study period in flight (26.3320°N, 92.9221°E). It is identified based on obvious visual cues. However, no photograph could be captured in any of the encounters.

Rufous-bellied Eagle Lophotriorchis kienerii (IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened)

An uncommon raptor for the study area. Only one individual was photographed (26.3197°N, 92.9088°E) in November 2023, during flight.

Malayan Night Heron Gorsachius melanolophus (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

A rare species for the study area. Several sighting reports are from Kaziranga National Park. (Barua & Sharma 1999; Rahmani 2018). In the reserve forest, we encountered a bird near bushes (26.3197°N, 92.9088°E-). It was an elusive bird and was observed only once in July 2018.

White-cheeked Partridge Arborophila atrogularis (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

A little-known resident of the Assam Valley and southern Assam hills with a relatively small and declining population (BirdLife International 2023). The White-Cheeked Partridge is confined to moist undergrowth and bamboo jungle in evergreen forests (Rasmussen & Anderton 2012). It is found in Panbari, Kukurakata, and Bagser reserve forests of Kaziranga, and the nearby foothills of North Karbi Anglong WLS. (Rahmani et al. 2023). In the study area, the species’ call is often heard from several locations (26.3306°N, 92.9142°E). The bird was encountered once near a dense bamboo undergrowth (26.3204°N, 92.9024°E), and only a record shot of the bird could be captured.

Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

It is a winter visitor to the study area. One male individual was observed near the hill stream (26.3204°N, 92.9024°E), foraging between the rocks in December 2018.

Grey Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

Due to its illusive behaviour the bird was mostly heard than seen. During the breeding season, the territory call of the male bird is frequently heard from several locations (26.3189°N, 92.9079°E; 26.3204°N, 92.9038°E), which indicates the presence of a population of Grey Peacock Pheasant in the study area. We also reported the first photographic documentation of the bird from the central region of Assam from the study area (Bora & Bora 2023). Earlier it has been reported from Dihing-Patkai National Park (Bhuyan et al. 2024), and Behali Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam (Kakati et al. 2022).

Red-headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

One male bird was seen only in June 2017. The bird was perched on a shrub (26.3297°N, 92.9108°E) but was disturbed by our presence and flew away before capturing any picture.

Jackobian Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

A rare summer visitor to the study area. Only one individual was observed in the same grassland where the bristled grassbird was observed. The bird was perched on a small tree near a waterbody in the grassland (26.3283°N, 92.9018°E).

Pacific Golden-Plover Pluvialis fulva (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

A common winter visitor to Assam. However interestingly, deviating from the typical seasonal behaviour of the species, one individual was observed with its breeding plumage during summer in July 2023. The bird was seen in a paddy field (26.3268°N, 92.8542°E) adjacent to the reserve forest along with Red Wattled Lapwings.

Long-tailed Broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

Two individuals were spotted on two occasions in the summer of 2018. They were perched on tall tree branches on both occasions (26.3297°N, 92.9110°E). They were spotted with their distinct calls. Photographs were taken during these encounters. No individuals of this species were encountered in subsequent surveys.

Black-breasted Weaver Ploceus benghalensis (IUCN Red List status: Least Concern)

Several nesting pairs of the bird were observed from the adjacent grassland (26.3345°N, 92.8404°E) of the reserve forest during the years 2017–2018. However, in recent years, the species has become less frequently seen, most likely due to the negative effects of overgrazing and excessive hay collection in the area.

Table 1. Checklist of birds in Suang Reserve Forest.

	Common name	Scientific name	Local name	IUCN Red List	Migration status
Order: ANSERIFORMES Family: ANATIDAE
	Lesser Whistling-Duck	Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821)	Xoru Sorali Hah	LC	R
Order: ACCIPITRIFORMES Family: ACCIPITRIDAE
	Black-winged Kite	Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789)	Kola deuka xen	LC	R
	Black Kite	Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783)	Chiloni	LC	WV
	Oriental Honey-buzzard	Pernis ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821)	Moukhap	LC	R
	Black Baza	Aviceda leuphotes (Dumont, 1820)	Kola tikoni xen	LC	R
	Crested Serpent-Eagle	Spilornis cheela (Latham, 1790)	Sap-Kota	LC	R
	Booted Eagle	Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788)	Eagle	LC	WV
	Changeable Hawk Eagle	Nisaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	Deu-Eagle	LC	R
	Rufous-bellied Eagle	Lophotriorchis kienerii (de Sparre, 1835)	Mamor Petia Eagle	NT	R
	Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771)	Pahari Xen	LC	R
	Pied Harrier	Circus melanoleucos (Pennant, 1769)	Pokhora Xen	LC	WV
	Eurasian Marsh Harrier	Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Masua-Xen	LC	WV
	Shikra	Accipiter badius (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	Bori Xen	LC	R
	Eurasian Sparrowhawk	Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Tuni-khua Chiloni	LC	WV
Order: APODIFORMES Family: APODIDAE
	Asian Palm Swift	Cypsiurus balasiensis (J.E. Gray, 1829)	Tal Botahi	LC	R
Order: BUCEROTIFORMES Family: BUCEROTIDAE
	Wreathed Hornbill	Rhyticeros undulatus (Shaw, 1812)	Chaya Dhonesh	VU	R
	Great Hornbill	Buceros bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Raj Dhonesh	VU	R
Family: UPUPIDAE
	Eurasian Hoopoe	Upupa epops (Linnaeus, 1758)	Kakoi-Xira	LC	R
Order: CHARADRIIFORMES Family: CHARADRIIDAE
	Pacific Golden-Plover	Pluvialis fulva (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Xunali-loriyoli	LC	WV
	Grey-headed Lapwing	Vanellus cinereus (Blyth, 1842)	Dol-Ghura	LC	WV
	Red-wattled Lapwing	Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783)	Bali-Ghura	LC	R
	Bronze-winged Jacana	Metopidius indicus (Latham, 1790)	Dol-Punga	LC	R
	Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758)	Balituka	LC	WV
	Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758)	Bali-khusora	LC	WV
Family: LARIDAE
	Whiskered Tern	Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811)	Gonga-Chiloni	LC	R
Family: TURNICIDAE
	Barred Buttonquail	Turnix suscitator (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Bota-Sorai	LC	R
Order: CICONIIFORMES Family: CICONIIDAE
	Asian Openbill	Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert, 1783)	Samuk-bhonga	LC	R
	Lesser Adjutant	Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821)	Bortokola	NT	R
Order: COLUMBIFORMES Family: COLUMBIDAE
	Rock Pigeon	Columba livia (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Paro-Sorai	LC	R
	Red Collared-Dove	Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann, 1804)	Harua Kopou	LC	R
	Eurasian Collared-Dove	Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838)	Sweto Kopou	LC	R
	Spotted Dove	Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786)	Til Kopou	LC	R
	Oriental Turtle-Dove	Streptopelia orientalis (Latham, 1790)	Xon-Kopou	LC	R
	Asian Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus, 1758)	Sil-Kopou	LC	R
	Yellow-footed Green-Pigeon	Treron Phoenicopterus (Latham, 1790)	Haitha	LC	R
	Thick-billed Green-Pigeon	Treron curvirostra (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Bor-Haitha	LC	R
	Wedge-tailed Green-Pigeon	Treron sphenurus (Vigors, 1832)	Solokha-nejia Haitha	LC	R
Order: CORACIIFORMES Family: ALCEDINIDAE
	Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Masruka	LC	R
	White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Boga-bukua Masruka	LC	R
Family: CORACIIDAE
	Indochinese Roller	Coracias affinis (Horsfield, 1840)	Kau-Sorai	LC	R
	Dollarbird	Eurystomus orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766)	Nila Kau Sorai	LC	R
Family: MEROPIDAE
	Blue-bearded Bee-eater	Nyctyornis athertoni (Jardine & Selby, 1828)	Nila-pakhi moukhua	LC	R
	Asian Green Bee-eater	Merops orientalis (Latham, 1801)	Jiya-Khati	LC	R
	Blue-tailed Bee-eater	Merops philippinus (Linnaeus, 1767)	Nila-neji Jiya Khati	LC	R
Order: CUCULIFORMES Family: CUCULIDAE
	Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815)	Bor-Kukuha	LC	R
	Lesser Coucal	Centropus bengalensis (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	Ulu-kukuha	LC	R
	Green-billed Malkoha	Phaenicophaeus tristis (Lesson, 1830)	Bomura	LC	R
	Chestnut-winged Cuckoo	Clamator coromandus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Badam Pakhiya Kuli	LC	SM
	Jacobin Cuckoo	Clamator jacobinus (Boddaert, 1783)	Piu kaha	LC	SM
	Asian Koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Kuli	LC	R
	Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo	Surniculus lugubris (Horsfield, 1821)	Fesu-Kuli	LC	SM
	Common Hawk-Cuckoo	Hierococcyx varius (Vahl, 1797)	Xen-kuli	LC	R
	Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus Micropterus (Gould, 1838)	Keteki	LC	SM
	Common Cuckoo	Cuculus canorus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Bilati keteki	LC	SM
	Large Hawk-Cuckoo	Hierococcyx sparverioides (Vigors, 1832)	Bor Xenkuli	LC	SM
	Asian Emerald Cuckoo	Chrysococcyx maculatus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	Rongosua kuli	LC	SM
	Plaintive Cuckoo	Cacomantis merulinus (Scopoli, 1786)	Mamor-Petia Kuli	LC	R
Order: GALLIFORMES Family: PHASIANIDAE
	White-cheeked Partridge	Arborophila atrogularis (Blyth, 1849)	Gal-Boga Hoikoli	LC	R
	Common Hill Partridge	Arborophila torqueola (Valenciennes, 1825)	Koira	LC	R
	Red Junglefowl	Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Bon-Kukura	LC	R
	Grey Peacock-Pheasant	Polyplectron bicalcaratum (Linnaeus, 1758)	Deu-Dorik	LC	R
	Kalij Pheasant	Lophura leucomelanos (Latham, 1790)	Dorik	LC	R
Order: GRUIFORMES Family: RALLIDAE
	Slaty-breasted Rail	Lewinia striata (Linnaeus, 1766)	Jikor	LC	R
	Eurasian Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Kura-Dhekor	LC	R
	Grey-headed Swamphen	Porphyrio poliocephalus (Latham, 1801)	Kam-Sorai	LC	R
	Watercock	Gallicrex cinerea (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Pani-kukura	LC	R
	White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769)	Dauk	LC	R
	Brown Crake	Zapornia akool (Sykes, 1832)	Muga-Jikor	LC	R
Order: PASSERIFORMES Family: ACROCEPHALIDAE
	Thick-billed Warbler	Arundinax aedon (Pallas, 1776)		LC	WV
	Paddyfield Warbler	Acrocephalus agricola (Jerdon, 1845)		LC	WV
	Clamorous Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus stentoreus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)		LC	WV
Family: AEGITHINIDAE
	Common Iora	Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758)	Bihuyoti Sorai	LC	R
Family: ALAUDIDAE
	Bengal Bushlark	Mirafra assamica (Horsfield, 1840)	Rongosua bhardwaj	LC	R
Family: ARTAMIDAE
	Ashy Woodswallow	Artamus fuscus (Vieillot, 1817)	Botahi sorai	LC	R
Family: CAMPEPHAGIDAE
	Grey-chinned Minivet	Pericrocotus solaris (Blyth, 1846)	Rupohi	LC	R
	Short-billed Minivet	Pericrocotus brevirostris (Vigors, 1831)	Suti thutiya rupohi	LC	R
	Long-tailed Minivet	Pericrocotus ethologus (Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914)	Dighol-nejia Rupohi	LC	R
	Scarlet Minivet	Pericrocotus speciosus (Latham, 1790)	Rupohi	LC	R
	Large Cuckooshrike	Coracina macei (Lesson, 1831)	Kuli Erakhaiti	LC	R
	Black-winged Cuckooshrike	Lalage melaschistos (Hodgson, 1836)		LC	R
FAMILY: CETTIIDAE
	Yellow-bellied Warbler	Abroscopus superciliaris (Blyth, 1859)	Tiposi	LC	R
Family: CHLOROPSEIDAE
	Blue-winged Leafbird	Chloropsis moluccensis (Gray, JE, 1831)	Patsorai	LC	R
	Golden-fronted Leafbird	Chloropsis aurifrons (Temminck, 1829)	Xun kopali Patsorai	LC	R
Family: CISTICOLIDAE
	Grey-bellied Tesia	Tesia cyaniventer (Hodgson, 1837)	Tesia	LC	R
	Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769)	Patxia sorai	LC	R
	Dark-necked Tailorbird	Orthotomus atrogularis (Temminck, 1836)	Patxia sorai	LC	R
	Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis (Rafinesque, 1810)	Tiktik sorai	LC	R
	Rufescent Prinia	Prinia rufescens (Blyth, 1847)		LC	R
Family: CORVIDAE
	Common Green-Magpie	Cissa chinensis (Boddaert, 1783)	Xeujiya kuklunga	LC	R
	Rufous Treepie	Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham, 1790)	Sekseki	LC	R
	House Crow	Corvus splendens (Vieillot, 1817)	Pati Kauri	LC	R
	Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchos (Wagler, 1827)	Dhura kauri	LC	R
Family: DICAEIDAE
	Yellow-vented Flowerpecker	Dicaeum chrysorrheum (Temminck, 1829)	Fultuka	LC	R
	Plain Flowerpecker	Dicaeum minullum (R. Swinhoe, 1870)	Fultuka	LC	R
	Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum cruentatum (Linnaeus, 1758)	Fultuka	LC	R
Family: DICRURIDAE
	Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817)	Fesu	LC	R
	Bronzed Drongo	Dicrurus aeneus (Vieillot, 1817)	Motiya Fesu	LC	R
	Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo	Dicrurus remifer (Temminck, 1823)	Xoru Bhrimraaj	LC	R
	Hair-crested Drongo	Dicrurus hottentottus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Kexoraaj	LC	R
	Greater Racket-tailed Drongo	Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Bor Bhrimraaj	LC	R
Family: EMBERIZIDAE
	Chestnut-eared Bunting	Emberiza fucata (Pallas, 1776)		LC	WV
Family: ESTRILDIDAE
	Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758)	Futuki tuni	LC	R
	White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata (Linnaeus, 1766)	Tuni sorai	LC	R
	Chestnut Munia	Lonchura atricapilla (Vieillot, 1807)	Kola tuni	LC	R
Family: EURYLAIMIDAE
	Long-tailed Broadbill	Psarisomus dalhousiae (Jameson, 1835)		LC	R
Family: HIRUNDINIDAE
	Asian Plain Martin	Riparia chinensis (J. E. Gray, 1830)	Teltupi	LC	R
	Bank Swallow	Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758)	Teltupi	LC	R
	Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica (Linnaeus, 1758)	Teltupi	LC	WV
Family: IRENIDAE
	Asian Fairy-bluebird	Irena puella (Latham, 1790)	Nilpori	LC	R
Family: LANIIDAE
	Brown Shrike	Lanius cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Muga Era khaiti	LC	WV
	Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach (Linnaeus, 1758)	Dighol-nejia bagh sorai	LC	WV
	Grey-backed Shrike	Lanius tephronotus (Vigors, 1831)	Bagh sorai	LC	WV
Family: LEIOTHRICHIDAE
	Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush	Garrulax monileger (Hodgson, 1836)	Hahiyoti	LC	R
	Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush	Pterorhinus pectoralis (Gould, 1836)	Boiragi Hahiyoti	LC	R
Family: LOCUSTELLIDAE
	Striated Grassbird	Megalurus palustris (Horsfield, 1821)		LC	R
	Bristled Grassbird	Schoenicola striatus (Jerdon, 1841)		VU	R
Family: MONARCHIDAE
	Black-naped Monarch	Hypothymis azurea (Boddaert, 1783)	Rajkumar	LC	R
Family: MOTACILLIDAE
	Forest Wagtail	Dendronanthus indicus (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Balimahi	LC	WV
	Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea (Tunstall, 1771)	Balimahi	LC	WV
	Citrine Wagtail	Motacilla citreola (Pallas, 1776)	Halodhimuriya Balimahi	LC	WV
	White Wagtail	Motacilla alba (Linnaeus, 1758)	Boga Balimahi	LC	WV
	Paddyfield Pipit	Anthus rufulus (Vieillot, 1818)	Matimahi	LC	R
	Rosy Pipit	Anthus roseatus (Blyth, 1847)	Gulapi Matimahi	LC	WV
	Olive-backed Pipit	Anthus hodgsoni (Richmond, 1907)	Matimahi	LC	WV
Family: MUSCICAPIDAE
	Oriental Magpie-Robin	Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Dohikotora	LC	R
	White-rumped Shama	Copsychus malabaricus (Scopoli, 1786)	Shama	LC	R
	Pale-chinned Flycatcher	Cyornis poliogenys (Brooks, 1880)	Makhiyoti	LC	R
	Small Niltava	Niltava macgrigoriae (Burton, 1836)	Xoru Nilmoni	LC	R
	Verditer Flycatcher	Eumyias thalassinus (Swainson, 1838)	Nilmoti	LC	R
	Lesser Shortwing	Brachypteryx leucophris (Temminck, 1828)		LC	R
	Bluethroat	Luscinia svecica (Linnaeus, 1758)	Nilakantho	LC	WV
	Blue Whistling-Thrush	Myophonus caeruleus (Scopoli, 1786)	Nilomoti	LC	R
	Asian Brown Flycatcher	Muscicapa dauurica (Pallas, 1811)		LC	R
	Black-backed Forktail	Enicurus immaculatus (Hodgson, 1836)	Ketepa tip	LC	R
	Siberian Rubythroat	Calliope calliope (Pallas, 1776)	Tez tip	LC	WV
	Chinese Rubythroat	Calliope tschebaiewi (Przhevalsky, 1876)	Tez tip	LC	WV
	White-tailed Robin	Myiomela leucura (Hodgson, 1845)		LC	R
	Snowy-browed Flycatcher	Ficedula hyperythra (Blyth, 1843)	Makhiyoti	LC	R
	Taiga Flycatcher	Ficedula albicilla (Pallas, 1811)	Nasoni	LC	WV
	Slaty-backed Flycatcher	Ficedula erithacus (Blyth, 1861)	Makhiyoti	LC	WV
	Siberian Stonechat	Saxicola maurus (Pallas, 1773)	Hilkotora	LC	WV
	Grey Bushchat	Saxicola ferreus (Gray, JE & Gray, GR, 1847)		LC	R
	Black Redstart	Phoenicurus ochruros (Gmelin, S.G., 1774)	Kola somoka	LC	WV
	White-capped Redstart	Phoenicurus leucocephalus (Vigors, 1831)	Boga rongili	LC	R
	Plumbeous Water Redstart	Phoenicurus fuliginosus (Vigors, 183)		LC	R
Family: NECTARINIIDAE
	Ruby-cheeked Sunbird	Chalcoparia singalensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Moupiya	LC	R
	Crimson Sunbird	Aethopyga siparaja (Raffles, 1822)	Ronga Moupiya	LC	R
	Purple sunbird	Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham, 1790)	Bengunia Moupiya	LC	R
	Little Spiderhunter	Arachnothera longirostra (Latham, 1790)	Xoru Mokorakhua	LC	R
	Streaked Spiderhunter	Arachnothera magna (Hodgson, 1836)	Mokorakhua	LC	R
Family: ORIOLIDAE
	Black-hooded Oriole	Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Xokhiyoti	LC	R
	Maroon Oriole	Oriolus traillii (Vigors, 1832)		LC	R
Family: PARIDAE
	Cinereous Tit	Parus cinereus (Vieillot, 1818)	Bhodorkoli	LC	R
	Sultan Tit	Melanochlora sultanea (Hodgson, 1837)	Mukutpindha	LC	R
Family: PASSERIDAE
	House Sparrow	Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Gharsirika	LC	R
	Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Bonsirika	LC	R
Family: PELLORNEIDAE
	Puff-throated Babbler	Pellorneum ruficeps (Swainson, 1832)	Khupoti	LC	R
	Buff-breasted Babbler	Pellorneum tickelli (Blyth, 1859)		LC	R
	Abbott's Babbler	Malacocincla abbotti (Blyth, 1845)		LC	R
Family: PHYLLOSCOPIDAE
	Yellow-browed Warbler	Phylloscopus inornatus (Blyth, 1842)	Tiposi	LC	WV
	Hume's Warbler	Phylloscopus humei (Brooks, 1878)	Tiposi	LC	WV
	Tickell's Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus affinis (Tickell, 1833)	Tiposi	LC	WV
	Dusky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth, 1842)	Tiposi	LC	WV
	White-spectacled Warbler	Phylloscopus intermedius (La Touche, 1898)	Tiposi	LC	R
	Green-crowned Warbler	Phylloscopus burkii (Burton, 1836)	Tiposi	LC	WV
	Whistler's Warbler	Phylloscopus whistleri (Ticehurst, 1925)	Tiposi	LC	R
	Greenish Warbler	Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sundevall, 1837)	Tiposi	LC	WV
	Yellow-vented Warbler	Phylloscopus cantator (Tickell, 1833)	Sotsoti	LC	R
	Blyth's Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus reguloides (Blyth, 1842)	Tiposi	LC	WV
	Grey-cheeked Warbler	Phylloscopus poliogenys (Blyth, 1847)	Tiposi	LC	R
Family: PITTIDAE
	Blue-naped Pitta	Hydrornis nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837)	Nila Pithia Bahtoli	LC	R
	Hooded Pitta	Pitta sordida (Statius Müller, 1776)	Kiriti Pindha Bahtoli	LC	SM
Family: PLOCEIDAE
	Streaked Weaver	Ploceus manyar (Horsfield, 1821)	Tukura Sorai	LC	R
	Baya Weaver	Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Tukura Sorai	LC	R
	Black-breasted Weaver	Ploceus benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Tukura sorai	LC	R
Family: PNOEPYGIDAE
	Pygmy Cupwing	Pnoepyga pusilla (Hodgson, 1845)		LC	R
Family: PYCNONOTIDAE
	Black-crested Bulbul	Rubigula flaviventris (Tickell, 1833)	Kola muriya Bulbuli	LC	R
	Red-vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)	Bulbuli	LC	R
	Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Tikoni Bulbuli	LC	R
	White-throated Bulbul	Alophoixus flaveolus (Gould, 1836)	Gol boga Bulbuli	LC	R
	Ashy Bulbul	Hemixos flavala (Blyth, 1845)	Kojola Fesuluka	LC	R
Family: SITTIDAE
	Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch	Sitta cinnamoventris (Blyth, 1842)	Dalbogua	LC	R
Family: STENOSTIRIDAE
	Grey-headed Canary-Flycatcher	Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820)	Bari-nasoni	LC	WV
	Yellow-bellied Fantail	Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus (Blyth, 1843)	Nasoni	LC	R
Family: STURNIDAE
	Common Hill Myna	Gracula religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758)	Moina Sorai	LC	R
	Indian Pied Starling	Gracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758)	Kankurika	LC	R
	Chestnut-tailed Starling	Sturnia malabarica (Gmelin, 1789)	Kath Xalika	LC	R
	Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766)	Ghar Xalika	LC	R
	Jungle Myna	Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler, 1827)	Sutia-Xalika	LC	R
	Great Myna	Acridotheres grandis (Moore, F, 1858)	Bor Xalika	LC	R
Family: TIMALIIDAE
	Pin-striped Tit-Babbler	Mixornis gularis (Horsfield, 1822)		LC	R
Family: TURDIDAE
	Orange-headed Thrush	Geokichla citrina (Latham, 1790)	Komola-muriya Matikotora	LC	R
Family: VANGIDAE
	Large Woodshrike	Tephrodornis virgatus (Temminck, 1824)	Bor kathariya	LC	R
	Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike	Hemipus picatus (Sykes, 1832)		LC	R
Family: VIREONIDAE
	White-bellied Erpornis	Erpornis zantholeuca (Blyth, 1844)	Horu khupati	LC	R
Family: ZOSTEROPIDAE
	Indian White-eye	Zosterops palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824)	Patmugi	LC	R
Order: PELECANIFORMES Family: ARDEIDAE
	Cinnamon Bittern	Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Gmelin, 1789)	Itaguria	LC	R
	Purple Heron	Ardea purpurea (Linnaeus, 1766)	Ajan	LC	R
	Intermediate Egret	Ardea intermedia (Wagler, 1829)	Maju Bog	LC	R
	Little Egret	Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766)	Bamun Bogoli	LC	R
	Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Gu-Bog	LC	R
	Indian Pond-Heron	Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832)	Kona musori	LC	R
	Malayan Night Heron	Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles, 1822)	Potiyori	LC	R
Order: PICIFORMES Family: PICIDAE
	Speckled Piculet	Picumnus innominatus (Burton, 1836)		LC	R
	White-browed Piculet	Sasia ochracea (Hodgson, 1837)		LC	R
	Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker	Yungipicus canicapillus (Blyth, 1845)	Xoru Barhoituka	LC	R
	Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker	Dendrocopos macei (Vieillot, 1818)	Pokhora Kathruka	LC	R
	Greater Flame-back	Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus (Tickell, 1833)	Rongamuriya Barhoituka	LC	R
	Rufous Woodpecker	Micropternus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818)	Barhoituka	LC	R
	Great Slaty Woodpecker	Mulleripicus pulverulentus (Temminck, 1826)	Bor saya barhoituka	VU	R
	Black-rumped Flameback	Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758)	Xun barhoituka	LC	R
	Lesser Yellownape	Picus chlorolophus (Vieillot, 1818)	Xoru halodhiya Barhoituka	LC	R
	Grey-headed Woodpecker	Picus canus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	Barhoituka	LC	R
	Greater Yellownape	Chrysophlegma flavinucha (Gould, 1834)	Bor halodhiya Barhoituka	LC	R
Family: MEGALAIMIDAE
	Coppersmith Barbet	Psilopogon haemacephalus (Statius Müller, 1776)	Hetuluka	LC	R
	Blue-eared Barbet	Psilopogon cyanotis (Blyth, 1847)	Nila Pakhia hetuluka	LC	R
	Lineated Barbet	Psilopogon lineatus (Vieillot, 1816)	Kojola hetuluka	LC	R
	Blue-throated Barbet	Psilopogon asiaticus (Latham, 1790)	Nilakantho Heteluka	LC	R
	Great Barbet	Psilopogon virens (Boddaert, 1783)	Jomdakini	LC	R
Order: PSITTACIFORMES Family: PSITTACULIDAE
	Red-breasted Parakeet	Psittacula alexandri (Linnaeus, 1758)	Golpura bhatou	NT	R
	Rose-ringed Parakeet	Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769)	Golmonika	LC	R
Order: STRIGIFORMES Family: STRIGIDAE
	Asian Barred Owlet	Glaucidium cuculoides (Vigors, 1830)	Kuruli fesa	LC	R
	Collared Owlet	Taenioptynx brodiei (Burton, 1836)	Fesa	LC	R
	Spotted Owlet	Athene brama (Temminck, 1821)	Futuki Fesa	LC	R
	Spot-bellied Eagle-owl	Ketupa nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836)	Dudhkusi hudu	LC	R
Order: SULIFORMES Family: ANHINGIDAE
	Oriental Darter	Anhinga melanogaster (Pennant, 1769)	Moniyori	NT	R
Family: PHALACROCORACIDAE
	Little Cormorant	Microcarbo niger (Vieillot, 1817)	Pani Kauri	LC	R
Order: TROGONIFORMES Family: TROGONIDAE
	Red-headed Trogon	Harpactes erythrocephalus (Gould, 1834)	Kathoni Buwari	LC	R

LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened | VU—Vulnerable | R—Resident | WV—Winter Visitor | SM—Summer Migrant.

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REFERENCES

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