Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2024 | 16(6): 25486–25488
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8913.16.6.25486-25488
#8913 | Received 11 January 2024 | Final received 06 March 2024 | Finally
accepted 12 June 2024
First nesting record of
Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Aves: Ciconiiformes)
in Kumana National Park, Sri Lanka
W.D.C.N. Gunathilaka
1, B.K.P.D. Rodrigo 2, D.M.A. Kumara
3, E.G.D.P. Jayasekara 4 & W.A.D. Mahaulpatha
5
1,2,4,5 Department of Zoology, Faculty
of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila,
Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka.
3 Department of Wildlife
Conservation, Kumana National Park, HMF9+5PJ, Okanda, Sri Lanka.
1 charani.nipun@gmail.com, 2 pasindudilshanmc@gmail.com,
3 dmakumara55@gmail.com, 4 dulan@sjp.ac.lk,
5 mahaulpatha@sjp.ac.lk
(corresponding author)
Editor: Sriyani Wickramasinghe, Rajarata
University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka.
Date of publication: 26 June 2024 (online & print)
Citation: Gunathilaka, W.D.C.N., B.K.P.D. Rodrigo, D.M.A. Kumara, E.G.D.P. Jayasekara & W.A.D. Mahaulpatha (2024). First nesting record of Black-necked
Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
(Aves: Ciconiiformes) in Kumana
National Park, Sri Lanka. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 16(6):
25486–25488. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8913.16.6.25486-25488
Copyright: © Gunathilaka et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: University
of Sri Jayewardenepura.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: Appreciation is extended to the Kumana National Park staff and “The
Department of Wildlife Conservation” for granting permission (WL/3/2/37/22) to conduct this research. Heartfelt gratitude goes to Mr.
Samaranayake (Park Waden), and Mr. Wasantha Disanayake (Wildlife Ranger Assistant) of the
Kumana National Park. Special thanks are
extended to the Department of Zoology and the Wildlife Circle of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura.
Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
is a rare breeding resident in Sri Lanka evaluated as a Critically Endangered
bird species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Sri
Lanka Red List. It is confined to the low-country dry zone, especially to a
narrow region in the southern and eastern coastal areas of Sri Lanka (Henry
1998). Kumana National Park (KNP) (6.500–6.700 N,
81.067–81.250 E), which is also a Ramsar wetland
site, is an important protected area with a high diversity of avifauna (Rathnayake et al. 2012). Black-necked Stork, the
tallest bird found on the island, is one of the distinct species in the park’s
rich assemblage of aquatic avifauna (Dewasurendra et
al. 2013) and the population is less than fifty within Sri Lanka
according to the IUCN Red List. Although juveniles of Black-necked storks have
been observed, a nest of Black-necked stork has not been recorded within the
country to this date.
The study was conducted from August
2022 to August 2023. Nesting locations were searched among the trees within the
park (Choudhary et al. 2011; Chowdhury & Sourav 2012) covering all the
habitat types including lagoons, inland waterbodies, villu,
rocky outcrops, sand dunes, and forests. In an expansion of four consecutive
days per month, observations were conducted using binoculars during three time
periods per day morning (0600–0959 h), mid-day (1000–1359 h), and evening
(1400–1800 h) (Aryal et al. 2009). Following
the identification of a nest, the nest’s material, shape, diameter, height
above the ground, position in the canopy, and active or inactive status were
recorded.
An active nest of Black-necked
stork was confirmed in KNP in a forest patch adjacent to the ‘Kudawila’ inland waterbody (6.584 N & 81.735
E) (Image 1) in January 2023. A flying Black-necked Stork that was
carrying a stick from the bank of the inland waterbody was tracked and the
nesting tree was located based on the observations of this nest-building behaviour. The nest was positioned on top of a Tamarind
Tree Tamarindus indica
which is one of the tallest trees in the forest patch with a height of ~24 m
and DBH of 1.8 m. The nest exhibited a large, oval shape, measuring
approximately 199 cm in diameter and 68 cm in depth. It was made of a mass of
sticks from the outside (Image 2). The
nesting tree was located 624.71 m away from the jeep trail and adjacent to a
freshwater body. At the time of recording, the distance from the nest to the
water level of the water body was measured at 388.27 m.
Since the first nest-building
observation in January 2023, a male Black-necked Stork was consistently
observed occupying the nest during January, February, and April, while the
female bird was observed in March (Image 03) (Figure 1). During the study
period, only two males and one female bird were observed within the park area.
The presence of the female on the nest indicates that despite the critically
low number of individuals in this population, they have successfully paired for
breeding. The progression of the nest was observed by comparing photographs
taken in previous months. The birds were observed standing inside the nest or
on its periphery at various times.
This is the first published
observation of the nesting behavior of Black-necked Stork in Sri Lanka. The
park’s sparse population of these birds, coupled with the discovery of the
nest, underscores the critical need to preserve their habitat. When compared to
the colonial nesting characteristics of Lesser Adjutant Storks, Openbills, and
Painted Storks, Black-necked Storks build individual nests (Urfi
et al. 2007; Katuwal et al. 2022). These observations
are confirmed by the fact that only one Black-necked Stork nest has been
recorded in the area. The Black-necked Stork chose a taller and larger tree for
nesting, in comparison to the recorded height (17.07 m ± 5.66) and the DBH (98
cm ± 37.78) of the nesting trees of the lesser adjutant stork (Katuwal et al. 2022). These measures are compatible with
the body size of the Black-necked Stork, enabling to effortlessly reach the
nesting sites with broad wingspan. Their choice of a lofty tree for nesting
highlights their preference for undisturbed natural environments, emphasizing
the importance of safeguarding these nesting sites and the pristine forest
areas, particularly the towering trees within them. Furthermore, the decline in
the Black-necked Stork population can be attributed to factors like habitat
loss, fragmentation, habitat conversion, and human disruptions. Since a very small
population is present in Sri Lanka, it is important to manage and conserve
their occupied habitats especially their foraging grounds, and nesting sites.
In the absence of no other nesting records for the species from Sri Lanka, this
finding is important and provides valuable insights to expand the conservation
measures for this ‘Critically Endangered’ bird and its associated habitats. The
study will be continued and full details about habitat preference and nesting
characteristics of the Black-necked Stork will be published in a forthcoming
paper.
For figure
& images - - click here for full PDF
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