Insect diversity of
Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia
A.Y.C. Chung- 1,
S.K.F. Chew 2, R. Majapun3 & R. Nilus4
1,3,4 Forest Research Centre,
Sabah Forestry Department, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
2 KipandiButterfly Park, P. O. Box 12785, 88831 Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia
1 arthur.chung@sabah.gov.my
(corresponding author), 2 chewichewlucanus@gmail.com,
3 richard.majapun@sabah.gov.my, 4 reuben.nilus@sabah.gov.my
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3243.4461-73 | ZooBank:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:12D0FF1A-86CD-408E-94AD-9EB91D8E280E
Editor: B.A. Daniel, Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore, India. Date
of publication: 26 June 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o3243 | Received 29 June
2012 | Final received 12 May 2013 | Finally accepted 01 June 2013
Citation: Chung-, A.Y.C., S.K.F. Chew, R.Majapun & R. Nilus(2013). Insect diversity of Bukit HampuanForest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Threatened Taxa5(10): 4461–4473; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3243.4461-73
Copyright: © Chung- et al. 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTTallows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and
distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of
publication.
Funding: Ministry of Natural Resources &
Environment, Malaysia through the Sabah Forestry Department (the logo provided
is Sabah Forestry Department).
Competing Interest: None.
Acknowledgements: This is part of the Heart of
Borneo (HoB) Programme with
funding from the 9th Malaysian Plan through the Federal Ministry of
Natural Resources & Environment (NRE). Within the Sabah Forestry Department, this programmeis managed under the Deputy Director (Forest Sector Planning), Mr. Frederick Kugan. The Director of Sabah Forestry Department, Datuk Sam Mannan, Deputy Director
(R&D), Dr. Lee Ying Fah and Head of FRC Insect
Diversity Programme, Dr. Chey Vun Khen areacknowledged for their support.
Author Contribution: AYCC, RN & RM participated in this survey. SKFC is an expert on beetles and other montane insects, and he has contributed significantly in
identification.
Author Details: Arthur Y.C. Chung and Steven
K.F. Chew are entomologists based in Sabah. AYCC is a senior researcher
at the Sabah Forestry Department with a DPhil on tropical entomology from
Oxford University. Reuben Nilus is a senior researcher on forest ecology whileRichard Majapunis a researcher of the same institution.
Abstract: An insect diversity survey was carried out at Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, adjacent to KinabaluPark in Sabah, Malaysia. The nocturnal insect diversity was very high, with a
mean of 113 species recorded from one square metre of
light-trapping cloth. Diurnal insects were sampled using sweep nets and fine
forceps. A total of 19 Bornean endemic insect species were recorded, comprising 15
moth and four beetle species. A few of the endemic moths are confined to Sabah,
namely Buzara saikehi,Cyana sauliaand Lyclene mesilaulinea.
Forty-two butterfly species were recorded. Endemic insect species sampled from this survey indicate the
significance of protecting and conserving this forest reserve. Such findings
provide important data to enhance the need and effort in biodiversity
conservation. The recent gazettement of Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve is appropriate, and it is also
recommended that Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve be
connected to the adjacent Kinabalu Park, i.e. to
gazette the connecting state land area into a forest reserve. Forest fires,
illegal hunting for wild animals and orchids, and agricultural activities are
among the threats to Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve which directly affect its insect diversity. To mitigate these threats, it is
important to adopt a multi-disciplinary and participatory approach in a smart
partnership involving relevant stakeholders and the local communities in
monitoring, enforcement and promoting environmental awareness.
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation,
Bukit Hampuan, endemic, Heart of Borneo, Insect
diversity.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
INTRODUCTION
Malaysia is one of the 12
mega-biodiverse countries in the world, and much
attention has been focussed on biodiversity
conservation (e.g., Yong 2009; CVB 2010). Insects contribute significantly to the high biodiversity of Malaysian
rainforests. They are ubiquitous in
the environment and play important roles in maintaining the stability of
ecosystems by being part of the food chain, mediating decomposition processes
and through various ecological interactions such as pollination, predation and herbivory (Cheng & Kirton2007).
Despite the loss of forest
cover in the last 40 years, more than half of the land area in Sabah is still
covered with forests (Mannan 2011). The state government, through the Sabah
Forestry Department, has been proactive in implementing various programs that
contribute to sustainable forest management, such as the Heart of Borneo (HoB) initiative. About 39,000km2 of the state’s
landmass has been set aside for this initiative, mainly comprising important inland
and highland forest ecosystems, with the main objective to protect and conserve
the biodiversity of these areas, including insects (Chung et al. 2011). Bukit Hampuanis a recently gazetted forest reserve that lies
within the HoB area (Fig. 1).
Under the HoB programme, the purpose of this study was to document
the insect fauna of the Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve
(FR) and to investigate the threats affecting insect diversity, as well as to
provide recommendations that would contribute towards biodiversity conservation
of the study area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bukit HampuanFR is a Class I Forest Reserve which was only recentlygazetted in 2009 (SFD 2010a). It is conserved primarily for
environmental protection and biodiversity conservation, protected by law from
any form of land conversion or timber exploitation.
In the forest reserve
classification, Bukit Hampuan FR covers a relatively
small area of 1,253ha, under the jurisdiction of the District Forestry Officer
of Ranau. The vegetation consists of upland dipterocarpforest to lower montane forest, with the elevation
ranging from 670–1,500 m. However, much of the reserve at the lower elevation has been degraded,
mainly due to forest fire and human activities in the past. Nilus et al.
(2012) provided the details of botanical and forest assessments of this ultramafic
forest reserve.
An abandoned massive pit of
the former Mamut Copper Mine (MCM) is located at the
fringe (northwest) of this reserve. The
mine was in operation from 1975–1999. The pit formed a lake at the bottom, with greenish-blue, highly
acidic and metal-contaminated water, unsafe for consumption. It is a restricted area under the
management of the Federal Department of Minerals and Geoscience.
Bukit HampuanFR is also situated adjacent to Kinabalu Park,
separated by stateland at the north, at a distance of
less than 2km. This forest reserve
is also significant as a water catchment area for some of the villages,
especially Kg. Lohan and Kg. Kilimu. The source of the water is from the
streams within the forest reserve, and not originated from the copper mine
lake.
The study was conducted as
part of the Bukit Hampuan expedition under the Heart
of Borneo (HoB) programmeof the Sabah Forestry Department from 10 to 14 May, 2010. The base camp was at Kg. Kilimu (05058’52”N & 116040’37”E,
at 573m elevation), a village located beside the Ranau-KotaKinabalu highway, south of Bukit HampuanFR.
Light trap was used to sample
nocturnal insects while sweep net and manual collecting (with forceps) were
used to sample diurnal insects.
Light trap
The trap consists of a
vertical white sheet (2x2 m) illuminated by a 250W mercury-lithium bulb. It was set up in an open area facing the
forest reserve, from 19:00–21:00 hr. A GPS (Model: Garmin etrex Vista) was used to
determine the coordinates of each sampling site (Table 1). To evaluate diversity of the sampling
area, insect species and individuals (≥5mm in length) within the 1x1 m square
of the white cloth were enumerated from 20:30–21:00 hr. This is a rapid biodiversity assessment
method because by the end of the sampling time, species and individual numbers
can be obtained, and the data can be used to calculate diversity indices, i.e.
Shannon Wiener, Simpson and Fisher Alpha, using Species Diversity &
Richness version IV (SDR 2006). This method is simple, fast and can be carried
out by non-insect specialists. To
avoid compounding human error, the same staff was assigned to count the species
and individual numbers throughout the sampling period.
Sweep net and manual
collection
Sweep nets were used to
collect flying insects, such as butterflies and dragonflies while other insects
were sampled using fine forceps. Butterflies and dragonflies were put in triangle papers while other
specimens were put in vials with 75% ethanol solution. Most of the trails were going up the
slope (mostly 20%) heading towards the ridge or peak within the area.
Insect specimens and
identification
This survey focussed on certain insect groups, i.e., butterflies,
moths, beetles, cicadas and dragonflies. Only insect species of high importance
(e.g., those based on Otsuka (1988), Tung (1983),
Holloway (1996b) and Orr (2003)) were sampled, as to minimize the workload at
the laboratory in preparing the specimens for identification. Common insects were not sampled but
photographed for record purposes.
All specimens were
dry-mounted and sorted to family and some to the generic and species level. The
specimens sampled from this study are deposited at the Forest Research Centre
(FRC), Sepilok, Sabah. Dry-mounted specimens were identified based
on the FRC Entomology Collection and various reference materials, e.g. Otsuka (1988 & 2001) and Corbet& Pendlebury (1992) for butterflies; Holloway
(1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1996a, 1997, 1998a & b, 1999, 2001,
2003, 2005, 2008 & 2009) and Robinson et al. (1994) for moths; Mizunuma & Nagai (1994), Makihara(1999) and Tung (1983) for beetles; Orr (2003) for dragonflies. Dr. BakhtiarEffendi Yahya of UniversitiMalaysia Sabah assisted in ant identification.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Overall nocturnal insect
diversity
Despite the degraded areas
within the Bukit Hampuan FR, the nocturnal insect
diversity was very high, with a mean of 113 species within a 1m2. The high diversity is reflected in
various diversity indices in Table 3. A total of 125 insect species were recorded from a 1m2 at the
first night of light-trapping (Hampuan1), at the elevation of 1,347m. However, the diversity indices were comparatively low because of a
hymenopteran species with 90 individuals. It was the nuptial flight of this flying ant. Of all the indices, the low diversity
value at Hampuan 1 was obvious on the Simpson’s
Index, which is more sensitive towards dominant species. The species distribution was very even
in Hampuan 3 (as each species is represented by 1.1
individuals; see Table 3), followed by Hampuan 2 (one
species recorded 13 individuals), compared to Hampuan1 with a distinct prominent species. The distribution of nocturnal insect species from the three sites is
reflected in the species-rank abundance curves in Fig. 2. Although it was raining with heavy mist
on day two (Hampuan 2) and drizzling on day three (Hampuan 3) of the light-trapping, insect diversity as
indicated by Shannon, Simpson and Fisher Alpha indices were impressively high.
When the nocturnal insect
diversity results are compared with other forest reserves in Sabah, Bukit Hampuan FR appears to be impressively high, second to
Crocker Range FR as indicated in species richness (Fig. 3a) and Shannon’s Index
(Fig. 3b). The results also indicate
that insect diversity is generally higher in the lower montaneforests.
Such high diversity for
insects from 670–1500 m could be due to its proximity to
the pristine Kinabalu Park. As highlighted by Wong & Phillips
(1996) and Holloway (1996b), the insect life of Mount Kinabaluis one of the most enthralling ever known and continues to perplex the most
experienced of scientists. It is
also incredibly rich in endemic species. A total of 19 Bornean endemic insect species
were recorded within a short sampling period (Table 4). In the same survey, 66 Bornean endemic plant species were recorded, including Microtropis sabahensis(Celastraceae) which is
confined to Sabah and Pittosporum linearifolium (Pittosporaceae)
which is only found at Bukit Hampuan FR (Nilus et al. 2012). Beaman (1996), Meijer (1996) and Corner (1996)
noted that the rare and endemic plants within the Mount Kinabaluarea are mainly due to its ultramafic geology, cold climate and high elevation.
Butterfly (Lepidoptera)
diversity
A total of 42 butterfly species were
recorded from Bukit Hampuan FR (Appendix 1). Comparatively, the diversity was lower
compared to Gn. Lumaku and ImbakCanyon (Table 5). Distribution of
species is shown in Fig. 4. Many of
the butterflies were sampled between 680 –780 m at the fringe of the
upland dipterocarp forest at Kg. Lohan Bongkud. Fewer specimens were sampled along the MamutCopper Mine road but the Kinabalu Bush Orange, Mycalesis marginata pitan which is only found in
Sumatra and Borneo, was sampled here.
The large and iconic
butterfly species recorded from Bukit Hampuan FR were
the Rajah Brooke’s Birdwing (Troides brookiana), the Common Birdwing (Troides helena) and the Tree Nymph (Idea stolli). A
number of Bornean endemic butterflies are found in
the Kinabalu region (Otsuka1988) but unfortunately none of them were sampled during this survey.
Moth (Lepidoptera) diversity
Various moth species were
attracted to the light trap set up at three locations facing the forest of
Bukit Hampuan between 1,350–1,500 m. A list of the recorded moths is provided
in Appendix 2 & 3. Fifteen Bornean endemic moth species were recorded from this
survey, namely 10 species from Arctiidae, one Cossidae, one Geometridae, two Noctuidae and one Thyrididae(Image 1). It is not surprising
that many endemics were sighted, as Holloway (1996b) has noted that the Mount Kinabalu area is high in moth endemism, with 112 macro-moth
species recorded only from Kinabalu.
Some of the endemic species
are only found in Sabah. The noctuidBuzara saikehiis a hyper-endemic, as it is only recorded from the Mamut,Ranau and the holotype is
in the FRC collection at Sepilok (Holloway
2005). It was named after the late Saikeh Lantoh, a senior research
assistant at FRC. In this survey,
it was attracted to the light trap at Hampuan 1
(1,347m). Other Sabah endemics
sampled were the arctiid Cyana saulia and Lyclene mesilaulinea. Cyana saulia was previously recorded from Paitan at the coast of Sabah while Lyclene mesilaulinea was sampled from Mesilauand Mt. Monkobo (Holloway 2001).
Nyctemera kinibalina and Nyctemera tripunctaria (both Arctiidae)
are day-flying moths and they were sampled with the sweep net at the Mamut Copper Mine road. Nyctemera muelleri, however, was attracted to the light
trap.
Beetle (Coleoptera)
diversity
A total of 26 species of
macro-beetles were recorded (Appendix 4). Many were sampled through light-trapping. At least four species are endemic to
Borneo, namely Fruhstoferia nigromuliebris, Neosarmydus
costipennis, Cyclommatus giraffa and Chalcosoma
moellenkampi. The first two
species are rare while Cyclommatus giraffa is confined to the montane
areas, such as Kinabalu Park and Crocker Range. The Three-horned Beetle Chalcosoma
moellenkampi is common throughout Sabah although it is only found in
Borneo.
Other insects
Unlike butterflies, moths and
beetles, no concerted effort was deployed to sample other insect groups.
However, a few species of cicadas and dragonflies were sampled, as listed in
Appendix 5. Some dragonfly species
were sampled along the streams in the forest adjacent to Kg. Lohan Bongkud, e.g. Macromia westwoodii at
about 700m while others were collected at the Bukit HampuanFR open area at 1,370m, e.g. Pantala flavescens. Macromia westwoodii is a large dragonfly, with its hindwing measuring
up to 50mm. It is fairly common on
clear fast forest streams from the lowlands to 900m but is extremely
inconspicuous and wary. Pantala flavescensis the most wide ranging odonate species in the
world, being found throughout the tropics and subtropics, from dense primary
forest up to at least 3000m (Orr 2003).
A striking Yellow-banded
Cicada Tacua speciosa,
measuring 55mm, was collected at about 1,500m during daytime by the Botany
team. It is also known as the
‘Emperor Cicada’. Two species of
unidentified Hemiptera, from the family Tomaspididae were also sampled, from about 1,400m.
Myrmicaria ants were frequently
encountered feeding on extrafloral nectaries of wild orchids along the MamutCopper Mine road. It is likely to
be Myrmicaria subcarinata,
but it could be more than one species (Bakhtiar E. Yahya, pers. comm. June 2010).
Threats and recommendations
for insect diversity and conservation at Bukit HampuanFR
Prior to the recent gazettement of Bukit Hampuan as a
Class I Forest Reserve in 2009, the area was under statelandstatus. About 28% of the area is
classified as degraded due to series of forest fires in the past, and 2% was
encroached for agricultural activities (Nilus et al.
2012).
The northwestern part of
Bukit Hampuan FR was part of the copper mining area,
covering about 87ha. This is the
area where the overburdens and waste rocks from the mining pit were
dumped. The vegetation in this area
is poor and sparse. The trees
planted by the copper mine management were stunted, e.g., Falcataria moluccana. Only certain plant species were found to be growing well. As such, the overall biodiversity within
the present Bukit Hampuan FR is not spectacular,
compared to the adjacent pristine Kinabalu Park, with
the exception of the nocturnal insects sampled from this survey. Insects, such as moths and beetles are
very mobile, and they could have traveled from the adjacent pristine forest. Kinabalu Park is less than 2km north of Bukit Hampuan FR nevertheless, the high
diversity of nocturnal insects may suggest that Bukit HampuanFR is still conducive, providing suitable habitats for many of these insects
because of the cool environment.
To sustain and improve the
biodiversity of Bukit Hampuan FR, it is, thus, highly
recommended that the area between the reserve at the northern part and Kinabalu Park be gazetted as a
forest reserve. This area which is presently under the statelandstatus is still in pristine forest condition, but it is subject to any
land-use changes and development. By gazetting to a Class I Forest Reserve, the
area will be fully protected by law and any encroachment can be penalized. This connectivity will be permanent and
it will allow wildlife (especially large animals) to move about from Bukit Hampuan to Kinabalu Park and vice
versa. It will also indirectly
enhance the diversity of insects in Bukit Hampuan FR.
The State Culture, Tourism
and Environment Minister, Datuk Masidi Manjun noted that connectivity and corridors have
been overlooked. Even with more
than 50% forest cover in Sabah, conservation will not be effective if the
fragmented forests are not connected. Lately, the State Government through the Sabah Forestry Department as
well as other agencies, has put in much concerted effort in highlighting the
importance of forest connectivity and wildlife corridors, and discussed the way
forward in implementation (SFD 2010b).
Forest fire is a common
problem in forest reserves during drought. The impact is irreversible, as seen in some degraded areas in Bukit Hampuan FR. To
prevent further damage by fire, the forest staff would have to be more alert
and work together with the kampung folks on this
matter, e.g., via appointment of honorary forest wardens. Environmental awareness and education
can be promoted and enhanced among the villagers and their children on the
importance of forest and its services. Such awareness will also help to curb illegal hunting for wild animals
and orchids, which were common in Bukit Hampuan in
the past. For effective
implementation, it is important to adopt a multi-disciplinary and participatory
approach involving relevant stakeholders, such as Wildlife Department,
Environmental Protection Department, Education Department, Fire & Rescue
Department, NGOs and the local communities. Funding from local, as well as
international agencies would greatly contribute towards the success of the
implementation.
Constant monitoring and
enforcement by the relevant authorities will minimize encroachment into the
forest reserve. Setting up of gates
and warning signs at restricted areas would hopefully reduce the number of
trespassers. Signage at the forest
reserve border will remind the villagers of the boundary and limit of land
clearing for agriculture.
CONCLUSION
The nocturnal insect
diversity at Bukit Hampuan FR was impressively high
despite some degraded areas within the forest reserve. Many endemic insect species sampled from
this survey within a short period indicates the significance of protecting and
conserving this forest reserve. Such findings provide important data to enhance the need and effort in
biodiversity conservation. The
recent gazettement of Bukit Hampuanas a Class I Forest Reserve is appropriate and timely. It is also crucial for Bukit Hampuan FR to be connected to KinabaluPark, i.e., to gazette the connecting stateland area
into a Class I Forest Reserve. This
connectivity is the prime means of physically linking wildlife habitat and
allow some species to move between otherwise isolated area. It can help to replenish isolated
populations. Ideally, the connectivity itself also meets some or all of the
need for shelter, protection, food and breeding sites. Constant monitoring, enforcement,
cooperation with relevant stakeholders and local communities, and promotion of
environmental awareness are among the recommendations to mitigate the threats
in Bukit Hampuan FR.
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