Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2024 | 16(6): 25453–25460
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8855.16.6.25453-25460
#8855 | Received 27
March 2023 | Final received 20 January 2024 | Finally accepted 29 May 2024
Woody flora of Karumpuliyuthu Hill, Tenkasi,
Tamil Nadu, India: a checklist
K. Lalithalakshmi
1, A. Selvam 2 & M. Udayakumar
3
1–3 Department of Plant Science, Manonmniam Sundaranar University,
Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627012, India.
1 mannarlalitha@gmail.com, 2 selvam@msuniv.ac.in
(corresponding author), 3 udayakumar@msuniv.ac.in
Editor: Kannan C.S. Warrier,
ICFRE - Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India. Date of publication: 26 June
2024 (online & print)
Citation: Lalithalakshmi, K., A. Selvam & M. Udayakumar
(2024).
Woody flora of Karumpuliyuthu Hill, Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu, India: a checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(6):
25453–25460. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8855.16.6.25453-25460
Copyright: © Chimyang et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: A. Selvam is an associate professor
currently handling a core research grant project funded by SERB, GoI. M. Udayakumar is an assistant professor whose
interests are forest ecology and angiosperm systematics. K. Lalithalakshmi is currently pursuing a Ph.D.
under the guidance of AS in the field of forest ecology.
Author contribution: AS and MU designed and conceptualized the
study. AS, MU, and LK conducted field surveys, collection, identification and
documentation of woody plants from study area. MU and LK prepared the first
draft of the manuscript and AS corrected it.
Acknowledgements: We thank the Department of Forest,
Government of Tamil Nadu for allowing us to conduct field surveys at Karumpuliyuthu hill, Tenkasi district, Tamil Nadu. We extend our thanks to the DFO, Tirunelveli
for the necessary permission to conduct field works at Karumpuliyuthu hills.
Abstract: Qualitative field surveys were
conducted to record the woody plant (tree, shrub, and liana) wealth in Karumpuliyuthu Hill, Tenkasi
district, Tamil Nadu. All the recorded species were confirmed with regional
floras. The qualitative field survey allowed us to record 42 species in 32
genera and 19 families. The family Fabaceae had a large number of species (13
species) in the study area. The present study adds valuable information about
the occurrence of 42 woody plant species in a tropical thorn forest ecosystem.
The woody plant community is dominated by native plants, and only three are
introduced. Nearly half of the recorded species produce fleshy fruits, thus
providing food to small mammals and birds.
Keywords: Dry forest, fruit, peninsular
India, southern thorn forest, woody plant wealth.
INTRODUCTION
Information on plant diversity
such as flora, checklist, and quantitative or qualitative ecological studies
are useful for understanding the changes that take place in forest plant
communities (Armonies et al. 2018). Besides, these
data are vital to frame conservation measures (Francisco-Ortega et al. 2010)
and forest restoration (Shetu et al. 2018).
Invariably all types of forests and trees deliver an array of ecosystem
services (Taye et al. 2021). There are about 61,000 tree species flourishing on
this earth (Qian et al. 2019). Trees provide a range of non-timber forest
products including honey, fuel wood and fiber (FAO 2014). In addition, they
play important roles in combating global climate change through carbon storage
and sequestration (Roebroek et al. 2023). In general,
woody plants store relatively more amount of biomass than herbaceous
communities in forest ecosystems (Borah et al. 2015). Tropical thorn forests
support moderate woody plant diversity (Rahangdale et
al. 2014; Evitex-Izayas & Udayakumar
2021; Muneeswaran & Udayakumar
2022). Data on plant diversity of tropical thorn forests in Tamil Nadu remain
scarce. This study aims to explore the woody plant wealth (shrubs, trees, and
woody liana) of a tropical thorn forest ecosystem existing within Karumpuliyuthu Hill located in Tenkasi
district, Tamil Nadu.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Karumpuliyuthu Hill located in Tenkasi district, Tamil Nadu (Figure 1). The district was
bifurcated from Tirunelveli district in 2019. The northern, eastern, western,
and southern boundaries of the district are Virudhunagar, Thoothukudi,
Tirunelveli, and Kerala, respectively. The mean annual precipitation of the
district is 769.2 mm, while the mean maximum and minimum temperatures are 29
and 27°C, respectively (https://mausam.imd.gov.in/chennai/). The total
geographical area of the district is 2,882.43 km2, whereas the
forest cover is 439.99 km2 (https://tenkasi.nic.in/).
Field survey
A sum of 32 field surveys have
been conducted to record woody plant wealth (shrubs, trees, and liana) in the
tropical thorn forest ecosystem existing within Karumpuliyuthu
Hill, located in Tenkasi district, one of the
southernmost districts of India. All the recorded species were identified with
available regional floras and checklists (Gamble & Fischer 1921–1935; Muneeswaran & Udayakumar
2022). The nomenclature of families and the author citation of species followed
Plants of the World Online (https://powo.science.kew.org/). The current status
of all the recorded species was verified with the help of the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species (https://www.iucnredlist.org/). Further, the flowering and
fruiting phenophases of woody plants were recorded
monthly for one year. A plant with flower (bud & open) and fruit (immature
& mature) considered as ‘reproducing’. The length of reproductive phenophase was calculated and recorded in months.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The qualitative field survey
allowed us to record 42 species in 32 genera and 19 families. The family
Fabaceae had the large number of species (13 species) followed by Apocynaceae and Rubiaceae (three
species each). Capparaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Menispermaceae, Rhamnaceae,
Malvaceae, Verbenaceae, and
Vitaceae had two species each, while, nine families
represented by just a single species each in the study area (Figure 2 &
Table 1). Important species of study area featured in Image 1.
The woody plant wealth of Karumpuliyuthu Hill (42 species) is comparable with a
tropical thorn forest existing within Asola-Bhatti
wildlife sanctuary, India (42 woody plants including 17 trees, 15 shrubs, and
10 climbers; Sharma & Chaudhry 2018); lower than in Carnatic umbrella thorn
(53 and 54 in Hosur and Dharmapuri, respectively), secondary dry deciduous
(48), southern dry mixed deciduous (95), southern tropical dry moist mixed
deciduous (67), southern thorn (52), southern thorn scrub (53 and 49 in Hosur
and Dharmapuri, respectively) and tropical dry evergreen forests in Tami Nadu
(Tiwari & Ravikumar 2018a,b); and, tropical thorn forest of Gujarat (58
tree species, 44 mature, 41 seedlings, and 32 saplings; Rajendrakumar
& Kalavathy 2010). However, the woody plant
wealth of present study area is higher than in southern moist mixed deciduous
(29), dry deciduous (22), Hardwickia (18 and 9
in Hosur and Dharmapuri, respectively), dry deciduous scrub (30), Euphorbia
scrub (24), southern tropical dry deciduous (34) and southern dry scrub (16 and
34 in Hosur and Dharmapuri, respectively) forests flourishing in Tamil Nadu
(Tiwari & Ravikumar 2018a,b); tropical thorn forest of Gujarat (8 climbers,
14 shrubs, and 17 trees; Patel et al. 2014); Prosopis juliflora
invaded (27 tree species) and uninvaded southern thorn forest (35 tree species;
Athamanakath et al. 2023).
The anthropogenic activities
(cutting of trees, fuel wood collection etc.) transformed close-canopied dry
deciduous forest in to tropical thorn forest (Champion & Seth 1968). Murphy
& Lugo (1986) found relationships among species richness and moisture
gradients across tropical forests and shown least number of tree species in
driest areas. Singh & Singh (1988) recognized tropical thorn forest as extremely
poor in terms of species richness and inhabited by mostly deciduous species.
Tropical thorn forests occurring in a drier habitat and experience 5–6 dry
months in a year, hence act as a habitat for moderate number of woody plants.
It has been investigated that range of factors including altitude, mean annual
minimum and maximum temperatures, distribution and frequency of precipitation
and soil moisture content influence tree density, species richness and
diversity (e.g., Thakur et al. 2022). For instance, Dattaraja
et al. (2018) investigated the relationship between diversity of woody plants
and environmental factors in Indian tropical forests and found thorn forests
support least number of woody species. Detailed studies of impact of
environmental factors on thorn forest ecosystem are limited.
The members of Fabaceae
dominating the woody plant community in tropical thorn forest ecosystem. It is
well known that a considerable number of species belongs to the family Fabaceae
(e.g., Acacia & Vachellia) are able
to fix nitrogen with the help of soil bacteria (Brockwell et al. 2005).
Nitrogen fixation by members of Fabaceae could enhance the fertility of soil in
tropical thorn forest. Recently, Evitex-Izayas & Udayakumar (2021) in a thorn forest ecosystem, Uthumalai, Tirunelveli; Nagaraj & Udayakumar
(2021) in a southern thorn forest existing within Vallanadu
Blackbuck Sanctuary (VBS), Thoothukudi; Muneeswaran & Udayakumar
(2022) in a Carnatic umbrella thorn forest, Therikadu,
Thoothukudi observed the dominance of Fabaceae
members. Notably, the members of Fabaceae constituted 52.36% of tree community
in VBS (Nagaraj & Udayakumar 2021). Besides,
Indian thorn forests act as home for threatened species (Joshi et al. 2012;
Baskaran & Desai 2013); range of insects (Adarsh et al. 2013; Majumder et
al. 2015), and birds (Narwade & Fartade 2011; Babu & Bhupathy 2013).
Mode of regeneration
All the recorded plants produce
seeds and regenerate from them during wet season. Eight species viz., Coccinea
grandis, Cissus
quadrangularis, C. vitiginea,
Commiphora berryi,
Euphorbia antiquorum, Morinda
coreia, Sarcostemma
acidum, and Tinospora
cordifolia regenerate through seeds and
vegetative parts (stems and root sucker). In general, seed predation by insects
and rodents affects seed germination and seedling establishment in tropical
forests (e.g., Guariguata et al. 2000). Information
on various functional traits of seeds and seedlings are limited, therefore,
continuous field studies and monitoring are necessary for better understanding
of regeneration of tropical thorn forests.
Life form and conservation status
Among three life forms (trees,
shrubs, and lianas), the trees dominated the study area with 18 species, shrubs
represented by 15, whereas the liana represented by nine species (Figure 3
& Table 1). Half of all the recorded species were categorized under Least
Concern (LC), 20 species were identified as Not Evaluated (NE) and only one was
listed as Data Deficient (DD) (Table 1). All the listed species are native to
India, except Prosopis juliflora, Senegalia mellifera, and Vachellia
tortilis. Twenty-three species produced fleshy
fruits (berry or drupe), remaining formed dry fruits (pod, lomentum,
dehiscent and indehiscent capsules), thus the existing woody plant community in
the study area partially fulfilled the food requirement of various birds (e.g.,
Bulbul, Myna) and small mammals (e.g., Squirrel, Civet, Forest rat). In
addition, 21 species had mechanical protective structures either spine or
thorn. It is well known that the presence of sharp protective structures
(spine, thorn, prickle) is one of the common features for species growing in
drier environments.
Reproductive phenophase
of woody plants
The length of reproductive phenophase varied across species. Of 41 species, five
species had four months of reproductive phenophase,
12 had five months, 11 had six months and six reproduced throughout the year
(Table 1). The mean duration of reproductive phenophase
of studied species was 5.214 ± 2.469 months. The reproductive phenophase peaked in April (39 species) followed by May
(38), June (37), and July (31). Whereas, 12 species each reproduced in January,
October, November, and December. Most of the species tends to reproduce after
north-east monsoon (October–December). Researchers found close relationships
among reproduction of trees, relative humidity and moisture content of tropical
forests (Bhat 1992; Sundarapandian et al. 2005;
Selwyn et al. 2006; Nanda et al. 2014).
Wild edible plants
The thorn forest acts as a home for
five wild edible plants. The palmyra palm Borassus flabelliber
provides edible tender and mature fruits, seed haustoria, and seedling. It has
been well documented and known that many parts of the palmyra
palm are economically important (Rahman et al. 2021). Carissa spinarum, Morinda coreia, and Ziziphus
nummularia yield edible fruits. A large number of
researchers made a detailed study on these fruits and recorded vitamin,
mineral, anti-oxidant, and nutrient contents (C. spinarum:
Liu et al. 2021; M. coreia: Chandra
& Meel 2020; Z. nummularia:
Uddin et al. 2022). Young and tender stems of Cissus
quadrangularis is edible and medicinal. A
considerable number of medicinally important bioactive chemical compounds have
been isolated from C. quadrangularis (Bafna et al. 2021).
CONCLUSION
The present study adds valuable
information about the occurrence of 42 woody plant species in the tropical
thorn forest ecosystem located at Karumpuliyuthu
Hill, Tenkasi district, Tamil Nadu. The forest
ecosystem supports a moderate woody plant diversity and five wild-edible
plants. Most of the recorded woody plants belong to India, except three
species. Tropical thorn forests are least explored in terms of ecology and
taxonomy, thus extensive quantitative field studies are to be carried out to
record the plant wealth and realize the range of ecosystem services. Further,
the thorn forests are endowed with substantial number of trees with nitrogen
fixing ability, research on these lines are helpful to understand the evolution
and survival of drought tolerant forest systems.
Table 1.
Botanical name, family and life form of woody plants found in Karumpuliyuthu hill, Tenkasi
district, Tamil Nadu. (introduced species marked with ‘*’ mark, wild edible
plants with ‘@’).
|
|
Botanical name |
Family |
Life form |
IUCN Red List status |
Fruit type |
Mode of regeneration |
Flowering and fruiting season |
|
1 |
Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Pod |
Seed |
April–July |
|
2 |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Meliaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Drupe |
Seed |
April–August |
|
3 |
@Borassus flabellifer L. |
Arecaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Drupe |
Seed |
March–August |
|
4 |
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.)
Alston |
Rubiaceae |
Tree |
Not Evaluated |
Berry |
Seed |
January–June |
|
5 |
Capparis sepiaria L. |
Capparidaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Berry |
Seed |
April–August |
|
6 |
Capparis grandiflora Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson |
Capparidaceae |
Liana |
Not Evaluated |
Berry |
Seed |
April–July |
|
7 |
@Carissa spinarum L. |
Apocynaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Berry |
Seed |
March–July |
|
8 |
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. |
Rubiaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Drupe |
Seed |
April–September |
|
9 |
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt |
Cucurbitaceae |
Liana |
Not Evaluated |
Pepo |
Seed and vegetative |
Throughout the year |
|
10 |
@Cissus quadrangularis L. |
Vitaceae |
Liana |
Not Evaluated |
Berry |
Seed and vegetative |
February–August |
|
11 |
Cissus vitiginea L. |
Vitaceae |
Liana |
Not Evaluated |
Berry |
Seed and vegetative |
March–July |
|
12 |
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. |
Menispermaceae |
Liana |
Not Evaluated |
Berry |
Seed |
February–June |
|
13 |
Commiphora berryi (Arn.) Engl. |
Burseraceae |
Shrub |
Not Evaluated |
Drupe |
Seed and vegetative |
April–September |
|
14 |
Dalbergia spinosa Roxb. |
Papilionaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Pod |
Seed |
March–August |
|
15 |
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Pod |
Seed |
February–June |
|
16 |
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. |
Sapindaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Capsule |
Seed |
Throughout the year |
|
17 |
Ehretia aspera Willd. |
Boraginaceae |
Tree |
Data Deficient |
Berry |
Seed |
April–September |
|
18 |
Euphorbia antiquorum L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Capsule |
Seed and vegetative |
Throughout the year |
|
19 |
Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Berry |
Seed |
October–January |
|
20 |
Gmelina asiatica L. |
Verbenaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Drupe |
Seed |
February–September |
|
21 |
Grewia hirsuta Vahl |
Tiliaceae |
Liana |
Least Concern |
Drupe |
Seed |
February–June |
|
22 |
Grewia serrulata DC. |
Tiliaceae |
Shrub |
Not Evaluated |
Drupe |
Seed |
March–June |
|
23 |
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. |
Ulmaceae |
Tree |
Not Evaluated |
Samara |
Seed |
February–August |
|
24 |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.)
Merr. |
Anacardiaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Drupe |
Seed |
April–July |
|
25 |
@Morinda coreia Buch.-Ham. |
Rubiaceae |
Tree |
Not Evaluated |
Berry |
Seed and root sucker |
Throughout the year |
|
26 |
Premna tomentosa Willd. |
Verbenaceae |
Shrub |
Least Concern |
Drupe |
Seed |
March–August |
|
27 |
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce |
Mimosaceae |
Shrub |
Not Evaluated |
Lomentum |
Seed |
April–September |
|
28 |
*Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Not Evaluated |
Lomentum |
Seed |
Throughout the year |
|
29 |
Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.)
Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
Liana |
Least Concern |
Capsule |
Seed |
October–April |
|
30 |
Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
Not Evaluated |
Follicle |
Seed and vegetative |
February–July |
|
31 |
Senegalia chundra (Roxb. ex Rottler) Maslin |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Not Evaluated |
Pod |
Seed |
March–July |
|
32 |
*Senegalia
mellifera (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Pod |
Seed |
March–July |
|
33 |
Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. |
Caesalpiniaceae |
Shrub |
Not Evaluated |
Pod |
Seed |
Throughout the year |
|
34 |
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson |
Menispermaceae |
Liana |
Not Evaluated |
Berry |
Seed and vegetative |
February–June |
|
35 |
Vachellia horrida (L.) Kyal. & Boatwr. |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Not Evaluated |
Pod |
Seed |
July–November |
|
36 |
Vachellia leucophloea (Roxb.) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Pod |
Seed |
March–July |
|
37 |
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter
& Mabb. |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Lomentum |
Seed |
July–December |
|
38 |
Vachellia planifrons (Wight & Arn.) Ragup., Seigler, Ebinger & Maslin |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Not Evaluated |
Pod |
Seed |
February–July |
|
39 |
*Vachellia
tortilis (Forssk.)
Galasso & Banfi |
Mimosaceae |
Tree |
Least Concern |
Pod |
Seed |
March–July |
|
40 |
Wrightia tinctoria B.Heyne
ex Roth. |
Apocynaceae |
Tree |
Not Evaluated |
Follicle |
Seed |
December–June |
|
41 |
@Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. |
Rhamnaceae |
Shrub |
Not Evaluated |
Drupe |
Seed |
October–May |
|
42 |
Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. |
Rhamnaceae |
Shrub |
Not Evaluated |
Drupe |
Seed |
October–June |
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