Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2024 | 16(3): 24956–24966
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8775.16.3.24956-24966
#8775 | Received 09 October 2023 | Final received 09 February 2024|
Finally accepted 01 March 2024
Diversity and species richness of
avian fauna in varied habitats of Soraipung range and vicinity in Dehing Patkai
National Park, India
Anubhav Bhuyan 1,
Shilpa Baidya 2, Nayan Jyoti Hazarika 3, Sweeta Sumant
4, Bijay Thakur 5,
Amit Prakash 6,
Nirmali Gogoi 7, Sumi Handique 8 & Ashalata Devi
9
1–9 School of Sciences, Department
of Environment Science, Tezpur University, Sonitpur 784028, Assam, India
1 anubhavbhuyan83@gmail.com, 2
shilpabaidya16@gmail.com, 3 hazarikanayanjyoti12061995@gmail.com,
4 swetathokchom11@gmail.com, 5
bijaythakur3095@gmail.com, 6 amitprakashamit@gmail.com, 7
nirmalievs@gmail.com, 8 sumihan@tezu.ernet.in, 9 ashalatakh23@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Editor: Parmesh Kumar, Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. Date of publication: 26 March 2024
(online & print)
Citation:
Bhuyan, A., S. Baidya, N.J. Hazarika, S. Sumant, B. Thakur, A. Prakash, N.
Gogoi, S. Handique & A. Devi (2024). Diversity and species richness of avian
fauna in varied habitats of Soraipung range and vicinity in Dehing Patkai
National Park, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 16(3):
24956–24966. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8775.16.3.24956-24966
Copyright: © Bhuyan et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: We would like to express our sincere gratitude to
the DST, GoI for their generous funding in CoE project at Dept. of
Environmental Science, Tezpur University under National Mission for Sustaining
Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE). The funding has been crucial in helping to support
the entire research work.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Anubhav Bhuyan is a research scholar at Tezpur
University. He is interested in avian ecology and conservation and is currently
studying the bird community structure of Dehing
Patkai National Park. Shilpa Baidya has obtained her PhD degree from
Tezpur University and specialized in forest ecology, biodiversity conservation
and litter dynamics. Nayan Jyoti Hazarika is currently working as lab. assistant under DST CoE project, Tezpur University and working on
butterfly community in Assam. Sweeta Sumant is a research scholar at Tezpur
University and working on forest and human ecology. Bijay Thakur is a research scholar at Tezpur
University and working on forest ecology. Amit Prakash, assistant professor at Tezpur University is an expert in the field of
environmental system modelling and machine learning applications in
Environmental systems. Nirmali Gogoi, associate professor at Tezpur
University is skilled in the field of plant physiology
and biochemistry. Sumi Handique, assistant professor at Tezpur
University works in the field of geochemistry. Ashalata Devi, professor at Tezpur University
specialized in forest ecology and biodiversity conservation.
Author contributions: Conceptualization: AD and AP; Data collection:
AB, SB, NJH and SS; Formal analysis: AB and SB; Investigation: AD; Methodology:
AB and AD; Software: SB, NJH, SS and BT; Supervision: AD, AP, NG and SH;
Validation: AD and AP; Visualization: AD and AP; Writing-original draft: AB and SB; Writing- review and editing: AB, AD and SB. All
authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements: Authors are highly grateful to the Department
of Science and Technology (DST), GoI for the financial support to Centre of
Excellence project at Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University to
conduct the current study. The authors are thankful to Principal Chief
Conservator of Forest (PCCF) of Assam for necessary permission to work in
protected areas, and Shri T.C. Ranjith Ram, IFS, Divisional Forest Officer
(DFO), Digboi, Assam for assistance and supports provided during the field
visit. We also thank Head, Department of Environmental Science and Dean,
Research and Development of Tezpur University for administrative and logistic
support.
Abstract: Dehing Patkai National Park,
nestled in Assam’s Upper Brahmaputra valley, features a distinctive lowland
forest landscape dominated by Dipterocarpus trees, teeming with fauna
encompassing reptiles, birds, and mammals. Avian surveys were conducted from
October 2021 to September 2023 to document avifaunal diversity within and
surrounding the park. Point-transect method was used. One-hundred-and-fifty-one
species from 54 families were recorded, including 43 terrestrial and 11 aquatic
bird families. One-hundred-and twenty-seven species were residents, 18 winter
migrants, five summer migrants, and one was a local migrant. Habitat
disturbance was assessed across five transects; undisturbed habitats in T1 and
T2 showed the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index, while moderately and
highly disturbed habitats in T3, T4, and T5 exhibited lower diversity. The
analysis revealed a significant positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05) among different
transects. A total of seven species (Ashy-headed Green Pigeon, Lesser Adjutant,
White-cheeked Partridge, Alexandrine Parakeet, Red-breasted Parakeet, Austen’s
Brown Hornbill, and Oriental Darter) are classified as ‘Near Threatened’ in the
IUCN Red List of Threatened species; 12 species are in Schedule 1 under the
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. This investigation underscores Dehing Patkai
National Park’s significance as a sanctuary for diverse bird populations,
including threatened and near-threatened species. The decline in bird
populations in disturbed areas emphasizes the urgency of implementing effective
conservation and management strategies within the park, alongside continued
research and monitoring to support its unique avian ecosystem.
Keywords: Avian fauna, climate change,
community, ecosystem, degradation, forest, migratory, northeastern India,
resident, undisturbed.
INTRODUCTION
Avian fauna contribute
to direct and indirect ecological processes in forest ecosystems. The most
significant contributions are pest control and seed dispersal during forest
regeneration. Their cosmopolitan nature allows birds to traverse different
habitats, from open forests to dense woodlands, deserts to mountains, in search
of sustenance, shelter, and reproductive sites (Morrison 1986; Koli 2014;
Zakaria et al. 2016). It was reported that 77.9% of threatened bird species are
supported by forest habitat (BirdLife International 2017). Among different
tropical forests, lowland rainforest has a large variety of species diversity,
and it provides all the necessaries to complete the life cycle of birds
(Stratford & Şekercioğlu 2015). In India, a total of 942 bird species have
been reported in 2023 and based on conservation priority for India, 178 species
are under high priority, 323 are moderate priority. and 441 categorize as low
priority (SoIB 2023). Sirur (2023) reported approximately 60% of the bird
species have decline over a period of 30 year which might be attributed to
decreasing ecosystem functionality, limited resource availability, or the
decline of habitats. The impacts of climate change, habitat fragmentation,
drought, and weather conditions are considered the most severe and widespread
threats to declining bird population size that affect directly or indirectly
the entire bird community (Janzen 1986; Murphy 1988; Lubchenco et al. 1991;
Hannah et al. 1994; Sintayehu 2018). Hence studying the avian diversity,
distribution patterns, and their ecological associations holds a significant
contribution in relation to comprehend overall conservation of habitat and species
diversity.
The northeastern region of India
is home to a wide range of ecosystems, such as forests, grasslands, and
wetlands, which include marshes, swamps, wetlands, beels, lakes, streams, and
rivers. Due to its diverse topography and forest types, the northeastern region
of India is home to a vast array of faunal diversity, including mammals, birds,
reptiles, and associated species. Amidst the variety of forests in northeastern
India, Dehing Patkai National Park, is characterized by lowland tropical
forests predominantly dominated by Dipterocarpus in the Upper Brahmaputra
valley of Assam, India. The region is considered one of the most species-rich
regions in the Indian Subcontinent and is an important part of the Indo Myanmar
bio-diversity hotspots (Gogoi et al. 2023). The park encompasses diversity of
faunal species and fosters a rich variety of avifaunal species. However,
despite the richness in faunal diversity of the national park, comprehensive
studies on avian fauna are crucially lacking. While previous studies have been
conducted on avian species compositions in various habitats of northeastern
India (Ali et al. 1983; Choudhury 1998; Saikia & Saikia 2000; Chatterjee
2006; Mize et al. 2014; Chakdar et al. 2016; Chandra et al. 2021; Mahanta et al.
2022; Rahmani et al. 2023). However, there remains a lack of data regarding the
species composition of the avian fauna from Dehing Patkai National Park. Lack
of such avian database highlights a research gap in the current knowledge and
stresses the necessity for thorough avian studies to better understand and
conserve the bird species within the national park. The present study aims to
document and analyze the species richness and diversity of avian fauna present
within and around the Dehing Patkai National Park. By specifically studying the
varied habitats, the study endeavours to unveil if there are any differences in
avian species composition in different disturbances gradient.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
The Dehing Patkai Landscape is
situated between the Tinsukia and Dibrugarh districts of Assam. It underwent a
significant transformation on 9 June 2021. Formerly recognized as the Dehing
Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary, it was officially upgraded to the status of a
national park by the forest department of Assam. The present investigation has
been carried out in the Soraipung Range and its areas within the Dehing Patkai
Landscape, i.e., Digboi- Duliyajan highway passes through the adjacent areas of
Soraipung range (Figure 1). The surveys were conducted between October 2021 and
September 2023. Located at coordinates 27.299°N and 95.516°E, the entire
landscape boasts a vast lowland rainforest dominated by Dipterocarpus,
covering an approximate area of 231.6 km2. Being a rainforest, this
national park is rich in biodiversity status encompassing different strata
providing a great environment for non-human primates like Slow Loris, Assamese
Macaque, Stump-tailed Macaque, Pig-tailed Macaque, Rhesus Macaque, Capped
Langur, and Hoolock Gibbon. With a tropical climate, the national park
experiences an average annual rainfall of around 4,000 mm and forms the largest
stretch of tropical lowland rainforest in India (Ahmed 2023). The dominant and
essential tree species of the study area are Dipterocarpus retusus, Mesua
ferrea, Castanopsis indica, Vatica lanceaefolia, Shorea
assamica, Delonix regia, Shorea robusta, Dillenia
indica and Amoora wallichii. The shrubs and herbs layers include species
such as Lantana camera, Ipomea species, wild banana, ground and
epiphytic ferns and wild pepper.
Methods
The bird surveys were carried out
in the selected sites from October 2021 to September 2023 using point-transect
method (Kumar & Sahu 2020). Three different habitats were selected for the
study based on disturbance gradients which include undisturbed habitat (T1 and
T2), moderately disturbed habitat (T3 and T4) and highly disturbed habitat (T5)
shown in Table 1. The transects T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 were randomly
established in three different habitats. The transacts T1 and T2 are laid
inside the forest of undisturbed natural habitats which are not significantly
impacted by anthropogenic pressure. The transects T3 and T4 are in moderately
disturbed habitats characterized adjacent to the forest of national park
spreading across paddy fields and sporadic vegetation patches that support
large number of grassland-dwelling birds. The transect T5 is in highly affected
area by human activities like construction of roads, oil pipelines
establishment and vehicular movement. In order to determine the species
compositions in these habitats a total of 15 sampling points (S1, S2, S3, S4,
S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14, and S15) were established on the
transects, each transect with three sampling points and these points were surveyed
at bi-monthly intervals. The surveys were carried out during peak periods in
the early morning (0500–1030 h) and late evening (1530–1830 h). The birds were
observed with the help of field binoculars (10 x 8) and a Nikon D3300 DSLR
camera. A global positioning system (GPS) was used to designate the locations
and save the tracks (Kazmierczak & Van Perlo 2009; Tiwari 2021). The
identification of avian fauna was done consulting field guidebooks (Ali et al.
1983; Grimmett et al. 1999). The recorded avifauna is classified into distinct
categories based on their frequency of occurrence (Saikia & Saikia 2000;
Devi et al. 2012). During the survey, the species that are frequently observed
in each transect are categorized as C-common, with a frequency of eight times
out of 10 survey period. On the other hand, species that are encountered less
frequently are categorized as r-rare, with a frequency of one or two times out
of 10 surveys. The species found within the study area are referred to as
R-resident. Additionally, species that are exclusively encountered during the
winter season within the habitat are denoted as WM-winter migratory. Similarly,
species that are exclusively encountered in the summer season within the
habitat, referred to as SM-summer migratory. Lastly, species that migrate
locally within the area are referred as LM-local migratory.
Data analysis
The species richness is
determined by the number of species found in each transect.
Shannon diversity index (H’;
Shannon & Wiener 1964) was used to determine the species diversity,
H’ = -Σpi * ln(pi)
where pi = the proportion of the
entire community made up of species i
Species evenness (E; Pielou 1966)
was calculated using the formula,
E = H′/ln (s).
where s = the species richness
(total number of species).
Pearson’s correlation coefficient
was used to statistically assess the correlation between the transects.
Pearson’s correlation coefficient was carried out in IBM SPSS Statistics 21 and
figures were created in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet 2021.
RESULTS
In the Soraipung range and its
adjacent area of Dehing Patkai National Park, a total of 3,630 individuals of
avian fauna were encountered from 151 species (Appendix 1). The recorded species belonged to 54 different
families, of which 43 families are terrestrial and 11 families are aquatic in
nature. Out of 151 species, 114 species (1,887 individuals) were recorded from
undisturbed habitats (T1 and T2), 106 species (1,382 individuals) from
moderately disturbed habitats (T3 and T4), and 59 species (361 individuals)
from disturbed habitat (T5). A total 26 species (17.22%) of birds are found
common in all the three study sites, undisturbed, moderately disturbed and
disturbed habitats. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′), which measures
diversity in terms of the number of species range from 3.66 (T5) to 4.25 (T1).
Pielou’s evenness index also showed a variation in different transects which
range from 0.61 to 0.66 (Table 2). When comparing the diversity indices, it was
observed that undisturbed habitats in T1 and T2 exhibited higher species
diversity compared to the moderately and highly disturbed habitats in T3, T4,
and T5 (Figure 2). The Pearson correlation between the transects showed a
strong highly significant positive relation (p ≤0.05) (Table 3).
The families of Accipitridae,
Columbidae, Ardeidae, Dicruridae, Pycnonotidae, Sturnidae, Corvidae, and
Megalaimidae (Figure 3) which comprised the vast majority of the resident birds
observed in the study area. Among the total 151 species, 127 species are
recorded as resident birds (R). In addition, the study also recorded 18 species
as winter migratory (WM), five species of birds are summer migratory (SM), and
one species is categorized as a local migratory (LM) bird (Figure 4). From 151
bird species, it was found that 128 species were common, followed by 14 species
as rare, five species as most common, and four species as occasional (sporadically
encountered). Similarly, the migratory birds that visit the study area during
both the winter and summer seasons were classified as rare (R), occasional (O)
and common (C) species. The winter and summer migrant species were identified
from the families of Muscicapidae, Cuculidae, Laniidae, Motacillidae,
Scolopacidae, Bucerotidae, Phylloscopidae, Turdidae, Cettiidae, and Pittidae.
While, there is just one species of Muscicapidae family among local migrants in
the study area. Overall, from the studied habitats, Muscicapidae family
exhibits the highest species (11), followed by Cuculidae, which is the second
largest family with nine species, the Columbidae with eight species represents
the third largest family, and Accipitridae the fourth largest family with seven
species.
As per the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species, seven species (Ashy-headed Green Pigeon Treron phayrei,
Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus, White-cheeked Partridge Arborophila
atrogularis, Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria, Red-breasted
Parakeet Psittacula alexandri, Austen’s Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus
austeni, and Oriental Darter Anhinha melanogaster) are ‘Near
Threatened’; the rest are ‘Least Concern’ (Appendix 1). Twelve species are
recorded in Schedule 1 under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
DISCUSSION
The present study was carried out
in Dehing Patkai National Park, which exhibits a significant richness of avian
species in terms of diversity status. A comprehensive understanding of avian
fauna in these habitats, particularly in and around the Soraipung range of the
national park provides crucial insights into the diversity and population
status of avian species. It has been asserted that biodiversity of the
rainforest is relatively higher than that of the other protected areas (Beehler
et al. 1987). The study reveals that the family Muscicapidae is more abundant
than other bird families which is similar to the findings of Rai et al. (2017),
wherein the Muscicapidae family contributed the most species of terrestrial
birds to the Basai wetlands in Haryana. Similarly, Mize et al. (2014), reported
that the family Muscicapidae was dominant in Dehing-Dibang Biosphere Reserve.
This prevalence of Muscicapidae family could be attributed to their wide
adaptability across various habitats including forests, grassland, and
agricultural fields, making them primarily dependent on small insectivores. The
findings of the present study indicates that the
highest species diversity exists in the least disturbed areas (T1 and T2),
followed by the moderately disturbed (T3 and T4) and severely disturbed areas
(T5). Similar trends were reported by Devi et al. (2012) at the Gauhati
University Campus, and Nidup & Gyeltshen (2021) in the disturbed and
undisturbed winter forests of Gogona Forest Management Unit of Bhutan. A
significant positive correlation was observed among transects in different
habitats, potentially due to the coexistence of closely related species across
the transect lines. The presence of 26 ‘common’ species in all the three
studied habitats can be attributed to their adaptability to diverse conditions
including, adequate food sources, suitable shelter, favourable climate, and
essential resources. The varied strata
within the national park, encompassing natural woodlands, grasslands,
shrublands, water bodies, and diverse climatic conditions, contribute to its
overall diversity. Large trees within the habitat provide nesting locations and
abundant food sources, particularly in undisturbed areas. Notably, forest degradation
and habitat loss impact species distribution leading to ‘rare’ occurrences of
species, such as the Asian Koel, Cuckoo, Kingfishers, and Rollers. These remote
bird species are quite comparable to those reported from earlier research in
northeastern region of India (Saikia & Saikia 2000; Choudhury 2000). The
findings were also reported by Sauvajot et al. (1998) and Jain et al. (2005)
where they found that birds are sensitive to their surroundings, and changes in
the local vegetation can have an impact on the bird population. The presence of
Oriental Magpie-robin, Jungle Myna, Common Myna, Red-vented Bulbul, Spotted
Dove, Cattle Egret, Large-billed Crow, Black-hooded Oriole, Cinereous Tit,
Little Cormorant, Black Kite, Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker, Barn Swallow, and
Asian Koel in human-dominated and disturbed habitats (T3, T4, and T5) is
attributed to their remarkable adaptability to urban and peri-urban landscapes.
However, it is concerning that
disturbed areas display a significant decline in diversity, with direct human
disturbance and expanding urbanization identified as major factors. Habitat
fragmentation, road construction, oil mining, and increased vehicle traffic
along the national highway may contribute to the observed decline. Human
activities, including hunting and fishing, also pose threats to the natural
habitat of avian fauna. The noise and disturbance activities have the potential
to disrupt the behaviour of birds, leading to alterations in their breeding,
feeding, and communication patterns. Shahabuddin & Kumar (2006), Morris
(2010), and Prabhakar et al. (2020) also noted that factors such as rapidly
changing demography and changes in traditional natural resource management
practises are areas of concern and large-scale development projects affects the
composition of avian diversity.
CONCLUSION
The study has exhibited that the
diversity of avian fauna in Dehing Patkai National Park varies with its habitat
and is influenced by the characteristics of its environment. The documentation
of 151 species including seven ‘Near Threatened’ species, highlights the park’s
crucial role as an ecosystem supporting a broad spectrum of bird species.
Despite the park’s capacity to support a variety of avian fauna including
migratory birds, there is noticeable decline in their numbers particularly in
areas characterised by high disturbance levels. The main factors contributing
to declination of bird species are excessive human activity and habitat
deterioration. Hence, the disparity in species diversity between disturbed and
undisturbed areas poses a substantial threat to the potential extinction of
certain species in the future. As a result of decrease of avian diversity, the
physical characteristics of natural ecosystems in the present study area may
change. Therefore, it is imperative to established effective management
strategies in order to safeguard the conservation of the habitats and overall
biodiversity of the national park. The implementation of long-term management
plans integrating the indigenous knowledge of local community and encouraging
their participation in habitat restoration practices, is crucial in formulating
sustainable conservation strategies. Also, monitoring on the population status,
resilience, and behavioural changes will aid in conservation of threatened and
vulnerable species.
For
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Appendix 1. Checklist of
avian fauna recorded in the Soraipung range of Dehing Patkai National Park.
|
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
Family |
WPA 1972 |
IUCN Red List status |
Status and abundance |
Habitat |
|
1 |
Black-backed Forktail |
Enicurus immaculatus |
Muscicapidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS/SL |
|
2 |
Black Redstart |
Phoenicurus ochruros |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, r |
CL/ RS |
|
|
3 |
Blue Whistling Thrush |
Myophonus caeruleus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
4 |
Oriental Magpie-robin |
Copsychus saularis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, MC |
RS |
|
|
5 |
Pale Blue Flycatcher |
Cyornis unicolor |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SL |
|
|
6 |
Pied Bush Chat |
Saxicola caprata |
Sch II |
LC |
LM, r |
CL/ GL |
|
|
7 |
Pygmy Flycatcher |
Ficedula hodgsoni |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SL |
|
|
8 |
Siberian Stonechat |
Saxicola maurus |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
GL |
|
|
9 |
Taiga Flycatcher |
Ficedula albicilla |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, O |
RS/ NF |
|
|
10 |
Verditer Flycatcher |
Eumyias thalassinus |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, r |
NF |
|
|
11 |
White-rumped Shama |
Copsychus malabaricus |
Sch II |
LC |
SM, C |
SL/ GL |
|
|
12 |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
Cuculidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
13 |
Banded Bay Cuckoo |
Cacomantis sonneratii |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
14 |
Common Cuckoo |
Cuculus canorus |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, r |
NF |
|
|
15 |
Common Hawk-cuckoo |
Hierococcyx varius |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF/ RS |
|
|
16 |
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
GL |
|
|
17 |
Green-billed Malkoha |
Phaenicophaeus tristis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
|
18 |
Hodgson's Hawk-cuckoo |
Hierococcyx nisicolor |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
19 |
Lesser Coucal |
Centropus bengalensis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
GL |
|
|
20 |
Plaintive Cuckoo |
Cacomantis merulinus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
21 |
Ashy-headed Green Pigeon |
Treron phayrei |
Columbidae |
Sch II |
NT |
R, r |
NF |
|
22 |
Common Emerald Dove |
Chalcophaps indica |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
23 |
Oriental Turtle Dove |
Streptopelia orientalis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/ RS |
|
|
24 |
Pin-tailed Green Pigeon |
Treron apicauda |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
25 |
Red-collared Dove |
Streptopelia tranquebarica |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS |
|
|
26 |
Spotted Dove |
Spilopelia chinensis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
SA/ RS |
|
|
27 |
Thick-billed Green Pigeon |
Treron curvirostra |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
28 |
Yellow-footed Green Pigeon |
Treron phoenicopterus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/ RS/ SA |
|
|
29 |
Besra |
Accipiter virgatus |
Accipitridae |
Sch I |
LC |
R, C |
NF/ SA |
|
30 |
Black Kite |
Milvus migrans |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS/ NF |
|
|
31 |
Black-winged Kite |
Elanus caeruleus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS/ NF |
|
|
32 |
Crested Honey Buzzard |
Pernis ptilorhynchus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
33 |
Crested Serpent Eagle |
Spilornis cheela |
Sch I |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
34 |
Eurasian Sparrowhawk |
Accipiter nisus |
Sch I |
LC |
R, C |
SA |
|
|
35 |
Shikra |
Accipiter badius |
Sch I |
LC |
R, C |
RS/ NF |
|
|
36 |
Cattle Egret |
Bubulcus ibis |
Ardeidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB/RS/SA |
|
37 |
Cinnamon Bittern |
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus |
Sch I |
LC |
R, C |
SL |
|
|
38 |
Indian Pond Heron |
Ardeola grayii |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB/ RS/CL |
|
|
39 |
Intermediate Egret |
Ardea intermedia |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB/ CL |
|
|
40 |
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
WB |
|
|
41 |
Purple Heron |
Ardea purpurea |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB/ CL |
|
|
42 |
Ashy Drongo |
Dicrurus leucophaeus |
Dicruridae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
43 |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, MC |
NF/ RS/ SA |
|
|
44 |
Bronzed Drongo |
Dicrurus aeneus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
45 |
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus paradiseus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
46 |
Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus remifer |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
47 |
Spangled Drongo |
Dicrurus bracteatus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
48 |
Chestnut-tailed Starling |
Sturnia malbarica |
Sturnidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/ RS |
|
49 |
Common Hill Myna |
Gracula religiosa |
Sch I |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
50 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, MC |
RS/SA |
|
|
51 |
Great Myna |
Acridotheres grandis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
GL/RS |
|
|
52 |
Indian Pied Myna |
Gracupica contra |
Sch II |
LC |
R, MC |
RS/ SA |
|
|
53 |
Jungle Myna |
Acridotheres fuscus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
SA/RS |
|
|
54 |
Black-rumped Flameback |
Dinopium benghalense |
Picidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
55 |
Bay Woodpecker |
Blythipicus pyrrhotis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
56 |
Greater Yellownape |
Chrysophlegma flavinucha |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
57 |
Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker |
Yungipicus canicapillus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
|
58 |
Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker |
Dendrocopos macei |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF/RS |
|
|
59 |
Speckled Piculet |
Picumnus innominatus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
|
60 |
Ashy Bulbul |
Hemixos flavala |
Pycnonotidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
61 |
Black-crested Bulbul |
Pycnonotus flaviventris |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
62 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer |
Sch II |
LC |
R, MC |
SA/RS |
|
|
63 |
Red-whiskered Bulbul |
Pycnonotus jocosus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
64 |
White-throated Bulbul |
Alophoixus flaveolus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
65 |
Blue-eared Kingfisher |
Alcedo meninting |
Alcedinidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB/RS |
|
66 |
Common Kingfisher |
Alcedo atthis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB |
|
|
67 |
Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher |
Ceyx erithaca |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF/WB |
|
|
68 |
White-throated Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, MC |
SA/WB |
|
|
69 |
Common Green Magpie |
Cissa chinensis |
Corvidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
70 |
Grey Treepie |
Dendrocitta formosae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
71 |
Large-billed Crow |
Corvus macrorhynchos |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
SA/RS |
|
|
72 |
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta vagabunda |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS/SA |
|
|
73 |
Blue-eared Barbet |
Psilopogon cyanotis |
Megalaimidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
74 |
Blue-throated Barbet |
Psilopogon asiaticus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SA/RS |
|
|
75 |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon haemacephalus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SA/RS |
|
|
76 |
Lineated Barbet |
Psilopogon lineatus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
77 |
Crimson Sunbird |
Aethopyga siparaja |
Nectariniidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
SL |
|
78 |
Little Spiderhunter |
Arachnothera longirostra |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
79 |
Purple Sunbird |
Cinnyris asiaticus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SL |
|
|
80 |
Streaked Spiderhunter |
Arachnothera magna |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
81 |
Grey Peacock-pheasant |
Polyplectron bicalcaratum |
Phasianidae |
Sch I |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
82 |
Kalij Pheasant |
Lophura leucomelanos |
Sch I |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
|
83 |
Red Junglefowl |
Gallus Gallus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
|
84 |
White-cheeked Partridge |
Arborophila atrogularis |
Sch II |
NT |
R, O |
NF |
|
|
85 |
Asian Barred Owlet |
Glaucidium cuculoides |
Strigidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
86 |
Brown Hawk-owl |
Ninox scutulata |
Sch II |
LC |
R, O |
NF |
|
|
87 |
Collared Owlet |
Taeniopteryx brodiei |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
88 |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
SA/RS |
|
|
89 |
Asian House Martin |
Delichon dasypus |
Hirundinidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
RS |
|
90 |
Barn Swallow |
Hirundo rustica |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS/NF |
|
|
91 |
Red-rumped Swallow |
Cecropis daurica |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS |
|
|
92 |
Brown Shrike |
Lanius cristatus |
Laniidae |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
CL/GL |
|
93 |
Grey-backed Shrike |
Lanius tephronotus |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
CL |
|
|
94 |
Long-tailed Shrike |
Lanius schach |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
SL/GL |
|
|
95 |
Asia Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis |
Meropidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
96 |
Blue-tailed Bee-eater |
Merops philippinus |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
97 |
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater |
Merops leschenaulti |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
98 |
Citrine Wagtail |
Motacilla citreola |
Motacillidae |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
RS/GL |
|
99 |
Rosy Pipit |
Anthus roseatus |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
GL |
|
|
100 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
RS/GL |
|
|
101 |
Black-hooded Oriole |
Oriolus xanthornus |
Oriolidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SA/RS |
|
102 |
Indian Golden Oriole |
Oriolus kundoo |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
103 |
Maroon Oriole |
Oriolus traillii |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
104 |
Alexandrine Parakeet |
Psittacula eupatria |
Psittaculidae |
Sch II |
NT |
R, O |
NF |
|
105 |
Red-breasted Parakeet |
Psittacula alexandri |
Sch II |
NT |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
|
106 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
|
107 |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos |
Scolopacidae |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
WB/GL |
|
108 |
Green Sandpaper |
Tringa ochropus |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, O |
WB |
|
|
109 |
Wood Sandpiper |
Tringa glareola |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, r |
WB |
|
|
110 |
Austen's Brown Hornbill |
Anorrhinus austeni |
Bucerotidae |
Sch I |
NT |
SM, r |
NF/RS |
|
111 |
Oriental Pied Hornbill |
Anthracoceros albirostris |
Sch I |
LC |
R, O |
NF/RS |
|
|
112 |
Scarlet Minivet |
Pericrocotus speciosus |
Campephagidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
113 |
Small Minivet |
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus |
Sch I |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
114 |
Asian Openbill |
Anastomus oscitans |
Ciconiidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS/GL/CL |
|
115 |
Lesser Adjutant |
Leptoptilos javanicus |
Sch I |
NT |
R, C |
CL |
|
|
116 |
Golden-fronted Leafbird |
Chloropsis aurifrons |
Chloropseidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
117 |
Jordon's Leafbird |
Chloropsis jerdoni |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
118 |
Cinereous Tit |
Parus cinereus |
Paridae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
SA/RS/NF |
|
119 |
Sultan Tit |
Melanochlora sultanea |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
120 |
Blyth's Leaf Warbler |
Phylloscopus reguloides |
Phylloscopidae |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, r |
NF/SL |
|
121 |
Greenish Warbler |
Phylloscopus trochiloides |
Sch II |
LC |
WM, C |
SL |
|
|
122 |
Blue-naped Pitta |
Hydrornis nipalensis |
Pittidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF/SL |
|
123 |
Hooded Pitta |
Pitta sordida |
Sch II |
LC |
SM, r |
NF/SL |
|
|
124 |
Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch |
Sitta cinnamoventris |
Sittidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
125 |
Velvet-fronted Nuthatch |
Sitta frontalis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
126 |
Large Scimitar Babbler |
Erythrogenys hypoleucos |
Timaliidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, O |
SL |
|
127 |
Pin-striped Tit Babbler |
Mixornis gularis |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
|
128 |
Green Cochoa |
Cochoa viridis |
Turdidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
129 |
Orange-headed Thrush |
Geokichla citrina |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
|
130 |
Common Iora |
Aegithina tiphia |
Aegithainidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/ RS |
|
131 |
Bengal Bushlark |
Mirafra assamica |
Alaudidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS/SL |
|
132 |
Oriental Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster |
Anhingidae |
Sch II |
NT |
R, O |
WB/RS |
|
133 |
Slaty‑bellied Tesia |
Tesia olivea |
Cettiidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
134 |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus |
Charadriidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
GL/RS |
|
135 |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius |
Cisticolidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SL |
|
136 |
Indochinese Roller |
Coracias affinis |
Coraciidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
RS |
|
137 |
Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker |
Dicaeum cruentatum |
Dicaeidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
138 |
Scaly-breasted Munia |
Lonchura punctulata |
Estrildidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
CL/SA/SL |
|
139 |
Silver-breasted Broadbill |
Serilophus lunatus |
Eurylaimidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, O |
NF |
|
140 |
Asian Fairy-bluebird |
Irena puella |
Irenidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SL |
|
141 |
Bronze-winged Jacana |
Metopidius indicus |
Jacanidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB/GL |
|
142 |
Greater Necklaced
Laughingthrush |
Pterorhinus pectoralis |
Leiothrichidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF/SL |
|
143 |
Striated Grassbird |
Megalurus palustris |
Locustellidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
GL/SL |
|
144 |
Black-naped Monarch |
Hypothymis azurea |
Monarchidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
SL/NF |
|
145 |
Puff-throated Babbler |
Pellorneum ruficeps |
Pellorneidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
SL/NF |
|
146 |
Little Cormorant |
Microcarbo niger |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB |
|
147 |
Baya Weaver |
Ploceus philippinus |
Ploceidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/RS |
|
148 |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus |
Rallidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
WB/SA |
|
149 |
Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher |
Culicicapa ceylonensis |
Stenostiridae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF |
|
150 |
Red-headed Trogon |
Harpactes erythrocephalus |
Trogonidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, r |
NF |
|
151 |
Indian White-eye |
Zosterops palpebrosus |
Zosteropidae |
Sch II |
LC |
R, C |
NF/SA/RS |
LC—Least Concern | NT—Near
Threatened | C—Common
| MC—Most common | R—Resident | O—Occasional | r—Rare | WM—Winter migratory |
SM—Summer migratory | LM—Local migratory | RS—Roadside | CL—Cultivated land |
GL—Grassland | SL—Scrubland | NF—Natural forest | WB—Water body & swamp |
SA—Settlement area.