Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2024 | 16(6): 25373–25384
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8750.16.6.25373-25384
#8750 | Received 24
September 2023 | Final received 04 May 2024 | Finally accepted 09 May 2024
Waterbird diversity of Saman
Wetland Complex in Uttar Pradesh: a crucial site for the India’s National
Action Plan on migratory birds
Omkar Joshi 1, Nisha
Singh 2 & P. Sathiyaselvam 3
1 B-11, Neelkanth Deep C.H.S.,
Gopal Nagar 1st Lane Dombivli, Maharashtra 421201, India.
2,3 Bombay Natural History Society,
Hornbill House, S.B.S. Road, Dr. Salim Ali Chowk, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001,
India.
1 jomkar91@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 nishanicky1210@gmail.com, 3 bnhs.sathiyaselvam@bnhs.org
Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 June
2024 (online & print)
Citation: Joshi, O., N. Singh & P. Sathiyaselvam (2024). Waterbird
diversity of Saman Wetland Complex in Uttar Pradesh: a crucial site for the
India’s National Action Plan on migratory birds. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(6):
25373–25384. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8750.16.6.25373-25384
Copyright: © Joshi et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing
interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Omkar Joshi has done his masters in environmental sciences from Mumbai University.
He joined BNHS in 2016 and has been working on various projects that includes,
education, bird migration studies, wetland conservation etc. He is currently
working as a senior project fellow on India Skimmer
Conservation in Chambal River. Nisha Singh holds PhD degree working on Petaurista
philippensis in
Gujarat and is working as a scientist with Bombay Natural History Society,
Mumbai, Maharashtra. Since 2020, she has become involved in bird studies with BNHS—Wetlands & Flyways Programme. Her main area
of interests includes mammal ecology, behavioural ecology and, avian studies. P. Sathiyaselvam is PhD in wetland ecosystem. He has 25 years of experience in wildlife
science, wetlands habitat assessment, bird migration,
wildlife disease surveillance, coastal and marine habitat management in various
institutes. Currently he is at deputy director position of BNHS and heading
Wetlands & Flyways Programme.
Author contributions: Omkar Joshi: Study conception and design, draft
manuscript preparation. Data collection: Omkar Joshi, Nisha Singh. Analysis and
interpretation of results: Omkar Joshi, Nisha Singh. Supervision and finance of
the study: P. Sathiyaselvam. Reviewed and the final version of the manuscript: Omkar Joshi, Nisha Singh, P. Sathiyaselvam
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the former
BNHS director, Dr. Deepak Apte for giving us the opportunity to study these
wetlands. We are grateful to the Forest department of Uttar Pradesh for giving
the working permission and Mr. Sarvesh Kumar Bhadoria, RFO, Saman Bird Sanctuary
for giving us logistical support. We would like to extend our gratitude to Mr.
Rahim Shaikh, Ms. Subhiksha Maxima, Mr. Sohail Madan, and his team for helping
us conduct the survey. We are also thankful to people living around the
wetlands and bird watchers for providing information related wetland.
Abstract: The Saman Wetland Complex is
formed by five major wetlands present in Etawah and Mainpuri districts of Uttar
Pradesh. The habitat is majorly a wetland system with scrub vegetation along
the edges and surrounded by agricultural fields; attracting a diverse group of
bird species. These wetlands are an ideal habitat for Sarus Crane and are also
Important Bird Areas. In the past two decades, the anthropogenic activities
have deteriorated the habitat and wetlands no longer support the earlier
congregation of birds. The study conducted during 2020–2021 provides baseline
information on the present status of the Saman wetland complex, waterbird
diversity, threats faced by the wetlands & waterbirds, and suggests future
management/ conservation strategies.
Keywords: Bird species, Etawah, habitat,
IBA, Saman Bird Sanctuary, Sarsai Nawar, Sarus Crane, wetlands.
Introduction
Birds with nearly 10,787 species
(252 families and 40 orders) are found on Earth, ranging from the poles to the
equator (Praveen et al. 2020). Birds are an important component of any
ecosystem that not only provide inestimable ecosystem functioning services like
scavenging, preying, act as insects and
pest control agents, plant pollinators, and seed dispersal but also as
indicators for the evaluation of habitat quality of any particular area or
region. Avifaunal diversity and documentation of any region are important in
understanding the diversity and distribution of species over a certain area and
time (Colin et al. 2000; Peterson et al. 2000).
There are a total of 1,306 bird
species found in India that contribute to approximately 12.5% of the world’s
avifauna. India’s biogeographic location, heterogeneity of physical features,
and eco-climatic variations make it a rich biodiversity country (Praveen et al.
2018).
Uttar Pradesh (UP) is one of the
largest states in India occupying an area of 2,40,972 km2. Biologically,
it is very rich and varied having 31 Important Bird Areas (IBAs; BirdLife
International 2022) with more than 500 species being reported from the state.
The state has six ‘Critically Endangered’, five ‘Endangered’, 16 ‘Vulnerable’,
and 23 ‘Near Threatened’ bird species (Rahmani et al. 2016).
Out of the 31 IBAs in UP, 24 are
wetlands ecosystems. Wetland ecosystems attract a high number of bird species
providing adequate food supply and habitats in the form of aquatic vegetations,
fishes, crustaceans, and reeds along the edges of the waterbodies respectively.
Saman Jheel along with its satellite wetlands (Sauj, Sarsai Nawar, Kurra Zheel,
and Kuddaiyya Marshland in Mainpuri and Etawah districts) makes a wetland
complex that has been designated as IBAs (Image 1). The region attracts large
congregations of waterbirds during the winter season besides having residential
birds. According to Rahmani et al. (2016), more than 1,500 Common Teal Anas
crecca, 6,000–10,000 Northern Pintail Anas acuta, 30,000 Lesser
Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica, and 200 Great White Pelican Pelecanus
onocrotalus were recorded in the area during a survey in January 2001. Many
of these species occur in far greater numbers than their 1% biogeographic
population threshold determined by Wetlands International (2012) and thus in
2019 the Saman Bird Sanctuary and Sarsai Nawar were declared Ramsar Sites.
Saman wetland, and other jheels like Lakh-Bahosi used to be an important
habitat for the Siberian Crane Leucogeranus leucogeranus in the state
(Rahmani et al. 2016).
Being important as a wintering
site for many migrants with more than 1% biogeographic population threshold,
the area still lacks proper documentation of avifaunal diversity. Further, many
anthropogenic activities have deteriorated the habitat in the last two decades.
During the present study, we tried to record the current status of waterbird
diversity, their population, and existing threats in the Saman Wetland Complex
with special emphasis to create baseline data for the area.
Study Area
Saman
wetland (27.0230 °N; 79.1900 °E) is located in the upper Gangetic Plains, near
Saman village in the Mainpuri district of Uttar Pradesh. It was declared a Bird
Sanctuary in 1990. The sanctuary is an oxbow lake, that depends completely upon
rainfall for its water. The total area of the sanctuary is 525 ha and
approximately 75% of the area is underwater. There is no representative forest
type available but reeds along with scattered Prosopis juliflora are
present within the sanctuary. Other hydrophytic vegetation includes Nelumbo,
Cyperus, Phragmites, and Typha.
Kurra Zheel (27.0156
N; 79.0897 E) is located near Hajipura village in Kurra, Mainpuri district.
Karhal-Kishni road divides the wetland into two parts.
Sarsai
Nawar Lake (26.9659 °N; 79.2479 °E) is a monsoon-fed natural depression. The lake
is important because it is the roosting area of Sarus Crane in the region.
Sauj Lake (27.027
°N; 79.1424 °E) lies beside the Karhal-Kishni main road, just before Saman Bird
Sanctuary. The lake is a shallow depression in the landscape.
Kudaiyya
marshland (26.9929 °N; 78.9924 °E) is situated along the Karhal-Kishni highway in
the Mainpuri district. It is formed by the flooding of a natural depression
(Rahmani et al. 2016).
The wetland
complex experiences three distinct seasons, viz., summer (March–June), monsoon
(July–October), and winter (November–February). The average rainfall in the
area is 500–900 mm. The temperature varies 4–48 0C.
Methods
Surveys
were carried out in all the wetlands from January 2020–November 2021 to monitor
the waterbird diversity, population status, and threats to the birds and their
habitat. We covered three winters season ensuring two visits per season.
Waterbirds were surveyed using the total
count method (Bibby et al. 1992). The number of birds in large flocks was
generally estimated by mentally dividing the congregation into small groups of
5–100 depending upon the size of the flock. Birds were counted that were present
within appx. 500 m distance from the observer. In the case of a large
waterbody, simultaneous counts were taken with multiple observers. Landbirds
were also recorded opportunistically whenever encountered in a wetland or
flying over. No other standard methods or efforts were taken to count
landbirds.
Birds were
observed during mornings, beginning at sunrise and evening hours till sunset
depending upon the high activity hours of roosting and foraging. Therefore,
twice a day data was collected for the same sites to check the birds’ movements
and congregation. In the case of bird identification confirmation, Grimmett et
al. (2011) was used. Threats and disturbances to the wetlands were
recorded based on the observations during the survey as well as information
obtained from the local people, bird watchers, and forest department staff.
Data analysis
A detailed checklist of recorded
birds was made following BirdLife International (2021) nomenclature. All the
recorded species were classified based on the conservation status provided in
the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2021).
We calculated species richness
referring to the number of species in the wetland and Shannon-Wiener index
which takes into account both species richness and their evenness (how evenly
individuals are distributed among different species). We also calculated the
relative diversity (RDi) of families using the following formula (Torre-Cuadros
et al. 2007; Samson et al. 2018):
Number of bird species in a family
RDi = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
x 100
Total number of species ̧
Results
During the present study in Saman
Wetland Complex, a total of 126 species of birds under 18 orders and 41
families were recorded (Annexure I). Out of the 126 species of birds, 70
species were waterbirds. Among these species, 34 were migratory waterbirds and
36 species were residents. Family Anatidae had a maximum number of species (n =
17) followed by Scolopacidae (n = 12). The maximum count of the waterbirds in a
single day recorded at Saman Bird Sanctuary (Saman BS) was 8,210 birds in
January 2020, followed by Sarsai Nawar (5,309 birds) in the same month. As
globally order Passeriformes has a higher number of species than all others put
together, this order represents the highest number of species (n = 34) in the
study area, followed by Charadriiformes (n = 20 species) and Anseriforms (n =
17) (Figure 1). However, passeriforms are relatively scarce in the study areas.
Eighteen species belong to the
various threatened categories of IUCN. Among the threatened waterbird species,
two ‘Vulnerable’ species which are Common Pochard Aythya ferina &
Sarus Crane, and eight ‘Near Threatened’ species were recorded during the study
period (Table 1).
The maximum diversity of
waterbirds was recorded at Sarsai Nawar (63 species) followed by Saman BS (52
species) and the lowest diversity was observed at Kuddaiyya Marshland with 30
species (Figure 2).
Among the landbirds, 58 species
were recorded at Saman Wetland Complex. Maximum diversity was observed at
Sarsai Nawar followed by Saman BS. Among them, Egyptian Vulture Neophron
percnopterus and Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis are categorised as
‘Endangered’ according to IUCN while Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga,
Indian Spotted Eagle Clanga hastata, and Tawny Eagle are listed as
‘Vulnerable’. Shannon Diversity Index was highest in the Kurra Jheel, which
suggests that Kurra Jheel harbours a high diversity of species in a community
and Saman BS the lowest (Table 2). Kurra is surrounded by villages and many
birds that live around human settlements are present around the wetland and the
congregation of waterbirds is very low. This might be the reason for the high
diversity index of Kurra. The species richness index was found to be highest in
Sarsai Nawar and lowest in Kuddaiya Marshland.
The family Anatidae had the
highest RDi (13.49) with 17 species followed by Scolopacidae (9.52) with 12
species (Table 3).
Threats faced by the wetlands
During the survey, it was noticed
that the Saman Wetland Complex is facing various problems due to anthropogenic
activities around the wetlands and losing its ecological values. One of the
major threats is an agricultural expansion on the edge of wetlands. As a
result, wetlands are losing their area and thus, today unable to hold the large
congregations as they used to. During summer as these wetlands become almost
dry, villagers carry out agricultural practices in the wetland area. The use of
chemical fertilisers and pesticides put nutrients load into the wetlands
through agricultural runoff in addition to sewage from the adjoining villages.
This causes water pollution and the growth of species like water hyacinth, Ipomoea,
and Typha. Eutrophication in Kurra and Kuddaiyya is so high that hardly
any open water surface is available for the waterbirds.
The interactions with the local
people revealed other threats such as siltation which has reduced the water
holding capacity of wetlands. People also responded positively about the bird
capturing practices for meat purposes. This was also evident by the survey team
at Saman BS. There is still dispute on the land compensation and therefore
locals have a negative approach towards the Saman BS. Other threats and
disturbances observed during the survey were the collection of lotus tubers and
grasses from the wetland, grazing by livestock within the wetland area,
free-ranging dogs, disposal of solid waste and construction debris in the
wetland.
Discussion
Saman Wetland Complex is included
in the list of priority wetlands under India’s National Action Plan for
Conservation of Migratory Birds and their Habitats along Central Asian Flyway
(CAF NAP). These wetlands are also defined as IBAs as they supported or were
thought to support congregations of more than 20,000 waterbirds regularly.
However, it is hardly the scene in the present date. In this region, wetlands
are facing immense anthropological pressure. Major areas of the wetlands are
reclaimed or destroyed for agricultural expansion and human settlements (Sundar
2006; Maurya & Kumar 2014). Pesticides and fertilizers are mixing into the
wetland through agricultural runoff from the surrounding areas. Thus, all the
wetlands are facing the threat of pesticide deposition, which may lead to the
depletion of insects thereby leading to the disappearance of insectivorous
birds.). All the wetlands are surrounded by villages which put grazing pressure
on the areas near the wetlands. Grazing
results in temporary modification of habitat and disturbance to birds (Jha
2015). Sundar & Choudhury (2005) documented the mortality of Sarus Crane
due to collision to high tension electric wires in the Saman wetland complex.
As per the study, nearly 1% of the total population died because of
electrocution each year. However, such a
case was not recorded during the study period. Poaching is also reported in all
the wetlands on a minor scale.
The present study recorded the
presence of 126 species of birds from the Saman Wetland Complex. Out of the 126
reported species, seven species fall under the threatened categories by the
IUCN Red List. The availability of varied habitat types of this region, like
wetland shallow area, reed beds and agricultural fields attract many species of
resident and migratory birds. Saman Wetland Complex is one of the ideal
habitats for the Sarus Crane in India. About 73% of the Sarus population of
Uttar Pradesh is found in four districts namely Mainpuri, Etawah, Etah, and
Aligarh while Mainpuri has the highest number of counts (Maurya & Kumar
2014). Sarsai Nawar lake, a Ramsar site is a roosting site for the largest
flock of Sarus Crane in India.
Based on earlier records, Kurra
jheel was known to support more than 20,000 migratory waterbirds, but the
current scenario is not the same. In a survey in 2008–2009 by BNHS, the count
was not even 500 birds (Rahmani et al. 2016). In the present study, the maximum
bird count was just 307 in November 2021. Thus, IBA status of Kurra is now
questionable.
Notable observations
- In February 2020, a huge
congregation of Wagtails, mainly Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava and
Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola were recorded during dusk. Most
probably it was a roosting population that settled in the agricultural field
near the wetland.
- Murmuration of Rosy Starling Pastor
roseus was observed in November 2021 at Saman BS.
- An opportunistic sighting of
four individuals of Steppe Eagle was recorded while passing through the Saman
BS in February 2020.
- Two nests of Black-necked Stork
in Saman BS and one in Sarsai Nawar were observed in November 2021
Conclusion
Kuddaiya marshlands and Kurra are
highly degraded due to anthropogenic activities and beyond restoration. Both
have lost huge wetland areas and what remains now is just ponds. On the other
hand, Sauj still holds a considerable
number of birds. Effective conservation efforts such as desilting of the lake,
community conservation etc. can bring back the glory of this wetland. Saman BS
and Sarsai Nawar are rich in diversity and support large congregations of
migratory waterbirds. Both wetlands also support nesting habitats for resident
birds including the threatened Sarus Crane and Black-necked Stork. Conservation
measures are an absolute necessity to improve the habitat condition. With the
coordinated efforts of local people and the forest department, bird tourism can
flourish and will be helpful for the economic upliftment of people.
Based on the present study, it
was felt that considerable detailed studies pertaining to various aspects of
avian ecology in Saman Wetland Complex need to be conducted. Landscapes are
facing habitat alterations due to urbanisation. Therefore, there is a need to
conduct an intensive study to monitor the population dynamics of avifauna at
the landscape level, dominated by human settlements and agricultural practices
along with the drivers of habitat alteration. De-siltation of wetlands and
removal of invasive aquatic plants are needed to be done with a scientific
approach. The present study is expected to form baseline information for future
studies on various aspects of avian ecology in the region and emphasizes the
need of long-term qualitative and quantitative study in the area.
Table 1.
List of threatened bird species reported from Saman Wetland Complex.
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
Family |
IUCN status |
1 |
Egyptian Vulture |
Neophron percnopterus |
Accipitridae |
EN |
2 |
Steppe Eagle |
Aquila nipalensis |
Accipitridae |
EN |
3 |
Common Pochard |
Aythya ferina |
Anatidae |
VU |
4 |
Sarus Crane |
Antigone antigone |
Gruidae |
VU |
5 |
Indian Spotted Eagle |
Clanga hastata |
Accipitridae |
VU |
6 |
Greater Spotted Eagle |
Clanga clanga |
Accipitridae |
VU |
7 |
Tawny Eagle |
Aquila rapax |
Accipitridae |
VU |
8 |
Red-necked Falcon |
Falco chicquera |
Falconidae |
NT |
9 |
Asian Woollyneck |
Ciconia episcopus |
Ciconiidae |
NT |
10 |
Black-headed Ibis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus |
Threskiornithidae |
NT |
11 |
Black-necked Stork |
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus |
Ciconiidae |
NT |
12 |
Black-tailed Godwit |
Limosa limosa |
Scolopacidae |
NT |
13 |
Bonelli's Eagle |
Aquila fasciata |
Accipitridae |
NT |
14 |
Eurasian Curlew |
Numenius arquata |
Scolopacidae |
NT |
15 |
Ferruginous Duck |
Aythya nyroca |
Anatidae |
NT |
16 |
Indian Grey Hornbill |
Ocyceros birostris |
Bucerotidae |
NT |
17 |
Oriental Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster |
Anhingidae |
NT |
18 |
Painted Stork |
Mycteria leucocephala |
Ciconiidae |
NT |
Table 2.
Shannon diversity index and species richness index of Saman Wetland Complex.
Wetland |
Shannon diversity index |
Species richness index |
Sarsai Nawar |
2.539 |
105 |
Saman BS |
1.911 |
87 |
Sauj |
2.012 |
64 |
Kurra |
3.009 |
53 |
Kuddaiyya |
2.591 |
35 |
Table 3.
Relative diversity (RDi) of bird families recorded during the survey in Saman
Wetland Complex.
|
Family |
Number of species |
RDi |
1 |
Anatidae |
17 |
13.49206349 |
2 |
Scolopacidae |
12 |
9.523809524 |
3 |
Accipitridae |
11 |
8.73015873 |
4 |
Ardeidae |
8 |
6.349206349 |
5 |
Muscicapidae |
7 |
5.555555556 |
6 |
Motacillidae |
5 |
3.968253968 |
7 |
Ciconiidae |
4 |
3.174603175 |
8 |
Charadriidae |
4 |
3.174603175 |
9 |
Estrildidae |
4 |
3.174603175 |
10 |
Rallidae |
4 |
3.174603175 |
11 |
Phalacrocoracidae |
3 |
2.380952381 |
12 |
Columbidae |
3 |
2.380952381 |
13 |
Corvidae |
3 |
2.380952381 |
14 |
Cisticolidae |
3 |
2.380952381 |
15 |
Sturnidae |
3 |
2.380952381 |
16 |
Alcedinidae |
3 |
2.380952381 |
17 |
Falconidae |
2 |
1.587301587 |
18 |
Threskiornithidae |
2 |
1.587301587 |
19 |
Phasianidae |
2 |
1.587301587 |
20 |
Jacanidae |
2 |
1.587301587 |
21 |
Ramphastidae |
2 |
1.587301587 |
22 |
Passeridae |
2 |
1.587301587 |
23 |
Timaliidae |
2 |
1.587301587 |
24 |
Anhingidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
25 |
Gruidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
26 |
Podicipedidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
27 |
Recurvirostridae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
28 |
Glareolidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
29 |
Psittacidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
30 |
Cuculidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
31 |
Tytonidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
32 |
Upupidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
33 |
Coraciidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
34 |
Meropidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
35 |
Bucerotidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
36 |
Picidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
37 |
Dicruridae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
38 |
Alaudidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
39 |
Pycnonotidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
40 |
Sylviidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
41 |
Ploceidae |
1 |
0.793650794 |
For figures
& image - - click here for full PDF
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Annexure I.
List of species with its highest number recorded during the survey in Saman
Wetland Complex along with its IUCN Red List status.
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
IUCN Red List status |
Saman Bird Sanctuary |
Sarsai Nawar |
Sauj Wetland |
Kuddaiyya Marshland |
Kurra Zheel |
Order: Galliformes |
||||||||
Family Phasianidae (Megapods,
Partridges, Pheasants) |
||||||||
1 |
Grey Francolin |
Francolinus pondicerianus |
LC |
4 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
Indian Peafowl |
Pavo cristatus |
LC |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
5 |
Order: Anseriformes |
||||||||
Family Anatidae
(Whistling-Ducks, Swans, Geese and Ducks) |
||||||||
3 |
Bar-headed Goose |
Anser indicus |
LC |
- |
4 |
- |
- |
- |
4 |
Comb Duck |
Sarkidiornis melanotos |
LC |
1 |
100 |
11 |
- |
42 |
5 |
Common Pochard |
Aythya ferina |
VU |
- |
2000 |
- |
- |
- |
6 |
Common Teal |
Anas crecca |
LC |
70 |
34 |
- |
10 |
- |
7 |
Cotton Pygmy-goose |
Nettapus coromandelianus |
LC |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
8 |
Eurasian Wigeon |
Mareca penelope |
LC |
4 |
50 |
- |
8 |
- |
9 |
Ferruginous Duck |
Aythya nyroca |
NT |
19 |
10 |
- |
14 |
- |
10 |
Gadwall |
Mareca strepera |
LC |
1000 |
300 |
- |
35 |
- |
11 |
Garganey |
Spatula querquedula |
LC |
- |
200 |
- |
- |
- |
12 |
Greylag Goose |
Anser anser |
LC |
60 |
64 |
1 |
- |
- |
13 |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Anas poecilorhyncha |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
14 |
Lesser Whistling-duck |
Dendrocygna javanica |
LC |
500 |
150 |
100 |
117 |
150 |
15 |
Mallard |
Anas platyrhynchos |
LC |
- |
10 |
- |
- |
- |
16 |
Northern Pintail |
Anas acuta |
LC |
125 |
2000 |
200 |
2 |
- |
17 |
Northern Shoveler |
Spatula clypeata |
LC |
20 |
300 |
- |
28 |
- |
18 |
Tufted Duck |
Aythya fuligula |
LC |
5 |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
19 |
Red-crested Pochard |
Netta rufina |
LC |
20 |
6 |
50 |
16 |
- |
Order: Podicipediformes |
||||||||
Family Podicipedidae (Grebes) |
||||||||
20 |
Little Grebe |
Tachybaptus ruficollis |
LC |
17 |
25 |
6 |
3 |
3 |
Order: Ciconiiformes |
||||||||
Family Ciconiidae (Storks) |
||||||||
21 |
Asian Woollyneck |
Ciconia episcopus |
NT |
2 |
4 |
- |
1 |
- |
22 |
Black-necked Stork |
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus |
NT |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
- |
23 |
Painted Stork |
Mycteria leucocephala |
NT |
5 |
16 |
4 |
- |
6 |
24 |
Asian Openbill |
Anastomus oscitans |
LC |
10 |
5 |
49 |
1 |
- |
Order: Pelecaniformes |
||||||||
Family Threskiornithidae
(Ibises and spoonbills) |
||||||||
25 |
Black-headed Ibis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus |
NT |
60 |
68 |
5 |
- |
8 |
26 |
Eurasian Spoonbill |
Platalea leucorodia |
LC |
- |
13 |
- |
17 |
1 |
Family Ardeidae (Bitterns and
Herons) |
||||||||
27 |
Black-crowned Night-Heron |
Nycticorax nycticorax |
LC |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
28 |
Grey Heron |
Ardea cinerea |
LC |
12 |
10 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
29 |
Indian Pond Heron |
Ardeola grayii |
LC |
18 |
50 |
5 |
- |
52 |
30 |
Purple Heron |
Ardea purpurea |
LC |
6 |
5 |
3 |
1 |
9 |
31 |
Cattle Egret |
Bubulcus ibis |
LC |
11 |
30 |
1 |
- |
2 |
32 |
Great Egret |
Ardea alba |
LC |
6 |
25 |
2 |
- |
6 |
33 |
Intermediate Egret |
Ardea intermedia |
LC |
4 |
15 |
2 |
- |
9 |
34 |
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta |
LC |
4 |
6 |
1 |
- |
35 |
Order: Suliformes |
||||||||
Family Anhingidae (Anhingas) |
||||||||
35 |
Oriental Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster |
NT |
14 |
25 |
5 |
6 |
6 |
Family Phalacrocoracidae
(Cormorants) |
||||||||
36 |
Great Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax carbo |
LC |
6 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
37 |
Indian Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis |
LC |
22 |
2 |
- |
- |
5 |
38 |
Small Cormorant |
Microcarbo niger |
LC |
62 |
50 |
25 |
17 |
24 |
Order: Falconiformes |
||||||||
Family Falconidae (Falcons) |
||||||||
39 |
Peregrine Falcon |
Falco peregrinus |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
40 |
Red-necked Falcon |
Falco chicquera |
NT |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
Order: Accipitriformes |
||||||||
Family Accipitridae (Osprey,
Hawks, Eagles, Harriers, Vultures) |
||||||||
41 |
Bonelli's Eagle |
Aquila fasciata |
NT |
2 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
42 |
Osprey |
Pandion haliaetus |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
43 |
Steppe Eagle |
Aquila nipalensis |
EN |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
44 |
Tawny Eagle |
Aquila rapax |
VU |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
45 |
Western Marsh Harrier |
Circus aeruginosus |
LC |
5 |
2 |
- |
1 |
2 |
46 |
Greater Spotted Eagle |
Clanga clanga |
VU |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
47 |
Indian Spotted Eagle |
Clanga hastata |
VU |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
48 |
Black Kite |
Milvus migrans |
LC |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
49 |
Black-winged Kite |
Elanus caeruleus |
LC |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
50 |
Long-legged Buzzard |
Buteo rufinus |
LC |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
51 |
Egyptian Vulture |
Neophron percnopterus |
EN |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
Order: Gruiformes |
||||||||
Family Rallidae (Rails, Crakes,
Gallinules and Coots) |
||||||||
52 |
Common Coot |
Fulica atra |
LC |
3000 |
500 |
40 |
12 |
20 |
53 |
Common Moorhen |
Gallinula chloropus |
LC |
22 |
62 |
2 |
- |
30 |
54 |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus |
LC |
17 |
2 |
1 |
- |
2 |
55 |
Purple Swamphen |
Porphyrio porphyrio |
LC |
19 |
39 |
7 |
7 |
50 |
Family Gruidae (Cranes) |
||||||||
56 |
Sarus Crane |
Antigone antigone |
VU |
22 |
232 |
16 |
8 |
5 |
Order: Charadriiformes |
||||||||
Family Charadriidae (Plovers
and Lapwings) |
||||||||
57 |
White-tailed Lapwing |
Vanellus leucurus |
LC |
7 |
10 |
8 |
3 |
- |
58 |
Grey-headed Lapwing |
Vanellus cinereus |
LC |
5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
59 |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus |
LC |
38 |
30 |
15 |
4 |
10 |
60 |
Little Ringed Plover |
Charadrius dubius |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
Family Recurvirostridae (Stilts
and Avocets) |
||||||||
61 |
Black-winged Stilt |
Himantopus himantopus |
LC |
26 |
150 |
30 |
- |
6 |
Family Jacanidae (Jacanas) |
||||||||
62 |
Bronze-winged Jacana |
Metopidius indicus |
LC |
17 |
40 |
7 |
- |
40 |
63 |
Pheasant-tailed Jacana |
Hydrophasianus chirurgus |
LC |
4 |
20 |
21 |
- |
- |
Family Scolopacidae (Snipes,
Curlews and Sandpipers) |
||||||||
64 |
Common Redshank |
Tringa totanus |
LC |
30 |
50 |
8 |
3 |
2 |
65 |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos |
LC |
2 |
- |
4 |
2 |
1 |
66 |
Common Snipe |
Gallinago gallinago |
LC |
4 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
67 |
Green Sandpiper |
Tringa ochropus |
LC |
1 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
- |
68 |
Marsh Sandpiper |
Tringa stagnatilis |
LC |
- |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
69 |
Wood sandpiper |
Tringa glareola |
LC |
1 |
38 |
2 |
- |
- |
70 |
Eurasian Curlew |
Numenius arquata |
NT |
5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
71 |
Black-tailed Godwit |
Limosa limosa |
NT |
- |
25 |
- |
- |
- |
72 |
Temminck's Stint |
Calidris temminckii |
LC |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
73 |
Ruff |
Calidris pugnax |
LC |
239 |
23 |
- |
- |
- |
74 |
Little Stint |
Calidris minuta |
LC |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
75 |
Common Greenshank |
Tringa nebularia |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
Family Glareolidae
(Prantincoles and Coursers) |
||||||||
76 |
Little Pratincole |
Glareola lactea |
LC |
- |
13 |
- |
- |
- |
Order: Columbiformes |
||||||||
Family Columbidae (Pigeons and
Doves) |
||||||||
77 |
Eurasian Collared Dove |
Streptopelia decaocto |
LC |
5 |
4 |
2 |
- |
- |
78 |
Laughing Dove |
Streptopelia senegalensis |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
79 |
Rock Dove |
Columba livia |
LC |
6 |
50 |
5 |
6 |
- |
Order: Psittaciformes |
||||||||
Family Psittacidae (Parrots and
Hanging Parrots) |
||||||||
80 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri |
LC |
2 |
3 |
- |
- |
1 |
Order: Cuculiformes |
||||||||
Family Cuculidae (Cuckoos,
Malkohas and Coucals) |
||||||||
81 |
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis |
LC |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
Order: Strigiformes |
||||||||
Family Tytonidae (Barn Owls);
Strigidae (Typical Owls) |
||||||||
82 |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama |
LC |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Order: Bucerotiformes |
||||||||
Family Upupidae (Hoopoes) |
||||||||
83 |
Common Hoopoe |
Upupa epops |
LC |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
Family Bucerotidae (Hornbills) |
||||||||
84 |
Indian Grey Hornbill |
Ocyceros birostris |
NT |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
Order: Coraciiformes |
||||||||
Family Coraciidae (Rollers) |
||||||||
85 |
Indian Roller |
Coracias benghalensis |
LC |
1 |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
Family Alcedinidae (Kingfisher) |
||||||||
86 |
Common Kingfisher |
Alcedo atthis |
LC |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
87 |
Pied Kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis |
LC |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
88 |
White-breasted Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
LC |
8 |
9 |
3 |
- |
2 |
Family Meropidae (Bee-Eaters) |
||||||||
89 |
Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis |
LC |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
Order: Piciformes |
||||||||
Family Ramphastidae (Barbets) |
||||||||
90 |
Brown-headed Barbet |
Psilopogon zeylanicus |
LC |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
91 |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon haemacephalus |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
Family Picidae (Wryneck,
Piculets and Woodpeckers) |
|
|||||||
92 |
Eurasian Wryneck |
Jynx torquilla |
LC |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
Order: Passeriformes |
||||||||
Family Dicruridae (Drongos) |
||||||||
93 |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus |
LC |
24 |
18 |
25 |
- |
1 |
Family Corvidae (Crows) |
||||||||
94 |
House Crow |
Corvus splendens |
LC |
1 |
50 |
2 |
2 |
30 |
95 |
Large-billed Crow |
Corvus macrorhynchos |
LC |
2 |
4 |
2 |
- |
2 |
96 |
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta vagabunda |
LC |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
Family Alaudidae (Larks) |
||||||||
97 |
Oriental Skylark |
Alauda gulgula |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) |
||||||||
98 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer |
LC |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
Family Cisticolidae
(Cisticolas, Prinias and Allies) |
||||||||
99 |
Ashy Prinia |
Prinia socialis |
LC |
7 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
100 |
plain Prinia |
Prinia inornate |
LC |
6 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
- |
101 |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius |
LC |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Family Sylviidae (Warblers) |
||||||||
102 |
Lesser Whitethroat |
Sylvia curruca |
LC |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
Family Timaliidae (Babblers) |
||||||||
103 |
Jungle Babbler |
Turdoides striata |
LC |
- |
4 |
5 |
- |
- |
104 |
Large Grey Babbler |
Argya malcolmi |
LC |
- |
8 |
2 |
- |
- |
Family Sturnidae (Starlings and
Mynas) |
||||||||
105 |
Asian Pied Starling |
Gracupica contra |
LC |
65 |
50 |
12 |
- |
22 |
106 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis |
LC |
1 |
2 |
3 |
- |
4 |
107 |
Bank Myna |
Acridotheres ginginianus |
LC |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Family Muscicapidae (Chats and
Old World Flycatcher) |
||||||||
108 |
Bluethroat |
Luscinia svecica |
LC |
4 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
109 |
Brown Rockchat |
Oenanthe fusca |
LC |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
110 |
Common Stonechat |
Saxicola torquatus |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
111 |
Pied Bushchat |
Saxicola caprata |
LC |
6 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
112 |
Indian Robin |
Saxicoloides fulicatus |
LC |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
113 |
Desert Wheatear |
Oenanthe deserti |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
114 |
Oriental magpie Robin |
Copsychus saularis |
LC |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
Family Passeridae (Sparrows,
Petronias and Snowfinches) |
||||||||
115 |
Chestnut-shouldered
Bush-sparrow |
Gymnoris xanthocollis |
LC |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
116 |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus |
LC |
- |
- |
- |
- |
30 |
Family Ploceidae (Weavers) |
||||||||
117 |
Black-breasted Weaver |
Ploceus benghalensis |
LC |
7 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
Family Estrildidae (Avadavats
and Munias) |
||||||||
118 |
Scaly-breasted Munia |
Lonchura punctulata |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
119 |
Tricoloured Munia |
Lonchura malacca |
LC |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
120 |
Red Avadavat |
Amandava amandava |
LC |
3 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
121 |
Indian Silverbill |
Euodice malabarica |
LC |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
Family Motacillidae (Pipits and
Wagtails) |
||||||||
122 |
White-browed Wagtail |
Motacilla maderaspatensis |
LC |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
123 |
Western Yellow Wagtail |
Motacilla flava |
LC |
1 |
15 |
1 |
- |
10 |
124 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba |
LC |
- |
- |
- |
- |
6 |
125 |
Citrine Wagtail |
Motacilla citreola |
LC |
2 |
3 |
22 |
- |
1 |
126 |
Paddyfield Pipit |
Anthus rufulus |
LC |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
LC—Least Concern | NT—Near
Threatened | VU—Vulnerable | EN—Endangered.