Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2024 | 16(5): 25227–25234
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8733.16.5.25227-25234
#8733 | Received 08 September 2023 | Final received 28 March 2024 |
Finally accepted 20 April 2024
Diversity of mosses (Bryophyta)
in Pangi valley (Himachal Pradesh, India): an
unexplored domain of northwestern Himalaya
Anshul Dhyani
1, Kumar Shantanu 2 , Rajender Kumar Sharma
3 & Prem
Lal Uniyal 4
1,4 Department of Botany, University
of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
2,3 Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi,
Delhi 110019, India.
1 anshuld42@gmail.com, 2 kshantanu@db.du.ac.in,
3 rksharmabio@yahoo.co.in, 4 uniyalpl@rediffmail.com
(corresponding author)
Editor: D.K. Singh, Botanical Survey of India,
Lucknow, India. Date of publication: 26 May 2024
(online & print)
Citation: Dhyani, A., K. Shantanu, R.K. Sharma & P.L. Uniyal (2024). Diversity of mosses (Bryophyta) in Pangi valley (Himachal Pradesh, India): an unexplored
domain of northwestern Himalaya. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(5): 25227–25234. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8733.16.5.25227-25234
Copyright: © Dhyani et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: This work was supported by the Institution of Eminence (IoE), University of Delhi (Ref. No./IoE/2023-24/12/FRP).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author detail and Author contribution: AD is a PhD research scholar. He is currently working on biosystematics aspects of bryophytes. KS and RKS are associate professors and have expertise in bryophyte taxonomy and ecology, respectively. PLU is a senior professor. He has an expertise in biosystematics of bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms. All the authors were involved in field trips and moss species collections. AD and PLU confirmed the identity of the specimens. AD photographed the slides sections, wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. KS and RKS were involved in data compilation. PLU edited the entire manuscript and finalized the draft.
Acknowledgements: The first author is grateful to Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi for providing the senior
research fellowship. The first author is also thankful to Dr.
Siddhartha Kaushal, guest faculty at Department of Botany, University of Delhi
for his assistance in creating study area map. The corresponding author is
thankful to the Institution of Eminence (IoE), University of Delhi for funding.
The second and third authors are grateful to the Himalayan Study Circle, Deshbandhu college, University of Delhi for providing
resources. Thanks are due to the Forest Department of Purthi
for their support. All the authors are thankful to the reviewers and editors
for their suggestions that helped in improving the manuscript.
Abstract: Diversity of mosses of a unique
and unexplored geographical location in Himalaya, the Pangi
valley in Himachal Pradesh, India is investigated. A total of 49 moss species
belonging to 21 families have been recorded, including Hedwigia
emodica, the detail on the type specimen of which
is uncertain and Encalypta vulgaris, a
rare moss in the Himalaya. In addition, 13 moss species are new records for
Himachal Pradesh. The dominant mosses of the surveyed area are Philonotis and Grimmia,
where the latter is frequently found on basic, barren boulders in sunny
positions. Among the recorded moss species, 35 are terrestrial, six aquatic,
and eight epiphytes. The findings will be useful for forest policies and
management of bryophytes conservation in areas which have extreme climatic
conditions.
Keywords: Bryophytes, ecosystem, growth
forms, hotspots, indicator, macroclimate, patch size, population, richness,
taxa.
INTRODUCTION
The Himalayan region constitutes
one of the biodiversity hotspots of India, which comprises different kinds of
forests and ecosystems in the northwestern Himalaya such as tropical,
sub-tropical, temperate, sub-alpine, and alpine forests (Hajra
& Rao 1990). The environmental factors such as topography, soil, climate,
and geographical location influence the diversity of vegetation in forest
ecosystem in the Himalaya (Arora 1995). The biodiversity and productivity in a
forest are the two most important attributes, which are associated with the
proper functioning of a forest ecosystem in the Himalaya (Haq
et al. 2021). Any kind of ecological disturbances in the Himalaya can
also affect the global climate by bringing changes in the precipitation and
temperature (Khan et al. 2012) and hence affect the vegetation. Therefore, the
Himalaya are an excellent zone to study about the biogeographical and
ecological patterns of vegetation (Körner 2000) and
of course to evaluate the diversity and community composition.
The bryophytes constitute a major
part of Himalayan flora. The northwestern (NW) Himalaya comprises an enormous
bryophyte diversity and composition. Various authors (Chopra & Kumar 1981; Tewari & Pant 1994; Nath et al. 2008; Alam 2013; Sahu & Asthana
2014) have done preliminary studies on the bryoflora
of the NW Himalaya. However, there are still many unexplored domains in the
Himalayan region which need to be investigated thoroughly so that the bryophyte
species diversity and their role can be assessed. The Pangi
valley in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh (India)
is one such unexplored part of the NW Himalaya. The area majorly consists of
bare granite rocks and experiences harsh winters and cold summers.
The objective of the present
study was to assess the moss species diversity in Pangi
valley. The study will be helpful in modelling the species-habitat
relationship, comparing the species diversity in the disturbed and
non-disturbed sites to make better planning for conservation strategies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The mosses were collected from
the Pangi valley, Himachal Pradesh (India), located
at an average elevation of 2,287 m (32.88830N, 76.42110E
and 32.92660N, 76.46190E; Image 1), in the month of June
2022. The area is dominated by conifers which remains dry during most of the
year due to little precipitation and a higher snowfall period. The samples were
placed in separate bags and the GPS data, their substrate, along with growth
forms were noted down. The samples were carefully observed under the microscope
(Olympus CX21i) and separated from each other to have the pure samples
of the species. The mosses were identified based on their growth forms and
micromorphological characters along with the help of relevant literatures (Gangulee 1969−1980; Chopra 1975; Anderson 2007). The mosses
are classified following Goffinet et al.
(2008). Voucher specimens are deposited at the Herbarium DUH, University of
Delhi (India).
RESULTS
In the present study, a total of
49 taxa of mosses under 21 families were recorded. Most of the mosses belong to
families Pottiaceae, Bartramiaceae,
Grimmiaceae, Amblystegiaceae,
and Bryaceae. The genera such as Grimmia
Hedw. and Philonotis
Brid. were found to be the most dominant in the surveyed area with the
maximum number of species. Species of Grimmia
were found growing on basic and barren substrates in sunny positions in
isolated patches. Some populations were encountered on basic sandstone near the
river Chenab. The plants survived the winter well under snow and produced high
numbers of sporophytes in spring. Encalypta Hedw. and Hedwigia
P.Beauv., represented by
few populations, are rare in the area. The record of Hedwigia
emodica Hampe ex Müll.Hal. is the interesting one. Species of Philonotis were found to occur on soil or rock along
the banks of streams, rivers in spring and waterfall areas, often in the open.
Here, the authors also recorded extended distribution of 13 taxa for Himachal
Pradesh (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
The bryodiversity
of Himachal Pradesh has been studied or reviewed by various authors (Lal 2005;
Singh & Singh 2008; Singh & Singh 2010; Dandotiya
et al. 2011; Alam 2013; Pande
et al. 2017; Kumar et al. 2022). These investigations provided
several new records and interesting findings. However, in terms of moss richness
and diversity, there are still many under-explored regions in Himachal Pradesh
which require frequent and comprehensive field visits.
The climatic condition of the
valley allows the development of mosses that are adapted to these climatic
extremities. Several adaptive features such as the presence of long hyaline tip
and compact growth in Grimmiaceae, presence of chlorophyllose cells in between the hyalocyst
cells in Leucobryaceae, and the thick-coarsely
papillated, small quadrate surface cells in Pottiaceae
(Scott 1982) help these mosses to store water and prevent its loss, enabling
these mosses to thrive in harsh and extreme climatic conditions (Image 2 &
3). Other features such as the lanceolate leaves to minimize water loss and
optimize light absorption in Grimmiaceae also help in
surviving the extreme conditions. In addition, the wax coating on the leaves of
Polytrichaceae members prevent them from water loss
as well as extreme sunlight and is considered an adaptation. In the family Pottiaceae, several species show leaf curling in response
to change in humidity, which is also recognised as an adaptation factor to
extreme conditions as well (Geissler 1982). The mat, cushion, turf, weft, and
many such forms are also known as adaptation states to the climate. It is
interesting to mention that, in Ptychostomum
pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.)
J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsay ex Holyoak & N.Pedersen, there is production of UV-B absorbing
anthocyanin pigments that check the physiological activities of the moss under
extreme cold or desiccation (Dunn & Robinson 2006; Glime
2017).
A total of six species of Encalypta are known to occur in the northwestern Himalayan region of India, with E. vulgaris
the only species reported from Spiti valley and Kangra in Himachal Pradesh previously (Chopra 1975). We
found only few small patches of E. vulgaris in the studied area and one
patch with a length of ca. 15 cm. which showed relatively less abundance as
compared to the other reported moss taxa. The genus Encalypta
seems to require a specific habitat condition, i.e., restricted to limestones
particularly found growing in the microsites such as on exposed dry rock
crevices and on ledges wedged among stones. The genus is easily distinguished
by its large plate-like red perigonia which was established
in the large patches along with the other herbaceous plants. Moreover, it
harbours many small aquatic animals.
Only three species of Hedwigia have been reported from the
Himalaya, viz., H. ciliata (Hedw.) Boucher, H. stellata Hedenäs, and H. emodica (Dalton
et al. 2013). The major distinguishing characters of H. emodica from other species of its relatives are
the presence of a long, hyaline tip which covers ca. 20−40% of leaf length;
abaxial papillae which varies from branched to stellate and leaf margin either
recurved on lower half or plane. H. ciliata has
been previously reported from Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (Asthana & Sahu 2014). H. stellata has
been reported from Kashmir and the distribution of H. emodica
was previously found in Jammu & Kashmir (Dalton et al. 2013).
The presence of H. emodica in Himachal
Pradesh, therefore, implies the range extension of this taxon. Present
populations were found growing on sand rocks, boulders, and creeks as well as
the lower trunks of Cedrus trees. It appears
that Hedwigia prefers to grow on acidic
substratum.
Bryophyte distribution is
affected by the macroclimatic conditions, including precipitation and
temperature. However, moisture is considered as an important growth stimulator
more than any other factor for bryophyte productivity (Skre
& Oechel 1981; Porley
& Hodgetts 2005). The dominance of families such as Pottiaceae
and Grimmiaceae, generally growing in exposed sites
on granite-mica rocks, indicate that the area has harsh and extreme climatic
conditions. Wide distribution of members of Bartramiaceae
shows presence of calcareous substrata (Tewari &
Pant 1994). The average bryophyte cover was higher in exposed sites and under
coniferous forest patch, and thus considered as important ground cover in the
area. The area is dominated by the acrocarpous turfs
and cushion forming mosses in comparison to the pleurocarpous
mosses. A deep bryophyte layer thickness is commonly associated with species
groups that often have large cover, which therefore, produce a high biomass
(Sun et al. 2013). This area harbours rich plant diversity. Less
population, low developmental activities, and remote location of the area gives
the opportunity to have the high regeneration rate of the species. Moreover,
the harsh environmental conditions stimulate the adaptations in the species,
hence the species occurring in the area remain unique. It is important to
understand the plant communities, especially of lower plant groups, of such
sites for comparative study and distribution modelling in future. There is an abundance of rocky bulges and
depressions, which provide refuge to species with morphological adaptations to
stressful climates and to rare communities of plants, including bryophytes.
The existence of 21 distinct
families in this region serves as a clear indication of the considerable
diversity in terms of bryophyte richness and composition. This underscores the
importance of conducting expeditions in the surrounding areas to compile a
cumulative checklist. Such an endeavour will contribute to the formulation of
effective policy management and conservation approaches. Although the area is remote, but the small
hydroelectric units and camps on ground may make the habitat vulnerable. These
anthropogenic disturbances may pose a threat to the survival of many different
moss taxa. Poor dispersal range of bryophytes not only limits the population
recruitment but also leads to conservation implications. The niche specificity
and the role of associated species together with genetic diversity need to be
studied further.
Conclusions
Bryophytes constitute an
important component of the ecosystem and contribute a significant portion of
species richness and biomass as well as ground cover. Although, they play
a significant role in ecosystem functioning yet they
receive less attention in biodiversity mapping. These interesting groups of
plants are very sensitive to environmental perturbation and fairly used as
indicator species. The present study revealed the species diversity of mosses
in Pangi Valley (Himachal Pradesh, India) which will
help in forest policies and management to conserve the biodiversity of the
area. The developmental projects in the area may cause destruction of habitats
of these mosses and thus can be a potential threat to their survival.
Therefore, efficient and sustainable forest practices should be adopted to
safeguard this economically important plant group.
Table 1. Table showing
the list of reported bryophyte taxa along with new records, growth form, patch
size and families (Classification follows Goffinet et
al. 2008).
|
Taxon |
Substratum |
Moss patch size |
Growth form |
Family |
Voucher number |
|
Anacolia menziesii (Turner)
Paris? |
Rock |
Small |
Open tuft |
Bartramiaceae |
DUH15324 |
|
Anoectangium stracheyanum
Mitt. |
Rock |
Small |
Dense tuft |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15325 |
|
Brachythecium kamounense
(Harv.)
A.Jaeger |
Soil, Rock |
Small |
Mat |
Brachytheciaceae |
DUH15415 |
|
Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum
(Hedw.) P.C.Chen |
Rock |
Medium |
Tuft |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15326 |
|
Bryum argenteum Hedw. |
Open soil |
Small |
Mat |
Bryaceae |
DUH15291 |
|
B. kashmirense Broth. |
Rock |
Small |
Thin mat, Julaceous |
Bryaceae |
DUH15327 |
|
Chionoloma tenuirostre
(Hook. & Taylor) M.Alonso,
M.J.Cano & J.A.Jiménez
|
Wet rocks |
Small |
Tuft |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15328 |
|
Cratoneuron filicinum
(Hedw.) Spruce |
Near waterfall |
Small |
Tuft |
Amblystegiaceae |
DUH15239 |
|
Cynodontium polycarpon
(Hedw.) Schimp.
† |
Open rock |
Small |
Tuft |
Dicranaceae |
DUH15330 |
|
Didymodon hastatus (Mitt.)
R.H.Zander |
Calcium rock |
Small |
Tuft |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15331 |
|
Encalypta vulgaris Hedw. |
Rock |
Large |
Cushion |
Encalyptaceae |
DUH15332 |
|
Entodon luteonitens Renauld & Cardot? |
Forest floor |
Small |
Tuft |
Entodontaceae |
DUH15333 |
|
Fissidens grandifrons
Brid. |
Waterfall |
Small |
Mat/ Tuft |
Fissidentaceae |
DUH15335 |
|
F. taxifolius Hedw. |
Dry Soil |
Small |
Tuft |
Fissidentaceae |
DUH15336 |
|
Grimmia donniana Sm.
|
Rock |
Small |
Cushion |
Grimmiaceae |
DUH15337 |
|
G. elongata Kaulf. † |
Rock |
Small |
Cushion |
Grimmiaceae |
DUH15338 |
|
G. funalis
(Schwägr.)
Bruch & Schimp. |
Calcium wet rock |
Medium |
Cushion |
Grimmiaceae |
DUH15306 |
|
G. fuscolutea Hook. |
Rock |
Medium |
Cushion, mat |
Grimmiaceae |
DUH15339 |
|
Haplocladium schimperi
Thér. |
Tree base, Rock |
Small |
Mat |
Leskeaceae |
DUH15292 |
|
Hedwigia emodica Hampe ex Müll. Hal. ? |
Tree bark |
Small |
Tuft |
Burseraceae |
DUH15340 |
|
Hygroamblystegium tenax
(Hedw.) Jenn. |
Rock and Walls |
Small |
Tuft |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15341 |
|
Hymentostylium recurvirostrum
(Hedw.) Dixon |
Rock |
Medium |
Tuft/ Cushion |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15342 |
|
Hypnum cupressiforme (Hedw.) |
Forest floor |
Small |
Mat |
Hypnaceae |
DUH15343 |
|
Lescuraea incurvata (Hedw.) E.Lawton |
Dry Rocks |
Small |
Mat |
Leskeaceae |
DUH15344 |
|
Leucodon secundus (Harv.) Mitt. |
Tree bark |
Medium |
Tuft |
Leucodontaceae |
DUH15424 |
|
L. sinensis Thér. † |
Tree bark |
Medium |
Tuft/ Mat |
Leucodontaceae |
DUH15345 |
|
Lewinskya speciosa
(Nees) F. Lara, Garilleti
& Goffinet? |
Tree branches |
Small |
Tuft |
Orthotrichaceae |
DUH15346 |
|
Orthotrichum erubescens Müll. Hal. † |
Tree branches |
Medium |
Cushion |
Orthotrichaceae |
DUH15347 |
|
Oxyrrhynchium hians (Hedw.) Loeske |
Waterfall |
Medium |
Tuft |
Brachytheciaceae |
DUH15348 |
|
Palustriella decipiens
(De Not.) Ochyra? |
Waterfall |
Small |
Tuft |
Amblystegiaceae |
DUH15349 |
|
Philonotis bartramioides
(Griff.) D.G.Griffin & W.R.Buck |
Calcium wet rock |
Large |
Tuft/ Cushion |
Bartramiaceae |
DUH15350 |
|
P. leptocarpa (Mitt.) ? |
Wet Soil Calcium rich |
Medium |
Tuft |
Bartramiaceae |
DUH15352 |
|
P. mollis
(Dozy
& Molk.) Mitt. ? |
Wet Soil Calcium rich |
Medium |
Tuft |
Bartramiaceae |
DUH15353 |
|
P. roylei (Hook.f.) Mitt. |
Calcium wet rock |
Medium |
Tuft/ Cushion |
Bartramiaceae |
DUH15354 |
|
P. turneriana (Schwägr.) Mitt. |
Wet Soil Calcium rich |
Medium |
Tuft |
Bartramiaceae |
DUH15355 |
|
Plagiothecium cavifolium
(Brid.) Z.Iwats. |
Tree base |
Small |
Mat |
Plagiotheciaceae |
DUH15314 |
|
Pseudoleskeopsis zippelii
(Dozy & Molk.) Broth. † |
Rock |
Small |
Mat |
Leskeaceae |
DUH15356 |
|
Ptychomitrium tortula
(Harv.) A.Jaeger |
Tree bark |
Small |
Tuft |
Ptychomitriaceae |
DUH15316 |
|
Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum
(Hedw.) J.R.Spence
& H.P.Ramsay ex Holyoak
& N.Pedersen |
Open Rock |
Medium |
Tuft |
Bryaceae |
DUH15357 |
|
Reimersia inconspicua
(Griff.) P.C.Chen |
Rock, Soil |
Small |
Tuft |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15358 |
|
Rhynchostegium planiusculum
(Mitt.)
A.Jaeger |
Forest floor |
Small |
Tuft |
Brachytheciaceae |
DUH15359 |
|
R. riparioides (Hedw.) Cardot |
Waterfall |
Small |
Tuft |
Brachytheciaceae |
DUH15360 |
|
Rosulabryum capillare
(Hedw.) J.R.Spence |
Open soil |
Small |
Tuft |
Bryaceae |
DUH15361 |
|
Sarmentypnum exannulatum
(Schimp.) Hedenäs |
Near waterfall |
Small |
Mat/ Cushion |
Calliergonaceae |
DUH15362 |
|
Syntrichia ruralis (Hedw.) F.Weber
& D.Mohr. |
Open dry soil |
Small |
Tuft |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15365 |
|
Symphysodontella tortifolia
Dixon? |
Rock |
Small |
Tuft |
Pterobryaceae |
DUH15363 |
|
Syrrhopodon armatus (Schwägr.) |
Soil |
Medium |
Tuft |
Calymperaceae |
DUH15317 |
|
Thuidium assimile (Mitt.)
A.Jaeger |
Forest floor |
Medium |
Tuft |
Thuidiaceae |
DUH15364 |
|
Tortella tortuosa (Schrad. ex Hedw.) Limpr. |
Dry rocks |
Small |
Tuft |
Pottiaceae |
DUH15366 |
†—New records to Himachal Pradesh
| Moss Patch Size: Small = 0−3 cm, Medium = 3−8 cm, Large = <
8 cm
For images
- - click here for full PDF
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