Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2024 | 16(6): 25305–25317
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8703.16.6.25305-25317
#8703 | Received 24
August 2023 | Final received 12 May 2024 | Finally accepted 28 May 2024
Philippine Warty Pig Sus philippensis Nehring, 1886: level of awareness and conservation
practices in Datal Bad, West Lamidan,
Don Marcelino, Davao Occidental, Philippines
Pedro M. Avenido
Institute of Professional and
Graduate Studies (IPGS), Southern Philippines Agri-business Marine and Aquatic
School of Technology (SPAMAST), 8012 Poblacion, Malita, Davao Occidental, Philippines.
Editor: Matt Ward, Talarak
Foundation, Inc., Kabankalan, Phillippines. Date of publication: 26 June 2024
(online & print)
Citation: Avenido, P.M. (2024). Philippine
Warty Pig Sus philippensis Nehring,
1886: level of awareness and conservation practices in Datal
Bad, West Lamidan, Don Marcelino, Davao Occidental,
Philippines. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 16(6): 25305–25317. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8703.16.6.25305-25317
Copyright: © Avenido 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: The study was not funded by any funding agency.
Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests.
Author details: Pedro M. Avenido is a
full-time associate professor of the Southern Philippines Agri-business
and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST), currently designated as the graduate school dean, former member of the SPAMAST board of trustee and a member of the Bids and Awards Committee of the College. He has several publications in peer-reviewed journals focusing of marine science, fisheries, agriculture and biodiversity. He finished his master’s degree at Silliman University, Dumaguety City, Philippines and his doctor of Philosophy in University of the Philippines Visayas-Miag-ao Campus, Ilo-ilo, Philippines. At present, he spends his
time as a senior researcher and mentor to the younger generation of SPAMAST researchers.
Acknowledgements: The researcher would like to
thank the barangay local government unit of West Lamidan,
residents in sitio Datal Bad that were surveyed for
their cooperation and willingness to be part of the study. The same gratitude
is also extended to SPAMAST for allowing this study to be conducted.
Abstract: The Philippines is a biodiversity
hotspot with four endemic wild pig species. The Philippine Warty Pig is a
medium to large size mammal that is usually solitary. They commonly exhibit
crop raiding behavior, and hunting by farmers and
poachers decreases populations of this species, which is listed as ‘Vulnerable’
in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This study was conducted to
determine the level of awareness of Philippine Warty Pig conservation practices
among locals in sitio Datal Bad, West Lamidan, Don Marcelino Davao Occidental, Philippines.
Responses (N = 50) were gathered by a survey questionnaire. Respondents
were highly aware of Philippine Warty Pigs and policies toward wildlife
conservation. They reported hunting pigs using air guns ‘sorit’,
bow and arrow ‘papana’, harpoon ‘bangkaw’,
and snare ‘lit-ag’. The respondents added that they performed religious rituals
and farming that may pose threats to Philippine Warty Pigs. They also
manifested a willingness to work with government and academic institutions to
enhance knowledge about conservation of pigs and other wildlife in their
locality.
Keywords: Biodiversity, bow and arrow,
conservation, endemic, harpoon, hunting, indigenous people, snare, threats,
wildlife.
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines is one of the
world’s biodiversity hotspots, with four endemic wild pig species: three warty
pigs and one bearded pig (Cariño 1998; Meijaard & Melletti 2017). As
mentioned in the study of Villegas et al. (2022), the warty pigs Sus cebifrons (Heude, 1888), Sus oliveri (Groves, 1997), Sus
philippensis (Nehring,
1886), and the Palawan Bearded Pig Sus ahoenobarbus (Huet, 1888) can
be found in the islands of Luzon, Visayas, Palawan,
and Mindanao. S. philippensis morphological
characteristics comprise of commonly black with grey colored fur and a pale
snout band. They also have long full crown tuft and nuchal mane extended along
the back of a male Philippine warty pigs with pairs of warts and gonial tufts (Meijaard & Melletti 2017; Cabanas et al. 2022;). This large to medium
sized mammal is usually found in solitary or with their young in areas where
there is an open canopy, near clearings like plantations, trees with smaller
DBH, areas with abundance of fruits, and adjacent to streams which the warty
pigs can access easily (Cabanas et al. 2022; Villegas et al. 2022; Gamalo et al. 2023).
The warty pigs is
known to raid crops, and farmers tend to hunt them which drives the population
of this species to decrease (Cabanas et al. 2022). Aside from hunting and
poaching, some threats to Philippine warty pigs that contributed to its decline
are habitat destruction, pathogens (African Swine Fever Virus), and
hybridization (Blouch 1995; Villegas et al. 2022; Gamalo et al. 2023). With these risks, the Philippine Red
List Committee (PRLC) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) Red List for Threatened Species have categorized S. philippensis as ‘Vulnerable’ (Meijaard
& Melletti 2017; DENR-BMB 2020). In the report of
Oliver (1995), wild pig populations in Davao Region are declining and very
rarely seen in Mt. Apo. In the surrounding areas of Mt. Apo, various ethnicity
exists with high potential for hunting warty pigs is observed as they only know
that hunting is illegal only for charismatic species such as Philippine Eagle.
Accordingly, RA 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Right Act and RA 9147 or the
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act clearly stated that
utilization of wild animals for tradition and culture is permitted. But in the
case of the warty pigs which is already considered as vulnerable, RA 9147 does
not allow the use of vulnerable animals like the warty pigs to be utilized in
any traditional or cultural practices to protect its declining population.
However, hunting as tradition and lack of awareness as to the status of the
warty pigs is one of the leading causes of population decline in the region (Tanalgo 2017).
Field investigation into specific
environmental requirement, population structure, reactions to hunting strain,
and commercial logging, are the some of the key factors that played an
important role in the conservation of warty pigs (Blouch
1995). Highlighting in this paper is the Philippine Warty Pig S. philippensis which is reported to have sightings in Datal Bad West Lamidan, Don
Marcelino, Davao Occidental especially in cultivated areas where vegetables and
root crops were planted (P. Avenido pers. comm.,
March 8, 2023). Accordingly, a study by Cosico et al.
(2017) stated that Philippine Warty Pig’s main diet is composed of root crops,
vegetables, fruits, and invertebrates which explains the sightings of warty
pigs in West Lamidan. Given its occurrence in the
area, no study related to its protection and conservation were done though
communities mentioned that they safeguarded this species as it is said to be a
natural resource in their land. To address this gap, this current paper aimed
to determine the level of awareness and identify local conservation practices
of the locals in Datal Bad West Lamidan,
Don Marcelino, Davao Occidental about the Philippine Warty
Pig.
METHODS
Study area
This study was conducted in Datal Bad, West Lamidan, Don
Marcelino, Davao Occidental (Figure 1). Datal Bad is
situated approximately along 6.092578 N and 125.654225 E. The areas have an
estimated elevation of 1,448.5 m (4,752.2 ft).
Its population as of 2022 was 113 individuals comprising two indigenous
groups namely the B’laan & Manobo, living and
sharing the same culture. The study site is approximately 3.3 km from the
barangay proper of West Lamidan and about 4.8 km from
Don Marcelino. The main source of livelihood among the tribes is farming. They
cultivate crops like corn, cassava, bananas, and abaca. The crops they produce
are mainly for consumption while some are sold to merchants at the barangay
site including the fiber produced from abaca. Datal
Bad nested along the side of the forest and is not accessible to any mode of
transportation, even horses. In marketing the farm produce, the tribes used to
carry them along the slopes of the mountains to the barangay site passing
through the fast-flowing river.
Research Design and Instrument
This study utilized a qualitative
research design to examine the current state of Philippine Warty Pig
conservation practices among the tribes in Datal Bad,
West Lamidan. Descriptive research design was used to
analyze the data from the survey questionnaire (Sedlock
2010) relative to the main purpose of the study. An adopted questionnaire formulated by Sedlock (2010) was used to gather information in the study
site. The respondents considered in the study are residents of Datal Bad. Information collected includes respondents’
demographic profile, hunting preferences, number of people who went to hunt,
hunting methods, reasons of hunting, level of awareness, and conservation
practices. The benchmark statements on the level of awareness on Philippine
warty pig conservation among the residents in the study were rated using the
Likert scale (Table 1).
The common human activities
related to Philippine warty pig, the scale below was used to interpret the
responses of the respondents.
Respondents of the Study
An opportunistic randomly
selected residents of the study site were surveyed. Simple random technique was
used to identify respondents of the study out of the total population of Datal Bad (more than 10% of the entire population of the
study area). Respondents were 15 years old and above. No sex preference as long
as they reside in Datal Bad and have knowledge on
Philippine warty pigs.
Data Analysis and Ethical
Consideration
The data collected were analyzed
using descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentage, and mean.
Mean is the measure of center or average and the most recognized type of
descriptive statistics. It was used to repurpose hard-to-understand
quantitative insights across a large data set into bite-sized descriptions.
Mean was used to determine the average of quantitative data. It was calculated
by adding all the figures within the data set and then dividing by the number of
figures within the set.
The responsibility of the
researcher in this study was to ensure that the respondents are well cared for
during and after the conduct of the study. Therefore, the researcher made
coordination with the tribal and indigenous leaders prior to the entry and
survey proper. The researcher explained and elaborated to respondents the
objectives of the study and the purpose of the visit. This helped ensure the
researcher would bring no harm or danger to the respondents, their place, and community.
This etiquette followed a set of ethical consideration to protect the
participants (British Psychological Society 2000).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic and
Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents
The socio-demographic and
socio-economic variables may influence awareness on hunting Philippine warty
pig and its conservation practices. In addition, the extent of awareness of
these practices and attitudes towards them are significantly affected by age,
gender, and level of education. Increasing knowledge is associated with more
positive attitudes toward conservation. This conforms to the findings of Prokop
(2009) that males showed greater knowledge of wildlife than women. Likewise,
knowledge of wildlife conservation issues appears to be more extensive among
men who are household heads and among people who own more livestock and,
therefore, have higher economic status in the community.
Based on the interview, some
indigenous group in the area are non-law abiders but they are the most
knowledgeable about the wildlife. Poverty and lack of permanent job drives
indigenous communities to hunt wildlife and exploiting possible resources that
the environment could offer.
Demographic Characteristics of
Respondents
The demographic profile of the
respondents in the study is presented in (Figure 2). In terms of age,
respondents at the age bracket of 29–37 years old dominated which accounted 38%
followed by 20–28 years of age (22.0%). The age group with lowest percentage
was observed in the age bracket of 65–73 years old at 6.0% (Fig. 2A). With
regards to gender, the male respondents dominated over female respondents with
68.0% and 32.0%, respectively (Figure 2B). This result revealed that male is
more knowledgeable and aware in the existence and status of Philippine warty
pig, with this, the result of the survey is more accurate. However, the
information generated from women are still valid and acceptable since they also
have knowledge on the Philippine warty pig in the area. Male are more engaged
into hunting as they are responsible for supporting their families’ necessities
such as food and income while female is commonly supporting their husband doing
the routinary household chores. On the other hand,
with respect to the number of siblings among the respondents, it was evident
that each household has siblings ranged from 1–9 per household. Most
respondents belonged to a household consist of nine individuals which is very
common in a Filipino family despite its economic status (Figure 2C). Moreover,
as to the educational attainment of the respondents (Figure 2D), there are 37
of them who are in the elementary level (74.0%) while 22.0% have graduated
elementary. Furthermore, among the respondents, only one have reached high
school (2.0%), and have finished high school (2.0%), respectively.
Figure 3 depicted the employment
of the respondents. Results demonstrated that most of the respondents were
farmers which accounted 68.0% while some of them earned a living being a paid laborer
(14.0%). There were female respondents who earned as vendor whereas the lowest
value was attributed to the carpenter with 2.0%. In terms of the monthly income
of the respondents (Figure 4), Majority of the respondents (60%) have a monthly
income of below PHP 3,000.00 followed by those who earned PHP 3,001.00–PhP 7,000.00 (36.0%) monthly, whereas 4.0% had an income of
PHP 7,001–11,000 per month. Moreover, none of the respondents in Datal Bad earned more 11,000 pesos a month.
Common activities of the locals
in Datal Bad
The several activities of the
locals in Datal Bad in relation to Philippine warty
pig is presented in Table 3. Respondents confirmed that they are doing
activities that posed threat to Philippine Warty Pig. They always hunt for
food, medicine or even as pet. As part of the tradition and local belief of the
respondents, having the Philippine warty pig as pet will make them famous as
these animals were very rare. Although, they already knew laws of the
government in protecting wildlife, but they don’t follow the policies and did
not practice on how to conserve Philippine Warty Pig. Due to poverty and their
need for food, some of them lead to hunt wildlife resources present in the area
and even sometimes they leave waste inside the forest. These may be because of
no strong existing policy or ordinance in local adapting national laws in
protecting wildlife. The respondent’s involvement in hunting and disregarding
the policies set by the National Wildlife Conservation clearly demonstrate that
the local community lacks effective wildlife conservation practices.
According to the community the
diversity indices of wildlife of Datal Bad are high.
In spite of this, possible threat and disturbances due to human activities
might hamper Philippine warty pig population and diversity of the area in
general. Some practices such as military visits, excessive & unregulated
tourism, and hunting might affect its population. Also, the application of
chemicals to minimize the population insect pest for farming are likely to
affect the current population and species composition in the forest of Datal Bad.
The researcher interviewed 50
respondents and 94.0% of them said that they were willing to work with
Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources Office (MENRO), researchers, and
academic institutions to manage well, protect, and to conserve warty pigs in
the area and 4.0% are not willing. Also, only 2.0% was undecided to work with
MENRO. In consonance to this, the respondents needed the government support, concrete
road, policy enhancement, and the support from the community to make local
conservation practices towards Philippine Warty Pig to be sustainable and to
stop it from extinction. The locals’ practices and reported disturbances might
be an implication for future conservation plans in the area. Indeed, there is a
need to further educate all locals and work with local barangay officials to
ideally stop, or at least reduce the level of disturbance in the forest.
Knowledge and Awareness of the
Locals on Philippine Warty Pig
Table 4 shows the knowledge and
awareness of the respondents about Philippine Warty Pig in the area.
Respondents were highly aware of Philippine Warty Pig in the area. On the other
hand, respondents were aware on associated conservation policies formulated by
MENRO and the Barangay Council, services and benefits of Philippine Warty Pig , local conservation practices, and prohibitions. They
were also aware of human activities that pose threats on Philippine Warty Pig . The results contrasted with the findings in the study
conducted by Hassan et al. (2015) wherein respondents, especially farmers are
unaware of the ecological services rendered by Philippine Warty Pig and
reflected a negative attitude towards them. However, a greater percentage of
the respondents in the same study positively responded to the policies and
recommendations towards conservation. This linked to the idea of Hassan et al.
(2015) that lack of ecological awareness seems to be the major impediment in
wildlife conservation and results to a mass persecution of wildlife especially
Philippine Warty Pig that may lead towards local extinction of these organisms
in the future, and as well as the educational background and ecological
literacy of an individual (Kellert & Westervelt 1984). Prior to the
widespread of wildlife conservation education and awareness program, a vast
majority of people also had similar beliefs about wildlife.
These beliefs on Philippine Warty
Pig were, however, less prevalent. The educational attainment of the
respondents indicates that conservation education can further convey awareness
among the people, promotion of non- consumptive wildlife-oriented tourism and
can serve as tool to halt mass persecution of Philippine Warty Pig.
Conservation Threats
The human activities in Datal Bad which may cause threats and disturbance to
Philippine warty pig is presented in Figure 5. It depicted that, most of the
time, forest was used by the community for farming which accounted 92.0%. On
the other hand, the forest was used by the military as dwelling place (82.0%).
Although policies and fines were already in place for wildlife protection,
hunting and retaliation (60.0%) are still happened and with the number of
wildlife present in the area, researchers were conducting studies using the
forest as their sampling site. Other activities included religious rituals and
other activities (14.0%) while tourism and recreations accounted 10.0%. These
activities were done inside or near the habitat of Philippine wart pigs which may
directly or indirectly disturb and may be considered threats to the Philippine
Warty Pig population.
Concordance to the findings of Cardiff et al.
(2012), farming, military, and tourist can pose a threat to Wildlife population
as they can disrupt Philippine Warty Pig activities. Philippine Warty Pig avoid
human which could reduce their feeding time and avoidance of prime feeding
areas that are used by human can have a negative effect on their energy balance
(Buckley 2004). Even if the goal of conducting research is good, it brings harm
to Philippine Warty Pig in the sampling area in some ways. Research activities
like staying overnight for specimen collection, using of flashlights, and
creating noise like religious activity can cause disturbance to the Philippine
Warty Pig in the area. Hunting and retaliation of Philippine Warty Pig species
and consumption also occurred in the area.
Based on the survey, one of the
respondents said that some group of people, indigenous groups, usually hunt
Philippine Warty Pig in the area and they sell it at a price of 200 pesos per
kg. This conformed to the findings of Mildenstein
(2002) who reported that some indigenous tribes in the Philippines believed
that Philippine Warty Pig meat is a good source of protein. In Carolina Islands
of the Federated States of Micronesia, wild boar species are part of a high
valued delicacy, traditionally eaten during celebrations. It is commonly hunted
opportunistically as a novel supplemental food source (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations 2011).
Extensive farming in the area
poses a great threat and disturbance in warty pig fauna. In addition,
worldwide, agriculture a major impact on many habitats. The increasing human
population has meant ever increasing demands on agriculture to produce more
food. In many countries, this has led to a change from traditional to more
intensive agricultural techniques, with greater use of artificial chemicals as
fertilizers & pesticides and many habitats have been lost through expanding
and developing more efficient agricultural systems (Esselstyn
et al. 2004). Racey (2003) stated that the increasing
use of land for agriculture have been associated with extensive loss and
fragmentation of natural habitats and, frequently, the degradation of remaining
habitats. Major threats to Philippine Warty Pig populations worldwide are the
loss of natural habitats which resulted from modification and fragmentation due
to agricultural development.
Most of the results were merely
similar to the findings of (Villegas et al. 2023) that most of the threats on
wildlife in the Philippines are due to lack of strong policies or protection,
increased demand for recreational sites, treasure hunting, mining, pollution,
illegal collection of cave resources, and rapid urbanization.
Hunting Method
The mode of Philippine Warty Pig
hunting in the locality includes the following: solitary, by pair or in group.
Most of the respondents went Philippine Warty Pig hunting in groups. According
to them, group hunting was much more ideal compared to solo or by pair since
there are more individual who can help in sighting possible Philippine Warty Pig . Additionally, they prefer group hunting because this
group hunters were commonly relatives or a member of a single family. The
family members tend to hunt during their most convenient time and if there was
a report of Philippine Warty Pig sightings in the area. This result was in
consonance with the study of Stegeman (1938) who
reported that hunters do not follow fixed hunting schedule but hunted when
convenient. Although, some hunting trips are carried out for cultural or
ritualistic reasons may follow a schedule, for example during village festivals
and functions. Some hunters are doing this trip because they are craving as it
their viand.
In Figure 6, the multiple
response of respondents relative to hunting activities they used is presented
such as gun/sorit (22 responses) as their tool in
hunting and is the mostly used, followed by papana
(21 responses) whereas bangkaw and lit-ag have 16 and
four responses, respectively. These different hunting methods are also
practiced in other areas for hunting wildlife (Aiyadurai
et al. 2010). Trapping methods were also practiced including bows and arrows
and spears but not blowguns. The indigenous methods documented were stone-fall,
trigger-and release, canopy, spring-pole, gun, metal noose, hanging stone,
pitfall, box, log-fall, and rodent traps. Also, in the results gathered by the
study of Johnson (2005) found out that guns were the most common method
reported for capturing most wildlife, other tools for hunting include snares
and bows. More than half of total responses for hunting methods across all
animals were guns, followed by papana, bangkaw, and lit-ag.
Wildlife Use and Consumption
It was found out that hunted
Philippine Warty Pig were commonly consumed for food, fairly used as pet, and
rarely practiced for trading due to the awareness of law in protecting
wildlife. This finding revealed wildlife specifically the Philippine Warty Pig
and fish made up an average of 66% of protein source. Interviewers observed
that relatively small amounts of meat were consumed per individual per meal,
but that meat was often present. Also, as stated by Bennett & Robinson
(2000) human population density is high. Population depends on wildlife for its
major source of protein. In relation to this, the study conducted by Rao et al.
(2005) wild fish appeared to be the most prevalent source of animal protein
relative to wild or domestic meat (livestock). Proteins are considered as part
of the dietary components of hunters as they consumed.
Mostly in the study sites,
Philippine Warty Pig was used in tradition, for medicine, and rarely used in
religion and others. Stegeman (1938), explained the
preference for wild meat was reportedly based on taste. People believed that
wild meat is not contaminated like the meat of domestic animals that villagers
refuse to eat. Majority of the respondents hunted Philippine Warty Pig for
personal consumption, while others hunted for recreation, trade, and
retaliation. Such findings are like the study of Stegeman
(1938) which reported in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India Mishmi, Myers
(2000) reported food as the main reason for hunting, followed by money,
rituals/customs, and interest in hunting and retaliatory killing of crop-raiding
animals. Cash income was an important reason for hunting by Myers (2000). Also,
according to Nijhawan & Mihu
(2020) (22 responses) reported ritual as the main inspiration for hunting.
CONCLUSION
Majority of respondents are in
the age bracket of 29–37 years old and males are more aware in Philippine Warty
Pig in the area. Poverty and lack of permanent jobs are the major drivers for
illegal hunting of the Philippine warty pig in the vicinity. Several indigenous
people in the community were observed to be violators of national and local
policies. Meanwhile, the community are aware of the highly diverse wildlife and
the presence of the Philippine Warty Pig in their locality. Though there are
national policies to address the declining number of Philippine Warty Pig and
other wildlife, there are various local practices, cultural beliefs, and
tradition that possess threats and disturbances to the already vulnerable
Philippine warty pig population in Datal Bad.
Further, continuous occurrence of various local threats and disturbances in Datal Bad can lead to the local extinction of the said
species. Therefore, a strong information drive campaign and the establishment
of local policies that was specific to the conservation of Philippine Warty Pig
is necessary. In addition, community-based wildlife conservation management is
also important to directly involved local communities in the preservation and
protection of the vulnerable Philippine Warty Pig. These actions are very
essential since the community in Datal Bad
specifically those who hunt Philippine Warty Pig are very open and willing to
be involved in conservation, protection, and research activities which could
positively impacts Philippine Warty Pig population.
Table 1.
Scoring guide in the analysis of the response for the level of awareness on
Philippine Warty Pig.
|
Range of Means |
Scale |
Description |
Interpretation |
|
3.3–4.0 |
4 |
Highly Aware |
Indicators relating to the level of awareness on
Philippine warty pig conservation practices are always employed. The level of
awareness is fully manifested. |
|
2.5–3.2 |
3 |
Aware |
Indicators relating to the level of awareness on
Philippine warty pig conservation practices are oftentimes employed. The
level of awareness is manifested. |
|
1.8–2.4 |
2 |
Unaware |
Indicators relating to the level of awareness on
Philippine warty pig conservation practices are moderately employed. The
level of awareness is sometimes manifested. |
|
1.0–1.7 |
1 |
Highly Unaware |
Indicators relating to the level of awareness on
Philippine warty pig conservation practices are seldom employed. The level of
awareness is somehow manifested. |
Table 2.
Scoring guide in the analysis of the responses of respondent’s common
activities relating to Philippine Warty Pig.
|
Range of means |
Scale |
Description |
Interpretation |
|
3.3–4.0 |
4 |
Always |
Indicators relating to common
activities on Philippine warty pig are always observed. |
|
2.5–3.2 |
3 |
Most of the time |
Indicators relating to common
activities on Philippine warty pig are oftentimes observed. |
|
1.8–2.4 |
2 |
Sometimes |
Indicators relating to common
activities on Philippine warty pig are moderately observed. |
|
1.0–1.7 |
1 |
Never |
Indicators relating to common
activities on Philippine warty pig have never been observed. |
Table 3.
Common activities of the locals in Datal Bad, West Lamidan, Don Marcelino, Davao Occidental.
|
Benchmark statement |
Mean response |
Mode |
Qualitative description |
|
1. Went to the forest |
2.92 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
2. Hunt Philippine Warty Pig in
the forest |
2.90 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
3. Sold Philippine Warty Pig in
the market |
2.82 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
4. Hunting or persecution of
Philippine Warty Pig |
2.60 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
5. Hunting Philippine Warty Pig
for pleasure |
2.36 |
2 |
Sometimes |
|
6. Make Philippine Warty Pig as
food |
3.42 |
4 |
Always |
|
7. Make Philippine Warty Pig as
medicine |
2.66 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
8. Sold Philippine Warty Pig in
the market |
2.84 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
9. Make Philippine Warty Pig as
a pet |
2.62 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
10. Destruct Philippine Warty
Pig habitat |
2.68 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
11. Making or creating noise
inside/beside the forest |
2.70 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
12. Leave waste inside the
forest |
2.08 |
2 |
Sometimes |
|
13. Follow wildlife protection
policy |
2.78 |
3 |
Most of the time |
|
Overall mean |
2.72 |
3 |
Most of the time |
Table 4.
Knowledge and awareness of the locals in Datal Bad on
Philippine Warty Pig.
|
Variables |
Mean response |
Mode |
Description |
|
1. I am aware that there are
Philippine Warty Pigs in our area. |
3.62 |
4 |
Highly aware |
|
2. I am aware that there are
Philippine Warty Pigs near our barangay that we are not allowed to hunt. |
3.24 |
3 |
Aware |
|
3. I have received information
about Philippine Warty Pig conservation. |
3.32 |
4 |
Highly aware |
|
4. I am aware how to conserve
Philippine Warty Pigs. |
3.38 |
4 |
Highly aware |
|
5. I am aware that there are
efforts from the local government to conserve Philippine Warty Pigs. |
3.30 |
4 |
Highly aware |
|
6. I am aware on an act
protecting the Philippine Warty Pig passed by the government. |
3.22 |
4 |
Highly aware |
|
7. I am aware of MENRO and
Barangay policy about Philippine Warty Pig conservation. |
3.22 |
3 |
Aware |
|
8. I am aware that human
activities have significant impact on Philippine Warty Pig population. |
3.12 |
3 |
Aware |
|
9. I am aware about the
services and benefits that rendered by the Philippine Warty Pig. |
3.02 |
3 |
Aware |
|
10. I am aware on the different
program about Philippine Warty Pig conservation. |
3.06 |
3 |
Aware |
|
Overall Mean |
3.25 |
3 |
Aware |
For
figures & Appendix - - click here for full PDF
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