Meliolales of India –
Volume III
V.B. Hosagoudar
Jawaharlal Nehru
Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala, India
Contents
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................
3996
Key
to the genera .................................................................................................................................
3996
Digital
formula .....................................................................................................................................
3996
Description
of species .........................................................................................................................
3997
The
genus Amazonia ...............................................................................................................................
3997
The
genus Appendiculella ..................................................................................................................
3998
The
genus Asteridiella ........................................................................................................................
3999
The
genus Ectendomeliola ................................................................................................................
4010
The genus Irenopsis ...............................................................................................................................
4011
The
genus Meliola ...................................................................................................................................
4015
Key
to the species meliolales ........................................................................................................
4058
Host-Parasite-Index
...............................................................................................................................
4067
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3307.3993-4068
Editor: H.C. Nagaveni, Indian Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru,
India Date
of publication: 08 April 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript
details: Ms # o3307 | Received 16 August 2012 | Final received 08
December 2012 | Finally accepted 21 January 2013
Citation: Hosagoudar, V.B. (2013). Meliolales of India – Volume III. Journal of Threatened Taxa5(6): 3993–4068; doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3307.3993-4068
Copyright: © Hosagoudar 2013. Creative Commons Attribution
3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in
any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing
adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute,
Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Competing
Interest: None.
Acknowledgements: Thanks are due to Dr. P.G. Latha, Director, Jawaharlal Nehru
Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala, India (JNTBGRI), Palode for providing the facility.
Author Details: Dr. V.B. Hoagoudar is a Senior Scientist in JNTBGRI, has been working on foliicolous
fungi since 1974, published 16 books and more than 400 research papers mostly
on foliicolous fungi; and has proposed three new families, 17 genera and more
than 800 species and infra specific taxa.
Abstract: This work, is the continuation of my
preceding two works on Meliolales of India, gives an account of 123 fungal
species belonging to five genera, Amazonia (3), Appendiculella(1), Asteridiella (22), Ectendomeliola (1), Irenopsis (8)
and Meliola (88), infecting
120 host plants belonging to 49 families. Generic key, digital formula, synoptic key to the species is
provided. In the key, all the
species are arranged under their alphabetically arranged host families. Description of the individual species is
provided with the citation, detailed description, materials examined and their
details including their herbarium details. Each species is supplemented with line drawings. Host and the species index is provided at the end. This work includes five new species: Meliola arippaensis, M.
calycopteridis, M. cariappae, M. harpullicola and M. mutabilidis; a new variety: Irenopsis hiptages Yamam. var. indica and two new names: Asteridiella micheliifolia (based on A.
micheliae) and Meliola strombosiicola (based on Meliola
strombosiae)
Keywords: Amazonia, Appendiculella , Asteridiella, Ectendomeliola, India,Irenopsis, Meliola, Meliolales.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
Introduction
The study of the meliolaceous
fungi in the Western Ghats of peninsular India has taken a momentum in
taxonomic account but the thorough knowledge and their systematic study of all
the forest areas in the biodiversity rich areas like Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats,
northeastern India is lacking. The
systematic study of these fungi from the Andaman Islands is yet to be
started. The present work is the
third Indian monographic work in addition to my first and second volumes
(Hosagoudar 1996, 2008). The present
work is mainly concentrated on the additional taxa to the preceding work. To facilitate the generic identity, key
has been provided.
Key
to the genera
1. Perithecia flattened-globose
in the radiating hyphae.............................................................Amazonia
1. Perithecia globose
............................. ..............................................................................
2
2. Mycelium partly endophytic
......... .................................. ................................................Ectendomeliola
2. Mycelium ectophytic only ....... .................................. ......................................................
3
3. Perithecial setae present
............. ................................ ...................................................Irenopsis
3. Perithecial setae absent ....... ..... ................................ ...................................................
4
4. Mycelial setae present ............................ ..... ................................
............................... Meliola
4. Mycelial setae absent ........... ..... ................................ .................................................Asteridiella
DIGITAL FORMULA
Beeli
formula consists of 8 digits. The
first 4 digits before the stop (left side to the stop) represent the morphological characters like
ascospore septation, presence or absence and the nature of the perithecial
setae or appendages, presence or absence and the nature of the mycelial setae
and the arrangements of appressoria, respectively. The second 4 digits, after the stop, represent
the measurements such as length and breadth of ascospores, diameter of
perithecia and length of mycelial setae, respectively. The species having both simple &
dentate setae is denoted by ⅓, while species having straight and uncinate
setae are designated as ½. The Beeli formula is modified here to accommodate the genus Armatellahaving 1-2 septate ascospores. Further, for Prataprajella, the second digit becomes ¾ or
so.
I. MORPHOLOGY (first four digits from left)
1. Normal septation of ascospores
1. 1-septate
2. 3-septate
3. 4-septate
2. Perithecia
1. Without
setae or appendages
2. With
larviform, horizontally striated append ages
3. With
uncinate or coiled setae
4. With
straight setae
3. Mycelial setae (often on perithecia and from subiculam)
0. Absent
1. Simple
2. Simple,
entire, uncinate or coiled
3. Dentate
or shortly furcate (up to 30µm)
4. Branched
(branches more than 30µm)
4. Appressoria
1. Alternate
or unilateral (less than 1% opposite)
2. Regularly
opposite
3. Both
opposite and alternate
II. Measurements (second four digits from the
full stop)
5. Maximum ascospore length
1. Below
20µm
2. 21–30
µm
3. 31–40
µm
4. 41–50
µm
5. 51–60
µm
6. More
than 60µm long
6. Maximum ascospore width
1. Up
to 10µm
2. 11–20
µm
3. 21–30
µm
4. More
than 30µm
7. Maximum diameter of perithecia
1. Up
to 100µm
2. 101–200
µm
3. 201–300
µm
4. More
than 301µm
8. Maximum length of mycelial setae
1. Up
to 300µm
2. 301–500
µm
3. 501–1000
µm
4. More
than 1000µm
0. Absent.
The treatment of species and
varieties consists of the original citation of the correct name, citation of
the world monograph and Indian monograph, relevant
synonyms (if any) based on the monographs Hansford (1961) and Hosagoudar
(1996). The citation is followed by
the description based on the present collections, which are deposited in
JNTBGRI (Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute,
Thiruvananthapuram) and HCIO (Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis), New
Delhi and few are at ILLS (Illinois Natural History Survey, Illinois,
USA). At the end of the description
of each taxon, notes have been provided regarding their identification and
distribution. Line drawings have
been provided to most of the studied taxa.
Description
of species
The
genus Amazonia
Amazonia dikesinghii Hosag.,Jacob Thomas & Agarwal, Nelumbo 52: 1, 2010. (Image 1, Fig. 1)
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter, scattered. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching alternate to rarely opposite
at acute angles, very closely reticulate to form a solid mycelial mat, cells
6–13x6–8µm. Appressoria
alternate to unilateral, straight to curved, antrorse to closely antrorse and
often appressed to the hyphae, 12–17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head cells ovate to globose, entire,
12–16x11–16 µm. Phialides born on a separate mycelial branches, alternate to
opposite, conoid to ampulliform, 8–11x6–8 µm. Perithecia flattened-globose, up to
200µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 35–40x12–18 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO
49045 (holotype), TBGT 3311 (isotype), 02.ii.2008, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,
Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Athirumala, on leaves of Pogostemon
travancoricus Bedd. (Lamiaceae), Jacob
Thomas; HCIO 49045, TBGT 3300, 02.iii.2008, Thiruvananthapuram, Neyyar Wildlife
Sanctuary, Pongalappara, Jacob Thomas. This is the only species of the genus Amazoniaon the members of Lamiaceae (Hansford 1961; Hu et al. 1996, 1999;
Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hosagoudar et al. 1997; Hosagoudar & Agarwal 2008).
Amazonia elaeocarpi Hosag.,Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana,Indian Phytopathol. 60: 82, 2007 (Fig. 2)
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to flexuous, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 13–35x4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 11–24 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–10 µm long; head cells ovate, oblong,
cylindrical, straight to curved, entire to angular, broadly rounded to truncate
at the apex, 8–16x6–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate, opposite to unilateral,
9–26x–6–10 µm. Perithecia flattened-globose, scattered, up to 130µm in diameter;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
41–48x14–19 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46372 (holotype), TBGT 2018 (isotype), 12.xii.2003, Kerala,
Palakkad, Silent Valley, Sairandhri, on leaves of Elaeocarpus munronii(Wight) Mast. (Elaeocarpaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
This species differs from Asteridiella
elaeocarpicola Hansf., A.
elaeocarpi-tuberculati Hosag. and Meliola
elaeocarpi Yates in absence of mycelial setae and having flattened-globose
perithecia (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996).
Amazonia palaquii Hosag. &
Robin, Bioscience Discovery 2(2): 264, 2011. (Fig. 3)
Colonies
hypophyllous, crustose, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite
at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 13–22x5–7
µm. Appressoria alternate to
unilataral, antrorse, straight to slightly curved, 13–17 µm long; stalk
cells cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, entire,
9–13x7–10 µm. Phialides
few, mixed with appressoria, alternate, ampulliform, 13–20x7–9 µm.
Perithecia mostly aggregated, flattened-globose, up to 220µm in diam.;
ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
33–44x16–20 µm.
Material examined: TBGT 4651(holotype), HCIO 50734 (isotype), 18.i.2007, Kerala,
Pathanamthitta, Gavi, on leaves of Palaquium sp. (Sapotaceae), Gireesh
Kumar et al.
Amazonia sideroxyli Hansf. isthe only species of the genus Amazonia known on Sideroxylon sp.
from Malaysia (Hansford 1961). Three species of the genus Palaquium are known from Kerala and
all are endemic to the region (Nayar et al. 2006). The present species differs from A.
sideroxyli Hansf. in having loosely reticulate
hypophyllous colonies with straight to substraight mycelia in contrast to
colonies forming solid mycelial mat and the hyphae straight to substraight.
The
genus Appendiculella
Appendiculella elaeocarpi Hosag. &
Robin, J. Threatened Taxa 3(5): 1782, 2011. (Fig. 4)
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching
mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
22–29x3–5 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, 17–19 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7 µm long; head cells globose,
ovate, entire, 12–14x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–22x7–10 µm. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 106µm in diameter; perithecial
appendages conoid, straight to curved, horizontally striated, attenuated to
broadly rounded at the apex, up to 24µm long; ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 34–38x12–14 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48808 (holotype), TBGT 3184 (isotype), 04.iii.2007, Kerala,
Kottayam, Ponthanpuzha, Chapathu, on leaves of Elaeocarpus tuberculatusRoxb. (Elaeocarpaceae), P.J. Robin.
Asteridiella elaeocarpi-tuberculati Hosag., A. elaeocarpicola Hansf. and Meliola
elaeocarpi Yates are known on this host genus (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar et
al. 1997; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hosagoudar & Agarwal 2008). The present taxon differs from all in
having perithecial appendages and is the first species of the genus Appendiculellaknown on the members of the family Elaeocarpaceae.
The
genus Asteridiella
Asteridiella amomi Hosag.,Jacob Thomas & Agarwal, Nelumbo 52: 1, 2010. (Image 2, fig 5).
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, subvelvety, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly crooked, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 19–36x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate and unilateral,
straight to curved, antrorse to spreading, 21–29 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 9–12 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, angular
to sublobate, 12–18x9–15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
19–26x4–7 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 100µm in diameter; perithecial cells conoid
to mammiform, 9–14x9–12 µm; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4- septate,
constricted at the septa, 36–41x14–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO
48833 (holotype), TBGT 3209 (isotype), 04.iii.2008, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,
Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Athirumala, on leaves of Amomum subulatum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 48834, TBGT 3210, 04.iii.2008,
Thiruvananthapuram, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kombe, Jacob Thomas et al.
Two species of the genusAsteridiella, namely, A. costi (Stev.) Hansf. and A. parasitica (Stev.) Hansf. are known on Costussp. from Panama and Ecuador, respectively. However, Asteridiella amomi differs
from both the species in having broader mycelial cells, longer appressoria with
entire to lobate head cells. Further, this forms the first meliolaceous fungus on the genus Amomum(Hansford 1961).
Asteridiella anacolosae Hosag.,Sabeena & Jacob Thomas, Bioscience Discovery 2: 17, 2011. (Fig. 6)
Colonies mostly hypophyllous,
thin, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 12–25x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
closely arranged, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 12–15 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 µm long; head cells oblong, ovate, globose,
entire, angular to sublobate, attenuated towards the tip,
10–17x7–15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, ampulliform, 15–20x7–10
µm. Perithecia scattered, up to
100µm in diam., perithecial wall cells conoid, up to 15µm long; ascospores
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 37–45x17–20 µm.
Material examined: TBGT 4554 (holotype). HCIO 50637 (isotype),
14.iii.2007, Kerala, Pathanamthitta, Sabrimala, on leaves of Anacolosasp. (Olacaceae), Jacob Thomas et al.
Three species of the genus Asteridiellaare known on the members of the family Olacaceae, namely, A. ximeniae(Bat. & Silva) Hansf., A. scordocarpiHansf. & A. strombosiae Hansf. Of these,
the former two species are similar to the present species in having 3-septate
ascospores but differs from both in having ovate, oblong to cylindrical head cells
attenuated towards the apex in contrast to globose cells (Hansford 1961).
Asteridiella brahmagiriensis Hosag.,Archana. & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 60: 237, 2007. (Fig. 7)
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, cells
14–38x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, straight
to slightly curved, 9–27 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3–8 µm long; head cells oblong, ovate, globose, entire,
6–19x6–11µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 11–24x4–8
µm. Perithecia globose, scattered
to grouped, up to 284µm in diameter; perithecial wall cells conoid to
mammiform, up to 35µm long; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 36–43x14–19 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46967 (holotype), TBGT 2184 (isotype), 13.xi.2003,
Karnataka, Coorg, Talacauveri, Brahmagiri, MPCA, on leaves of Syzygiumsp. (Myrtaceae), V.B.Hosagoudar et al.
Based on the Beeli formula,
this species is closer to Asteridiella zeheri (Doidge) Hansf. known on Eugenia zeheri from South Africa (Hansford
1961) but differs from it in having entire margin of the head cells of
appressoria in contrast to angular to lobate. Asteridiella eugeniae-fruticosaeJana et al. is known on Eugenia fruticosa from Nagaland (Jana et al.
2005). However, A.
brahmagiriensis differs from it in having longer appressoria (10–27
µm against 12–17 µm), head cells entire in contrast to angular, larger
perithecia (284µm vs. 105µm) and having larger ascospores
(36–43x14–19 µm against 27–35x10–16 µm).
Asteridiella chowrirae Hosag.,Thimmaiah & Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6), 611, 2011. (Image.
3).
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching
alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
23–25x6–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, subantrorse to reflexed, straight to
variously curved, 22–30(–48) μm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, rarely up to 2-septate, 6–12(–20) μm long; head
cells ovate, globose, cylindrical, entire, angular to rarely sublobate, very
few attenuated at the apex, 16–23 x 12–20 μm. Phialides numerous,
apparently borne on a separate mycelium but mixed with appressoria, alternate
to opposite, ampulliform, 15–30 x 5–8 μm. Perithecia
scattered, up to 120 μm in diam.; perithecial wall cells conoid,
projected, attenuated at the apex, up to 20 μm high; ascospores straight
to slightly curved, oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
42–45 x 16–18 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 5708 (holotype), 29.xi.2009, Karnataka, Kodagu, Hoddur,
Chowrira House, on leaves of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz. (Poinsettia pulcherima Graham)
(Euphorbiaceae), C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Asteridiella antidesmatis Hansf., A. cleistanthi Hansf., A. drypeticola Hansf., A. malloticola Yamam.,A. sapii Hansf. & A. subapoda Sydow havethe same digital formula 3101.4220. Of these, it is similar to A. sapiSydow in having entire to sublobate head cells of the appressoria but differs
from it in having longer and often septate stalk cells of the appressoria and
the head cells are entire, angular to sublobate (Hansford 1961).
Asteridiella crotonis-caudati Hosag., Riju & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 63:
76, 2010. (Fig. 8).
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
scattered, up to 6mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching alternate, opposite, unilateral
at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
17–40x3–5 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, antrorse,
13–21 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–8 µm long;
head cells globose, ovate, entire, 8–13x8–13 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, unilateral, ampulliform, 13–23x6–8 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 110µm in
diameter; perithecial wall cells conoid to mammiform, up to 16µm long;
ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 30–34x13–15
µm.
Material examined: HCIO (holotype), TBGT 3436
(isotype), 3.viii.2008, Kerala,
Palakkad, Silent Valley National Park, Thondakulam, on leaves of Croton
caudatus Geisel. (Euphorbiaceae), M. C. Riju et
al.; HCIO 50574, TBGT 4491, 04.viii.2008, M.C. Riju.
Based on the digital formula 3101.3220, this species is similar to Asteridiella
phyllanthi (Deight.) Hansf., A. erythrococcae Hansf.,A. hansfordii (Stev.) Hansf. and A.
hansfordii (Stev.) Hansf. var. densa (Hansf.
& Deight.) Hansf. However,
differs from all in having entire head cells of appressoria. Based on the character of entire head
cells of the appressoria, Asteridiella crotonis-caudatidiffers from A. phyllanthi in having longer and regularly antrorse
appressoria; from A. macarangicola Hosag. in having straight to flexuous hyphae. Based on the host
specificity, it differs from A. kombeensis Hosag., A. wyanadensis Hosag. et al. and A. crotonis Hosag. in having entire head cells of the appressoria
(Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996).
Asteridiella depokensis Hansf.,Sydowia 10: 47, 1957; Sydowia Beih. 2: 688, 1961; Hosag.,Timmaiah &
Jayashankara, Mycosphere
2(6), 612, 2011. (Image. 4)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, up to 7mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching alternate
to opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
12–17x6–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, closely placed, antrorse to closely antrorse,
often appressed to the hyphae, straight to curved, 14–24 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–13 μm long; head cells
globose, clavate, distinctly angular to truncate, rarely rounded, 9–16 x
12–18 μm. Phialides many, mixed with appressoria, ampulliform, 16–20 x
6–7 μm. Perithecia scattered, up to 130μm in diam.;
perithecial cells mammiform, broadly rounded at the apex, up to 12μm long;
ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
35–38x14–16 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 5698, 16.xi.2009, Karnataka, Kodagu, Hoddur, on leaves of Vitex
negundo L. (Verbenaceae), C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Angular head cells of the
appressoria distinguish this species from others.
Asteridiella emciciana Hosag.,Robin & Archana, Sydowia 61(2): 244, 2009. (Fig. 9)
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, thin, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, substraight to slightly undulate, branching mostly
opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 24–31 µm
long. Appressoria alternate,
unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, 21–26 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 7–9 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, oblong,
entire, angular to slightly lobate, 12–17x10-12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria , opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampliform,
14–19x5–7 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 110µm in diam.; ascospores oblong,
ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
34–39x12–14 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48442 (holotype), TBGT 3163 (isotype), 24.xii.2007, Tamil
Nadu, Chennai, in the campus of Madras Christian College, on leaves of Scutia
myrtiana (Burm.f.) Kurz (Rhamnaceae), V. B. Hosagoudar et al.
Asteridiella colubrinae (Stev.) Hansf. is known on Colubrina rufa from Panama, is the only
species of the genus Asteridiella on Rhamnaceae (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar et al. 1997; Hosagoudar 2008; Hosagoudar &
Agarwal 2008). However, A.
emciciana differs from it having straight hyphae with entire, angular to
sublobate head cells of appressoria.
Asteridiella ficicola Hosag.,Archana & Sabu, J. Threatened Taxa 1(9): 474, 2009. (Fig. 10)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, substraight to
flexuous, branching mostly opposite to alternate at acute to wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 9–24x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight to slightly curved, antrorse to subantrorse, rarely retrorse,
12–21 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3.8µm long; head cells
straight to slightly curved, globose, ovate, oblong, entire to rarely angular,
8–13x6–10 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform,
12–19x6–10 µm. Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 160µm in diam., perithecial wall
cells mammiform, up to 16µm long; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 33–38x17–19 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46806 (holotype), TBGT 2147 (isotype) (MycoBank # MB513420),
01.iv.2006, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Palode, JNTBGRI Campus, Arboretum, on
leaves of Ficus microcarpa L. (Moraceae), T. Sabu.
Based on the digital formula
3101.3220, this species is similar to Asteridiella olmediae Hansf. reported on Olmedia aspera from Panama. However, Asteridiella ficicoladiffers from it in having only epiphyllous and confluent colonies, shorter
appressoria with mostly ovate to oblong head cells (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar
1996).
In some perithecia, marginal
cells were radiating and reminding of the genus Amazonia. However, most of the perithecia were
globose so as to accommodate it in the genus Asteridiella.
Asteridiella homaligena Hosag.,Thimmaiah & Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6):613, 2012. (Image. 5)
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, subdense, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching alternate to opposite at acute to subacute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 17–25x6–9μm. Appressoria
alternate, about 5% opposite, antrorse to spreading, 16–25 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6 μm long; head cells ovate to
obovate, entire to slightly angular, 14–20x11–15 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 21–27x4–9 μm. Perithecia scattered, up to 130μm
in diam., perithecial wall cells mammiform, up to 15μm high; ascospores
obovoidal, oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
37–40x13–16 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 5696 (holotype), 22.vii.2009, Karnataka, Kodagu, Hoddur,
river side, on leaves of Homalium zeylanicum Benth. (Flacourtiaceae), C.Jagath Thimmaiah.
Asteridiella
homalii-angustifolii (Deight.) Hansf. is known on Homalium
angustifolium from Sierra Leone. However, the present species differs from
it in having entire head cells of the appressoria in contrast to lobate ones
(Hansford 1961, Hosagoudar 1996, 2008, Hu et al. 1996, 1999).
Asteridiella ixorae Hosag. &
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 2: 889, 2010. (Fig. 11)
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 12–30x4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, 1% opposite, antrorse, to subantrorse,
straight, 12–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–10
µm long; head cells ovate, oblong, globose, entire to slightly angular,
8–13x8–11 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 12–22x6–8
µm. Perithecia scattered, globose,
up to 145µm in diameter; perithecial cells mammiform, obtuse at the tip, up to
10µm long; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
35–42x12–18 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 48165 (holotype), TBGT 2901 (isotype), 27.ix.2006, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Palode Forest area, on leaves of Ixora sp. (Rubiaceae),
V.B.Hosagoudar et al.
Based on the digital formula
3101.4220, it can be compared with Asteridiella glabra (Berk. &
Curt.) Hansf. & Asteridiella uncariicola Hansf. but differs from the former species in having straight
and loosely reticulate hyphae and from the latter species in having shorter
with only entire head cells of the appressoria (Hansford 1961).
Asteridiella kodaikanalensis Hosag.,Ravikumar & Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 1(8):434, 2009. (Fig.
12).
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent and opposite at acute
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 11–32x6–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
straight, antrorse, 14-27 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3.11µm
long; head cells mostly straight, globose, ovate, entire,
11–16x9–13 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite, unilateral, ampulliform,
16–24x6–10 µm. Perithecia globose, grouped, up to 168µm in diam.;
perithecial wall cells conoid to mammiform, up to 32µm long; ascospores
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 35–42x16–18 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46807 (holotype), TBGT 2148 (isotype); HCIO 46808, TBGT
2149, 20.ii.2006, Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal, Shenbaganur Shola, on leaves of Symplocos
anamallayana Bedd. (Symplocaceae), K. Ravi Kumar.
This species is similar to Asteridiella
fidelis (Toro) Hansf., known on Symplocos
theiformis from Philippines in which ascospores are four septate (Hansford
1961). However, A.
kodaikanalensis differs from it in having predominantly globose but entire
head cells of appressoria and also phialides produced on the mycelial branch
where appressoria are also borne.
Asteridiella madikeriensis Hosag.,Jagath & Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6): 613, 2011. Asteridiella
depokensis sensu Hosag., Meliolales of vol. 2:
127, 2008 (non Hansford 1957). (Fig. 13)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching
alternate, opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 19–21x8–10 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
subantrorse, retrorse, straight to variously curved, 24–37 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 8–10 μm long; head cells ovate,
oblong, globose, angular to variously sublobate, 16–21x12–14
μm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–23x6–8 μm. Perithecia scattered, up to
196μm in diam.; perithecial wall cells conoid to mammiform, up to
24μm long; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
41–45x16–18 μm.
Material examined: HCIO 46240 (holotype), TBGT 1652 (isotype), 14.xi.2003,
Karnataka, Kodagu, Madikeri, Nishane motta, on leaves of Premna sp.
(Verbenaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
This species differs from Asteridiella
depokensis in having sublobate head cells of the appressoria (Hosagoudar
2008).
Asteridiella micheliifolia nom. nov. Asteridiella micheliaeHosag., Archana. & Agarwal,
Indian Phytopath. 60: 237, 2007 (non Jana et
al. 2005). (Fig. 14).
(Fig. 14; MycoBank 803916)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching alternate to opposite at
wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 19–22x3–5µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, mostly
straight, 13–14 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–6 µm
long; head cells ovate, oblong, angular to sublobate, 8-10 x 6–8 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 12–13x4–5 µm. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
145µm in diameter; perithecial wall cells mammiform, obtuse at the tip, up to
20µm long; ascospores obovoidal to slightly cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 20–29x10–12 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 47370 (holotype), TBGT 2408 (isotype), 12.i.2005,
Arboretum, on leaves of Michelia champaka L. (Magnoliaceae), JNTBGRI
Campus, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala, T. Sabu; HCIO 50939, TBGT 4856, 31.iii.2009, A. Sabeena & M.C.
Riju; HCIO 50944, TBGT 4861, 15.xi.2007, A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; HCIO
50953, TBGT 4870, 31.iii.2009, A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; HCIO 51047, TBGT
4964, 27.xii.2008, Wayanad, 16th mile, Padinharathara, M.C. Riju;
HCIO 49973, TBGT 4125, 14.iii.2007, Puthuserrykadavu, M.C. Riju; TBGT 5047,
03.i.2011, Kollam, Chozhiakodu, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT 5047, 03.i.2011,
Kollam, Chozhiakodu, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Asteridiella micheliae Hosag. etal. & Asteridiella micheliae Jana et al. are known on the same host
genus from Kerala and Nagaland, respectively (Hosagoudar et al. 2007; Jana et
al. 2005). However, the former
species differs from the latter in having shorter appressoria with angular to
sublobate head cells, phialides and appressoria borne on the same hyphae and
possessing smaller ascospores. Taxonomically, both are different species. Hence, a new name has been
proposed to Asteridiella micheliae Hosag. etal.
Asteridiella phukanea Hosag.,Jacob. & Robin, Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2(6): 3,
2009. (Fig. 15)
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate,
cells 21–28x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to sub antrorse, 24–31 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–12 µm long; head cells ovate,
globose, entire, angular to slightly lobate, 14–22x10–19 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 17–22x7–10
µm. Perithecia scattered, up to
120µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal to cylindrical, 3-septate, constricted
at the septum, 36–43x16–18 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 48066 (holotype), TBGT 2849 (isotype), 18.i.2007, Meghalaya,
Shillong, Mawphlang, on leaves of Castanopsis armata Spach. (Fagaceae), Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin.
This new species is distinct
from all the known species of the genus Asteridiella known on the
members of the family Fagaceae in having three septate ascospores (Hansford
1961; Hosagoudar 1996; Hu et al. 1996, 1999).
Asterediella pittosporacearum Hosag. &
Sabeena, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 3(1): 10, 2012. (Fig. 16).
Colonies amphigenous, thin to
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching
opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 17–30x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse,
12–17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long;
head cells globose to ovate, entire, 10–12x5–12 µm. Phialides mixed
with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 15–25x5–10 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 110µm in
diam.; Perithecial cells conoid to mammiform, up to 22µm long; ascospores
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 37–42x15–17 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT
5731 (holotype), 20.i.2009, Kerala, Kottayam, Pampavalley, on leaves of Pittosporum
neelgherrense Wight & Arn. (Pittosporaceae),
Jacob Thomas et al. Part of the collection has been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
Five species of the genus Meliolaare known on the members of Pittosporaceae (Hansford 1961). However, the present collection
differs from all in absence of mycelial setae and form the first species
of the genus Asteridiella on the members of Pittosporaceae.
Asteridiella
scolopiae var.indica Hosag. & Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 121, 2011. (Fig. 17).
Colonies epiphyllous,scattered, crustose, mostly near the leaf margins, up to 4mm in diam., often
confluent. Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching alternate to opposite at
acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
12–25×7–10 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, up to 1% opposite, antrorse,
subantrorse to retrorse, 15–25 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–10 μm long; head cells ovate, oblong to cylindrical,
straight to curved, entire to angular, 10–15×7–10 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, ampulliform, 17–23×7–8
μm. Perithecia scattered, up
to 145μm in diam.; perithecial wall cells conoid to mammiform, straight to
curved, 12–15×22–28 μm; ascospores oblong, 4-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, 35–43×15–18 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 5066 (holotype), 10.i.2007, Kerala, Pathanamthitta,
Sabarigiri project area, on leaves of Scolopia sp. (Flacourtiaceae),
M.C. Riju et al. Part of the collection has been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
The variety differs from the
species type in having straight to curved and antrorse to retrorse appressoria
(Hosagoudar 1996).
Asteridiella sebastianiae Hosag.,Sabeena & Jacob Thomas, Taprobanica 2(2): 95, 2010. (Fig.
18).
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, flexuous to crooked, branching opposite to
unilateral at acute to wide angles, cells 20–50x6–9 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 18–29 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–9 μm long; head cells
ovate, globose, entire, angular, 13–20x9–13 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate
to opposite, ampulliform, 15–24x6–9 μm. Perithecia globose, scattered, up to
172μm in diameter; perithecial walls conoid, up to 26μm long;
ascospores oblong, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 31–37x9–13 μm.
Material examined: HCIO 48046 (holotype), TBGT 2829 (isotype), 14.v.2007, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Palode, JNTBGRI Campus, on leaves of Sebastiania
chamaelea (L.) Mull. (Euphorbiaceae), A. Sabeena et al.; HCIO 48365, TBGT
3086, 10.vi.2007, A. Sabeena & Bijeesh; HCIO 48367, TBGT 3088, 14.v.2007,
A. Sabeena & Bijeesh; HCIO 50587, TBGT 4504, 21.iv.2010, A. Sabeena;
Thiruvananthapuram, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Kottoor Forest, HCIO 48836,
TBGT 3212, 10.ii.2008, Jacob Thomas & Anilkumar.
Asteridiella sebastianiae can be compared with Asteridiella
phyllanthi (Deight.) Hansf., A. erythrococcaeHansf., A. hansfordii (Stev.) Hansf. var. densa(Hansf. & Deight.) Hansf., A. macarangicolaHosag. & A. wayanadensis Hosag. et al. (Hansford 1961; Biju et al. 2005; Hosagoudar 1996,
2008; Hosagoudar & Agarwal, 2008) having the beeli formula 3101. 3220. However, it differs from A.
phyllanthi, A. hansfordii var. densa, A. macarangicolaand A. combeensis in having distinctly narrow ascospores (9–13
μm against 16–18 μm). It differs from A. erythrococcae in having entire head cells of
the appressoria in contrast to angulose to sublobate. Asteridiella sebastianiae also
differs from A. wayanadensis in having longer, antrorse to retrorse
appressoria. This is first report of meliolaceous fungi on this host genus.
Asteridiella shenbaganurensis Hosag.,Ravikumar & Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 1(8): 434, 2009. (Fig.
19).
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent and cover an entire upper
surface of the leaves. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite to alternate at acute to wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 16–42x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
straight to often slightly curved, antrorse to subantrorse, 17–42 µm
long; stalk cells mostly unicellular, rarely 1-septate, cylindrical to cuneate,
4–18 µm long; head cells mostly straight, often curved, oblong, ovate,
clavate, mostly entire, often angular, rarely sublobate, 9–24x8–16
µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite, alternate, unilateral,
ampulliform, 20–37x8–10 µm. Perithecia globose, grouped, up to 208µm in diam.; perithecial wall
cells conoid to mammiform, up to 32µm long; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform,
straight to curved, 3-septate, constricted at the septa,
43–49x14–19 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46808 (holotype), TBGT 2149 (isotype). (MycoBank #
MB5140117), 20.ii.2006, Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal, Shenbaganur
Shola, on leaves of Symplocos anamallayana Bedd. (Symplocaceae), K. Ravi Kumar.
This species is similar to Asteridiella
singalensis Hansf., reported on Symplocos sp.from Sri Lanka, in having 3-septate ascospores (Hansford 1961). However, differs from it in having
distinctly oblong and entire to angular head cells of appressoria. Further, phialides are mixed with
appressoria and having smaller ascospores.
Asteridiella solani Mc Alpine var. kodaikanalensis Hosag., Dhivaharan & Riju, J. Sci. Trans.
Techno. 4(4): 165, 2011. (Fig. 20).
Colonies
mostly epiphyllous, scattered, subdense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous, branching alternate at
acute to wide angle, closely to loosely reticulate, cells 22–27x5–7
µm. Appressoria alternate, straight
to curved, subantrorse to closely antrorse, 15–17 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7 µm; head cells globose, sub-lobate, slightly
angular, entire, 10–12x7–10 µm. Phialides borne on a
separate mycelial branch, alternate, rarely opposite, ampulliform,
15–17x7–10 µm. Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 225µm in diameter; perithecial
cells larviform, mammiform, 12–15x12–17 µm; ascospores 4- septate,
cylindrical, 35–43x12–15 µm.
Materials examined: 4457 (holotype), HCIO 50540 (isotype), 02.ii.2008, Tamil Nadu,
Kodaikanal, Periyakanal, Kukkal shola forest, on leaves of Solanum viburnum(Solanaceae), V. Dhivaharan et al.
Based on the digital formula,
morphology of the hyphae and appressoria, the present collection is similar to Asterina
solani known on Solanum viride from New South Wales but the new
variety differs from it in having the phialides borne on a separate mycelial
branch.
Asteridiella
symploci-microphyllae Hosag.& Sabeena, Bioscience Discovery 2: 117, 2011. (Fig. 21).
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 17–32x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, 15–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–7 µm long; head cells globose to ovate, entire,
10–15x10–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
15–25x5–10 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 240µm in diam., perithecial wall cells
conoid to mammiform, up to 50µm long; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 32–40x15–17µm.
Material examined: TBGT 4553 (holotype), HCIO 50536 (isotype), 01.xi.2007, Kerala,
Wayanad, Banasuramala, on leaves of Symplocos macrophylla Wallich. ex DC. (Symplocaceae), A. Chandraprabha.
Asterediella singalensis Hansf. &A. fidelis (Toro) Hansf. are known on
the genus Symplocos sp. from Srilanka, Columbia and Philippines
(Hansford 1961). However, the present new species differs from the former in
having 4-septate ascospores and from the latter in having entire head cells of
appressoria in contrast to angular ones.
Asteridiella toddaliae Hosag. &
Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1615, 2011. (Fig. 22).
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm diam., rarely confluent. Hyphae straight,
substraight to undulating, branching mostly opposite at wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 22–30x7–10 μm. Appressoria
alternate, unilateral, about 10% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, rarely
retrorse, 12–25 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2–8 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, 10–18 x
7–13 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate, opposite,
ampulliform, 15–23x5–8 μm. Perithecia loosely grouped at the centre
of the colony, up to 210μm in diam.; perithecial wall cells mammiform to
conoid, 17–28 μm long; ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 45–48x22–25 μm.
Material examined: TBGT
4513 (holotype), HCIO 50596 (isotype), (MycoBank # 561021), 02.vii.2008, Kerala,
Palakkad, Silent Valley National Park, Cheriavalakkad, on leaves of Toddalia
asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae), M.C. Riju et al.; Palakkad, on leaves of Toddaliasp., HCIO 50719, TBGT 4636, 16.iii.2007, Robin et al.
Of the known species of the
genus Asteridiella on Rutaceae, Asteridiella obesa (Speg.) Hansf.var. obesula (Speg.) Hansf. & A.
fagaricola (Speg.) Hansf. var. zanthoxyli Hansf.having alternate and opposite appressoria (Hansford
1961). The present new species
differs from the former taxon known on Esenbeckia latifolia from
Paraguay in having perfectly rounded head cells of appressoria in contrast to
rounded-angulose. It also differs
from the latter taxon known on Zanthoxylum hymenale from Argentina in
having only 10% opposite appressoria in contrast to 90% (Hansford 1961). The
specific epithet is derived from the host genus.
Asteridiella viticis-negundoiHosag., Jagath & Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6): 614, 2011.
(Image. 6)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, substraight to flexuous,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 18–23x7–10 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved,
20–32 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 6–12
μm long; head cells globose, ovate, clavate to cylindrical, mostly
angular, few sublobate, rarely entire, truncate, 15–23x11–20
μm. Phialides many, apparently
borne on a separate mycelial branch but mixed with appressoria, mostly
opposite, often unilateral, ampulliform, 16–22x5–7 μm.
Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 150 μm in diam.; perithecial wall
cells mammiform to conoid, attenuated at tip, up to 22μm long; ascospores
oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
48–50x18–21 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 5704 (holotype), 29.xii.2008, Karnataka, Kodagu, Hoddur, on
leaves of Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae), C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Based on the morphology of
appressoria and measurements, this collection can be compared with Asteridiella
lagerheimii (Gaill.) Hansf. & A. depokensis Hansf. known on Citherexylum ilicifolium and Vitex
paniculata and Premna subglabra from Eucador, Java and
Philippines. However, differs from
the former species in having distantly placed and recurved appressoria with
typically angular head cells. It
differs from the latter species in having flexuous hyphae and larger ascospores
(Hansford 1961).
Asteridiella winteri (Speg.) Hansf. var. macrospora Jana & Ghosh, J. Mycopath.Res. 47(1): 91, 2009.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 6mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae flexuous, branching alternate, opposite to unilateral at acute
angles, closely reticulate, cells 19–50x6–11 µm. Appressoria alternate, alternate to
rarely opposite, antrorse, straight to curved, 17–36 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical, 5–16 µm long; head cells ovate to cylindrical, sometimes
reniform entire, 12–20x10–15 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial
branch, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform, 18–27x7–11 µm. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped,
up to 200µm in diameter; perithecial wall cells projected; asci oval to
elliptical, 2-spored, 55–64x39–51 µm; ascospores cylindrical,
straight, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, middle cell slightly larger, 60–80x32–38
µm.
West
Bengal, Chilapata forest, Cooch Behar, on leaves of Solanum verbasifoliumL. (Solanaceae), 20August 1984, S.N. Ghosh IMI 233927 (holotype).
The
genus Ectendomeliola
Ectendomeliola otonephelii Hosag. &
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 2(8): 1092, 2010. (Image.
7; Fig. 23).
Colonies
hypophyllous, subdense, crustose, up to 4mm in diameter, often confluent. Hyphae substraight to
crooked, branching irregular at acute angles, form irregular mycelial net,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells beaded to bulged, 11–29x4–7
μm. Appressoria ectophytic and
endophytic, innate appressoria intra- epidermal, often in mesophyll cells, two
celled, 11–24 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–8
μm long; head cells ovate, globose, oblong, entire to angular,
8–16x6–8 μm. Phialides
few, mixed with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 9–22x6–8
μm. Mycelial setae numerous,
simple, straight to uncinate, acute, obtuse, dentate to furcate at the tip, up
to 412μm long. Perithecia
superficial, scattered to grouped, globose, ostiolate, up to 126μm in
diameter; ascospores oblong, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 35–4x11–15 μm.
Materials examined: TBGT
3941 (holotype), HCIO 49789 (isotype) (MycoBank # 518657), 14.xii.2007, Kerala,
Patanamthitta, Moozhiyar forest, on leaves of Otonephelium stipulaceum (Bedd.)
Radlk. (Sapindaceae), V. Gireesh Kumar et al.This species differs from E. walsurae in having longer mycelial setae
and larger perithecia.
The
genus Irenopsis
Irenopsis hiptages Yamam. var. indica Hosag.
&
Sabeena, var. nov.
(Fig. 24; MycoBank 803918)
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
17–25x6–8 µm. Appressoria
alternate, unilateral to 3–4% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse,
22–30 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–10 µm long;
head cells ovate, entire, mostly angular to rarely sublobate,
15–20x12–17 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
15–25x7–10 µm. Perithecia scattered orbicular, up to 190µm in diam.; perithecial setae
simple, straight, obtuse at the tip, up to 117µm long;ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
47–55x17–22 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT
5747 (holotype), 18.ix.2008, Kerala, Wayanad, Thirunelli, on leaves of Hiptagesp. (Malphigiaceae), P.J. Robin et al.
This collection matches with
the species but the new variety differs from it in having 2–3% opposite
appressoria with mostly angular but often with slightly lobate head cells of
appressoria.
Etymology: It is named after India.
Irenopsis kleinhoviae Hosag. &
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 2: 889, 2010. (Fig. 25)
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulate,
branching opposite , alternate at acute to wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 16–40x4–7 µm.
Appressoria alternate, unilateral, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, straight
to curved, 12–23 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–11
µm long; head cells globose, ovate, oblong, entire to angular,
8–14x8–11µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to
alternate, ampulliform, 12–24x4–8 µm. Perithecia globose, scattered to grouped,
up to 130µm in diameter; perithecial setae 4–10 in number, simple,
straight, pale brown, septate, straight to uncinate at the apical part, obtuse
at the tip, up to 145µm long, smooth; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 32–43x11–18 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 48166 (holotype), TBGT 2902 (isotype), 24.iv.2007, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Karimancode, on leaves of Kleinhovia hospita L.
(Sterculiaceae), G.R. Archana.
Irenopsis buettneriicola Deight. knownon Buettneria sp. and Sterculia sphanoghei from Sierra Leone and
Java having both straight and uncinate perithecial setae. However, Irenopsis
kleinhoviae differs from it in having pale brown, smooth walled perithecial
setae and shorter appressoria having entire head cells.
Irenopsis loranthicola Hosag. &
Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 122, 2011. (Fig. 26).
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm in diam., often confluent. Hyphae substraight, flexuous to crooked,
branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 15–23×5–8 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 12–20 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 μm long; head cells mostly entire,
ovate, clavate to cylindrical, rarely angular to sublobate,
10–13×10–13 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite, alternate to unilateral,
ampulliform, 12–18×5–8 μm. Perithecia scattered, up to 130μm
in diam.; perithecial setae 2–10 in number, simple, straight to uncinate
at the apical portion, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 185μm long;
ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
37–48×11–18 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 5068 (holotype), 03.i.2011, Kerala, Kollam, Chozhiakode, on
leaves of Loranthus sp. (Loranthaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al. Part of
the collection has been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
This collection showed much
variation in the ascospores measurements. Many Meliola species are known on members of the family
Loranthaceae but the present fungus differs from the genus Meliola in
having perithecial setae. Hence, it
has been accommodated in a new species of Irenopsis (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hu et al. 1996, 1999).
The colonies of Irenoposis
loranthi were associated with Meliola loranthacearum Hosag. & Abraham, M. prataprajii Hosag. &
Abraham and Asterina deightonii Sydow .
Irenopsis pavoniae Hosag. &
Jacob Thomas, J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 2: 103, 2010. (Fig.
27).
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, closely
reticulate, cells 19–58x4–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, 5% unilateral,
antrorse to spreading, straight to variously curved, 14–19 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–10 μm long; head cells ovate
to globose, entire, subangular to sublobate, truncate, 9–11x9–12
μm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–24x4–7
μm. Perithecia scattered to
loosely grouped, up to 140μm in diameter; perithecial setae 10–16 in
number, simple, straight, smooth, obtuse at the tip, up to 120μm long;
ascospores obovoidal to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
31–36x12–14 μm.
Materials examined: HCIO
49356 (holotype), TBGT 3601 (isotype), 18.xi.2007, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, on leaves of Pavonia sp.
(Malvaceae), Jacob Thomas.
Based on the digital formula
3401.3220, flexuous to crooked hyphae and entire to sublobate apical cells of
appressoria, this species is closer to Irenopsis aciculosa (Wint.) Stev., I. sidae (Rehim) Hughes (Hansford 1961). However,
entire to angular head cells in contrast to lobate ones and obtuse tip of the
perithecial setae are the distinguishing characters of this species.
Irenopsis pterigotae Hosag.,Sabeena & Jacob Thomas, Bioscience Discovery 2: 119, 2011. (Fig. 28).
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to unilateral at
acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
17–22x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to curved, antrorse, subantrorse to
retrorse, 15–25 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–10
µm long; head cells globose, ovate, entire angular to sublobate,
10–15x10–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform,
12–25x5–7 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 150µm in diam.; Perithecial setae 2–6,
simple, straight, obtuse at the tip, up to 120µm long; ascospores oblong to
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa 37–40x13–15 µm.
Material examined: TBGT 4555 (holotype), HCIO 50638 (isotype), 16.ii.2008, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kottoor, on leaves of Pterigota alata (Roxb.) R.Br.
(Sterculiaceae), Jacob Thomas.
This species is similar to I.
helicteridis Hosag. and I. tjibodenseHansf. in having sublobate head cells of
appressoria. However, it differs
from the former in having substraight hyphae and only antrorse appressoria
having entire to sublobate head cells. It differs from the latter in having predominantly angular to sublobate
head cells of appressoria (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996).
Irenopsis sidae (Rehm) Hughes var. abutili Hosag., Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana, Indian
Phytopathol. 60: 82, 2007. (Fig.
29).
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
up to 1mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae sub straight to flexuous, branching opposite, alternate to
irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
14–34x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse, sub-antrorse to retrorse,
straight to curved, 11–19 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3–8 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, entire to sublobate,
8–11x6–11 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, ampulliform, opposite, alternate to unilateral,
12–22x4–8 µm. Perithecia globose, scattered up to 120µm in diameter, perithecial setae
simple, straight to slightly curved, acute, obtuse at the tip up to 127µm long;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
27–32x11–13 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46340 (holotype) TBGT 1986 (isotype), 15.xii.2004, Kerala,
Pathanamthitta, Anathode dam site, on leaves of Abutilon sp.
(Malvaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
This variety differs from the
variety sidae in having shorter perithecial setae and smaller ascospores
(Hansford 1961).
Irenopsis trichiliae Hosag. &
Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 2(4): 824, 2010. (Fig. 30).
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, scattered, up to 2µm in diam., confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
opposite to alternate at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 11–33x6–11 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, antrorse to
subantrorse, 13–26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
4–11 µm long; head cells globose, angular, sublobate to deeply globate
8–18x11–18 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform,
17–24x6–9 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 209µm in diameter; perithecial setae
0–5 in number, straight, simple, obtuse at the apex, up to 198µm long;
ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
37–47x15–18 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48177 (holotype), TBGT 2913
(isotype), 10.xi.2007, Kerala,
Wayanad, Padinharathara, on leaves of Trichilia sp. (Meliaceae), 16thmile, M. C. Riju.
Irenopsis chukrasiae Hosag., I. inidica (Anahosur) Hosag., I. murrayae Hosag. & Rajkumar
are known on the members of the family Meliaceae (Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar
et al. 2001). Irenopsis
trichiliae differs from I. chukrasiae in having only unicellular
stalk cells of the appressoria and from I. indica in having straight
hyphae and 0–5 perithecial setae. It also differs from I. murrayae in having angular to lobate head
cells of the appressoria.
Irenopsis xeromphidis Hosag. &
Sabeena, Taiwania 55(3): 249, 2010. (Fig. 31).
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branchingopposite to unilateral at acute
to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 15–35x5–10 μm. Appressoria alternate, 1% opposite to
unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, 20–30 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 5–10 μm long; head cells ovate, oblong,
straight to curved, entire, angular to rarely slightly lobate, 15–20x12–15
μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 12–25x5–10 μm. Perithecia scattered, up to 150μm
in diameter; perithecial setae 5–8, straight to slightly curved, upright,
smooth walled, broadly rounded at the tip, up to 110μm long; ascospores
cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
40–45x17–20 μm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49241 (holotype), TBGT 3480 (isotype), 24.ix.2008, On leaves of Xeromphis uliginosa (Thunb.) Keay
(Rubiaceae), Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Palode, TBGRI Campus, A. Sabeena &
M.C. Riju.
Irenopsis bayamonensis Tehon var. guettardae (Cif.)
Hansf. and I. chiococcae Stev. are known on the members of the family Rubiaceae. The former taxon is of doubtful nature
(Hansford 1961). The present new
species differs from I. chiococcae in having longer appressoria, smooth
walled perithecial setae in contrast to asperulate ones and straight to curved setae in contrast to twisted.
The
genus Meliola
Meliola abdulkalamii Hosag. &
Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 123, 2011. (Fig. 32).
Colonies epiphyllous,
crustose, up to 5mm in diam., scattered, confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
20–33×5–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, 17–20
μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–8 μm long; head
cells globose, subglobose, entire, 7–10×7–13 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, mostly opposite, rarely alternate,
ampulliform, 12–18×7–8 μm. Mycelial setae simple, straight, obtuse,
clavate, inflated, notched to bifid at the apex, ends broadly rounded, up to
320μm long. Perithecia up to 230μm in diam.;
ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
27–33×10–13 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 4958 (holotype), HCIO 51041 (isotype), 14.vi.2009, Kerala,
Wayanad, Padinharathara, 16th mile, on leaves of Aralia sp.
(Araliaceae), M.C. Riju.
The present species different
from other Meliola species known on members of Araliaceae in having
broadly obtuse, inflated to bifid tips of the mycelial setae (Hansford 1961,
Hosagoudar 1996, 2008, Hu et al. 1996, 1999).
Meliola abri Hosag. &
Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 124, 2011.(Fig. 33)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
scattered, up to 3mm in diam. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 17–30×5–8 μm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, up to 1% opposite, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse,
17–20×10–13 μm; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2–3 μm long; head cells globose, ovate, straight to curved,
12–15×10–13 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to unilateral, ampuliform, 20–25×5–8 μm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 360μm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to
130μm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 30–33×10–13 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 5070 (holotype), 16.i.2011, Kerala, Wayanad,
Padinharathara, on leaves of Abrus pulchellus Wallich ex Thwaites
(Fabaceae), M.C. Riju. Part of the collection has been deposited in HCIO, New
Delhi.
Meliola bicornis Wint. isknown on Abrus canescens from Sierra Leone (Hansford 1961), but this is
a complex species and Hansford (1961) has segregated more thanhundred
species. Based on the simple setae
and smaller ascospores, we prefer to accommodate our collection in a new
species.
Meliola abrupta Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 181,
1917; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 292, 1961; Hosag., Jacob Thomas & Agarwal, Taprobanica 3(1): 42,
2011. Meliola derridisYates, Philippine J. Sci. 13: 368, 1918. (Fig. 34).
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent and covering
entire upper surface of the leaves. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite at acute to
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 14–38x4–7 µm.
Appressoria alternate, about 5% opposite, antrorse, curved, 12–17 µm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells globose
to subglobose, straight to curved, entire, 9–14x7–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–29x6–12 µm. Mycelial setae
numerous, scattered, straight, simple, acute to dentate at the tip, up to 520µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, globose, up to 160µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted, 36–43x12–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49034, TBGT 3289, 18.xi.2007, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,
Peppara wildlife sanctuary, near Peppara Dam, on leaves of Derris sp. (Fabaceae), Jacob Thomas.
This is the only species
known on this from India (Hosagoudar 1996, 2008).
Meliola aganopes Hosag.,Jacob Thomas & Agarwal, Nelumbo 52: 3, 2010. (Fig. 35).
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense, crustose, up to 4 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
acute to subacute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 24–46x4–7
µm. Appressoria alternate, about 1%
opposite, antrorse to spreading, straight to curved, 14–19 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells ovate to oblong,
entire, rounded at the apex, 9–15x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–22x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae
fairly numerous, scattered, straight, simple, acute to dentate at the tip, up
to 740µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 170µm in diam.;
ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
33–38x12–15 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49016 (holotype), TBGT 3271 (isoype), 21.viii.2007, Kerala,
Thrissur, Vazhachal, on leaves of Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polh.
(Fabaceae), Jacob Thomas et al.
Based on the digital formula
311/-3 3.3223, Meliola aganopes is similar to M.
teramni var. millettiae Hosag. reported on Millettia
rubiginosa from the Western Ghats region of Tamil Nadu (Hosagoudar &
Goos, 1991; Hosagoudar 1996). However, Meliola aganopes differs from it in having
typically ovate to oblong head cells of appressoria with appreciable number of
mycelial setae.
Meliola
ailanthicola Hosag. & Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 2(4): 824,
2010. (Fig. 36).
Colonies hypophyllous, thin,
up to 4mm in diam., confluent. Hyphae crooked, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 13–33x4–9 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight to curved, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 13–27 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–16 µm long; head cells ovate,
globose, truncate to slightly lobate, 8–13x6–9 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform, 13–22x4–9 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight, acute, obtuse to 2–5 dentate at the
tip, up to 400µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 160µm in diam.; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 37–44x13–16 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48170 (holotype), TBGT 2906
(isotype); HCIO 48173, TBGT 2909, 30.ix.2007, Kerala, Wayanad, 16th mile, Padinharathara, on leaves of Ailanthus
malabarica (Dennst.) Alston (Simaroubaceae), M. C. Riju.
This species differs from Meliola
ailanthi Sharma et al. emend. Hosag. inhaving strongly appressed colonies on the lower surface of the leaves and
having distinctly crooked mycelium (Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola
alangii var. salvifoliiHosag. & Sabeena, Zoos, Print J. 22:2786, 2007. (Fig. 37)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulating, branching mostly opposite at acute
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 24–29x4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, 30% opposite,
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 16–19 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 3–8 µm long; head cells cylindrical, oblong, globose, ovoid,
broadly rounded to truncate and often narrowed towards its apex, entire,
11–13x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
12–24x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
scattered, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 500µm long. Perithecia globose, scattered, up to
140µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 33–37x12–16 µm.
Material examined: HCIO
47493 (holotype), TBGT 2531 (isotype), 16.x.2006, Kerala, Kozhikode, in
the Malabar Botanic Garden, on leaves of Alangium salvifolium (L.f.)
Wagerin (Alangiaceae), A. Sabeena et al.
Meliola alangii Sydow is the only Meliolaspecies known on the members of the family Alangiaceae (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar 1996, Hosagoudar et al. 1997). However, variety salvifoliidiffers from the var. alangii in having 30% opposite appressoria.
Meliola aporusae Hosag. &
Robin, Bioscience Discovery 2(2): 265, 2011. (Fig. 38).
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, crustose, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite to alternate at acute angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 19–24x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 15% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse,
spreading, 24–29 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 10–12
µm long; head cells ovate, clavate, globose, entire to
2–5-times lobate, often slightly angular, 12–19x14–19
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate, ampulliform, 17–24x7–10 µm.
Mycelial setae few, simple, straight, obtuse at the tip, up to 410µm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to 115µm in diam.; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 41–43x14–17 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 4652 (holotype), HCIO 50735 (isotype), 25.iv.2007, Kerala,
Kottayam, Ponthanpuzha, Placherry, on leaves of Aporusa sp.
(Euphorbiaceae), P.J. Robin et al.; HCIO 50925, TBGT 4842, 23.xii2008,
Wayanad, Banasur mala, on leaves of Aporusa sp., M.C. Riju.
Based on the digital formula,
the present new species is close to Meliola goleoria Hansf. and M. tetrorchidiicola Hansf. knownon Galeario filiformis and Tetrorchidium rubivenium from
Java and Brazil, respectively. However, differs from both in having stellately
lobate head cells of the appressoria (Hansford 1961). Based on the lobate head cells, it can
be compared with M. octephilae Hosag. etal. but differs from it in having only 15% opposite appressoria with
stellately lobate head cells (Biju et al. 2005; Hosagoudar 2008; Hosagoudar
& Agarwal 2008).
Meliola ardisiigena Hosag.,Sabeena & Robin, Bioscience Discovery 2: 120, 2011. (Fig.
39).
Colonies
hypophyllous, subdense to dense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite
to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
15–30x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, up to 30% opposite to unilateral, antrorse to
subantrorse, 12–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7
µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, 10–17x7–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 12–25x5–10 µm.
Mycelial setae simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 350µm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to
200µm in diam.; ascospores elliptic, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
42–57x12–15 µm.
Material examined: TBGT 4556 (holotype), HCIO 50639 (isotype), 27.ix.2008, Kerala,
Wyanadu, Pulpally, on leaves of Ardisia sp. (Myrsinaceae), Robin et al.
Meliola ardisiicola Hosag. etal. is known on Ardisia missionis from the high ranges of Western Ghats
(Hosagoudar 2008). However, the
present new species differs from it in having longer and 30% opposite
appressoria and longer ascospores.
Meliola arippaensis sp. nov.Hosag. &
Sabeena
(Fig. 40; MycoBank 803909)
Colonies
hypophyllous, subdense to dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite
to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
22–32x5–7µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, 1% opposite, antrorse to
subantrorse, 20–30 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
5–10 µm long; head cells ovate, oblong, globose, entire,
12–20x10–15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite,
ampulliform, 12–25x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae are of two types: setae
on mycelia are scattered, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
1200µm long and setae grouped around perithecia are simple, straight to curved,
uncinate, up to 260µm long, acute, obtuse to dentate at the tip. Perithecia
scattered, up to 180µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 47–57x20–22 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5748 (holotype), 3.i.2011, Kerala, Kollam, Arippa, on
leaves of Flacourtia sp. (Flacourtiaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al. Part
of the collection has been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
Etymology: Named after the collection locality.
This species stands distinct
from the Meliola species reported on the members of Flacourtiaceae in
possessing shorter and straight to uncinate mycelial setae (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hu et al., 1996, 1999).
Meliola aristolochigena Hosag. &
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 1: 348, 2009. (Fig. 41).
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
dense, up to 2mm in diam. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching alternate, opposite to irregular at acute to
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–16x8–10 µm.
Appressoria alternate to about 3% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse,
14–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–7 µm long; head
cells ovate to globose, entire, 11–13x9–13 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–20x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 540µm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to 120µm in diam.; ascospores oblong to
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 35–40x12–14 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46237 (holotype), TBGT 1649 (isotype), 13.xii.2003, Kerala,
Palghat, Silent Valley, Sairandhri, on leaves of Aristolochia tagala Cham.
(Aristolochiaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 46033, TBGT 1796, 14.xii.2004,
Mozhiar Forest, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; Sairandhri,
Silent Valley, Palghat, Kerala, HCIO 46376, TBGT 2022; HCIO 46378, TBGT 2024,
15.xii.2003, V.B.Hosagoudar et al.; Aristolochia grandiflora Sw., Wayanad,
Periya, Gurukulam Botanic Garden, HCIO 50362, TBGT 4279, 5.xi.2009, A. Sabeena
& M.C. Riju.
Having opposite appressoria, Meliola
aristolochigena can be compared with M. catharinensis Hansf. reported on Aristolochia triangularis from Brazil
(Hansford 1961). However, differs from it in having distinctly longer
appressoria (14–20 µm against 11–15 µm) and mycelial setae (540µm
against 230µm).
Meliola arkevermae Hosag. &
Sabeena, Plant pathology & Quarantine 3(1): 11, 2012. (Fig. 42).
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 17–30x5–7 µm. Appressoria arranged closely by
leaving an intermittent gap, part of the mycelium literally devoid of
appressoria, opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, closely arranged on the hyphae,
17–25 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 µm long;
head cells oblong, ovate, entire, angular to sublobate, 12–17x12–17
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 15–27x5–12 µm. Mycelial setae
numerous, scattered, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 950µm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to 160µm in diam. Ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 37–45x12–17 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5732 (holotype), 10.xi.2007, India, Kerala,
Kottayam, Ponthanpuzha, Valiyakavu, on leaves of Meliaceae member, P.J. Robin. Part of the collection has
been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
Meliola dysoxyli Hansf.,M. amoora Yates, M. opposita Sydow, M. opposita Sydow var. africanaHansf., M. aglaiana Hansf. and M.
ekebergiae Hansf. are known on the members of
Meliaceae having opposite appressoria. Of these, the present species is similar
to M. dysoxyli and as M. opposita Sydow var. africana Hansf.in having densely arranged appressoria. However, Meliola
arkevarmae differs from both in possessing intermittently densely
arranged appressoria by leaving a gap or by leaving the mycelium free from
appressoria (Hansford 1961, 1963).
Meliola bakeri Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 14: 335,
1916; Hansf. Sydowia Beih.2: 374, 1961; Hosag., Jacob
Thomas and Agarwal, Taprobanica 3(1): 42, 2011. (Fig. 43)
Colonies
epiphyllous, scattered, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching
opposite at acute angles, closely reticulate, cells 17–24x4–7
µm. Appressoria alternate to opposite,
antrorse to subantrorse, retrorse to spreading, 17–20 µm long; stalk
cells cuneate, 4–7 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire,
13–16x8–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
19–24x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
580µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 128µm in diam.; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted, 30–38x13–16 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48261, TBGT 3000, 19.xi.2006, Kerala, Pathanamthitta,
Thiruvalla, on leaves of Cayrtia pedata (Lam.) A.L. Juss ex Gagnepain
(Vitaceae), Jacob Thomas; HCIO 49143, TBGT 3398, 6.xi.2008, Karnataka,
Bhagamandala, on leaves of Vitaceae member, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT
5358, 26.xi.2008, C. Jagath.
Meliola bauhiniicola Yamam. var.brevipoda Hosag. & Sabeena in Hosag.& Archana, Foliicolous fungal flora of Palode forest range,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, p. 99, 2012. (Fig. 44)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin up
to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to undulating, branching opposite to
unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
24–33x4–6 μm. Appressoria opposite, alternate to
unilateral, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 9–14 μm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 μm long; head cells ovate,
globose, straight to curved, entire, 7–9x5–7 μm, phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 14–16x4–7
μm. Mycelial
setae many, scattered, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
350μm. Perithecia scattered, up to 132μm in diam. Ascospores oblong, cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
31–44x12–16 μm.
Material examined: 22.iii.2007, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Palode, JNTBGRI Campus, on leaves of Bauhinia
purpurea L. (Caesalpiniaceae) 22.iii.2007, A. Sabeena & Jacob Thomas
HCIO 48057 (holotype), TBGT 2840 (isotype); 15.xi.2007, A. Sabeena et al. HCIO
48374, TBGT 3095.
Based on the Beeli formula
(3113. 4222) and host specificity, this fungus is similar to Meliola
bauhinicola Yamam (Hansford 1961). However, var. brevipoda differs from the var. bauhinicolain having shorter appressoria (9–14 μm against 14–24 μm).
Meliola caesalpiniicola Deight.,Sydowia 11:40, 1958; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 253, 1961. (Fig. 45).
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense to dense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
13–23x6-8 µm. Appressoria
opposite, unilateral, 2% alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, 16-18 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head cells ovate,
globose, oblong, entire, 11–13x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, ampulliform, 16–27x3–6 µm. Mycelial setae
numerous, simple, straight to uncinate, acute at the tip, up to 294µm long. Perithecia numerous, scattered, up to
182µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 38–52x14–16 µm.
Materials examined: 21.i.2011, Kerala, Kannur, Payyannur, Edat, on leaves of Caesalpinia
banduc (L.) Roxb. (Caesalpiniaceae), P. Ramya TBGT 4933,
HCIO 51016.
This species was known on Caesalpinia
nuga from Philippines and is reported here for the first time from India on
a hitherto unrecorded host (Hansford 1961).
Meliola calycopteridis sp. nov. Hosag.,G.R. Archana, K.M. Khaleel & M.P. Libina.
(Fig. 46; MycoBank 803911)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, scattered. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching opposite at acute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 16–27x4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
antrorse, 13–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–7 µm
long; head cells globose, ovate, entire to slightly angular,
9–13x9–12 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 13–37x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
simple, straight to uncinate, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 588µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 146µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 26–33x13–17 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 4906 ((holotype), HCIO 50989 (isotype), 21.i.2011, Kerala,
Kannur, Mangattuparamba, Neeliyarkottam, on leaves of Calycopteris
floribunda (Roxb.) Poiret (Combretaceae), M.P. Libina.
Asteridiella combreti (Stev.) Hansf. var. leonensis Hansf. isknown on this host plant but differs from it in having mycelial setae
(Hosagoudar 1996). Based on the
digital formula, it is close to Meliola sudanensis Hansf. but differs from it in having longer mycelial setae and
shorter but broader ascospores (Hansford 1961).
Meliola canavaliae Hosag. &
Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 125, 2011. (Fig. 47).
Colonies foliicolous,
epiphyllous, thin, scattered, up to 4 mm in diam. Hyphae flexuous to undulate,
branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 15–38×5–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
rarely opposite, straight to slightly curved, antrorse, subantrorse to
retrorse, 10–18 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2–8 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, 10–15×8–15
μm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite, unilateral, ampulliform, 15–25×7–10
μm. Mycelial setae scattered
to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight to
slightly curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 340μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 160μm
in diam.; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
33–35×10–13 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 4960 (holotype), HCIO 51043 (isotype), 10.1.2011, Kerala,
Wayanad, Padinharathara, 16th mile, on leaves of Canavalia sp.
(Fabaceae), M.C. Riju.
Hansford (1961) identified M.teramni Sydow infecting leaves of Canavalia ensiformis collected
by F.C. Deighton from Sierra Leone. The present fungus is similar but differs in having shorter (340 μm
vs. 1000 μm), acute to obtuse setae (in contrast to 2–4 dentate or
furcate) and smaller ascospores (33–35×10–13 μm vs.
35–42×13–16 μm).
Meliola canthiigena Hosag.,Archana. & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 60: 239, 2007. (Fig. 48).
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite to alternate at acute
to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 11–29x6–8
µm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved, 12–27µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–11 µm long; head cells ovate,
oblong, entire to slightly angular, 9–18x6–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 11–27x6–10µm. Mycelial setae simple,
straight, acute at the tip, up to 600µm long. Perithecia grouped,
globose, up to 160µm in diameter; ascospores obvoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 32–35x12–16 µm.
Material examined: HCIO (holotype), TBGT 2357 (isotype), 11.xi.2003, Karnataka,
Coorg, Nishanemotta, Madikeri, on leaves of Canthium sp. ( Rubiaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Based on the host
specificity, Meliola canthiigena can be compared with M. canthiiHansf. known on Canthium vulgare from Uganda
(Hansford 1961) but differs from it in having entire head cells of the
appressoria, longer mycelial setae and smaller ascospores (Hansford 1961).
Meliola cariappae sp. nov. V.B. Hosagoudar, Jagath
Thimmaiah & G.R. Archana.
(Fig. 49; MycoBank 803913)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, up to 4mm in diam., confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous to
slightly crooked, branching mostly opposite, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 14–20x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, opposite to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse,
straight to variously curved, 19–27 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, often gibbous, 4–11 µm long; head cells ovate, oblong to
cylindrical, entire, angular, crenately lobate to sublobate,
12–27x11–15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
17–27x4–8 µm. Mycelial
setae grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to
475µm long. Perithecia loosely grouped, up to 177µm in diam.; ascospores oblong
to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 40–46x14–17
µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5824 (holotype), 14.i.2010, On leaves of Michelia
champaka L. (Magnoliaceae), Sampaje Ghats, Kodagu, Karnataka, C. Jagat
Thimmaiah.
Etymology: Named in honour of the India’s first Air Marshal
K.C. Cariappa.
Asteridiella micheliae Jana et al. (Hosagoudar
2008) known on this host genus from northeastern India but differs from it in
absence of mycelial setae. It also
differs from Meliola micheliae Hansf. known on Michelia
fuscata from Sri Lanka in having mostly angular to sublobate head cells of
appressoria (Hansford 1961).
Meliola cayratiae Hosag.,Jacob Thomas & Agarwal, Nelumbo 52: 3, 2010. (Fig. 50).
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, scattered, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching
opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate to form a mycelial mat,
cells 12–22x7–12 µm. Appressoria opposite, about 20% alternate to
unilateral, very closely placed, mostly antrorse, rarely spreading, straight to
slightly curved, 16–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2–5 µm long; head cells ovate to oblong, cylindrical, entire, slightly
angular, often truncate at the apex, 14–19x9–15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–22x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around
perithecia, straight, simple, obtuse to broadly roundedat the tip, up to 520µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 240µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical
to subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 38–43x14–17
µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48840 (holotype), TBGT 3216 (isotype), TBGT 3217,
1.iii.2008, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary,
Pongalappara, on leaves of Cayratia pedata (Lam.) A.L.Juss.ex Gagnepain
(Vitaceae), Jacob Thomas.
Based on the digital formula
3113.4233, it is similar to Meliola bakeri Sydow (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar & Agarwal, 2008) but differs from it in having
mycelial setae grouped around perithecia with broadly obtuse tip. Often sterile
mycelia emerged from the base of the perithecia.
Meliola cipadessae Hosag.,Jacob Thomas & Agarwal, Nelumbo 52: 5, 2010. (Fig. 51).
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent, mixed with the colonies of Aserina
cipadessae. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching opposite at acute to angles, closely reticulate, cells
16–26x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to curved, antrorse to spreading,
16–21 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8 µm long;
head cells straight to curved, ovate, globose, cylindrical, entire,
11–16x6–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
12–19x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to
grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
550µm long. Perithecia grouped,
verrucose, up to 210µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal to cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 32–35x12–15 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48871 (holotype), TBGT 3247 (isotype), 6.iii.2008, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Bonocaud, on leaves of Cipadessa
bacciferra (Roth) Miq. (Meliaceae), Jacob Thomas.
Based on the digital formula
3111.3233, it can be compared with Meliola togoensis Hughes var. angulataHughes known on Trichilia prieuriana from Gold Coast. However, differs
from it in having shorter appressoria with entire head cells. Further, this is the first report of the
genus Meliola on this host genus Cipadessa (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar & Agarwal 2008).
Meliola clausenigena Hosag. &
Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1617, 2011. (Fig. 52).
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm in diam., scattered to confluent. Hyphae straight, flexuous, branching
opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
15–30x5–8 μm. Appressoria mostly opposite, rarely unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse,
17–23 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–8 μm
long; head cells ovate, oblong, rarely globose, straight to curved, entire,
often sinuate, truncate at the apex, 12–15x7–10 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, alternate to unilateral, 15–20x7–10 μm. Mycelial setae simple, straight to uncinate at the apical portion,
acute, obtuse to 2–3 times dentate at the tip, up to 240μm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped in the
colonies, up to 190μm in diam.; ascospores oblong to cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septum,
37–40x15–20 μm.
Material examined: TBGT
4514 (holotype), HCIO 50597 (isotype), 1.viii.2008, Kerala, Palakkad, Silent
Valley National Park, Poochipara, on leaves of Clausena sp. (Rutaceae),
M.C. Riju et al.
This is the only species of
the genus Meliola known on the members of the family Rutaceae having
straight, curved to uncinate apical portion of the mycelial setae (Hansford
1961; Hosagoudar et al. 1996; Hu et al. 1996, 1999; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008;
Hosagoudar & Agarwal 2008). The
specific epithet is derived from the host genus.
Meliola colubrinicola Hosag. &
Sabeena, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 3(1): 11, 2012. (Fig. 53).
Colonies
hypophyllous, subdense to dense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching
opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 25–40x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, subantrorse to
retrorse, 15–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 µm
long; head cells oblong, ovate, entire, 10–15x10–15 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 12–25x5–7 µm. Mycelial setae
scattered, simple, straight, up to 850µm long, acute to obtuse at the tip.Perithecia scattered, orbicular, up to 200µm in diam.; ascospores ellipsoidal
to oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 37–42x12–15 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5733 (holotype), 25.xi.2009, India, Kerala, Kottayam,
Ponthanpuzha, on leaves of Colubrina travancorica Bedd. (Rhamnaceae),
P.J. Robin et al. Part of the collection has been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
Asteridiella colubrinae (Stev.) Hansf. known on Colubrina ruffa from Panama but the present
species differs from it in having mycelial setae (Hansford 1961).
Meliola cookeana Speg., Ann. Soc. Cient. Argentina 12: 41, 1881; Hansf.,Sydowia Beih. 2: 695, 1961; Hosag. &
Sabeena, Bulletin of Basic and Applied Plant Biology, 1(1): 49, 2011. Meliola
rizalensis Sydow , Ann. Mycol. 12: 551, 1914. (Fig. 54).
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense to dense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite
to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
27–42x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse,
15–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7 μm
long; head cells globose to ovate, entire, 10–12x7–12 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform,
12–17x5–7 μm. Mycelial setae straight to curved, simple, up to 300μm long,
acute to obtuse at the tip. Perithecia scattered, up to 150μm in
diam. Ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
30–37x10–15 μm.
Material examined: TBGT
5098, 25.iii.2009, Kerala, Kottayam, Koruthodu, on leaves of Vitex
leucoxylon L.f. (Verbenaceae), V. Gireesh Kumar et al. Part of the
collection has been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
L.J. Sedgwick had collected
this species on this host plant from North Canara, Karnataka, during the month
of October, 1919. Since then there was no collection of this species on this host and the
present collection forms the relocation of this species after a lapse of more
than nine decades (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola cynanchi Hosag.,H. Biju, Agarwal & Archana, Indian Phytopath. 59: 345,
2006. (Fig. 55).
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
dense, up to 2mm in diam. Hyphae straight, substraight to flexuous, branching
alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 16–27x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 20% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse,
16–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6 µm long;
head cells globose to ovate, entire, 9–13x9–11 µm. Phialides mixed
with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–25x8–10
µm. Mycelial setae many, densely
scattered, simple, straight to curved, very few uncinate, obtuse, dentate,
cristate, often furcate up to 20µm at the tip, up to 600µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 125µm in
diam.; ascospores oblong, cylindrical to slightly ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 38–42x15–17 µm.
Material
examined: HCIO
46245 (holotype), TBGT 1657 (isotype), 12.xi.2003, Karnataka, Coorg, Madikeri,
Jodupal, on leaves of Cynanchum sp. (Asclepiadaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.
Meliola asclepiadacearum Hansf. isknown on the host genus Cynanchum. According to Beeli formula
31⅓3.4223, it is similar to M. hoyae Sacc.. M. cynanchi differs from the former species in
having opposite appressoria and dentate to furcate and longer mycelial setae. While, it differs from the latter species
in having longer and dentate to furcate mycelial setae (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar et al. 1997).
Meliola cyperacearum Hosag.,Dhivaharan & Riju, J. Sci. Trans. Technov. 4(4): 165,
2011. (Fig. 56).
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate at acute angles, cells 20–23x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, 30–35 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 10–12 µm
long; head cells cylindrical, globose, slightly angular, sublobate to lobate,
often truncate at the apex, 20–22x10–17 µm. Phialides borne on a
separate mycelial branch, alternate, ampulliform, 15–20x7–9 µm. Mycelial setae
straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 360 µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 140µm in
diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
35–37x12–15 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 4391 (holotype). HCIO 50474 (isotype),
7.i.2007, Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal, Kukkal shola forest, Periyakanal, on
leaves of Cyperus sp. (Cyperaceae), V. Dhivaharan et al.
Based on the angular to
sublobate head cells of appressoria and the position of the Phialides on a
separate mycelial branch, this species can be compared with Meliola cyperiPat. but differs from it in having distinctly
shorter mycelial setae (Hansford 1961). It also differs from Meliola tibigirica Hosag. et al. in having distinctly lobate head cells of appressoria
(Hosagoudar 2008).
Meliola daviesii Hansf. var. kodaikanalensis Hosag., Dhivaharan &
Riju, J. Sci. Trans. TechNovember 4(4): 166, 2011.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter scattered. Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 20–30x7–10 µm. Appressoria
alternate, straight to curved, antrorse to retrorse, 30–32 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 7–10 µm long; head cells oblong, ovate,
rarely globose, entire, 20–25x12–17 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, ampulliform, 20–22x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered,
simple, obtuse at the tip, up to 440µm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose upto 85µm in diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 45–47x15–20 µm.
Materials examined: 7.iii.2007, Tamil Nadu,
Kodaikanal, Kukkal shola forest, Periyakanal, on leaves of Jasminum
brevilobum A. DC. (Oleaceae), V. Dhivaharan et al. TBGT 4445 (holotype),
HCIO 50528 (isotype); 7.ii.2007, Kodaikanal, Periya kanal, R. Nithya tharani
HCIO 50648, TBGT 4565.
Based on the digital formula,
nature of the hyphae and morphology of appressoria, the present collection fits
well into the assigned species but the new variety differs from it in having
phialides borne with appressoria.
Meliola desmodii-laxiflori Deight. var.indica Hosag., Agarwal, Biju & Archana, Indian Phytopath. 59: 346, 2006. (Fig. 58).
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 2mm in diam. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching alternate to opposite
at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
24–30x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, 12–21 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 µm long; head cells ovate,
globose, straight to curved, entire, rarely slightly angular,
11–15x11–13 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to
opposite, ampulliform, 12–18x7–9 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 430µm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to
130µm in diam.; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, slightly constricted at the
septa, 32–35x9–11 µm.
Material examined: HCIO
46236 (holotype), TBGT 1648 (isotype); HCIO 46242, TBGT 1654, 12.xi.2003,
Karnataka, Coorg, Madikeri, Jodupal, on leaves of Desmodium laxiflorum DC. (Fabaceae),
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Meliola dioscoreacearum Hosag. &
Jacob Thomas, Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2(6): 22, 2009. (Fig. 59).
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 16–34x4–7
µm. Appressoria alternate, about 3%
opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved, 14–19 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells curved,
cylindrical, ovate, entire, rounded at the apex, 12–15x7–10
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–24x7–10
µm. Mycelial setae scattered,
straight, simple, acute to dentate at the tip, up to
510µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 200µm in
diam.; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, strongly constricted at the septum,
36–38x14–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48251 (holotype), TBGT 2990 (isotype), 12.xi.2007, Kerala,
Thrissur, Vazhachal, lower Sholayar, on leaves of Dioscorea sp.
(Dioscoreaceae), Jacob Thomas et al.
Based on the dentate mycelial
setae and oppositely placed appressoria, this species can be compared with Meliola
dioscoreicola Hansf. & Deight. and its varietyperuviensis Hansf. but differs from both in
having only 3% opposite appressoria, minutely dentate mycelial setae and the
apical cells of the appressoria are typically ovate to cylindrical (Hansford
1961).
Meliola dioscoregena Hosag. & Jacob., Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2(6): 22, 2009.
(Fig. 60, Imgae. 8).
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, not confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at acute angles, closely reticulate, cells
9–15x4–7 µm. Appressoria opposite, less than 1% alternate, antrorse to spreading,
straight to slightly curved, 12–17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells subglobose to ovate, entire,
9–12x7–10 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 7–14x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped around perithecia,
straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 440µm long. Perithecia mostly grouped at the centre
of the colony, verrucose, up to 190µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to
ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted, 36–41x14–17µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48250 (holotype), TBGT 2989 (isotype), 18.xi.2007, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, on leaves of Dioscoreasp. (Dioscoreaceae), Jacob Thomas & Vimalkumar.
Typically opposite
appressoria distinguishes this species from rest of the Meliola species
known on the members of the family Dioscoreaceae (Hansford 1961, Hosagoudar et
al. 1997).
Ascospores produce three
appressoria from the terminal cells and the mycelium is being produced from the
sub-terminal cells.
Meliola diospyri-buxifoliae Hosag., Sabeena & Riju, Bioscience Discovery 2: 120, 2011. (Fig. 61).
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 13–24x4–6 µm. Appressoria alternate, very rarely opposite, antrorse, subantrorse to
retrorse, 11–15 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–4 µm
long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, 9–13x4–6 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform, 13–22x4–9 µm. Mycelial setae simple,
straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 450µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 170µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 28–35x11–17 µm.
Material examined: TBGT 3731 (holotype), HCIO 49489 (isotype), 15.xi.2007, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Palode, JNTBGRI Campus, on leaves of Diospyros buxifolia(Blume) Hiern. (Ebenaceae), A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Meliola megalocarpa Sydow var. microspora Hosag., M. diospyri Sydow var. yatesiana Hansf.
& Deight. and M. diospyri Sydow are known
on this host genus (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996). Based on the morphology of head cells of
appressoria, this species is similar to M. diospyri known on Diospyrossp. from the Western Ghats. However, differs from it in having only 2% opposite
(in contrast to 40%) shorter appressoria (11–15 µm against 18–26
µm) and having shorter ascospores (28–35 µm against 42–50 µm).
Meliola dysoxyligena Hosag. &
Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 126, 2011. (Fig. 62).
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
velvety, up to 5mm in diam. Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching opposite
to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
20–45×7–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, opposite, antrorse, subantrorse to
retrorse, 15–17×7–10 μm; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 3–5 μm long; head cells globose, subglobose, entire to
rarely truncate, 10–13×7–10 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 15–38×7–10 μm. Mycelial setae
scattered, simple, straight, acute-, 2–3-times dentate at the tip, up to
200μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 210μm in diam.;
ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
35–40×12–15 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 4962 (holotype), 26.xii.2009, Kerala, Wayanad,
Padinharathara, Chennalode, on leaves of Dysoxylum sp. (Meliaceae), M.C.
Riju. Part of the collection has been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
Meliola ptaeroxyli Doidge, M. carapaceHansf. & Deight. and M. toonae Hosag.
& Sabu are the species that have simple and dentate mycelial setae. The present fungus differs from M.ptaeroxyli in not producing a pathogenic effect on the host, from M.carapace in having shorter appressoria (15–17 μm vs.
24–40 μm) and smaller ascospores (35–40×12–15 vs.
51–58×19–23 μm). It differs from M. toonae in having shorter appressoria
(15–17 μm vs. 16–24 μm) and shorter ascospores
(35–40 μm vs. 40–44 μm) (Hansford 1961; Hu et al. 1996;
1999; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008, ).
The neck or apical portion of
the phialides are unusually elongated, often variously bent and proliferate as
hyphae by holding the phialoconidia in their neck.
Meliola
ebeni Hosag.& Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 2: 890, 2010. (Fig.
63)
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching
opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 12–32x4–8 µm. Appressoria opposite, alternate, unilateral,
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 11–26 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–8 µm long; head cells oblong,
ovate, cylindrical, globose, straight to differently curved, entire to angular,
8–18x6–15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to
alternate, ampulliform, 16–24x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae,
simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 490µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 160µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal,
4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 38–45x12–16 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 48167 (holotype), TBGT 2903 (isotype), 10.ix.2006, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, JNTBGRI Campus, on leaves of Diospyrus ebenum Koenig
(Ebenaceae), G.R. Archana et al. .
Crooked mycelium with
variously curved appressoria with cylindrical to oblong head cells
distinguishes this species from rest of the Meliola species known on the
members of the family Ebenaceae (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar et al.1997; Hu et
al. 1997, 1999; Hosagoudar & Agarwal 2008).
Meliola erumeliensis Hosag.,Archana., Rajendraprasad & Nazarudeen, J. Threatened Taxa 1: 347, 2009.
(Fig. 64)
Colonies
hypophyllous, subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 11–32x6–8 µm. Appressoria mostly opposite,
alternate, straight to curved, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 9–22 µm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–8 µm long; head cells ovate,
oblong, entire to predominantly angular, 8–16x8–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
numerous, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 11–22x6–10 µm. Mycelial setae simple, crooked, uncinate,
obtuse at the tip, up to 294µm long. Perithecia globose, scattered to grouped, up to
176µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
36–43x17–21 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46831 (holotype), TBGT 2172 (isotype), 16.iii.2006, Kerala,
Idukki, Peeramed, Erumeli range, Murinjapuzha, on the leaves of Drypetes
elata (Bedd.) Pax & Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae), A. Nazaruddin & M. Rajendraprasad.
Meliola drypeticola Hosag. isthe only species known on the host genera Drypetes and Epiprinusfrom the Western Ghats region of peninsular India (Hosagoudar 1996). Meliola erumeliensis distinctly differs
from it in having crooked and uncinate mycelial setae.
Meliola erythrinae Sydow var. indicaHosag. & Jacob. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2(6): 23, 2009. (Fig.
65).
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate, branching opposite at acute to
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 21–41x4–7
µm. Appressoria alternate, 5%
unilateral, 5% opposite, antrorse to spreading, straight to curved, 12–17
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells
subglobose, clavate, entire, 9–12x12–15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 14–22x7–10
µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
scattered to grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at
the tip, up to 410µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped, verrucose, up to 160µm in diam.;
ascospores cylindrical to subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
33–43x12–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48253 (holotype), TBGT 2992 (isotype), 12.xi.2007, Kerala,
Thrissur, Vazhachal, near Lower Sholayar dam, on leaves of Erythrina
variegata L. (E. indica Lam.) (Fabaceae), Jacob
Thomas et al.
The present collection is
similar to Meliola erythrinae but the variety differs from the var. erythrinaein having 5% opposite appressoria.
Meliola euonymi Stev. exHansf., Sydowia Beih.1:108, 1957; Beih.2: 342, 1961. (Fig.
66).
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense, up to 2mm in diam., confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching alternate at acute to wide angles, cells 16–34x6–8
µm. Appressoria alternate, straight
to slightly curved, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 24–42 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 8–28 µm long; head cells ovate,
globose, clavate, oblong, irregularly deeply lobate, rarely angular,
14–27x19–24 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate, unilateral, ampulliform,
19–26x4–7 µm. Mycelia
setae simple, scattered, straight to slightly curved, acute to obtuse at the
tip, up to 420 µm long. Perithecia
scattered to loosely aggregated, up to 110µm in diam.; ascospores oblong to
cylindrical, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
48–58x17–23 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5746, 12.xi.2007, Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal, Bhoothakanal, on
leaves of Eunymous sp. (Celastraceae), R. Nithytharani.
This species was known only
from a single collection from Philippines (Hansford 1961).
Meliola exacigena Hosag.,Archana & Kandavel, J. Scient. Trans. Environ. Techn. 1: 53, 2007. (Fig.
67)
Colonies hypophyllous,
dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite, often
alternate at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
12–26x6–10 µm. Appressoria
alternate to unilateral, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, straight to curved,16–29 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
6–10 µm long; head cells ovate, oblong, entire to angular,
9–19x9–16 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, alternate, ampulliform, 12–19x6–10 µm. Mycelial setae simple,
straight, acute at the tip, up to 530µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped,
globose, up to 235µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 38–42x14–18 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 47699 (holotype), TBGT 2721(isotype), 18.vii.2006 Tamil
Nadu, Kodaikanal, Mathikettan shola, on leaves of Exacum sp.
(Gentianaceae), B. Bhairavi.
Meliola exaci Hosag. isthe only Meliola species known on the host genus Exacum (E.
tetragonum) from Maharashtra (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar et al. 1997;
Hosagaoudar 1996; Hu et al. 1996 1999; Mebey & Hawkswoth 1997; Mibey &
Cannon 1999; Patil & Mahamulkar 1999). M. exacigena differs from it in having
straight mycelium, having entire to angular head cells of the appressoria,
longer mycelial setae and larger ascospores.
Meliola filicii Hosag. var.indica Hosag. & Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 2:
891, 2010. (Fig. 68)
Colonies
hypophyllous, dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite, alternate at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 11–24x4–7 µm. Appressoria opposite, alternate,
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 8–15 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 2–6 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire to angular,
straight to curved, 6–11x6–8 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 9–16x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae,
simple, straight, acute, dentate to furcate at the tip, up to 350µm long.
Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 196µm in
diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
25–37x8–13 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 48168 (holotype), TBGT 2904 (isotype), 20.ii.2007, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Ponmudi, on leaves of Filicium decipiens (Wight
& Arn.) Thw. (Sapindaceae), G.R. Archana et al.
The variety indica differs
from the variety filicii in having only dentate to furcate apical tip of
the mycelial setae (Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola garugae Stev. & Rold., Philippine J. Sci. 56: 67,1935; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 399, 1961; Hosag. & Robin, J.
Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1786, 2011. (Imge. 9, Fig. 69)
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite to alternate at acute angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 24–36x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse,
14–19 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7 µm long;
head cells ovate, globose, entire,10–12x7–10
µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, neck
elongated, 19–24x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered, straight, dentate,
cristate, bifid to obtuse at the tip, up to 370µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 170µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 36–43x14–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48791 (holotype), TBGT 3167, 29.vi. 2007, Onleaves of Garuga pinnata Roxb. (Burseraceae), Vazhoor,
Kottayam, Kerala, P. J. Robin.
This species was known in Garugasp. from Philippines and was known only from a single collection (Hansford
1961).
Meliola gluticola Hosag.,Sabeena & Jacob Thomas, Taprobanica 2(2): 95, 2010. (Fig. 70)
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
hypophyllous, thin, upto 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at acute to wide angles, cells 13–20x6–9
µm. Appressoria alternate, closely
arranged on the hyphae antrorse to subantrorse, 15–20 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–6 µm long; head cells ovate, entire,
13–15x6–9 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform
15–22x6–9 µm. Mycelial setae simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
330µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 110µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 39–44x15–17 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 48337 (holotype), TBGT 3058 (isotype), 10.x.2007, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Palode, JNTBGRI Campus, on leaves of Gluta travancorica L.
(Anacardiaceae), A. Sabeena et al.
Gluta travancorica L. is an endemic plant
and Meliola glutae is known to infect this plant (Hosagoudar 1996, 1998;
Hosagoudar & Agarwal 2008; Hosagoudar et al. 1997). However, differs from it in having
regularly antrorse to subantrorse appressoria with ovate to oblong and entire
head cells. The colonies of
both these species were mixed together but can be easily distinguished based on
the above characters.
Meliola gouaniae Hansf. var. keralica Hosag. & Robin, J. Threatened Taxa
3(5): 1785, 2011. (Fig. 71)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite at acute
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 19–29x5–7 µm. Appressoria mostly alternate,
unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, 12–17 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire,
angular to slightly lobate, 10–14x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, unilateral, ampulliform, 21–29x5–7 µm.
Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight, obtuse to
dentate at the tip, up to 420µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 178µm in diameter; ascospores
obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 31–38x12–14 µm,
wall smooth.
Materials examined: HCIO 48793 (holotype), TBGT 3169 (isotype), 12.iii.2007, Kerala,
Kottayam, Ponthanpuzha, on leaves of Gouania sp. (Rhamnaceae), P. J.
Robin.
The present taxon is similar
to Meliola gouniae Hansf. known on Gouaniasp. from Sierra Leone and Java. However, the new variety differs from the var. gouaniaein having longer and not torulose but dentate mycelial setae.
Meliola gouaniicola Hosag. &
Robin, Bioscience Discovery 2(2): 266, 2011. (Fig. 72)
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate,
branching opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
22–26x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to 5% unilateral, antrorse to sub antrorse,
13–18 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–6 µm long;
head cells globose, subglobose to oblong, 9–13x6–13 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 15–22x4–6
µm. Mycelial setae scattered,
grouped around perithecia straight, simple, obtuse at the tip, up to 360µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 121µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 28–33x11–12 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT
4654 (holotype), HCIO 50737 (isotype), 24.xi.2007, Karnataka, Coorg, Galibeedu,
on leaves of Gouania sp. (Rhammanaceae), P.J. Robin.
Meliola gouniae Hansf. isknown on Gouniae sp. from Sierra Leone and Java. However the M.
gouaniicola differs from M. gouaniae in having striagt and obtuse
mycelia setae torulose but dentate mycelial setae.
Meliola harpullicola sp. nov.Hosag. &
Sabeena
(Fig. 73; MycoBank 803914)
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense to dense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 22–37x5–10 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, 15–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2–5 µm long; head cells ovate, entire, 10–15x7–3 µm. Phialides numerous, mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 10–25x5–7 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered,
simple, straight to uncinate, up to 320µm long, obtuse ,1–3 dentate but predominantly cristate at the tip. Perithecia scattered,
orbicular, up to 170µm in diam.; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 37–42x12–15 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5749 (holotype), 3.i.2011, Kerala, Kollam, Chozhiakodu, on
leaves of Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. (H. imbricate (Blume) Thwaites) (Sapindaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al. Part of the
collection is deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
Etymology: Named after the
host genus.
This species stands distinct
from the other Meliola species known on the members of Sapindaceae in
having straight to uncinate mycelial setae having obtuse to cristate apical tip
(Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hu et al. 1996, 1999).
Meliola homonoiae Hosag. &
Sabeena, Bulletin of Basic & Applied Plant Biology 1(1): 49,
2011. (Fig. 74)
Colonies
mostly hypophyllous, subdense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae crooked, branching opposite to
unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
15–32x7–10 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, straight
to curved, antrorse to subantrorse, 17–22 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7 μm long; head cells globose to ovate,
entire, angular to lobate, 12–15x10–15 μm. Phialides mixed
with appressoria, opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform,
17–32x5–12 μm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight, up to 650μm long,
acute to obtuse at the tip. Perithecia scattered, up to 150μm in
diam.; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
40–50x17–22 μm.
Material examined: TBGT
5097 (Holotype p.p.), 25.iii.2009, Kerala, Kottayam, Koruthodu, on
leaves of Homonoia riparia Lour. (Euphorbiaceae), V.
Gireesh Kumar et al. Part of
the collection has been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
Meliola romosii Sydow is known on this host
from Philippines and India (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996). However, the present new species differs
from it in having crooked hyphae, longer mycelial setae and ascospores.
Meliola hoveniae Hosag.,Dhivaharan & Riju, J. Sci. Trans. Techn. 4(4): 166, 2011.(Fig. 75)
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
confluent, 1–2 mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous, branching alternate at acute
to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 25–27x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, antrorse to retrorse, 24–25 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 7–10 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, truncate to attenuated
at the apex, sublobate, 15–17x12–15 µm. Phialides on borne on
a separate mycelial branch, alternate, unilateral, opposite, ampulliform,
17–22x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute to
obtuse at the tip, up to 360µm long. Perithecia scattered to connate, globose,
up to 205µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 42–45x15–17 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 4442 (holotype), HCIO 50525 (isotype), 25.x.2007, Tamil
Nadu, Kodaikanal, Kukkal shola, Periyakanal, on leaves of Hovenia acerba Lindl. (Rhamnaceae), V. Dhivaharan et al.
Meliola ziziphi Hansf. &
Theiss. and Meliola krugiodendr Cif. can be compared with the present species. However, differs from both in having
angular and truncate head cells of appressoria (Hansford 1961).
Meliola hugoniae Hanf. & Deight., Mycol. Pap. 23: 5, 1948; Hansf.Sydowia Beih. 2: 91,1961; Hosag., Jacob Thomas &
Agarwal, Taprobanica 3(1): 43, 2011. (Fig. 76)
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense to dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 15–29x4–7 µm. Appressoria opposite, about 2%
alternate to unilateral, straight to curved, antrorse to spreading, 13–20
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells
ovate to oblong, entire, broadly rounded at the apex, 11–15x6–9
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 17–26x5–7 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 1200µm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to
160µm in diam.; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
28–41x11–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49036, TBGT 3291, 28.ii.2007, Kerala, Kannur, Aaralam
Wildlife Sanctuary, on leaves of Hugonia belli Sedgwick (Linaceae), Jacob
Thomas et al.
This is the only species
known on this host genus from India (Hosagoudar 1996, 2008).
Meliola ichnocarpi-volubili Hansf.,Sydowia 16: 320, 1963. (Fig. 77)
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent and covering
almost an entire upper surface of the leaves. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
16–29x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 5% unilateral, straight
to curved, antrorse to spreading, 9–15 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, up to 3µm long; head cells globose to subglobose, ovate, entire,
7–12x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to
opposite, ampulliform, 14–19x4–10 µm. Mycelial setae
numerous, scattered, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 420µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 130µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal,
4-septate, constricted, 26–38x12–14 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49017, TBGT 3272, 18.xi.2007, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,Peppara wildlife sanctuary, near Peppara Dam, on leaves of Quirivelia frutescens (L.)
M.R. Almeida & S.M. Almieda (Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R.
Br (Apocyanaceae), Jacob Thomas.
Meliola ichnocarpiii Hansf. &
Thirum and Meliola ichnocarpii-volubilii Hansf. are known on this host genus. The former species differs
from the latter in having longer appressoria (15–30) and larger
ascospores (40–48x20–28 µm). Hence, the present species is accommodated in the latter species. This species was known on Ichnocarpus
volubilis from Philippines and is reported here for the first time from
India (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008).
Meliola kakachiana Hosag. var. poochiparensis Hosag. &
Sabeena, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 3(1): 12, 2012. (Fig. 78)
Colonies
hypophyllous, subdense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 17–35x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 40%
opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, 12–17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells globose, entire, 10–12x12-15
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 12–20x5–10 µm. Mycelial setae
numerous, scattered, simple, straight, up to 950µm long, acute, obtuse to
dentate at the tip. Perithecia scattered, orbicular, up to 190µm in
diam.; ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
40–45x17–22 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5734 (holotype), 8.iii.2010, Kerala, Palghat, Silent Valley,
Poochippara, on leaves of Litsea sp. (Lauraceae), P.J. Robin et al. Part of the collection has been deposited
in HCIO, New Delhi.
Based on the alternate and
opposite appressoria and digital formula it is similar to M. dactylipodaSydow var. brevipoda Hansf. and M. acutisataSydow known on Cryptocarya patentinervis and Persea piriformisfrom New South Wales and Philippines. However, differs from both in having shorter appressoria and globose
head cells. This collection is
similar to the assigned species but differs from it in having more number of
opposite appressoria and smaller ascospores (Hansford 1961).
Meliola kamettiae Hosag. &
Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 2(4): 825, 2010. (Fig. 79)
Colonies hypophyllous,scattered, dense, velvety, up to 4µm in diam., rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 13–35x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
straight, antrorse, 11–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2–9 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, 7–13x6–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, alternate, unilateral, ampulliform 11–22x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, up to 260µm
long, simple, straight, few slightly curved to uncinate, obtuse, bifid, trifid,
often subdentate to furcated to branched at the tip, branches up to 30µm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to 150µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, 26–33x8–11 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48175 (holotype), TBGT 2911
(isotype), 29.ix.2007, on
leaves of Kamettia caryophyllata Roxb. (Apocynaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, Wayanad, Kerala, M. C. Riju.
Straight, slightly curved to
uncinate, obtuse, bifid, trifid, often subdentate to furcated mycelial setae
distinguishes this taxon from rest of the Meliola species reported on
the members of the family Apocynaceae (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008;
Hosagoudar et al. 1997).
Meliola kanniyakumariana Hosag. var. brahmagiriense Hosag., Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana, Indian
Phytopath. 59: 347, 2006. (Fig. 80)
Colonies
amphigenous rarely hypophyllous, sub-dense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae sub straight, branching opposite
to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
14–24x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse,
spreading, straight,14–22 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, straight,
entire, 9–14x8–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, ampulliform, opposite to alternate,12–22x6–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple,
straight to slightly curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 216µm long.
Perithecia globose, scattered to grouped up to 147µm in diameter; ascospores
obovoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
30–35x11–14 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46304 (holotype), TBGT 1950 (isotype), 13.xi.2003,
Karnataka, Talakaveri, Brahmagiri, on leaves of Knoxia sp. (Rubiaceae),
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
This taxon is close to M.
kanniyakumariana reported on Hedyotis sp. from the Western Ghats
(Hosagoudar 1996) in having straight to uncinate mycelial setae but differs
from it in having phialides with appressoria.
Meliola kannurensis Hosag.,Archana, Khaleel & Soumya, Bioscience Discovery 2(3): 348, 2011. (Fig. 81)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, substraight, branching
opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
16–27x6–10 μm. Appressoria opposite, alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, 16–23
μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6 μm long; head
cells oblong, ovate, entire to slightly angular, 13–17x9–13
μm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate, opposite, ampulliform, 16–23x9–12
μm. Mycelial
setae numerous, simple, acute, obtuse to dentate at the tip, up to 882μm
long. Perithecia scattered,
up to 176μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 39–43x13–17 μm.
Materials examined: TBGT 4942 (holotype), HCIO 51025 (isotype), 21.i.2011, Kerala,
Kannur, Payyannur, Edat, on leaves of Ficus gibbosa Bl. (Moraceae), M.
Soumya.
Based on the alternate and
opposite appressoria, Meliola kannurensis is similar to M.
chlorophorae Hansf. reported on Chlorophora
excelsa from Uganda but differs from it having both acute, obtuse and
dentate and longer mycelial setae (Hansford 1961).
Meliola knemae Hosag. &
Robin, Bioscience Discovery 2(2): 266, 2011. (Fig. 82)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite to alternate at acute
to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 22–29x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, 19–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 5–10 µm long; head cells ovate to oblong, entire,
14–17x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 1.7–24x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around
perithecia, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 750µm
long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 173µm in diam.; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 36–43x14–19 µm.
Material examined: TBGT 4653 (holotype), HCIO 50736 (isotype), 2.iii.2008, Kerala,
Kottayam, Ponthanpuzha reserve forest, on leaves of Knema attenuata(Wall.ex Hook.f.) Thoms. (Myristicaceae), P.J. Robin.
Meliola myristicae Hosag. andRaghu is the only species known on Myristica fatuo Houtl var. mognifico(Bedd.) Sinclair (Myristicaceae) from Gerusoppa, Uttara
Kannada, Karnataka (Hosagoudar 1996). However, this species differs from it in
having entire, ovate to oblong head cells of appressoria.
Meliola knowltoniae Doidge, Bothalia 1: 308,
1924; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 62,
1961. (Fig. 83)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 25–47x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse 22–32 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical,
7–12 µm long; head cells, ovate, entire, angular to sublobate,
15–20x5–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform,
15–25x5–7 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered, simple, straight, obtuse at the tip,
up to 490µm long. Perithecia scattered orbicular, up to 170µm in diam.;
ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
37–40x14–18 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT
5816, 9.i.2010, on leaves of Clematis sp. (Rananculaceae),
Igguthappa temple, Kodagu, Karnataka, C. Jagath Thimmiah.
Meliola kukkeensis Hosag.,Archana. & Agarwal, Hosag., Archana. & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 60: 240,
2007. (Fig. 84)
Colonies
amphigenous, sub-dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to sub-straight,
branching opposite, alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 16–40x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 16–30 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 6–11 µm; head cells oblong, ovate, curved, entire
to angular, 10–22x10–16 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, unilateral,
16–29x6–11 µm. Mycelial setae straight, acute, obtuse, dentate to furcate at the
tip, very long up to 1196µm long. Perithecia globose, up to 160µm in diameter;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
48–53x17–22 µm.
Material examined: HCIO (holotype), TBGT 2075 (isotype), 15.xi.2003, Karnataka,
South Canara, Kukke Subramanya, on leaves of Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae),
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
This species differs from all
the known Meliola species on the members of the family Myrtaceae in
having simple, dentate to furcate mycelial setae (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar
1996; Hosagoudar et al. 1997; Hosagoudar & Abraham 1998).
Meliola lophopetaligena Hosag. &
Robin, J. Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1785, 2011. (Fig. 85)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching mostly opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 22–31x7–12 µm. Appressoria opposite, about 3%
alternate, arranged after an intermittent interval (in most places mycelium
devoid of appressoria), closely antrorse, antrorse to subantrorse, 19–26
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 µm long; head cells
ovate, globose, entire, angular to slightly lobate, 10–14x7–10
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 19–26x9–12
µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
780µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 250µm in diameter;
ascospores oblong to cylindrical,4-septate,constricted
at the septa, 36–46x12–17 µm, wall smooth.
Materials examined: HCIO 48792 (holotype), TBGT 3168 (isotype), 9.xi.2007, Kerala,
Kottayam, Ponthanpuzha, on leaves of Lophopetalum wightiana Arn.
(Celastraceae), P.J. Robin.
Meliola lophopetali Stev. exHansf. Is known on Lophopetalum toxicum from Philippines. However, Meliola lophopetaliloladiffers from it in having closely arranged longer appressoria arranged after an
intermittent intervals, longer mycelial setae and larger ascospores (Hansford
1961). It also differs from Meliola chennaiana Hosag. & Goos known on Lophopetalum sp. from Chennai, Eastern Ghats in having 3% opposite appressoria, ovate,
globose, entire, angular to slightly lobate head cells of the appressoria and
phialides mixed with appressoria (Goos & Hosagoudar 1998).
Meliola luculiae Hosag.,Dhivaharan & Riju, J. Sci. Trans. Technov. 4(4): 167,
2011. (Fig. 86)
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
scattered, 1–2 mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous, branching alternate at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 22–30x6–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
subantrorse, straight to curved, 22–25 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 7–10 µm long; head cells cylindrical, ovate, angular to
sublobate, 15–17x10–12 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch,
alternate, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 15–17x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, grouped around
perithecia, simple, straight, obtuse at the tip, up to 300µm long. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped, up to 190µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 42–45x15–17 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 4443 (holotype), HCIO 50526 (isotype), 4.iv.2008, Tamil
Nadu, Kukkal shola, Periyakanal, on leaves of Lucculia grandifoliaGhose (Rubiaceae), V. Dhivaharan et al.
Based on the digital formula
3111. 4221, it is closer to Meliola mitragynicola Deight, M. mitragynicola var. leonensis (Hansf. & Deight.) Deight. and M. henryi Hansf. var.oldenlandiae Hosag. but differs from all in
having angular to sublobate head cells of the appressoria and shorter mycelial
setae (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996; 2008).
Meliola luvungicola Hosag. & Rajkumar, Hosag., Archana. & Agarwal, Indian
Phytopath. 60: 241, 2007. (Fig. 87)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at acute to wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 11–29x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, 11–24 µm; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–8 µm
long; head cells oblong, sublobate, angular, straight to curved, 8–16x8–14
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, few, opposite, ampulliform, 11–16x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight, acute at the tip, up to 314µm long. Perithecia scattered,
globose, up to 128µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 27–30x9–11 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 47056 (holotype), TBGT 2273 (isotype), 2.i.2002, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Chemunji, on leaves of Luvunga sp. (Rutaceae), G.
Rajkumar.
Meliola luvungae Hosag. isknown on this host from Idukki region of the Western Ghats. However, Meliola luvungicoladiffers from it in having typically lobate head cells of the appressoria and
smaller ascospores (Hosagoudar & Goos 1990; Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola mahamulkarii Hosag.,Robin & Archana, J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 2: 93, 2010. (Fig.
88).
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllus dense, up
to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to
substright, branching opposite at acute angles, densely reticulate, cells
24–31x5–7 µm. Appressoria opposite to alternate, antrorse, 12–17 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells ovate to globose,
entire, 7–12x5–7 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–19x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered,
straight, simple, obtuse at the tip, up to 440µm long. Perithecia scattered, up
to 178µm in diam.; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
43–50x17–19 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 3688 (holotype), HCIO 49443 (isotype), 01.i.2009,
Maharashtra, on the way to Mahabeleswar, on leaves of Osyris arborea Wall.
(Santalaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Meliola osyridicola Hansf. andMeliola osyridicola Hansf. var. indicaHosag. are known on the host genus from the western
Ghats of peninsular however Meliola mahamulkarii differs from both
having 75% opposite appressoria.
Meliola manoharacharyi Hosag., Riju & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 63: 76, 2010. (Fig. 89)
Colonies epiphyllous,
scattered, thin, up to 2µm diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite, rarely unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 12–38x6–8 µm. Appressoria opposite (48%), alternate,
unilateral, antrorse to sub antrorse, 15–23 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 2–8 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, rarely
truncate, entire, 7–18x7–13 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
mostly opposite, often unilateral to alternate, ampulliform,
20–25x7–10 µm. Mycelial
setae simple, straight to slightly curved, acute to 1–3 times dentate at
the tip, up to 1050µm long. Perithecia scattered, varrucose, up to 163µm in diameter;
ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
50–53x20–23 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49198 (holotype), TBGT 3437 (isotype), 1.vii.2008, Kerala, Palakkad, Silent
Valley National Park, on leaves of Myristica sp. (Myristicaceae), M.C.
Riju et al.
Meliola knemicola Hansf., M. uncinata Sydow and M. pycnanthiHansf. are known on the members of the family
Myristicaceae (Hansford 1961). Meliola manoharacharyi differes from the latter two
species in having straight mycelial setae and from Meliola knemicola in
having opposite appressoria. Meliola knemicola Hansf. var. minorSong & Ouyang and M. myristicae Hosag. & Raghu are known
from China and the Western Ghats of Peninsular respectively, differ from the
present taxon in absence of opposite appressoria and dentate mycelial setae
(Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar et al. 1997; Hosagoudar & Agarwal 2008; Hu et
al. 1996, 1999).
Meliola meghalayensis Hosag.,Jacob. & Robin, Indian J. Sci. Technov. 2(6): 3, 2009. (Fig. 90)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at
wide angles, closely reticulate and form a mycelial net, cells
21–31x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate and about 2% unilateral, straight to curved,
antrorse to subantrorse, 24–29 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 10–12 µm long; head cells subglobose to ellipsoidal, entire to
slightly angular, 14–19x12–19 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 17–26x9–12 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around
perithecia, simple, straight, acute, obtuse to dentate at the tip, up to 820µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
globose, verrucose, up to 180µm. in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to
ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 41–43x14–19 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48069 (holotype), TBGT 2852 (isotype), 18.i.2007, Meghalaya,
Shillong, Lumshillong, on leaves of Castanopsis armata Spach. (Fagaceae), Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin.
This species differs from Meliola
taiwanionaYamam. and M. melanochaeta Sydow
in having simple to dentate mycelial setae. However, it differs from both in having
entire head cells of appressoria and smaller ascospores (Hansford 1961). It also differs from M. boseiHosag. in having longer appressoria, mycelial setae
and larger ascospores (Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola mesuae Hosag.,Jacob Thomas & Agarwal, Nelumbo 52:5, 2010. (Fig. 91)
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, up to 4mm in diameter, rarely
confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
15–26x6–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 2% opposite, closely arranged, antrorse to
subantrorse, straight to curved, 17–29 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 4–13 µm long; head cells ovate to globose, entire, rarely
angular, 11–20x13–18 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 13–26x6–9 µm. Mycelial setae few,
straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to 280µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 180µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
ellipsoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
37–42x17–20 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49074 (holotype), TBGT 3329 (isotype), 28.ii.2008, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Bonoccord, Kombe, on leaves of Mesua ferrea L.
Based on the angular head
cells of the appressoria, this species can be compared with Meliola clusiae Stev.known on Clusia spp. from Porto Rico and
Surinam but differs from it in having regularly antrorse appressoria,
possessing few mycelial setae and having smaller ascospores (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hosagoudar et al. 1997; Hosagoudar & Agarwal,
2008).
Meliola mutabilidis sp. nov. Hosag.,Archana, Khaleel & Libina
(Fig. 92; MycoBank 803915)
Etymology: Based on
the species name of the host plant
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 2mm in diameter, scattered. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching
mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
12–19x4–6 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, antrorse, 9–16 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6 µm long; head cells globose, ovate,
entire to slightly angular, 6–13x6–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, ampulliform, 12–28x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight to curved, acute to
obtuse at the tip, up to 294µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 146µm in
diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
32–35x11–13 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 4911 (holotype), HCIO 50994 (isotype); TBGT 4923, HCIO
51006, 21.i.2011, Kerala, Kannur, Mangattuparamba, Neeliyarkottam, on leaves ofHibiscus mutabilis L. (Malvaceae), M.P. Libina.
Irenopsis molleriana (Wint.) Stev. is known on this host from Sierra Leone (Hansford 1961) but
differs from it in having mycelial setae. Meliola kydiae-calycinae Hansf. & Thirum. isthe only Meliola species on the members of the family Malvaceae. M. mutabilidis sp. nov. differs from it in having straight hyphae
in contrast to crooked, having shorter appressoria 9–16 µm (against
15–24 µm) and having entire head cells of appressoria in contrast to
lobate (Hansford 1961).
Meliola ougeiniae R.K. Verma, N. Sharma &
Soni, Forest fungi of India, p. 47, 2008. (Fig. 93)
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 3mm in diam., confluent. Hyphae substraight, flexuous, branching
opposite, alternate at acute to wide angles, closely to loosely reticulate,
cells 24–40x4–6.5 µm. Appressoria alternate, opposite (20%), unilateral, straight to curved,
antrorse, subantrorse, retrorse, 8–19 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 1–12 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, oblong, entire to
slightly angular, 8–12x8–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate, opposite, unilateral, ampulliform, 11–24x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight to slightly
curved, acute at the tip, up to 637µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 175µm
in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 38–41x12-16 µm.
Materials examined: TF201, HCIO No. 46,449, 18.xii.2004, Onleaves of Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hocherut (Fabaceae),
Bhaisanghat, Balaghat (M.P.), R.K. Verma, GP 22008’408” 81005’500” Tropical Forest Research
Institute.
Meliola palakkadensis Hosag.,Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana, Indian Phytopathol. 60: 84,
2007. (Fig. 94)
Colonies
hypophyllous, sub-dense, velvety, up to 10mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching
mostly opposite to irregular at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
18–24x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to
sub-antrorse, straight to curved, 14–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 4–7 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, slightly angular,
entire, 9–18x8–13 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to
unilateral, ampulliform, 13–21x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae
numerous, scattered, straight, very few uncinate, simple, acute to obtuse at
the tip, up to 700µm long. Perithecia globose,
scattered, up to 265µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 40–48x16–21 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46140 (holotype), TBGT 1903 (isotype), 12.12.2003, On leaves
of Litsea sp. (Lauraceae), Sairandhiri, Silent Valley, Palakkad, Kerala,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Based on the Beeli formula
3111.4333, this species is similar to M. pushpangadanii Hosag. &
Abraham (Hosagoudar et al. 1998) but differs from it in having dense
colonies, shorter mycelial setae (against 1554 µm) further,many setae are flexuous to uncinate.
Meliola pleurostylicola Hosag. & Sabu in Hosag., Archana. & Agarwal. Indian Phytopath. 60: 242, 2007. (Fig. 95)
Colonies
mostly epiphyllous, rarely amphigenous, dense to subdense, up to 2mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide
angles, closely reticulate, cells 12–17x4– 5 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
12–13 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–6 µm long;
head cells ovate, globose, entire, straight, 7–8x4–5 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
12–13x2–4 µm. Mycelial setae many, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip,
up to 468 µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up
to 133µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 28–31x10–12 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 47317 (holotype), TBGT 2355 (Isotype), 12.i.2005, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Palode, JNTBGRI Campus, Arboretum, on leaves of Pleurostyliasp. (Celastraceae), T. Sabu.
Asteridiella pleurostyliae (Berk. & Br.) Hansf. is known on Pleurostylia spp. from South Africa. However, Meliola pleurostylicoladiffers from it in having mycelial setae. Meliola pleurostylicola differs
from Meliola lophopetalii Stev. ex Hansf., M.
daliasica Petrak, M. bhesae Hosag. and M.
celastracearum Hosag. & Dayal in having only
alternate appressoria (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996). It also differs from all the Meliolaspecies known on the members of Celastraceae in having 3-septate ascospores,
only alternate appressoria and acute to obtuse tip of the mycelial setae
(Hansford 1961, Hosagoudar 1996). It differs from M. chennaiana Hosag. & Goos in having shorter
appressoria with entire head cells, phialides mixed with appressoria and
smaller ascospores (Goos & Hosagoudar 1998).
Meliola premnigena Hosag. &
Riju, Plant pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 127, 2011. (Fig. 96)
Colonies epiphyllous,
velvety, up to 5mm in diam. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching opposite at
acute to wide angles, cells 15–25×5–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, 15–23 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 5–8 μm long; head cells globose, subglobose, entire to
sublobate, 10–18 × 7–13 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform, 14–23×4–6
μm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight, slightly curved to
uncinate, up to 300μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 150μm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical
to oblong, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
32–38×12–15 μm.
Material examined: TBGT 5069 (holotype), 10.i.2011, Kerala, Wayanad, Padinharathara,
Banasura mala, on leaves of Premna glaberrima Wight (Verbenaceae), M.C.
Riju. Part of the collection has
been deposited in HCIO, New Delhi.
Based on the alternate
appressoria and simple setae, this species comes close to M. cookeanaSpeg. and M. premnae Hansf. However, it differs from the former in
not having inflated, dentate or furcate apex of mycelial setae. It differs from the latter in having
straight hyphae and mycelial setae in contrast to flexuous, crooked, uncinate
and twisted mycelia setae (Hansford 1961). It also differs from M. premnicola in having only obtuse
mycelia setae in contrast to variously dentate ones (Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola
pseudarthriae var. indica Hosag. &
Jacob Thomas, J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 2: 104, 2010. (Fig. 97)
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulate,
branching opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
12.8–25.6x6.4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to
opposite, antrorse to spreading, straight to curved, 9.6–17.6 µm long;. stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3.2–6.4 µm long; head cells globose to subglobose,
ovate, cylindrical, entire, 6.4–14.4x8–14.4 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14.4–20.8x6.4–8 µm. Mycelial setae ,numerous, scattered, simple, straight to
slightly curved, acute, dentate to cristate at the tip, up to 600 µm long. Perithecia scattered,
globose, up to 160µm in
diam.; ascospores cylindrical to
obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 35.2–40x12.8–16 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 49360 (holotype), TBGT 3605 (isotype), 15.iii.2008, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Neyyar
Wildlife Sanctuary, near Kombe, on leaves of Pseudarthria viscida (L) Wight &
Arn. (Fabaceae), Jacob
Thomas.
This
variety differs from var. pseudarthriae in having dentate to cristate
mycelia setae.
Meliola psophocarpi Hosag. &
Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 2(4): 826, 2010. (Image. 10, Fig. 98)
Colonies foliicolous,
fructicolous, epiphyllous, thin, scattered, up to 3µm in diam., often
confluent. Hyphae undulating, branching mostly opposite at wide angles, loosely
to closely reticulate, cells 11–33x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate,
unilateral, up to 3%, opposite, straight to slightly curved, subantrorse to
retrorse, 11–20 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–11
µm long; head cells ovate, globose, 8–11
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate, opposite, unilateral, ampulliform, 13–20x6–9 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight to slightly curved, acute to
obtuse, up to 360 µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 130µm in diam., ascospores cylindrical, 4
septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 33–38x8–11 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48174 (holotype), TBGT 2910
(isotype), 30.ix.2007, on
leaves of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. (Fabaceae), 16thmile, Padinharathara, Wayanad, Kerala, M.C. Riju.
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus is a climbing shrub, native
of South East Asia, has been extensively cultivated in the backyards for its
quadrangular pods used in the culinary purposes. The leaves of this plant is being
infected with the black mildew fungus and is similar to M. nyanzae in
having the same digital formula but differs from it in not being a strong
parasite in producing pathogenic symptoms (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996; Hu
et al. 1996, 1999).
Meliola pterigotae Hosag.,Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana, Indian Phytopath. 59: 347,
2006. (Fig. 99)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm in diam., confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 24–32x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse,
14–23 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–10
µm long; head cells ovate, globose, oblong, mostly entire, often angular to
rarely slightly lobate, 11–15x9–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–21x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, straight, flexuous to rarely curved, very few
uncinate, obtuse at the tip, up to 440µm long. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped,
up to 120µm diam.; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 32–36x11–13 µm.
Material examined: HCIO
46238 (holotype), TBGT 1650 (isotype), 15.xi.2003, Karnataka, South Canara,
Kukke Subramanya, on leaves of Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br.
(Sterculiaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Based on the Beeli formula
3111.3222 and flexuous mycelial setae, M. pterigotae is closer to M.
pterospermicola Stev. & Rold. reported on Pterospermum
obliquum from Philippines but differs from it in having smaller but dense
colonies, shorter appressoria and longer mycelial setae (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar1996; Hosagoudar et al. 1997).
Meliola pycnosporae Hosag. &
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 1: 348, 2009. (Fig.
100).
Colonies
amphigenous, caulicolous, dense, up to 2mm in diam. Hyphae substraight, flexuous to crooked,
branching alternate, opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 19–28x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 2% opposite,
antrorse to subantrorse, 11–16
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5
µm long; head cells ovate, globose, straight to curved, entire, 8–11x7–10µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–24x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae few, scattered, simple, straight, obtuse at the tip,
up to 300µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 120µm in diam.; ascospores
oblong, cylindrical, 4-septate, very slightly constricted at the septa, 30–32x9–11 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46244 (holotype), TBGT 1656 (isotype), 14.xii.2003, Kerala,
Palghat, Silent Valley, on the way to Chempathy, on leaves of Pycnospora
lutescens (Poir.) Schindl. (Fabaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.
Based on the Beeli formula
3113.3221, this species is close to Meliola erythrinae-microptericisHansf. known on Erythrina micropteryx from San
Domingo, but differs from it in having only 2% opposite appressoria, have
straight setae and distinctly narrow ascospores (Hansford 1961).
Meliola rachammae Hosag., Riju & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 63: 77, 2010. (Fig. 101)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, crustose, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 8–15x6–8 µm. Appressoria opposite, antrorse, 16–21 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 3–7 µm long; head
cells globose, ovate, entire, 11–15x8–11 µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 16–27x7–10
µm. Mycelial setae simple, straight
to slightly curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 690µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 185µm in diameter; ascospores
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 50–53x20–23
µm.
Material examined: HCIO 49199 (holotype), TBGT
3438 (isotype), 30.vii.2008, Kerala,
Palakkad, Sailent Valley National Park, Cheriyavalakkad, on leaves of Symplocos macrocarpa ssp. kanarana(Talbot) Nooteb. (Symplocaceae), M.C. Riju et al.
There are seven taxa known on
the members of the family Symplocaceae (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008;
Hosagoudar et al. 1997; Hosagoudar and Agarwal, 2008). Of these, the present species can be
compared with Meliola bissei in having both alternate and opposite
appressoria. However, the present
new species differs from all in having regularly opposite appressoria.
Meliola rapaneae Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 26: 87,
1928; Hansf, Sydowia Beih. 2: 510, 1961. (Fig.
102)
Colonies
hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching
mostly opposite at acute angles, closely reticulate, cells 16–21x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate to opposite, straight to curved, antrorse to
spreading, retrorse, 14–22 µm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5
µm long; head cells ovate, globose to subglobose, cylindrical, clavate, entire,
9–17x9–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to
opposite, ampulliform, 19–26x7–12 µm. Mycelial setae fairly numerous, scattered
to grouped around perithecia, straight to curved but not uncinate, acute to
obtuse at the tip, up to 700µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped,
verrucose, up to 180µm in diam.; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 50–55x14–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49035, TBGT 3290, 3.iii.2008, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,
Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Pongalappara, on leaves of Rapanea sp.
(Myrsinaceae), Jacob Thomas et al.
Meliola rapaneae Sydow was known on Rapanea
umbellata from British north Borneo and was known only from its holotype
locality and the present record reveals it extended distribution.
In the present collection,
ascospores were narrower than the holotype.
Meliola sairandhriana Hosag. &
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 1: 348, 2009. (Fig. 103)
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diam. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 19–32x6–8 µm. Appressoria opposite, rarely solitary,
straight to curved, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 14–18 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head
cells ovate, oblong, cylindrical, entire, angular, sublobate to often bilobed,
11–13x8–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–23x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae many, grouped around perithecia, simple, sigmoid, curved
to uncinate at the apical portion, acute, obtuse to bifid at the tip, up to 345µm
long. Perithecia loosely grouped, up to 196µm in diam.; ascospores oval,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 36–40x20–23 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46139 (holotype), TBGT 1902 (isotype), 13.xii.2003, Kerala,
Palghat, Silent Valley, Sairandhri, on leaves of Aglaia minutifloraBedd. (Meliaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Based on the uncinate
mycelial setae, M. sairandhriana can be compared to M.
reinwardtiodendri Hosag. known on Reinwardtiodendron
anamallayanam from the Western Ghats region but differs from it in having
amphigenous colonies, simple to dentate mycelial setae and smaller ascospores
(Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola salaciicola Hosag.,Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana, Indian Phytopathol. 60: 85,
2007. (Fig. 104)
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to sub straight,
branching mostly opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 14–29x6–8 µm. Appressoria mostly alternate,
up to 1% opposite, unilateral , antrorse to
sub-antrorse, straight to slightly curved, 12–19
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6
µm long; head cells globose, ovate, oblong, entire to slightly angular,
straight, 8–16x6–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, ampulliform,
opposite, alternate to unilateral, 12–24x6–11 µm. Mycelial setae
numerous, simple, straight, curved to arcuate, acute to obtuse at the tip, up
to 510µm long. Perithecia globose, grouped, up to 245µm in diameter; ascospores
obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 40–48x16–18 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46307 (holotype), TBGT 1953 (isotype), 13.xii.2003, Kerala,
Palakkad, Silent Valley, Sairandhiri, on leaves of Salacia sp.
(Hippocrataceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
This species differs from all
the Meliola species known on the members of the host family
Hippocrataceae in having curved to arcuate mycelial setae (Hansford 1961;
Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar et al. 1997).
Meliola sanjappae Hosag.,Jacob Thomas & Agarwal, Nelumbo 52: 7, 2010. (Fig. 105)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm in diameter, scattered. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
wide angles, closely reticulate and form a mycelial net, cells 17–35x10–13 µm. Appressoria alternate, up to 5% opposite, antrorse to retrorse, straight
to curved, 20–24 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–10
µm long; head cells cylindrical to clavate, curved, entire, truncate, angular
to rarely sublobate, 16–22x9–16 µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 11–16x8–11
µm. Mycelial setae scattered,
fairly numerous, simple, straight, dichotomously branched, up to 250µm long up
to first branching, first ray up to 70µm long, second ray up to 5µm long, acute
to dentate at the tip, branches reflexed. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 180µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal to
subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 44–50x20–23
µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 49043 (holotype), TBGT 3298 (isotype), 5.iii.2008, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kombe, on leaves of Semecarpus
travancorica Bedd. (Anacardiaceae), Jacob Thomas.
Meliola tapiriae Stev. &
Tehon and M.brachydenta Sydow var. dammeri Hansf. are the two taxa reported on Tapiria sp. and Rhus
villosa from British Guiana and Uganda having dichotomously branched
mycelial setae. However, the new
species differs from both in having alternate and opposite appressoria and
differ in ascospore measurements (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar et
al. 1997; Hosagoudar & Agarwal, 2008).
Meliola shillongensis Hosag.,Jacob. & Robin, Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2 (6): 4, 2009.(Fig. 106)
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching
alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate and form a
mycelial mat at the centre, cells 19–25x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
retrorse, straight to curved, closely placed, 22-34 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 7-12 µm long; head cells ovate, globose to subglobose,
entire, 14–22x9–12 µm. Phialides few in number, mixed with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform,
21–29x7–10 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, slightly curved,
acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 620µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose,
verrucose, up to 170µm in diam.; ascospores oblong to obovoidal, cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 19–31x10–12 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48065 (holotype), TBGT 2848 (isotype), 21.i.2007, Meghalaya,
Shillong, Mawphlang, on the leaves of Vaccinium griffithianum Wight
(Vacciniaceae), Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin.
Based on the morphology and
measurements, M. shillongensis closer to M. vaccinii Stev. known on Vaccinium reticulatum from Hawaii (Hansford
1961; Hosagoudar et al. 1997). However, differs from it in having only alternate and shorter
appressoria and smaller ascospores.
Meliola sterculicola Hosag. &
Robin, J. Threatened Taxa 3(5): 1782, 2011. (Fig. 107)
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite at wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–26x4–7 µm. Appressoria mostly alternate,
unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, 21–26 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 5–10 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire,
angular to slightly lobate, 19–14x10–12 µm. Phialides borne on a
separate mycelia branch, opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform,
14–24x5–7 µm. Mycelial setae few, simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 480µm
long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 110µm in diameter; ascospores oblong, ellipsoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 34–41x14–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48143 (holotype), TBGT 2879 (isotype), 22.xii.2006, Kerala,
Kottayam, Placherry, Ponthanpuzha, on leaves of Sterculia sp.
(Sterculiaceae), P.J. Robin & M. Harish.
Based on the digital formula
3111.3222, it can be compared with Meliola sterculiacearum Hosag. &
Kamar. known on the same host genus from Wayanad in
Western Ghats. However, the present
new species differs from it in having longer appressoria with angular to
sublobate head cells and phialides borne on a separate mycelia branch
(Hosagoudar 2005).
Meliola strebli Hosag. &
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 1: 349, 2009. (Fig. 108)
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm diam., confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 20–24x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
distantly placed, antrorse, subantrorse to rarely retrorse, 17–21µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6µm long; head cells ovate,
globose, entire, straight to curved, 11–15x9–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–19x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight, acute at the tip, up to 735µm long. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped, up to 212µm diam.; ascospores oblong, 4-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, 40–44x16–18 µm.
Material examined: HCIO
46162 (holotype), TBGT 1574 (isotype); TBGT 1605, HCIO 46193, 24.xi.2004,
Kerala, Kollam, Sankili forest, Shendhurney Wildlife Sanctuary, near Sasthanada
tribal colony, on leaves of Streblus taxoides (Heyne ex Roth) Kurz
(Moraceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT 1889, HCIO 46126, Kollam, Shendhurney
Wildlife Sanctuary, Sankili forest, on leaves of S. asper Lour., V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT 1893, HCIO 46130, Tribal colony,
Sasthanamada, on leaves of Streblus sp., V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Based on the digital formula
3111.4233, this species can be compared with Meliola ficium Yates and
its variety var. ugandensis Hansf. However, M. strebli differs
from M. ficium in having narrow ascospores and having longer mycelial
setae (3111.4333). It also differs from M. ficium Yates var. ugandensisHansf. in having shorter appressoria and larger
ascospores (Hansford 1961).
Meliola strombosiicola nom. nov. Meliola strombosiaeHosag., Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana, Indian
Phytopath. 59: 348, 2006 (non Ciferri, 1954).
(Fig. 109; MycoBank 803917)
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 1mm in diam. Hyphae straight, substraight to flexuous, branching
alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 16–20x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, 20–32 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–10 µm long; head cells ovate, oblong, entire,
broadly rounded to truncate to attenuated at the apex, 16–24x6–8
µm. Mycelial setae scattered,
simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 650µm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to
120µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 36-40x15–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 45972 (Holotype), TBGT 1736 (Isotype), 15.xi.2003,
Karnataka, South Canara, Kukke Subramanya, on leaves of Strombosia ceylanicaGarden. (Olacaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Etymology: Based on the host genus
Hansford (1946) proposed Irenina
strombosiae on Strombosia scheffleri from Uganda. Ciferri (1954) transferred this taxon toMeliola strombosiae (Hansf.) Cif. Hansford (1961) regarded the new
combination of Ciferri (1954) are entirely unnecessary and superfluous
“name-making”. Subsequent notable
works of Hu et al. (1996, 1999), Hosgoudar (1996, 2008), Mibey & Hawksworth
(1997) have followed Hansford (1961). Since Meliola
strombosiae Hosag. et al. is the homonym ofMeliola strombosiae (Hansf.) Cif., a new name
has been proposed here.
Meliola strombosiigena Hosag. &
Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1618, 2011. (Fig. 110)
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm diam., confluent. Hyphae flexuous to undulate, branching
opposite to alternate at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 15–25x5–10 μm. Appressoria alternate, opposite to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse,
rarely retrorse, 17–28 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
5–8 μm long; head cells oblong to cylindrical, straight to
flexuously curved, entire, 10–20x5–8 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 20–30x6–8
μm. Mycelial setae straight to
curved, scattered, acute at the tip, up to 720μm long; Perithecia
scattered in the colonies, up to 240μm in diam.; ascospores obovoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 50–55x20–23 μm.
Material examined: TBGT
4515 (holotype), HCIO 50598 (isotype), New Delhi, (MycoBank # 561023),
01.viii.2008, Kerala, Palakkad, Silent Valley National Park, Cheriavalakkad, on
leaves of Strombosia sp. (Olacaceae), M.C. Riju et al.
Meliola strobosiae Hosag. etal. is known on Strombosia ceylonica from Kukke Subramanya,
Karnataka (Hosagoudar 2008). However, the present new species differs from it in having narrow head
cells (5–8 μm against 8–12 μm) and larger spores
(50–55 x 20–23 against 36–40 x 15–17 μm). The specific epithet is derived from the
host genus.
Meliola strophanthicola Hansf. var.indica Hosag. & Jacob Indian J. Sci.
Technol. 2(6): 23, 2009. (Fig. 111)
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulate,
branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 19–26x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
subantrorse, spreading, 17–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 6–9 µm long; head cells cylindrical, ovate, entire,
11–15x6–9 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to
alternate, ampulliform, 13-18 x 5-7 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple,
straight to curved, acute at the tip, up to 480µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 170µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to
subellipsoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
33–38x11–16 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48017 (holotype), TBGT 2800 (isotype), 1.ii.2007, Kerala,
Pathanamthitta, Kozhencherry, St. Thomas College Campus, on leaves of Strophathus
wightianus Wallich ex Wight (Apocynaceae), Jacob Thomas.
Two species
of the genus Meliola, M. monilispora Gaill. and M. strophanthicola Hansf. are known on the host
genus Strophanthus from Congo Francoise and Uganda (Hansford 1961). The present collection differs from the
former species in having only acute mycelial setae in contrast to all dentate
ones. It is similar to the later
species but the new variety differs from the var. strophanthicola in
having distinctly smaller ascospores (33–38x11–16 µm) in contrast
to 42–46x15–17 µm.
Meliola tabernaemontanae Speg. var. wrightiae Hosag., Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana, Indian Phytopath. 59: 349, 2006. (Fig. 112)
Colonies amphigenous,
sub-dense, up to 2mm in diameter, scattered. Hyphae straight to sub straight,
branching opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
12–35x4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, recurved, straight to slightly curved,14–19 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3–5 µm long; head cells, ovate, oblong, entire,11–14x6–10
µm. Phialides mixed with to obtuse
appressoria, ampulliform, opposite, alternate, 12–19x3–8 µm. Mycelial setae,
simple, acute at the tip, up to 363µm long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 100 µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 35–45x14–18 µm.
Material examined: HCIO 46142 (type),
TBGT 1905 (isotype), 13.xi.2003, On leaves of Wrightia
tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae), MPCA, Talakaveri, Karnataka, India,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
This variety differs from the
species type in having straight apical portion of the mycelial setae and larger
ascospores.
Meliola vallaridis Hosag.,Sabeena., Archana. & Jacob. J. Scient. Trans. Environ. Techn. 1: 69, 2007. (Iamge. 11, Fig. 113)
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, caulicolous, ramicolous, dense, crustose to velvety, up to 2mm in
diam., confluent. Hyphae straight,
substraight to flexuous, branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles,
loosely to very closely reticulate, often form solid mycelial mat, cells
11–18x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, less than 1% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse,
17–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8 µm long;
head cells ovate, oblong to cylindrical, often narrowed towards apex, entire,
11–16x6–9 µm. Phialides
numerous, mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
13–22x4–7 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute
at the tip, up to 450µm long. Perithecia closely scattered, up to 165µm in diam.; ascospores oblong to
cylindrical, 4-septate, deeply constricted at the septa,
30–37x11–16 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO (holotype), TBGT 2832 (isotype), 8.ii.2007, Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Palode, JNTBGRI campus, on leaves of Vallaris solanacea(Roth.) Kuntze (Apocynaceae), Sabeena et al.; TBGT 867, HCIO 44580, 05.i.2001,
H. Biju; Thiruvananthapuram, Govt. Museum (Zoo), TBGT 1120, HCIO 44892,
28.xii.2002, G. Rajkumar.
Meliola tabernaemontanicola Hansf. & Thirum. was described on Tabernaemontana sp. from Balehonnur,
Karnataka (Hansford and Thirumalachar, 1948). Kar and Maity (1972) collected Meliolasp. on Vallaris solanacea from Mallickput, West Bengal and
attributed it to M. tabernaemontanicola. Hosagoudar (1996) procured the slide of
the same from IMI (no. 139202) and also placed it under M.
tabernaemontanicola. The present collections differ from the assigned
species in causing pathological effect in producing yellow haloes around the
colonies, infecting leaf petioles, soft and younger stem portions, causing
‘shot-holes’ and turning the infected leaves yellow and result in withering of
such leaves.
Meliola vatsavayae Hosag. &
Riju, Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2(6): 25, 2009. (Image. 12, Fig. 114)
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, velvety, scattered to confluent, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 13–18x6–11 µm. Appressoria alternate, rarely
unilateral, often crowded, antrorse, straight, 24–40 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 8–13µm long; head cells ovate, angular, sinuately
lobate to deeply lobate, 15–27x9–18 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, mostly
opposite, rarely alternate to unilateral, ampulliform, 22–31x4–9
µm. Mycelial setae straight to
slightly curved, scattered to grouped around
perithecia, obtuse at the tip, up to 270µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to
110µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to slightly ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 37–44x15–20 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48299 (holotype), TBGT 3018 (holotype), 22.iii.2008, Kerala,
Wayanad, Padinharathara, 16th mile, on leaves of Zanthoxylum rhetsa(Roxb) DC. (Rutaceae), M.C. Riju.
Based on the digital formula
3113.4221, this species can be compared with M. toddaliicola Hansf. and M.toddaliicola Hanf. indica Hansf. & Thirum. known on the host genus Toddaliafrom Uganda and respectively. However, the present new species differs from
both in having angular, sinuately to deeply lobate head cells of the
appressoria (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hosagoudar et al. 1997).
This species is named in honour
of Prof. Vatsavaya S. Raju, Professor in Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, whose association and friendship triggered interest
of the senior author (VBH) in this group around three decades ago.
Meliola vazhachalensis Hosag. &
Jacob, Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2(6): 24, 2009. (Fig. 115)
Colonies
epipyllous, subdense, velvety, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–28x5–7
µm. Appressoria opposite, antrorse,
to subantrorse to spreading, 12–17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells ovate, cylindrical, slightly attenuated
and broadly rounded at the apex, entire, 9–15x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–22x5–9 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around
perithecia, simple, uncinate to slightly coiled, acute at the tip, up to 220µm
long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 140µm in diam.;
ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
28–36x12–15 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 48206 (holotype), TBGT 2942 (isotype), 12.xi.2007, On leaves
of Aglaia sp. (Meliaceae), Lower Sholayar, Vazhachal, Thrissur, Kerala,
Jacob Thomas et al.
This species can be compared
with Meliola reinwardtiodendri Hosag. known on Reinwardtiodendron
anamallayanum (Bedd.) from Anamalai forests, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu having
opposite appressoria with uncinate mycelial setae. The new species differs from
it having distinctly attenuated head cells of appressoria in contrast to
broadly rounded to truncate ones (Hosagoudar 1996).
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