Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2024 | 16(1): 24568–24583
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8638.16.1.24568-24583
#8638 | Received 18 July 2023 | Final received 28 November 2023 | Finally
accepted 01 January 2024
An annotated checklist of the
birds in Loharghat Forest Range, Assam, India
Taniya Talwar 1, Leons
Mathew Abraham 2, Borojit Rabha 3 & Mrigen Rabha 4
1,3,4 7WEAVES Research Foundation, C/O
ANU Dewan B K Kakati Road Ulubari Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781007, India.
2 Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme
(PHCP), Indira Nagar, Basistha, Guwahati, Assam 781029, India.
1 taniya@7weaves.com (corresponding
author), 2 leons@aaranyak.org, 3 borojitrabha7w@gmail.com,
4 mrigenrabha7w@gmail.com
Editor: Anil Kumar, Zoological Survey of India,
Patna, India. Date of publication: 26 January
2024 (online & print)
Citation:
Talwar, T., L.M. Abraham, B. Rabha & M. Rabha (2024). An annotated
checklist of the birds in Loharghat Forest Range, Assam, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(1): 24568-24583. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8638.16.1.24568-24583
Copyright: © Talwar et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Taniya Talwar is an ecologist and researcher
at 7WEAVES Research. With a focus on mammals and birds, she applies her
expertise in biodiversity research and landscape ecology to develop sustainable conservation strategies grounded in traditional ecological
knowledge in distinguished ecosystems of Northeast India. Leons Mathew Abraham is a Captive Breeding Manager in the Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme.
He ensures the well-being of captive animals, lead breeding, and
contribute to translocation. He is also the co-founder of the Assam Bird
Monitoring Network, dedicated to avian conservation. Mrigen Rabha, a community conservationist from Rajapara Village in the Loharghat
Forest Range, explores the region's forests, understanding
the interdependency of biotic and abiotic factors. Currently working as a
Naturalist and Logistic Coordinator at 7WEAVES Research, he bridges modern and
traditional science for effective conservation. Borojit Rabha, is a community conservationist from
Rajapara Village in Loharghat Forest Range, working as a Naturalist at 7WEAVES
Research. Passionate about ecology, he meticulously documents the region's
orchids, birds, and invertebrates, contributing significantly to the understanding of the local biodiversity.
Author contributions: TT—drafting manuscript, study design, data collection, cartography,
data analysis, data pertaining; LMA—drafting manuscript, data collection, data
analysis, data pertaining; MR—data collection, data pertaining;
BR—data collection, data pertaining.
Acknowledgements: The research is an integral
study of the 7WEAVES Research Foundation’s Biodiversity Assessment project.
Authors would express their gratitude to Nayanmoni Rabha, Deepmani Rabha and
Nileshwar Rabha for assisting them in surveys as guides. We would like to thank
Matiram Rabha for sharing his insight and picture of Orange-breasted
Green-pigeon. Sincere thanks to Rituraj Dewan for constant support and
supervision. We would like to thank Dhritimoni Goswami, Ecologist at 7WEAVES
Research for sharing her observation on birds from the region.
Abstract: Loharghat Forest Range, within
the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, features diverse habitats like wetlands,
scrublands, grasslands, tropical and deciduous forests. Chandubi, a vital
tectonic wetland in the landscape, is designated as Important Bird Area (2003)
and Key Biodiversity Area (2005) but remains largely unexplored. This study
aims to establish a baseline database of avifaunal assemblages from the
Loharghat Forest Range in Kamrup District, Assam, which includes the Mayang
Reserved Forest and Barduar Reserved Forest. The forest is protected and
managed by the local community. The surveys were conducted between August 2021
to June 2023. The study revealed the occurrence of a total of 224 avian species
belonging to 20 orders and 58 families. The birds are further categorised on
the basis of their seasonal movements, diets, and rarity in the region. Our
findings indicate that the community-managed forests have a rich and diverse
avifauna.
Keywords: Avian diversity, biodiversity
assessment, biodiversity hotspot, bird ecology, chandubi lake, community
forest, ecological niches, forest ecology, species distribution, wildlife
conservation.
INTRODUCTION
Birds play a significant part in
the functioning and balancing of ecosystems, and are well-known bio-indicators.
They serve as agents of the nitrogen cycle, pollination, seed dispersal,
reduction of insects, and ecological cleaning through the consumption of
carrion (Mariyappan et al. 2023). The evaluation of the avian community is a
crucial step in conserving biodiversity and determining the best course of
action for management.
Loharghat Forest Range, located
inside the Kamrup Sal Forest, comprises various forest types, including
tropical moist deciduous, tropical moist evergreen, and occasionally
subtropical broadleaf hill forest. Pristine tectonic lakes namely Chandubi
Beel, and Sakoli Beel are well-known wetlands that attract many birds and other
wildlife (Nath et al. 2020). Birdlife International identified Chandubi Beel
and the adjacent regions as an Important Bird Area (IBA) in 2003 (Birdlife
International 2023).
The Loharghat Forest Range, in
common with other Assam forests, presents an impressive array of avian
diversity. This includes summer migrants like the Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Clamator
coromandus, Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus, and Ruddy
Kingfisher Halcyon coromanda, as well as winter visitors like the
Grey-bellied Tesia Tesia cyaniventer and Lesser Shortwing Brachypteryx
leucophrys. Furthermore, the wetlands within this region are habitats for a
diverse waterfowl community, including species like the Purple Heron Ardea
purpurea, Eurasian Coot Fulica atra, and Whiskered Tern Chlidonias
hybrida. In the grasslands, one can encounter various species, including
the Striated Grassbird Megalurus palustris, Baya Weaver Ploceus
philippinus, Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata, and Zitting
Cisticola Cisticola juncidis. Wintering warblers, crakes, bitterns, and
herons are supported by the presence of perennial reed grasses such as Giant
Reed Arundo donax and Tropical Reed Phragmites karka (Baruah
& Sharma 1999).
Earlier studies in the area
revealed a total of 99 bird species (Deka & Nath 2013). Pallas’s Fish Eagle
Haliaeetus leucoryphus (Birdlife International 2023) and Yellow-wattled
Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus (Saikia & Saikia 2016) have been
reported from Chandubi Lake. The local communities, primarily the Pati Rabha
and Garo, who reside in the area, have a deep connection with nature and
practise traditional ecological knowledge to actively protect the forests.
These forests are crucial for maintaining biodiversity and supply of biomass
needs for local domestic uses (Negi et al. 2012; Arya et al. 2021).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study area falls in the
geographical coordinates between 25.8409–25.8623 °N and 91.4510–91.4450 °E. It
comprises of two reserved forests, namely, Barduar Reserved Forest and the
Mayang Reserved Forest, extending south towards the Thaiñ-Mawdem Forest Range
(Figure 1). These remote forest habitats are separated by Chandubi Lake, and
subsequently, by roads and village settlements in the plains. The topographic
variations within the area create a diverse landscape consisting of wetlands,
scrublands, rivers, forests, and agricultural fields. Spanning over 63 km2,
the assessed area exhibits elevations ranging 55–280 m.
The climate of Chandubi exhibits
summer temperatures reaching highs of 35–38 °C and winter lows ranging from
8–10 °C. The study area is also characterised by a temperate tropical monsoon
climate, featuring abundant rainfall and high humidity (Imsong et al. 2018).
Data collection
Data collection for this study
spanned from August 2021 to June 2023. The surveys were conducted on selected
pre-existing trails at the study locations and opportunistic observations such
as sightings of injured birds and detection of nocturnal birds calls were also
considered to ascertain the occurrence of the species. Distance of the trail
varied from 3–6 km walked at 600 m per hour (Bibbly et al. 1998; Tian et al.
2015). A total of 78 km2 were covered across 22 transects for 368
hours. In Barduar, a 39.6 km2 transect was walked in the Barduar
Reserve Forest between 0630 h and 1300 h, and 38.4 km2 in the Mayang
Reserve Forest between 0530 h and 1200 h. Of all the transects, 15 were
surveyed three times, and seven were surveyed twice. Each time, 2–3 observers
were present, ensuring data reliability.
Equipment such as Olympus 8–16 x
40, Solognac 10 x 42 binoculars, Canon Powershot SX540 HS, and Nikon D7200
cameras with a 200–500 mm telelens, phone recorders for species call
identification, and a Garmin Etrex 10 global positioning system (GPS) were
used. The GPS data from fieldwork was meticulously integrated into QGIS to
construct the map. The map portrays settlement patterns, agriculture,
waterbodies, rivers, channels, and scrubland within the study area, providing
valuable insights into its geographical features and land use (Figure 1). It
also includes the 22 transect points where surveys were conducted. Data
collection sheets and e-bird were used to record observations, including date,
time, weather conditions, species, flock size, coordinates, record type
(vocalisations/sightings), and habitat type. The occurrence status of bird
species is determined by the proportion of days with sightings from the
research area throughout the length of the survey period: Very Common (VC)
>50%, Common (C) = 25–50%, Uncommon (UC) = 5–25%, and Rare (R) = 1–5%.
RESULTS
The current study enlisted a
comprehensive checklist of 224 avian species belonging to 20 orders and 58
families. Passeriformes exhibited the highest diversity, comprising a total of
106 species, followed by Piciformes (14 spp.), Coraciiformes (12 spp.),
Anseriformes (12 spp.), Cuculiformes (11 spp.), Charadriiformes (11 spp.),
Pelecaniformes (11 spp.), Columbiformes (10 spp.), Accipitriformes (8 spp.),
Strigiformes (6 spp.), Gruiformes (5 spp.), Galliformes (3 spp.), Suliformes (3
spp.), Podicipediformes (2 spp.), Ciconiiformes (2 spp.), Bucerotiformes (2
spp.), Falconiformes (2 spp.), Caprimulgiformes (1 sp.), and Apodiformes (1
sp.).
Based on the IUCN Red List
(2023), species were categorised according to their conservation status. Common
Pochard Aythya ferina is designated as ‘Vulnerable’ while Ferruginous
Pochard Aythya nyroca, Ashy-headed Green Pigeon Treron phayrei,
River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii, Oriental Darter Anhinga
melanogaster, Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus,
Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis, and Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula
alexandri were designated as ‘Near Threatened’. Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos
javanicus IUCN status has been revised to ‘Near Threatened’, earlier it was
classified as ‘Vulnerable’. The remaining 215 species were classified as ‘Least
Concern’.
Table 1 provides insights into
the rarity of bird species based on the frequency of sightings within the study
area. Among the total number of species, 78 were categorised as very common
(VC), 99 as common (C), 41 as uncommon (UC), and six as rare (RA) (Figure
2). Noteworthy rare sightings included
raptors such as the Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes, Himalayan Griffon Gyps
himalayensis, Black Kite Milvus migrans, and Eurasian Hobby Falco
subbuteo, as well as summer migrants like the Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa
muttui and Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis.
In terms of migration patterns,
157 species were identified as resident, while 67 were classified as migratory
(Grimmit et al. 2016). Non-migratory species were further categorised based on
residency, altitudinal or local migrations. Migratory species were classified
as summer, winter, or passage migrants. Figure 3 illustrates the distribution,
indicating that 56.7% of the listed species were resident (R), 25.4% were
winter migrants (WM), 8.4% were residents with winter influx (R-WI), 3.5% were
summer migrants (SM), 2.6% were residents with summer influx (R-SI), 1.3% were
residents with altitudinal movements (R-AM), 0.8% were residents with local
migration (R-LM), and 0.4% were passage migrants (PM) (Figure 3). The Barn
Swallow Hirundo rustica was categorised as both WM and R-WI since the
majority of the population comprises winter migrants, but a small portion
remains resident.
Table 1 also presents bird
species categorised according to their dietary preferences. Dietary types
included Carnivores (CR), Insectivores (I), Omnivores (O), Granivores (G), and
herbivores. Herbivores are further categorised under Grainivore (H-G) and
Frugivore (H-F). Figure 4 demonstrates that Insectivores accounted for 45.54%
of the birds’ principal diet, followed by 20.98% for CR, 14.29% for OM, 9.82%
for H-F, 7.59% for H-G, and 1.79% for H.
Notes on uncommon and/or
interesting species of Loharghat Forest Range
Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos
javanicus
In September 2021, a solitary
Lesser Adjutant was observed soaring in thermals by TT in the specified
location during the forenoon hours at coordinates 25.9052°N, 91.4591°E.
Although the Lesser Adjutant is not considered an uncommon species in the
region, yet it is not frequently sighted in the study area. LMA has sighted 12
individuals together once in the nearby wetlands of Dora Beel and Deepor Beel.
Orange-breasted Green-Pigeon Treron
bicinctus
The species was first identified
based on a photograph taken by a local resident named Matiram Rabha, as
reported by LMA and TT. On 18 October 2022, TT personally observed the species
at coordinates 25.8761°N, 91.4194°E. Baruah et al. (1999) mention the species
in their list, but Rahmani et al. (2023) reported that it is rather uncommon
and has not been seen there in recent years.
Ashy-headed Green Pigeon Treron
phayrei
In September 2021, TT had the
opportunity to observe two Ashy-headed Green Pigeons at Mayang Reserved Forest
at coordinates 25.8619°N, 91.4119°E. While this species is classified as ‘Near
Threatened’. It is not uncommon to encounter them along with other green
pigeons during spring when there are many fruiting trees. LMA has sighted the
species in both Garbhanga RF and Amchang WS.
Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus
On 7 April 2023, an observation
of a Common Cuckoo was made in a fringe village near the forest at coordinates
25.8819°N, 91.4330°E. This species is known to be a fairly common spring and
autumn passage migrant in the Assam plains. The sighting contributes to our
understanding of the seasonal movements and distribution patterns of this
species in the region. LMA has seen them in Dorabeel and Garbhanga RF during
autumn migration.
Oriental Darter Anhinga
melanogaster
During a survey conducted by TT
and Borojit Rabha (BR) in May 2022, a solitary individual was observed in
Chandubi Lake (25.8791°N, 91.4169°E) on 20 May 2022. Oriental Darter has been
recorded by LMA and TT in the nearby lakes namely Deepor Beel and Dora Beel.
Ruddy-breasted Crake Zapornia
fusca
During a boat survey conducted in
the late evening of 13 November 2021, multiple vocalisations of Ruddy-breasted
Crakes were detected emanating from various sections of reedbeds and tall
grasses within the beel by LMA. The area was teeming with activity as numerous
insectivorous birds such as dollarbirds, hair-crested drongos, and large-tailed
nightjars engaged in their foraging behaviours. Ruddy-breasted Crake has been
recorded from Deepor Beel by LMA.
Spotted Bush Warbler Locustella
thoracica
On November 14, 2021, while
exiting the designated forest trail following a survey in Chandubi, a single
vocalising Spotted Bush Warbler was detected by LMA, TT, and BR at coordinates
25.8802°N, 91.4169°E. The distinct calls of this bird originated from a reedbed
situated in the stream that enters the forest patch on the north bund of
Chandubi. It’s worth noting that both the Spotted Bush Warbler and the Baikal
Bush Warbler are documented in the surrounding forests and wetlands of Garbhanga
during the winter season (Mahananda et al. 2023). The extent of white on the
tail coverts can distinguish between these two species, and their calls also
exhibit distinct differences (Kennerly & Pearson 2010).
Grey-lored Broadbill Serilophus
rubropygius
During the survey of the Mayang
hills, south to Chandubi Lake area on 17 April 2022, a vocalising solitary
Silver-breasted Broadbill was detected by LMA at coordinates 25.8630°N,
91.4247°E. Subsequently, the bird was sighted by LMA, TT, and BR in the mid-story
of the forest from a nearby patch. This species has been observed from the
Garbhanga Reserve Forest by LMA.
Ruddy Kingfisher Halcyon
coromanda
During the survey of the Mayang
Hills on 17 April 2022, a Ruddy Kingfisher Halcyon coromanda was heard
while surveying at coordinates 25.8641°N, 91.4213°E. It is a summer visitor to
the region and is known to breed here (Grimmitt et al. 2016). However, we (TT,
LMA, BR) were not able to see it. LMA has seen this species from various parts
of Garbhanga during the summers. This species was also mentioned by Mahananda
et al. (2023).
Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula
alexandri
The study area has witnessed the
presence of a significantly large flocks comprising 400–500 birds on multiple
occasions. These birds can be observed at close proximity in various locations
within the study area such as Chandubi Lake during early mornings and at Batha
River (25.9044°N, 91.4741°E) in the late
evenings. The frequent sightings of such a substantial flock highlight the
ecological significance and attractiveness of the area as a habitat and
gathering site for this species.
Black Kite Milvus migrans
An individual Black Kite was
observed soaring on thermals on 20 May 2022 by TT at coordinates 25.8794°N,
91.4713°E. This sighting was opportune and noteworthy, particularly considering
that the species is uncommon in the study area. The species is very common in
suburban and urban areas when compared to forests.
Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa
muttui
On 26 May 2022, a solitary
Brown-breasted Flycatcher was sighted by TT and BR at coordinates 25.8455°N,
91.3605°E and later identified by LMA. LMA has seen a juvenile once in
Garbhanga RF. This avian species is relatively uncommon and primarily
restricted to the lower Brahmaputra Valley area (Grimmett et al. 2016). They
are known to breed during the summer months in this region. Given their
infrequent encounters, further detailed studies are warranted to better
understand their distribution and ecological preferences in the area.
Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo
On May 18, 2022, an Eurasian
Hobby was observed effortlessly soaring at coordinates 25.7547°N, 91.4741°E by
TT. Rahmani et al. (2023) describe the species as extremely rare in the Assam
valley. Bikram et al. (2002) describe the bird as a sporadic visitor to the
plains.
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps
cristatus
On 21 April 2022, a solitary
Great Crested Grebe was successfully rescued at coordinates 25.8830°N, 91.4225°E. These birds, although
not rare, exhibit notable occurrences during the winter season, often
congregating in significant numbers in water bodies
Black Bittern Dupetor
flavicollis
On 18 June 2023, a Black Bittern
was rescued from a Joramkhurai village north of Chandubi Lake at coordinates
25.8836°N, 91.4222°E. The individual had
unfortunately become ensnared in a net but was fortunately liberated by the
prompt action of local residents, ensuring its release and safety. There are no
records of this species from nearby areas. The residential status of this
species is perplexing, Grimmett et al. (2016) describe this species as a
resident while Ali & Ripley (2001) describes it as a summer visitor.
Changeable Hawk Eagle Nisaetus
cirrhatus
On 5 June 2023, a Changeable Hawk
Eagle was successfully rescued at coordinates 25.8819°N, 91.4188°E. These
raptors, while not as abundant as some other species such as Crested Serpent
Eagles or Shikras, are fairly common in the forests of Assam. Rehmani et al.
(2023) mentions this species as fairly common in Kaziranga National Park.
Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes
On 20 April 2023, a solitary
Black Baza was observed soaring at coordinates 25.8819°N, 91.3561°E. This species, which is a summer visitor to
the region, stands out significantly in terms of its distinctive appearance
compared to all other species in the area.
DISCUSSION
The seasonal variability plays a
significant role in the avifaunal composition of the study area. During the
winter months, numerous species from the Himalaya, Europe, northern Asia, and
northeastern Asia migrate to lower-elevation areas. Loharghat is connected to
the Garbhanga-Rani Reserved Forest in the east and the Garo Hills in the
north-west, which encompasses 307 species of birds (Mahananda et al. 2023).
Therefore, due to the rich avian diversity in the neighbourhood, this region
also becomes an important site for many avian species to visit or pass through.
Deka & Nath (2013) conducted earlier investigations on the terrain,
documenting a total of 99 bird species. The area recorded relatively low
numbers of raptors, which were mostly Shikra Accipiter badius and
Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela. Reports from Birdlife
International (2023) and local sources mention the sightings of Pallas’s Fish
Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus in the past near Chandubi Lake around 12–15
years ago. Additionally, Saikia & Saikia (2015) documented sightings of
Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus in the late winter months
near Sakoli Lake.
The wide range of bird species
found in the study area can be attributed to the diverse habitats present,
including tea gardens, evergreen and deciduous forests, grasslands, marshes,
scrublands, riverine, agricultural communities, and forest settlements. The
occurrence of 106 passerines indicates the presence of varied and healthy
habitats (Hilaluddin et al. 2008). Despite human activities in the landscape,
this highlights the importance of maintaining niche requirements to support
both migratory and resident bird species (Arya et al. 2021). However, further
qualitative and quantitative investigations are required to strengthen the
information on avifaunal community assemblages in this region, as there is a
lack of comprehensive data.
CONCLUSION
Understanding the ecological
richness and complexity of the Loharghat forest ecosystem, this study reveals
Passeriformes as the predominant order, demonstrating significant
representation, closely followed by Piciformes, Coraciiformes, and
Anseriformes. The conservation status varied among species, with some species
belonging to Vulnerable or Near Threatened categories of IUCN. Migration
patterns showed both resident and migratory species, with winter migrants
comprising a significant portion. The dietary preferences of birds varied, with
insectivores being the most common group. The study emphasised the importance
of further research, conservation efforts, and habitat preservation to
safeguard the avian diversity in the area.
Table 1. Checklist of
the avian species of Loharghat Forest Range.
|
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
Rarity (C, RA, UC, VC) |
Movement (R, R-SI, R-WI, WM,
SM, PM, R-AM,R-LM) |
Food Habit (OM, CR, I, G, H-G,
H-F) |
|
|
Anseriformes: Anatidae |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Fulvous Whistling-Duck |
Dendrocygna bicolor |
UC |
WM |
OM |
|
2 |
Lesser Whistling-Duck |
Dendrocygna javanica |
VC |
R-WI |
OM |
|
3 |
Greylag Goose |
Anser anser |
UC |
WM |
H |
|
4 |
Ruddy Shelduck |
Tadorna ferruginea |
UC |
WM |
H |
|
5 |
Cotton Pygmy-Goose |
Nettapus coromandelianus |
VC |
R-WI |
H |
|
6 |
Garganey |
Spatula querquedula |
C |
WM |
OM |
|
7 |
Northern Shoveler |
Spatula clypeata |
UC |
WM |
OM |
|
8 |
Gadwall |
Mareca strepera |
C |
WM |
H |
|
9 |
Green-winged Teal |
Anas crecca |
C |
WM |
OM |
|
10 |
Common Pochard |
Aythya ferina |
UC |
WM |
OM |
|
11 |
Ferruginous Duck |
Aythya nyroca |
C |
WM |
OM |
|
12 |
Tufted Duck |
Aythya fuligula |
UC |
WM |
OM |
|
|
Galliformes: Phasianidae |
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
White-cheeked Partridge |
Arborophila atrogularis |
C |
R |
H-G |
|
14 |
Kalij Pheasant |
Lophura leucomelanos |
C |
R |
H-G |
|
15 |
Red Junglefowl |
Gallus gallus |
VC |
R |
H-G |
|
|
Phoenicopteriformes:
Podicipedidae |
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
Little Grebe |
Tachybaptus ruficollis |
C |
R-WI |
CR |
|
17 |
Great Crested Grebe |
Podiceps cristatus |
UC |
WM |
CR |
|
|
Columbiformes: Columbidae |
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
Rock Pigeon |
Columba livia |
VC |
R |
H-G |
|
19 |
Oriental Turtle-Dove |
Streptopelia orientalis |
VC |
R-WI |
H-G |
|
20 |
Eurasian Collared-Dove |
Streptopelia decaocto |
C |
R |
H-G |
|
21 |
Red Collared-Dove |
Streptopelia tranquebarica |
VC |
R-WI |
H-G |
|
22 |
Spotted Dove |
Spilopelia chinensis |
VC |
R |
H-G |
|
23 |
Asian Emerald Dove |
Chalcophaps indica |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
24 |
Orange-breasted Green-Pigeon |
Treron bicinctus |
UC |
R |
H-F |
|
25 |
Ashy-headed Green-Pigeon |
Treron phayrei |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
26 |
Thick-billed Green-Pigeon |
Treron curvirostra |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
27 |
Yellow-footed Green-Pigeon |
Treron phoenicopterus |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
|
Cuculiformes: Cuculidae |
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis |
C |
R |
CR |
|
29 |
Lesser Coucal |
Centropus bengalensis |
UC |
R |
I |
|
30 |
Green-billed Malkoha |
Phaenicophaeus tristis |
C |
R |
I |
|
31 |
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo |
Clamator coromandus |
UC |
R |
I |
|
32 |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
33 |
Asian Emerald Cuckoo |
Chrysococcyx maculatus |
UC |
R |
I |
|
34 |
Banded Bay Cuckoo |
Cacomantis sonneratii |
C |
R |
I |
|
35 |
Plaintive Cuckoo |
Cacomantis merulinus |
C |
R |
I |
|
36 |
Common Hawk-Cuckoo |
Hierococcyx varius |
C |
R |
I |
|
37 |
Indian Cuckoo |
Cuculus micropterus |
C |
SM |
I |
|
38 |
Common Cuckoo |
Cuculus canorus |
UC |
R-SI |
I |
|
|
Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae |
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
Large-tailed Nightjar |
Caprimulgus macrurus |
C |
R |
I |
|
|
Apodidae |
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
Asian Palm Swift |
Cypsiurus balasiensis |
VC |
R |
I |
|
|
Gruiformes: Rallidae |
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
Eurasian Moorhen |
Gallinula chloropus |
C |
R |
OM |
|
42 |
Grey-headed Swamphen |
Porphyrio poliocephalus |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
43 |
Watercock |
Gallicrex cinerea |
C |
R-SI |
OM |
|
44 |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
45 |
Ruddy-breasted Crake |
Zapornia fusca |
C |
R |
OM |
|
|
Charadriiformes: Charadriidae |
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
Northern Lapwing |
Vanellus vanellus |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
47 |
River Lapwing |
Vanellus duvaucelii |
C |
R-WI |
I |
|
48 |
Grey-headed Lapwing |
Vanellus cinereus |
C |
WM |
I |
|
49 |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus |
VC |
R |
I |
|
50 |
Little Ringed Plover |
Charadrius dubius |
UC |
R-WI |
I |
|
|
Jacanidae |
|
|
|
|
|
51 |
Bronze-winged Jacana |
Metopidius indicus |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
|
Scolopacidae |
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos |
C |
WM |
CR |
|
53 |
Green Sandpiper |
Tringa ochropus |
C |
WM |
CR |
|
54 |
Common Greenshank |
Tringa nebularia |
C |
WM |
CR |
|
55 |
Wood Sandpiper |
Tringa glareola |
C |
WM |
CR |
|
|
Laridae |
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
Whiskered Tern |
Chlidonias hybrida |
UC |
SM |
CR |
|
|
Pelecaniformes: Ciconiidae |
|
|
|
|
|
57 |
Asian Openbill |
Anastomus oscitans |
VC |
R |
CR |
|
58 |
Lesser Adjutant |
Leptoptilos javanicus |
UC |
R |
CR |
|
|
Ardeidae |
|
|
|
|
|
59 |
Cinnamon Bittern |
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus |
C |
R |
CR |
|
60 |
Black Bittern |
Ixobrychus flavicollis |
RA |
R-SI |
CR |
|
61 |
Purple Heron |
Ardea purpurea |
VC |
R |
CR |
|
62 |
Great Egret |
Ardea alba |
VC |
WM |
CR |
|
63 |
Intermediate Egret |
Ardea intermedia |
VC |
R-SI |
CR |
|
64 |
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta |
C |
R |
CR |
|
65 |
Eastern Cattle Egret |
Bubulcus coromandus |
VC |
R |
CR |
|
66 |
Indian Pond-Heron |
Ardeola grayii |
VC |
R |
CR |
|
67 |
Black-crowned Night-Heron |
Nycticorax nycticorax |
C |
R |
CR |
|
|
Threskiornithidae |
|
|
|
|
|
68 |
Glossy Ibis |
Plegadis falcinellus |
C |
R-WI |
CR |
|
69 |
Black-headed Ibis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus |
UC |
WM |
CR |
|
|
Suliformes: Anhingidae |
|
|
|
|
|
70 |
Oriental Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster |
UC |
R-WI |
CR |
|
|
Phalacrocoracidae |
|
|
|
|
|
71 |
Little Cormorant |
Microcarbo niger |
VC |
R |
CR |
|
72 |
Great Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax carbo |
UC |
WM |
CR |
|
|
Accipitriformes: Accipitridae |
|
|
|
|
|
73 |
Oriental Honey-buzzard |
Pernis ptilorhynchus |
C |
R |
I |
|
74 |
Black Baza |
Aviceda leuphotes |
RA |
R |
I |
|
75 |
Himalayan Griffon |
Gyps himalayensis |
RA |
R |
CR |
|
76 |
Crested Serpent-Eagle |
Spilornis cheela |
VC |
R-WI |
CR |
|
77 |
Changeable Hawk-Eagle |
Nisaetus cirrhatus |
RA |
R |
CR |
|
78 |
Pied Harrier |
Circus melanoleucos |
UC |
R |
CR |
|
79 |
Shikra |
Accipiter badius |
VC |
WM |
CR |
|
80 |
Black Kite |
Milvus migrans |
RA |
R |
CR |
|
|
Strigiformes: Tytonidae |
|
|
|
|
|
81 |
Barn Owl |
Tyto alba |
C |
R |
CR |
|
|
Strigidae |
|
|
|
|
|
82 |
Collared Scops-Owl |
Otus lettia |
C |
R-WI |
CR |
|
83 |
Oriental Scops-Owl |
Otus sunia |
C |
R |
CR |
|
84 |
Asian Barred Owlet |
Glaucidium cuculoides |
C |
R |
CR |
|
85 |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama |
VC |
R |
CR |
|
86 |
Brown Hawk-Owl |
Ninox scutulata |
C |
R |
CR |
|
|
Bucerotiformes: Upupidae |
|
|
|
|
|
87 |
Eurasian Hoopoe |
Upupa epops |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
|
Bucerotidae |
|
|
|
|
|
88 |
Oriental Pied-Hornbill |
Anthracoceros albirostris |
C |
R |
H-G |
|
|
Coraciiformes: Alcedinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
Common Kingfisher |
Alcedo atthis |
VC |
R |
CR |
|
90 |
Blue-eared Kingfisher |
Alcedo meninting |
UC |
R |
CR |
|
91 |
Stork-billed Kingfisher |
Pelargopsis capensis |
C |
R |
CR |
|
92 |
Ruddy Kingfisher |
Halcyon coromanda |
UC |
SM |
CR |
|
93 |
White-throated Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
VC |
R |
CR |
|
94 |
Pied Kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis |
C |
R |
CR |
|
|
Meropidae |
|
|
|
|
|
95 |
Blue-bearded Bee-eater |
Nyctyornis athertoni |
C |
R |
I |
|
96 |
Asian Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis |
VC |
R |
I |
|
97 |
Blue-tailed Bee-eater |
Merops philippinus |
C |
SM |
I |
|
98 |
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater |
Merops leschenaulti |
VC |
R-SI |
I |
|
|
Coraciidae |
|
|
|
|
|
99 |
Indochinese Roller |
Coracias affinis |
VC |
R |
I |
|
100 |
Oriental Dollarbird |
Eurystomus orientalis |
VC |
R |
I |
|
|
Piciformes: Megalaimidae |
|
|
|
|
|
101 |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon haemacephalus |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
102 |
Blue-eared Barbet |
Psilopogon duvaucelii |
C |
R |
OM |
|
103 |
Great Barbet |
Psilopogon virens |
UC |
R-SI |
OM |
|
104 |
Lineated Barbet |
Psilopogon lineatus |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
105 |
Blue-throated Barbet |
Psilopogon asiaticus |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
|
Picidae |
|
|
|
|
|
106 |
Speckled Piculet |
Picumnus innominatus |
C |
R |
I |
|
107 |
White-browed Piculet |
Sasia ochracea |
C |
R |
I |
|
108 |
Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker |
Dendrocopos macei |
C |
R-SI |
I |
|
109 |
Greater Flameback |
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus |
C |
R |
I |
|
110 |
Rufous Woodpecker |
Micropternus brachyurus |
C |
R |
I |
|
111 |
Black-rumped Flameback |
Dinopium benghalense |
VC |
R |
I |
|
112 |
Lesser Yellownape |
Picus chlorolophus |
VC |
R |
I |
|
113 |
Grey-headed Woodpecker |
Picus canus |
UC |
R |
I |
|
114 |
Greater Yellownape |
Chrysophlegma flavinucha |
C |
R |
I |
|
|
Falconiformes: Falconidae |
|
|
|
|
|
115 |
Eurasian Kestrel |
Falco tinnunculus |
UC |
WM |
CR |
|
116 |
Eurasian Hobby |
Falco subbuteo |
RA |
PM |
I |
|
|
Psittaciformes: Psittaculidae |
|
|
|
|
|
117 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
118 |
Red-breasted Parakeet |
Psittacula alexandri |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
|
Passeriformes: Eurylaimidae |
|
|
|
|
|
119 |
Grey-lored Broadbill |
Serilophus rubropygius |
UC |
R |
I |
|
|
Pittidae |
|
|
|
|
|
120 |
Western Hooded Pitta |
Pitta sordida |
UC |
SM |
I |
|
|
Campephagidae |
|
|
|
|
|
121 |
Small Minivet |
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus |
C |
R |
I |
|
122 |
Short-billed Minivet |
Pericrocotus brevirostris |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
123 |
Scarlet Minivet |
Pericrocotus speciosus |
C |
R |
I |
|
124 |
Large Cuckooshrike |
Coracina macei |
C |
R |
I |
|
125 |
Black-winged Cuckooshrike |
Lalage melaschistos |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
|
Oriolidae |
|
|
|
|
|
126 |
Black-hooded Oriole |
Oriolus xanthornus |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
|
Artamidae |
|
|
|
|
|
127 |
Ashy Woodswallow |
Artamus fuscus |
VC |
R |
I |
|
|
Vangidae |
|
|
|
|
|
128 |
Large Woodshrike |
Tephrodornis virgatus |
C |
R |
I |
|
129 |
Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike |
Hemipus picatus |
UC |
R-WI |
I |
|
|
Aegithinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
130 |
Common Iora |
Aegithina tiphia |
VC |
R |
I |
|
|
Rhipiduridae |
|
|
|
|
|
131 |
White-throated Fantail |
Rhipidura albicollis |
C |
R-WI |
I |
|
|
Dicruridae |
|
|
|
|
|
132 |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus |
C |
R |
I |
|
133 |
Ashy Drongo |
Dicrurus leucophaeus |
C |
R |
I |
|
134 |
Bronzed Drongo |
Dicrurus aeneus |
C |
R-WI |
I |
|
135 |
Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus remifer |
C |
R-WI |
I |
|
136 |
Hair-crested Drongo |
Dicrurus hottentottus |
VC |
R |
I |
|
137 |
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus paradiseus |
C |
R |
I |
|
|
Monarchidae |
|
|
|
|
|
138 |
Black-naped Monarch |
Hypothymis azurea |
C |
R |
I |
|
|
Laniidae |
|
|
|
|
|
139 |
Brown Shrike |
Lanius cristatus |
C |
WM |
CR |
|
140 |
Long-tailed Shrike |
Lanius schach |
C |
WM |
CR |
|
141 |
Grey-backed Shrike |
Lanius tephronotus |
C |
WM |
CR |
|
|
Corvidae |
|
|
|
|
|
142 |
Common Green-Magpie |
Cissa chinensis |
UC |
R |
OM |
|
143 |
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta vagabunda |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
144 |
House Crow |
Corvus splendens |
C |
R |
OM |
|
145 |
Large-billed Crow |
Corvus macrorhynchos |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
|
Stenostiridae |
|
|
|
|
|
146 |
Grey-headed Canary-Flycatcher |
Culicicapa ceylonensis |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
|
Paridae |
|
|
|
|
|
147 |
Cinereous Tit |
Parus cinereus |
VC |
R |
I |
|
|
Alaudidae |
|
|
|
|
|
148 |
Bengal Bushlark |
Mirafra assamica |
C |
R |
H-G |
|
|
Cisticolidae |
|
|
|
|
|
149 |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius |
VC |
R |
I |
|
150 |
Dark-necked Tailorbird |
Orthotomus atrogularis |
C |
R |
I |
|
151 |
Rufescent Prinia |
Prinia rufescens |
C |
R |
I |
|
152 |
Grey-breasted Prinia |
Prinia hodgsonii |
C |
R |
I |
|
153 |
Plain Prinia |
Prinia inornata |
C |
R |
I |
|
154 |
Zitting Cisticola |
Cisticola juncidis |
VC |
R |
I |
|
|
Acrocephalidae |
|
|
|
|
|
155 |
Thick-billed Warbler |
Arundinax aedon |
C |
WM |
I |
|
|
Locustellidae |
|
|
|
|
|
156 |
Spotted Bush Warbler |
Locustella thoracica |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
157 |
Striated Grassbird |
Cincloramphus palustris |
VC |
R |
I |
|
|
Hirundinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
158 |
Grey-throated Martin |
Riparia chinensis |
C |
R-WI |
I |
|
159 |
Barn Swallow |
Hirundo rustica |
VC |
R-WI/ WM |
I |
|
|
Pycnonotidae |
|
|
|
|
|
160 |
Black-crested Bulbul |
Rubigula flaviventris |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
161 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
162 |
Red-whiskered Bulbul |
Pycnonotus jocosus |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
163 |
White-throated Bulbul |
Alophoixus flaveolus |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
|
Phylloscopidae |
|
|
|
|
|
164 |
Hume's Warbler |
Phylloscopus humei |
C |
WM |
I |
|
165 |
Tickell's Leaf Warbler |
Phylloscopus affinis |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
166 |
Dusky Warbler |
Phylloscopus fuscatus |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
167 |
Whistler's Warbler |
Phylloscopus whistleri |
C |
WM |
I |
|
168 |
Greenish Warbler |
Phylloscopus trochiloides |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
169 |
Blyth's Leaf Warbler |
Phylloscopus reguloides |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
|
Scotocercidae |
|
|
|
|
|
170 |
Grey-bellied Tesia |
Tesia cyaniventer |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
171 |
Yellow-bellied Warbler |
Abroscopus superciliaris |
C |
R-WI |
I |
|
|
Zosteropidae |
|
|
|
|
|
172 |
Indian White-eye |
Zosterops palpebrosus |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
|
Timaliidae |
|
|
|
|
|
173 |
Pin-striped Tit-Babbler |
Mixornis gularis |
VC |
R |
I |
|
|
Pellorneidae |
|
|
|
|
|
174 |
Puff-throated Babbler |
Pellorneum ruficeps |
C |
R |
I |
|
175 |
Abbott's Babbler |
Malacocincla abbotti |
UC |
R |
I |
|
|
Leiothrichidae |
|
|
|
|
|
176 |
Jungle Babbler |
Argya striata |
C |
R |
I |
|
177 |
Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush |
Garrulax monileger |
C |
R |
OM |
|
|
Sturnidae |
|
|
|
|
|
178 |
Common Hill Myna |
Gracula religiosa |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
179 |
Indian Pied Starling |
Gracupica contra |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
180 |
Chestnut-tailed Starling |
Sturnia malabarica |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
181 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis |
UC |
R |
OM |
|
182 |
Bank Myna |
Acridotheres ginginianus |
VC |
R-WI |
OM |
|
183 |
Jungle Myna |
Acridotheres fuscus |
VC |
R |
OM |
|
184 |
Great Myna |
Acridotheres grandis |
C |
R |
OM |
|
|
Muscicapidae |
|
|
|
|
|
185 |
Brown-breasted Flycatcher |
Muscicapa muttui |
RA |
SM |
I |
|
186 |
Oriental Magpie-Robin |
Copsychus saularis |
VC |
R |
I |
|
187 |
White-rumped Shama |
Copsychus malabaricus |
VC |
R |
I |
|
188 |
Pale-chinned Blue Flycatcher |
Cyornis poliogenys |
VC |
R-AM |
I |
|
189 |
Small Niltava |
Niltava macgrigoriae |
C |
WM |
I |
|
190 |
Lesser Shortwing |
Brachypteryx leucophris |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
191 |
Blue Whistling-Thrush |
Myophonus caeruleus |
C |
WM |
CR |
|
192 |
Black-backed Forktail |
Enicurus immaculatus |
C |
R |
I |
|
193 |
Snowy-browed Flycatcher |
Ficedula hyperythra |
C |
WM |
I |
|
194 |
Little Pied Flycatcher |
Ficedula westermanni |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
195 |
Taiga Flycatcher |
Ficedula albicilla |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
196 |
Plumbeous Redstart |
Phoenicurus fuliginosus |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
197 |
White-capped Redstart |
Phoenicurus leucocephalus |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
198 |
Blue Rock-Thrush |
Monticola solitarius |
C |
WM |
I |
|
199 |
Siberian Stonechat |
Saxicola maurus |
C |
WM |
I |
|
|
Dicaeidae |
|
|
|
|
|
200 |
Plain Flowerpecker |
Dicaeum minullum |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
201 |
Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker |
Dicaeum cruentatum |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
|
Nectariniidae |
|
|
|
|
|
202 |
Ruby-cheeked Sunbird |
Chalcoparia singalensis |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
203 |
Purple Sunbird |
Cinnyris asiaticus |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
204 |
Crimson Sunbird |
Aethopyga siparaja |
VC |
R |
H-F |
|
205 |
Little Spiderhunter |
Arachnothera longirostra |
C |
R-AM |
H-F |
|
|
Irenidae |
|
|
|
|
|
206 |
Asian Fairy-bluebird |
Irena puella |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
|
Chloropseidae |
|
|
|
|
|
207 |
Blue-winged Leafbird |
Chloropsis cochinchinensis |
C |
R |
H-F |
|
208 |
Golden-fronted Leafbird |
Chloropsis aurifrons |
VC |
R-AM |
H-F |
|
|
Ploceidae |
|
|
|
|
|
209 |
Baya Weaver |
Ploceus philippinus |
VC |
R-LM |
H-G |
|
210 |
Black-breasted Weaver |
Ploceus benghalensis |
UC |
R-WI |
H-G |
|
|
Estrildidae |
|
|
|
|
|
211 |
Scaly-breasted Munia |
Lonchura punctulata |
VC |
R |
H-G |
|
212 |
White-rumped Munia |
Lonchura striata |
C |
R |
H-G |
|
213 |
Chestnut Munia |
Lonchura atricapilla |
UC |
R-LM |
H-G |
|
|
Passeridae |
|
|
|
|
|
214 |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus |
VC |
R |
H-G |
|
215 |
Eurasian Tree Sparrow |
Passer montanus |
C |
R |
H-G |
|
|
Motacillidae |
|
|
|
|
|
216 |
Grey Wagtail |
Motacilla cinerea |
C |
WM |
I |
|
217 |
Eastern Yellow Wagtail |
Motacilla tschutschensis |
UC |
WM |
I |
|
218 |
Citrine Wagtail |
Motacilla citreola |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
219 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
220 |
Richard's Pipit |
Anthus richardi |
C |
WM |
I |
|
221 |
Paddyfield Pipit |
Anthus rufulus |
VC |
R |
I |
|
222 |
Blyth's Pipit |
Anthus godlewskii |
C |
WM |
I |
|
223 |
Rosy Pipit |
Anthus roseatus |
VC |
WM |
I |
|
224 |
Olive-backed Pipit |
Anthus hodgsoni |
VC |
WM |
I |
C—Common | RA—Rare | VC—Very
common | UC—Uncommon | R—Residential | R-SI—Residential with summer influx |
R-WI—Residential with winter influx | R-LM—Residential with local migration |
R-AM—Resident with altitudinal migraton | WM—Winter migrant | SM—Summer migrant
| PM—Passage migrant | CR—Carnivore | I—Insectivore | OM—Omnivore | H—Herbivore
| H-G—Granivore | H-F—Frugivore.
For
figures & images - - click here for full PDF
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