Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2023 | 15(11): 24169–24183
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8573.15.11.24169-24183
#8573 | Received 05 June 2023 | Final received 02 October 2023 | Finally
accepted 14 October 2023
Diversity and distribution of
birds in the Bharathapuzha River Basin, Kerala, India
P.N. Anoop Raj 1, A.D.
Velankar 2 & P. Pramod 3
1,3 Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology
and Natural History, South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India,
Anaikatty (Post), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641108, India.
1 Manipal Academy of Higher
Education (MAHE), Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
1 Siddharth foundation, No 26,
Abbas garden, TVS Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641025, India.
2 12, Saisanket
CHS, Ganeshwadi, Panchpakhadi, Thane, Maharashtra 400601, India.
1 anupnarayanan1@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 avadhoot.velankar@gmail.com, 3 neosacon@gmail.com
Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 November
2023 (online & print)
Citation: Raj, P.N.A., A.D. Velankar & P. Pramod (2023). Diversity and
distribution of birds in the Bharathapuzha River Basin, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(11): 24169–24183. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8573.15.11.24169-24183
Copyright: © Raj et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Kerala State Biodiversity Board.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Anoop
Raj is a doctoral student of Manipal Academy
of Higher Education, Manipal and affiliated with the Salim Ali Center for
Ornithology and Natural History (SACON). He is a researcher in bird ecology
with a wildlife biology science background. He is working on riverine bird
communities of the Western Ghats for his PhD. Dr. Avadhoot Dilip Velankar is an independent researcher. His area of specialization is
primatology. Dr. Padmanabhan Pramod is a
senior principal scientist and head of the Nature Education Division of SACON.
He has 27 years of research experience in the bird community, biodiversity
assessment and applied ornithology.
Author contributions: ARPN-—study design, field surveys, data analysis
and preparation of manuscript, PP—study design, review, preparation of
manuscript, ADV—data analysis, preparation of manuscript.
Acknowledgements: We acknowledge the Kerala State
Biodiversity Board for the funding through the Doctoral fellowship programme.
Also extending gratitude to Mrs. Nila, Mrs. Sheena, and Mr. Subhash for their
constant support in data collection. We thank Mr Sethu M.R. (Doctoral fellow at
Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies), Mr Ibrahim M and Mr Nandu V.
S from SACON for their support in developing maps. We thank Mr. Anoop N.R., and
Dr. Swapna Devi Ray for their comments on the improvement of the manuscript.
Abstract: Bharathapuzha River is the second
largest, west-flowing river in Kerala, Western Ghats. This river is exposed to
high levels of anthropogenic and natural pressures. This study attempts to
understand the diversity and distribution of birds in this river basin. The
observations were made from October 2017 to July 2019 in 70*1 km2
grids distributed in three strata (i.e., upper, middle, and lower reaches). A
total of 262 bird species were recorded from the river basin. The diversity and
richness of birds were found high in the upper reaches of the river and the
species abundance was found more in the lower reaches. Due to the high turnover
of migratory species, the rank abundance model for upper and lower reaches
showed a high degree of dominance while middle reaches showed a relatively even
distribution of abundances. Deforestation, sand mining, and water pollution
were found to be the major threats in the river basin. Hence the results show
the importance of the protection and rejuvenation of the ecosystems associated
with the river for the conservation of avian diversity in the region.
Keywords: Bird community, ecological
indicators, ecological zones, migrant birds, Nila river, rank abundance models,
resident birds, riverine biodiversity, riverine birds, Western Ghats.
Introduction
Rivers are
considered an important ecological entity that supports rich biodiversity. The
water flow, geography, interaction between the terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems, and the dynamic nature make the rivers one of Earth’s most complex
biophysical systems (Naiman et al. 1993). Though the rivers harbour rich
biodiversity, they are also prone to many natural and anthropogenic challenges.
Therefore, understanding the biological communities of the river system is
essential for its management and conservation prioritization. The diverse habitats
on the river corridors support many birds (Stevens et al. 1977; Stauffer &
Best 1980; Knopf 1985). Since birds are considered as ecological indicators,
habitat quality can be assessed through long-term avifauna monitoring.
Understanding the bird communities and habitat association of different species
(including migratory species) in different seasons is important for planning
conservation strategies (Rice et al. 1980; Naiman et al. 1993; Gergel et al.
2002).
Kerala is
one of the important places for avian research. The high level of habitat
heterogeneity and its mosaic nature supports a wide range of birds (Neelakantan
1969, 1970, 1981, 1982; Neelakantan & Sureshkumar 1980; Neelakantan et al.
1980; Ali & Ripley 1983; Pramod 1995). The wetlands in Kerala enhance avian
diversity by hosting migratory birds, hence many of the larger wetlands in
Kerala were announced as Ramsar sites (Jayson 2002; Nameer 2005)
Bharathapuzha
River (10.416–11.25 N and 75.833–76.916 E) in Kerala is known for its cultural
and ecological significance. This river is considered as the cradle of
civilization in Kerala. The major portion of the Bharathapuzha River flows
through a human-dominated and agricultural landscape. The diverse habitat in
the fluvial channel of the river supports great bird diversity. Many
researchers have attempted to document the bird diversity in the river basin
(Namassivayam & Venugopal 1989; Namassivayam et al. 1989; Kurup 1991;
Uthaman & Namassivayam 1991; Neelakantan
et al. 1993; Pramod 1995; Kurup 1996; Bijukumar 2006; Arif et al. 2010).
However, the information available about the bird diversity of this river basin
is sporadic.
In this
investigation, we considered the river basin as a single ecological entity. We
employed a ridge-to-reef approach to document the bird diversity from
headwaters, main tributaries, mainstream and estuary. This study aims to
establish baseline information about the avifauna of the Bharathapuzha River
Basin and as a potential survey design for other river basins.
Materials and method
Study area
The river
Bharathapuzha originates from the southern part of the Palakkad Gap, in the
Anamalai hills in the state of Tamil Nadu. It flows through the Palakkad gap
covering Pollachi in Tamil Nadu; Palakkad, Thrissur, and Malappuram districts
in Kerala and debouches into the Arabian Sea at Ponnani on the Malabar coast.
The total length of the river is 250 km, of which 209 km flows through Kerala
and 41 km through Tamil Nadu (Figure 1). The total extent of the river drainage
basin is 6,186 km2 between an elevation gradient of 2,461–0 m with
an annual discharge of 3.94 km3 water. The study divided the river
drainage basin into three different ecological zones based on the stream orders
as per Strahler (1957). Streams of order one to three were denoted as upper
reaches (Image 1), order four to five as middle reaches (Image 2) and
sixth-order streams were denoted as lower reaches (Image 3) (Abel et al. 2008).
The major
tributaries of the river are Chiturpuzha, Gayathripuzha, Kunthipuzha, and
Kalpathipuzha. All these tributaries originate from the northern and southern
tips of the Palakkad Gap, which are the permanent and important water sources
for the river. There are 11 dams constructed on this river for drinking water
supply and irrigation to serve millions of people in the region.
Study design
The
hydrology layer for the river basin was extracted using ASTER GDEM V2 and
stream orders were established using the Strahler (1957) method. Field surveys
were conducted along 453 km stretches at these ecological zones (Figure 1).
These stretches were divided into 70 grid cells of 1 X 1 km. These selected
locations were sampled from October 2017 to July 2019 in three replications
which include two migratory (November–March) and one non-migratory season
(April–October). In each cell bird
observations were made for a 15 min period using point count with the
fixed-width method (Reynolds et al. 1980). A total of 840 point counts were
conducted in the sampling area. Over-flying birds, bird detections >50 m,
and uncertain bird identifications were truncated from the data to improve the
robustness of the study. Direct and indirect signs of birds were observed at
0600–1100 h and 1530–1900 h in each location. Direct observations were made
using binoculars and spotting scopes. Bird identification was done using field
guides (Ali & Ripley 1983; Ali 1999; Grimmett et al. 1999; Kazmierczak
2000) and photographs. The bird checklist was prepared using Praveen et al.
(2020).
Opportunistic
bird observations, i.e., the birds observed in the study areas after the
predesigned observation period were recorded as ad libitum. The time of
observation, date and number of individuals sighted, and habitat were noted.
Data
analysis: Bird abundance data was arranged in the species vs sites contingency
table. Absolute species richness for each region was tabulated. To check
sampling adequacy, species richness was also estimated using Chao 1 ™index. To
compare diversity, dominance and evenness Shannon-Weiner (H’) and Simpson index
were estimated (Magurran 1988). Relative abundance for all species was
calculated in each ecological zone (Sutherland et al. 2004) using the formula.
Where RA =
relative abundance of species i, Ni = Abundance of species i in ecological
zone, P = Population of all species in river basin.
Relative
abundance was calculated with the whole population of birds in the river basin
to make it comparable between ecological zones. The relative frequency of
occurrence (RF) of birds in grids was used to understand the commonality/rarity
of birds in each ecological zone. Hence the birds with RF more than 50% are
considered as common, 20% to 50% as less common and >20% as rare.
To
understand the migratory species of birds, bird species observed were
classified into three categories such as resident, local migrant or long-distance
migrant (SoIB 2023). To assess species distribution patterns, rank abundance
distribution patterns were examined. All statistical analyses were performed
using R statistical language V4.3.0 with R Studio IDE for R V2023.03.01.
Diversity indices and rank abundance distributions were estimated using
‘vegan’: Community Ecology Package 2.6-4 (Oksanen et al. 2013).
Results
Diversity
The bird
observations were conducted from 0ctober 2017 to July 2019. A total of 262
species of birds were recorded belonging to 20 orders and 71 families (Table
1). Out of 262 bird species recorded in the study area 235 species of birds
were recorded while employing the bird survey method; 27 bird species were
observed in the opportunistic observations. Ecological zone-wise sampling
efforts, bird species observed and the number of individual birds sighted are
shown in Table 2. A total of 36,811 individuals were recorded from the river
basin in migratory (n = 27,242) and non-migratory (n = 9,569) seasons during
the survey. Passeriformes were the most dominant group in the river basin (42%)
followed by Charadriiformes (13%), Falconiformes (8%), and Ciconiformes (6%).
Passerine birds were the most dominant group (N = 146) followed by waders (N =
33), raptors (N = 20), and shorebirds (N = 19).
Absolute species richness and estimated species richness using Chao–1
was similar (Table 3) indicating sampling was adequate. While the
Shannon-Weiner index (H’) shows higher species diversity in upper reaches
(Table 3) than in middle and lower reaches. However, Simpsons’ index for
evenness and dominance was found to be similar across all ecological
zones.
Bird species
occurrence in different ecological zones
Rare birds
were more compared to common and less common birds in all ecological zones. The
upper reaches of the river basin reported 45 species of resident, two species
of local migrants and four species of long-distance migrant birds as common,
while 91 residents, 10 local migrants and eight long-distance migrants were
rare. In the middle reaches, 43 residents, two species of local migrants and
one species of long-distance migrant birds were common. 58 residents, six local
migrants and three long-distance migrants were rare. In lower reaches, 48 residents, two local
migrants and five migrant species were common and 48 residents, two local
migrants and 10 migrant species were rare (Table 4).
Zipf-Mandlebrot
distribution was found to be the best-fit model for upper reaches (deviance =
401.60) and lower reaches (deviance = 465.40). However, bird species in the
middle reaches followed a log-normal abundance distribution (deviance = 615.83)
(Table 5). Lower reaches had a steeper distribution than upper reaches and
middle reaches indicating a high species turnover rate. While upper and lower reaches
show shallow slopes, Middle reaches have more even abundances with species
ranked with log-normal distribution.
Discussion
Being a
human-dominated landscape, some synanthropic birds such as the Common Myna Acridotheres
tristis, House Crow Corvus splendens, and Black Drongo Dicrurus
macrocercus, were dominant in the three ecological zones of the river basin
region. However, Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica, Red-vented
Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer, Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius,
Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis, Yellow-billed Babbler Turdoides
affinis, and White-cheeked Barbet Psilopogon viridis were the other
common resident birds in the river basin. The wetland associated birds such as
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger,
Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii, and White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon
smyrnensis were also found commonly in the river basin. Most of these birds
are generalist feeders and adapt themselves to survive in any condition.
Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda, Dark-fronted Babbler Rhopocichla
atriceps, Asian Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica, Indian Spotted
Eagle Clanga hastata, Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus,
Striated Heron Butorides striata, Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis,
Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis, and Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus
chirurgus found as rare resident birds in the river basin in which a few of
these birds were specific to ecological zones.
Greenish
Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides, Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea,
and Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica were found to be the common local
migrant birds in the river basin. Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnia
malabarica, Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus, and Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon
nilotica were the rare local migrant birds.
Blyth’s
Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum, Common Sandpiper Actitis
hypoleucos, and Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus were the common
long-distance migrants. Booted Warbler Iduna caligata, Eurasian Curlew Numenius
arquata, Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, and Amur Falcon Falco
amurensis were the rare long-distance migrants.
Malayan
Night-heron Gorsachius melanolophus, Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Clamator
coromandus, Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda, and Indian Spotted
Eagle Clanga hastata were some of the important sightings during the
study period. The maximum flock size is seen in Little Cormorants with <300
individuals in a single location at Walayar dam. Gull species such as
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Pallas’s Gull Ichthyaetus
ichthyaetus congregated highly in the estuarine region. Totally, 2,200
individual birds were encountered in a single grid at Ponnani.
The study
identified 60 species that are specific to the upper reaches, four to middle
reaches and 16 to the lower reaches. 119 birds were common to all regions
(Figure 2). Out of these, 17 birds were endemic to Western Ghats including one
‘Endangered’, seven ‘Near Threatened’, and four ‘Vulnerable’ birds as per the
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This indicates that productive and
heterogeneous habitats of the Bharathapuzha River Basin support birds from
different niches and foraging guilds from forest to wetland-dependent birds as
well as synanthropic species.
Upper
reaches show higher species richness than middle and lower reaches because of
the presence of primary forests, human habitations, and dams. Hence this region
supports different foraging and feeding guilds (Ali & Ripley 1983; Wiens
1989). Also, the presence of dams in the upper reaches and the presence of
estuary and check dams in the lower reaches enables to host a large number of
migratory birds such as Little-ringed Plover Charadrius dubius, Marsh
Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis and Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica. However, due to the lesser availability of
the wintering grounds in the middle reaches, fewer migratory birds were
observed.
Ziph-Mandlebrot
distribution of rank abundances in upper reaches and lower reaches has steep
concave slope indicating that few species occur in high abundances (Figure 3).
Species with high abundance ranks in these regions are migratory species like
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Pallas’s Gull Ichthyaetus
ichthyaetus with flock sizes of <5,000 individuals which dwarf the
abundances of resident species. However, in the middle reaches, flock sizes of
migratory birds are smaller which shows a more even distribution of rank
abundances.
Status of
migratory birds in the Bharathapuzha River
Purathur in
the Bharathapuzha River basin was identified as one of the major stop-over
sites for many migratory birds (Kurup 1991; Kumar 2001). Large flocks of
Black-headed Gull, Pallas’s Gull, & Brown-headed Gull (<5,000),
Whiskered Tern (<100), and resident egrets such as Cattle Egret and Little
Egret (<100) were recorded from the Purathur region during the study period.
Smaller migratory bird flocks of Little-ringed Plover and Common Sandpipers were reported from the dams and several
other parts of the main course. Solitary and passage migrant birds such as the
Amur Falcon were reported from the headwater region. There were consecutive
sightings of these passage migrants in the river basin from 2017 (Malampuzha
Dam), 2018 (Thirunavaya), and 2019 (Malampuzha Dam). This indicates the
importance of the river Bharathapuzha and associated habitats for the
conservation of migratory and resident birds.
Major
Threats
During the
study period, natural vegetation near the sampling locations in upper reaches
was cleared for expansion of agriculture especially for cash crops like rubber,
teak, coffee and coconut. Such deforestation activities for the construction of
dams, human settlements and infrastructure development were also reported in
various studies (Nossiter 1982; Eapen 1999; Kumar 2005; John et al. 2019).
Bharathapuzha
River is one of the most affected river systems due to the predominant sand
mining. Legal and illegal sand mining altered the river ecosystem, especially
in the mainstream. The illegal sand mining and over-exploitation of sand
destroyed the river ecosystem (Sreedhar & Irfan 2016). There were several
sighting reports and nesting records of ‘Endangered’ Black-bellied Tern in the
river basin (Susanthkumar 2004; Aarif et al. 2010). However, in this study, we
couldn’t find nesting of these birds in the river basin. Sand mining is still
prevalent in the lower reaches of the Bharathapuzha River Basin. It can be
detrimental to the benthic ecosystem on which many bird species are dependent.
Hence sand mining may have cascading effects on the biodiversity of the entire
river basin.
Due to the
strong opposition by the local people, nature enthusiasts and NGOs, there have
been various regulations and restrictions imposed on sand mining activities.
Even though, illegal sand mining is prevalent in several locations in the river
basin. Interestingly, legal sand mining in the estuary region, at Ponnani is
also observed (Image 4).
Conclusion
The study
covered 48% of the total bird species recorded from Kerala (Chandran et al.
2020). The last published checklist of birds of the region by Bijukumar (2006)
has reported 143 bird species from the river basin. This study updates the
checklist and increases the number of bird species on the list to 262.
The holistic
approach of the river as a single ecological entity helps to understand the
changes in the avian diversity in different regions of the river over time. The
headwater region of the river basin supports the resident birds. The main
course and estuary regions play a pivotal role in the conservation of migratory
birds. Hence protection of the forests in the upper reaches and all-natural
habitats in the lower reaches are equally important for the conservation of
birds. Bringing back the natural ecosystem of the river is everyone’s
responsibility. Hence community-mediated policy interventions are very much
required to reduce sand mining and rebuild the riverine ecosystem, which
ultimately protects the biodiversity.
Table 1. Relative abundances and relative
frequency of occurrence of bird species in different ecological zones in
Bharathapuzha River Basin.
|
|
Species |
Upper reaches |
Middle reaches |
Lower reaches |
|
I |
Anseriformes: Anatidae |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Bar-headed Goose Anser
indicus ‡ LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
2 |
Common Teal Anas crecca
† LC |
|
|
* |
|
3 |
Cotton Teal Nettapus
coromandelianus LC |
|
|
* |
|
4 |
Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas
poecilorhyncha LC |
0.24 (16) @ |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.01 (17) @ |
|
5 |
Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna
javanica LC |
0.33 (20) @ |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.39 (28) & |
|
II |
Galliformes: Phasianidae |
|
|
|
|
6 |
Indian Peafowl Pavo
cristatus LC |
0.22 (72) ● |
0.21 (70) ● |
0.08 (50) ● |
|
7 |
Red Spurfowl Galloperdix
spadicea LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.02 (11) @ |
0.00 (6) @ |
|
8 |
Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula
asiatica LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
9 |
Grey Francolin Francolinus
pondicerianus LC |
0.02 (20) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
10 |
Grey Junglefowl Gallus
sonneratii LC |
0.03 (24) & |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
III |
Podicipediformes:
Podicipedidae |
|
|
|
|
11 |
Little Grebe Tachybaptus
ruficollis LC |
0.01 (12) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
IV |
Columbiformes: Columbidae |
|
|
|
|
12 |
Rock Pigeon Columba livia
LC |
0.12 (44) & |
0.94 (93) ● |
0.94 (89) ● |
|
13 |
Nilgiri Wood Pigeon Columba
elphinstonii VU |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
14 |
Spotted Dove Streptopelia
chinensis LC |
0.39 (96) ● |
0.50 (78) ● |
0.21 (72) ● |
|
15 |
Laughing Dove Streptopelia
senegalensis LC |
0.02 (16) @ |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
16 |
Asian Emerald Dove Chalcophaps
indica LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
17 |
Grey-fronted Green Pigeon Treron
affinis LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
18 |
Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Treron
phoenicopterus LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.04 (11) @ |
|
19 |
Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula
aenea LC |
0.02 (16) @ |
0.03 (15) @ |
0.00 (6) @ |
|
V |
Cuculiformes: Cuculidae |
|
|
|
|
20 |
Greater Coucal Centropus
sinensis LC |
0.07 (52) ● |
0.08 (63) ● |
0.07 (61) ● |
|
21 |
Blue-faced Malkoha Phaenicophaeus
viridirostris LC |
0.01 (20) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
22 |
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Clamator
coromandus ‡ LC |
* |
|
|
|
23 |
Pied Cuckoo Clamator
jacobinus LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (7) @ |
>0.01 (6) @ |
|
24 |
Asian Koel Eudynamys
scolopaceus LC |
0.15 (76) ● |
0.14 (81) ● |
0.07 (61) ● |
|
25 |
Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis
sonneratii LC |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
26 |
Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis
passerinus LC |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
>0.01 (6) @ |
|
27 |
Fork-tailed Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus
dicruroides LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
28 |
Common Hawk CuckooHierococcyx
varius LC |
0.02 (28) & |
0.01 (19) @ |
0.02 (39) & |
|
29 |
Indian Cuckoo Cuculus
micropterus ‡LC |
0.03 (24) & |
0.01 (15) @ |
0.01 (17) @ |
|
VI |
Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
Jerdon's Nightjar Caprimulgus
atripennis LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
31 |
Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus
asiaticus LC |
0.00 (0) |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
32 |
Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus
affinis LC |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Caprimulgiformes: Apodidae |
|
|
|
|
33 |
Indian Swiftlet Aerodramus
unicolor LC |
0.10 (20) @ |
0.25 (44) & |
0.34 (33) & |
|
34 |
Alpine Swift Tachymarptis
melba LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
35 |
Indian House Swift Apus
affinis LC |
0.12 (16) @ |
0.23 (11) @ |
0.08 (28) & |
|
36 |
Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus
balasiensis LC |
1.66 (76) ● |
3.23 (96) ● |
2.39 (78) ● |
|
|
Caprimulgiformes:Hemiprocnidae |
|
|
|
|
37 |
Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne
coronata LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
VII |
Gruiformes: Rallidae |
|
|
|
|
38 |
Common Coot Fulica atra LC |
0.05 (4) @ |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
39 |
Grey-headed Swamphen Porphyrio
poliocephalus LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.02 (15) @ |
0.34 (17) @ |
|
40 |
White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis
phoenicurus LC |
0.05 (32) & |
0.20 (78) ● |
0.04 (50) ● |
|
VIII |
Charadriiformes:
Recurvirostridae |
|
|
|
|
41 |
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus
himantopus LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
|
Charadriiformes: Charadriidae |
|
|
|
|
42 |
Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis
fulva †LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.02 (11) @ |
|
43 |
Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus
indicus LC |
0.26 (56) ● |
0.27 (63) ● |
0.43 (83) ● |
|
44 |
Kentish Plover Charadrius
alexandrinus LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.04 (6) @ |
|
45 |
Common Ringed Plover Charadrius
hiaticula †LC |
|
|
* |
|
46 |
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius
dubius LC |
0.33 (32) & |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.10 (44) & |
|
|
Charadriiformes: Rostratulidae |
|
|
|
|
47 |
Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula
benghalensis LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (17) @ |
|
|
Charadriiformes: Jacanidae |
|
|
|
|
48 |
Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus
chirurgus LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
49 |
Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius
indicus LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.15 (44) & |
0.10 (33) & |
|
|
Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae |
|
|
|
|
50 |
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus
†LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
51 |
Eurasian Curlew Numenius
arquata †NT |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
52 |
Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria
interpres †LC |
|
|
* |
|
53 |
Curlew Sandpiper Calidris
ferruginea †NT |
|
|
* |
|
54 |
Temminck's Stint Calidris
temminckii †LC |
|
|
* |
|
55 |
Little Stint Calidris minuta
†LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.04 (11) @ |
|
56 |
Common Snipe Gallinago
gallinago †LC |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
57 |
Terek Sandpiper Xenus
cinereus †LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
58 |
Common Sandpiper Actitis
hypoleucos †LC |
0.28 (48) & |
0.11 (44) & |
0.37 (94) ● |
|
59 |
Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus
†LC |
0.04 (20) @ |
0.05 (33) & |
0.13 (67) ● |
|
60 |
Common Greenshank Tringa
nebularia †LC |
0.02 (8) @ |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.04 (11) @ |
|
61 |
Marsh Sandpiper Tringa
stagnatilis †LC |
0.09 (20) @ |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.19 (67) ● |
|
62 |
Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola
†LC |
0.08 (12) @ |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.08 (33) & |
|
63 |
Common Redshank Tringa
totanus †LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.03 (11) @ |
|
|
Charadriiformes: Glareolidae |
|
|
|
|
64 |
Small Pratincole Glareola
lactea LC |
0.03 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Charadriiformes: Laridae |
|
|
|
|
65 |
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus
ridibundus †LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
1.39 (28) & |
|
66 |
Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus
brunnicephalus ‡LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
1.62 (33) & |
|
67 |
Pallas's Gull Ichthyaetus
ichthyaetus †LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
1.31 (22) & |
|
68 |
Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus
fuscus †LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.52 (17) @ |
|
69 |
Little Tern Sternula albifrons
LC |
0.02 (4) @ |
0.05 (15) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
70 |
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon
nilotica ‡LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.05 (6) @ |
|
71 |
Caspian Tern Hydroprogne
caspia LC |
|
|
* |
|
72 |
Whiskered Tern Chlidonias
hybrida LC |
0.26 (20) @ |
0.05 (19) @ |
0.39 (44) & |
|
73 |
Black-bellied Tern Sterna
acuticauda EN |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
74 |
River Tern Sterna aurantia NT |
0.15 (28) & |
0.07 (30) & |
0.25 (61) ● |
|
IX |
Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae |
|
|
|
|
75 |
Asian Openbill Anastomus
oscitans LC |
0.40 (52) ● |
0.24 (63) ● |
0.81 (94) ● |
|
76 |
Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia
episcopus VU |
0.20 (20) @ |
0.05 (15) @ |
0.17 (50) ● |
|
77 |
Painted Stork Mycteria
leucocephala NT |
0.11 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
X |
Suliformes: Anhingidae |
|
|
|
|
78 |
Oriental Darter (Anhinga
melanogaster) NT |
0.04 (16) @ |
0.05 (41) & |
0.08 (56) ● |
|
|
Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae |
|
|
|
|
79 |
Little Cormorant Microcarbo
niger LC |
1.82 (52) ● |
0.88 (93) ● |
2.66 (100) ● |
|
80 |
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo LC |
0.04 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (17) @ |
|
81 |
Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax
fuscicollis LC |
0.06 (28) & |
0.02 (19) @ |
0.03 (28) & |
|
XI |
Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae |
|
|
|
|
82 |
Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus
philippensis NT |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Pelecaniformes: Ardeidae |
|
|
|
|
83 |
Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus
sinensis LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
84 |
Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus
cinnamomeus LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
85 |
Black Bittern Ixobrychus
flavicollis LC |
* |
|
|
|
86 |
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LC |
0.05 (24) & |
0.02 (30) & |
0.08 (78) ● |
|
87 |
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea LC |
0.04 (20) @ |
0.07 (56) ● |
0.10 (67) ● |
|
88 |
Great Egret Ardea alba LC |
0.03 (20) @ |
0.03 (19) @ |
0.17 (61) ● |
|
89 |
Intermediate Egret Ardea
intermedia LC |
0.09 (36) & |
0.11 (59) ● |
0.52 (94) ● |
|
90 |
Little Egret Egretta garzetta LC |
0.35 (60) ● |
0.43 (85) ● |
1.12 (100) ● |
|
91 |
Western Reef Egret Egretta
gularis LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.05 (17) @ |
|
92 |
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC |
1.10 (84) ● |
0.93 (100) ● |
1.99 (100) ● |
|
93 |
Indian Pond Heron Ardeola
grayii LC |
0.42 (88) ● |
0.76 (100) ● |
0.67 (100) ● |
|
94 |
Striated Heron Butorides
striata LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
95 |
Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax
nycticorax LC |
0.01 (12) @ |
0.02 (15) @ |
0.04 (28) & |
|
96 |
Malayan Night Heron Gorsachius
melanolophus LC |
* |
|
|
|
|
Pelecaniformes:
Threskiornithidae |
|
|
|
|
97 |
Glossy Ibis Plegadis
falcinellus LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.04 (6) @ |
|
98 |
Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus NT |
0.52 (44) & |
0.04 (22) & |
0.36 (56) ● |
|
XII |
Accipitriformes: Pandionidae |
|
|
|
|
99 |
Osprey Pandion haliaetus
†LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Accipitriformes: Accipitridae |
|
|
|
|
100 |
Black-winged Kite Elanus
caeruleus LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
101 |
Oriental Honey Buzzard Pernis
ptilorhynchus LC |
0.03 (36) & |
0.02 (19) @ |
0.01 (17) @ |
|
102 |
Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis
cheela LC |
0.09 (56) ● |
0.08 (59) ● |
0.06 (61) ● |
|
103 |
Changeable Hawk Eagle Nisaetus
cirrhatus LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
104 |
Legge's Hawk Eagle Nisaetus
kelaarti NE |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
105 |
Black Eagle Ictinaetus
malaiensis LC |
0.02 (16) @ |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
106 |
Indian Spotted Eagle Clanga
hastata VU |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (6) @ |
|
107 |
Booted Eagle Hieraaetus
pennatus †LC |
0.01 (16) @ |
0.02 (22) & |
0.06 (61) ● |
|
108 |
White-eyed Buzzard Butastur
teesa LC |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
109 |
Western Marsh Harrier Circus
aeruginosus †LC |
|
|
* |
|
110 |
Crested Goshawk Accipiter
trivirgatus LC |
* |
|
|
|
111 |
Shikra Accipiter badius LC |
0.05 (56) ● |
0.02 (19) @ |
0.02 (39) & |
|
112 |
Black Kite Milvus migrans
LC |
0.12 (36) & |
0.15 (52) ● |
1.15 (83) ● |
|
113 |
Brahminy Kite Haliastur
indus LC |
0.35 (80) ● |
0.59 (96) ● |
1.73 (100) ● |
|
114 |
Grey-headed Fish Eagle Haliaeetus
ichthyaetus NT |
* |
|
|
|
XIII |
Strigiformes: Tytonidae |
|
|
|
|
115 |
Common Barn Owl Tyto alba LC |
|
* |
* |
|
|
Strigiformes: Strigidae |
|
|
|
|
116 |
Oriental Scops Owl Otus
sunia LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
117 |
Brown Fish Owl Ketupa
zeylonensis LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
118 |
Jungle Owlet Glaucidium
radiatum LC |
0.01 (12) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
119 |
Spotted Owlet Athene brama LC |
0.04 (24) & |
0.01 (11) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
120 |
Mottled Wood Owl Strix
ocellata LC |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
XIV |
Trogoniformes: Trogonidae |
|
|
|
|
121 |
Malabar Trogon Harpactes
fasciatus LC |
0.02 (16) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
XV |
Bucerotiformes: Upupidae |
|
|
|
|
122 |
Common Hoopoe Upupa epops LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Bucerotiformes: Bucerotidae |
|
|
|
|
123 |
Great Hornbill Buceros
bicornis VU |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
124 |
Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros
griseus LC |
0.04 (28) & |
0.02 (11) @ |
0.01 (17) @ |
|
XVI |
Coraciiformes: Alcedinidae |
|
|
|
|
125 |
Common Kingfisher Alcedo
atthis LC |
0.09 (68) ● |
0.14 (81) ● |
0.08 (72) ● |
|
126 |
Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis
capensis LC |
0.02 (24) & |
0.07 (59) ● |
0.03 (39) & |
|
127 |
White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon
smyrnensis LC |
0.35 (92) ● |
0.57 (100) ● |
0.32 (100) ● |
|
128 |
Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis LC |
0.04 (20) @ |
0.11 (52) ● |
0.11 (72) ● |
|
|
Coraciiformes: Meropidae |
|
|
|
|
129 |
Blue-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis
athertoni LC |
0.01 (12) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
130 |
Green Bee-eater Merops
orientalis LC |
0.48 (64) ● |
0.56 (85) ● |
0.67 (94) ● |
|
131 |
Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops
philippinus LC |
0.01 (16) @ |
0.10 (33) & |
0.10 (50) & |
|
132 |
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops
leschenaulti LC |
0.11 (28) & |
0.15 (44) & |
0.30 (72) ● |
|
|
Coraciiformes: Coraciidae |
|
|
|
|
133 |
Indian Roller Coracias
benghalensis LC |
0.03 (36) & |
0.05 (33) & |
0.00 (0) |
|
134 |
Dollarbird Eurystomus
orientalis LC |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
XVII |
Piciformes: Megalaimidae |
|
|
|
|
135 |
Malabar Barbet Psilopogon
malabaricus LC |
* |
|
|
|
136 |
Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon
haemacephalus LC |
0.12 (52) ● |
0.03 (30) & |
0.02 (17) @ |
|
137 |
Brown-headed Barbet Psilopogon
zeylanicus LC |
* |
|
|
|
138 |
White-cheeked Barbet Psilopogon
viridis LC |
0.45 (100) ● |
0.34 (96) ● |
0.16 (83) ● |
|
|
Piciformes: Picidae |
|
|
|
|
139 |
Heart-spotted Woodpecker Hemicircus
canente LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.01 (7) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
140 |
Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker Yungipicus
nanus LC |
0.03 (32) & |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
141 |
Rufous Woodpecker Micropternus
brachyurus LC |
0.01 (12) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
142 |
Black-rumped Flameback Dinopium
benghalense LC |
0.07 (52) ● |
0.03 (22) & |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
143 |
Lesser Yellownape Picus
chlorolophus LC |
0.03 (28) & |
0.00 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
144 |
Streak-throated Woodpecker Picus
xanthopygaeus LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
XVIII |
Falconiformes: Falconidae |
|
|
|
|
145 |
Common Kestrel Falco
tinnunculus LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
146 |
Amur Falcon Falco amurensis
†LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
147 |
Peregrine Falcon Falco
peregrinus LC |
* |
|
|
|
XIX |
Psittaciformes: Psittaculidae |
|
|
|
|
148 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula
krameri LC |
0.33 (84) ● |
0.48 (93) ● |
0.11 (78) ● |
|
149 |
Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula
cyanocephala LC |
0.05 (20) @ |
0.05 (11) @ |
0.02 (11) @ |
|
150 |
Malabar Parakeet Psittacula
columboides LC |
0.18 (56) ● |
0.07 (19) & |
0.00 (0) |
|
151 |
Vernal Hanging Parrot Loriculus
vernalis LC |
0.14 (48) & |
0.01 (11) @ |
0.02 (22) & |
|
XX |
Passeriformes: Pittidae |
|
|
|
|
152 |
Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura
‡LC |
0.01 (20) @ |
0.01 (7) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Campephagidae |
|
|
|
|
153 |
Orange Minivet Pericrocotus
flammeus LC |
0.21 (44) & |
0.02 (7) @ |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
154 |
Large Cuckooshrike Coracina
macei LC |
0.04 (28) & |
0.01 (15) @ |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
155 |
Black-headed Cuckooshrike Lalage
melanoptera LC |
0.02 (20) @ |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.02 (28) & |
|
|
Passeriformes:Oriolidae |
|
|
|
|
156 |
Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus
kundoo ‡LC |
0.04 (24) & |
0.04 (22) & |
0.06 (44) & |
|
157 |
Black-naped Oriole Oriolus
chinensis †LC |
0.02 (20) @ |
0.01 (15) @ |
0.02 (28) & |
|
158 |
Black-hooded Oriole Oriolus
xanthornus LC |
0.27 (88) ● |
0.18 (74) ● |
0.12 (67) ● |
|
|
Passeriformes:Artamidae |
|
|
|
|
159 |
Ashy Woodswallow Artamus
fuscus LC |
0.12 (44) & |
0.23 (37) & |
0.17 (72) ● |
|
|
Passeriformes:Vangidae |
|
|
|
|
160 |
Malabar Woodshrike Tephrodornis
sylvicola LC |
0.02 (16) @ |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
161 |
Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis
pondicerianus LC |
* |
* |
|
|
|
Passeriformes:Aegithinidae |
|
|
|
|
162 |
Common Iora Aegithina tiphia
LC |
0.19 (68) ● |
0.09 (70) ● |
0.08 (67) ● |
|
|
Passeriformes: Dicruridae |
|
|
|
|
163 |
Black Drongo Dicrurus
macrocercus LC |
0.51 (96) ● |
0.50 (100) ● |
0.43 (94) ● |
|
164 |
Ashy Drongo Dicrurus
leucophaeus ‡LC |
0.02 (20) @ |
0.00 (0) |
>0.01 (6) @ |
|
165 |
Bronzed Drongo Dicrurus
aeneus LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
166 |
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus
paradiseus LC |
0.27 (64) ● |
0.08 (37) & |
0.10 (44) & |
|
|
Passeriformes: Monarchidae |
|
|
|
|
167 |
Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis
azurea LC |
0.04 (28) & |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
168 |
Indian Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone
paradisi ‡LC |
0.07 (48) & |
0.02 (19) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
|
Passeriformes: Laniidae |
|
|
|
|
169 |
Brown Shrike Lanius
cristatus †LC |
0.03 (20) @ |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.03 (22) & |
|
170 |
Bay-backed Shrike Lanius
vittatus LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
>0.01 (6) @ |
|
171 |
Long-tailed Shrike Lanius
schach LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.02 (30) & |
>0.01 (6) @ |
|
|
Passeriformes: Corvidae |
|
|
|
|
172 |
Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta
vagabunda LC |
0.30 (84) ● |
0.30 (85) ● |
0.14 (89) ● |
|
173 |
White-bellied Treepie Dendrocitta
leucogastra LC |
0.02 (12) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
174 |
House Crow Corvus splendens LC |
1.34 (100) ● |
2.77 (100) ● |
4.46 (100) ● |
|
175 |
Large-billed Crow Corvus
macrorhynchos LC |
0.57 (84) ● |
0.67 (85) ● |
0.57 (78) ● |
|
|
Passeriformes: Stenostiridae |
|
|
|
|
176 |
Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher Culicicapa
ceylonensis ‡LC |
* |
|
|
|
|
Passeriformes: Paridae |
|
|
|
|
177 |
Cinereous Tit Parus cinereus LC |
0.03 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Alaudidae |
|
|
|
|
178 |
Jerdon's Bushlark Mirafra
affinis LC |
0.07 (24) & |
0.01 (7) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
179 |
Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula LC |
* |
|
|
|
180 |
Malabar Lark Galerida
malabarica LC |
|
* |
* |
|
|
Passeriformes: Cisticolidae |
|
|
|
|
181 |
Common Tailorbird Orthotomus
sutorius LC |
0.39 (96) ● |
0.61 (100) ● |
0.31 (94) ● |
|
182 |
Jungle Prinia Prinia
sylvatica LC |
0.03 (16) @ |
0.00 (0) |
>0.01 (6) @ |
|
183 |
Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis LC |
0.01 (12) @ |
0.08 (48) & |
0.12 (67) ● |
|
184 |
Plain Prinia Prinia inornata LC |
0.07 (40) & |
0.21 (70) ● |
0.14 (72) ● |
|
185 |
Zitting Cisticola Cisticola
juncidis LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.02 (28) & |
|
|
Passeriformes: Acrocephalidae |
|
|
|
|
186 |
Thick-billed Warbler Arundinax
aedon †LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
187 |
Booted Warbler Iduna
caligata †LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
188 |
Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus
dumetorum †LC |
0.45 (96) ● |
0.48 (93) ● |
0.34 (89) ● |
|
189 |
Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus
stentoreus LC |
0.05 (32) & |
0.01 (11) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
|
Passeriformes: Hirundinidae |
|
|
|
|
190 |
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
‡LC |
0.44 (48) & |
0.51 (63) ● |
0.81 (67) ● |
|
191 |
Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo
smithii LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
0.11 (17) @ |
|
192 |
Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis
daurica LC |
0.30 (28) & |
0.48 (52) ● |
1.11 (72) ● |
|
193 |
Streak-throated Swallow Petrochelidon
fluvicola LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.02 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae |
|
|
|
|
194 |
Flame-throated Bulbul Rubigula
gularis LC |
0.14 (24) & |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
195 |
Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus
cafer LC |
1.00 (100) ● |
0.86 (96) ● |
0.57 (100) ● |
|
196 |
Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus
jocosus LC |
0.63 (88) ● |
0.62 (89) ● |
0.46 (89) ● |
|
197 |
White-browed Bulbul Pycnonotus
luteolus LC |
0.15 (52) ● |
0.03 (19) @ |
0.06 (28) & |
|
198 |
Yellow-browed Bulbul Acritillas
indica LC |
0.21 (64) ● |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
|
Passeriformes: Phylloscopidae |
|
|
|
|
199 |
Green Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus
nitidus †LC |
0.05 (44) & |
0.02 (15) @ |
0.02 (22) & |
|
200 |
Greenish Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus
trochiloides ‡LC |
0.42 (84) ● |
0.14 (67) ● |
0.10 (72) ● |
|
201 |
Large-billed Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus
magnirostris ‡LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Zosteropidae |
|
|
|
|
202 |
Indian White-eye Zosterops
palpebrosus LC |
0.17 (20) @ |
0.00 (0) |
>0.01 (6) @ |
|
|
Passeriformes: Timaliidae |
|
|
|
|
203 |
Tawny-bellied Babbler Dumetia
hyperythra LC |
0.04 (16) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
204 |
Dark-fronted Babbler Rhopocichla
atriceps LC |
0.03 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
205 |
Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus
horsfieldii LC |
0.04 (20) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Pellorneidae |
|
|
|
|
206 |
Puff-throated Babbler Pellorneum
ruficeps LC |
0.04 (16) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Leiothrichidae |
|
|
|
|
207 |
Jungle Babbler Argya striata LC |
0.61 (60) ● |
0.05 (11) @ |
0.03 (11) @ |
|
208 |
Yellow-billed Babbler Argya
affinis LC |
1.43 (100) ● |
1.40 (93) ● |
0.54 (72) ● |
|
209 |
Common Babbler Argya caudata LC |
0.02 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
210 |
Rufous Babbler Argya subrufa LC |
0.09 (16) @ |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
211 |
Wayanad Laughingthrush Pterorhinus
delesserti LC |
0.07 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Sittidae |
|
|
|
|
212 |
Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta
frontalis LC |
0.07 (24) & |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Sturnidae |
|
|
|
|
213 |
Common Hill Myna Gracula
religiosa LC |
0.33 (24) & |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
214 |
Rosy Starling Pastor roseus
†LC |
0.08 (12) @ |
0.02 (4) @ |
0.17 (17) @ |
|
215 |
Brahminy Starling Sturnia
pagodarum LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.04 (11) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
216 |
Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnia
malabarica LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.06 (11) @ |
|
217 |
Malabar Starling Sturnia
blythii NE |
0.04 (12) @ |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.02 (6) @ |
|
218 |
Common Myna Acridotheres
tristis LC |
1.12 (100) ● |
1.45 (100) ● |
1.14 (100) ● |
|
219 |
Jungle Myna Acridotheres
fuscus LC |
0.33 (64) ● |
0.04 (15) @ |
0.02 (6) @ |
|
|
Passeriformes: Turdidae |
|
|
|
|
220 |
Nilgiri Thrush Zoothera
neilgherriensis NE |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
221 |
Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla
citrina LC |
0.05 (28) & |
0.01 (19) @ |
0.02 (28) & |
|
|
Passeriformes: Muscicapidae |
|
|
|
|
222 |
Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa
dauurica LC |
0.01 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
223 |
Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa
muttui †LC |
0.10 (52) ● |
0.01 (11) @ |
0.02 (28) & |
|
224 |
Indian Robin Copsychus
fulicatus LC |
0.06 (28) & |
0.02 (11) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
225 |
Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus
saularis LC |
0.26 (84) ● |
0.19 (78) ● |
0.07 (61) ● |
|
226 |
White-rumped Shama Copsychus
malabaricus LC |
* |
|
|
|
227 |
White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis
pallidipes LC |
0.03 (16) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
228 |
Tickell's Blue Flycatcher Cyornis
tickelliae LC |
0.03 (24) & |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
229 |
Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias
albicaudatus LC |
* |
|
|
|
230 |
Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias
thalassinus ‡LC |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
231 |
Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus
horsfieldii LC |
0.18 (44) & |
0.01 (7) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
232 |
Black-and-orange Flycatcher Ficedula
nigrorufa LC |
* |
|
|
|
233 |
Rusty-tailed Flycatcher Ficedula
ruficauda †LC |
0.01 (12) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
234 |
Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula
albicilla †LC |
* |
|
|
|
235 |
Blue-capped Rock Thrush Monticola
cinclorhyncha ‡LC |
0.02 (8) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
236 |
Pied Bushchat Saxicola
caprata LC |
0.11 (48) & |
0.05 (30) & |
0.05 (33) & |
|
|
Passeriformes: Dicaeidae |
|
|
|
|
237 |
Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum
agile LC |
0.02 (12) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
238 |
Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum
erythrorhynchos LC |
0.35 (92) ● |
0.29 (85) ● |
0.17 (83) ● |
|
239 |
Nilgiri Flowerpecker Dicaeum
concolor LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Nectariniidae |
|
|
|
|
240 |
Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma
zeylonica LC |
0.93 (100) ● |
0.83 (100) ● |
0.44 (100) ● |
|
241 |
Crimson-backed Sunbird Leptocoma
minima LC |
0.08 (32) & |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
242 |
Purple Sunbird Cinnyris
asiaticus) LC |
0.23 (84) ● |
0.22 (74) ● |
0.17 (72) ● |
|
243 |
Loten's Sunbird Cinnyris
lotenius LC |
0.18 (76) ● |
0.06 (41) & |
0.05 (39) & |
|
244 |
Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera
longirostra LC |
0.05 (20) & |
>0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Irenidae |
|
|
|
|
245 |
Asian Fairy-bluebird Irena
puella LC |
0.05 (16) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Chloropseidae |
|
|
|
|
246 |
Jerdon's Leafbird Chloropsis
jerdoni LC |
0.13 (56) ● |
0.05 (37) & |
0.04 (39) & |
|
247 |
Golden-fronted Leafbird Chloropsis
aurifrons LC |
0.04 (20) @ |
0.02 (19) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
|
Passeriformes: Ploceidae |
|
|
|
|
248 |
Streaked Weaver Ploceus
manyar LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
249 |
Baya Weaver Ploceus
philippinus LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.23 (7) @ |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Estrildidae |
|
|
|
|
250 |
Red Munia Amandava amandava LC |
|
|
* |
|
251 |
Indian Silverbill Euodice
malabarica LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
252 |
White-rumped Munia Lonchura
striata LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.01 (11) @ |
|
253 |
Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura
punctulata LC |
0.06 (8) @ |
0.08 (19) @ |
0.27 (33) & |
|
254 |
Tricoloured Munia Lonchura
malacca LC |
0.15 (24) & |
0.24 (30) & |
0.34 (39) & |
|
|
Passeriformes: Passeridae |
|
|
|
|
255 |
House Sparrow Passer
domesticus LC |
0.00 (0) |
0.04 (19) @ |
0.01 (6) @ |
|
256 |
Yellow-throated Sparrow Gymnoris
xanthocollis LC |
0.01 (4) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
|
Passeriformes: Motacillidae |
|
|
|
|
257 |
Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus
indicus †LC |
0.02 (16) @ |
0.00 (0) |
0.00 (0) |
|
258 |
Grey Wagtail Motacilla
cinerea ‡LC |
0.10 (52) ● |
0.04 (33) & |
0.01 (17) @ |
|
259 |
Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla
flava †LC |
0.04 (24) & |
0.01 (7) @ |
0.01 (22) & |
|
260 |
White-browed Wagtail Motacilla
maderaspatensis LC |
0.16 (56) ● |
0.33 (78) ● |
0.29 (83) ● |
|
261 |
Paddyfield Pipit Anthus
rufulus LC |
0.05 (36) & |
0.02 (15) @ |
0.01 (28) & |
|
|
Passeriformes: Fringillidae |
|
|
|
|
262 |
Common Rosefinch Carpodacus
erythrinus ‡LC |
|
|
* |
Migratory status: †—long distance
migrant | ‡—local migrant | IUCN Status: LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened
| VU—Vulnerable | EN—Endangered | NE—Not Evaluated. *—Opportunistic sightings.
Rarity: ●—Common | &—Less common | @—Rare.
Table 2. Ecological zone-wise sampling effort
for avifauna diversity survey in Bharathapuzha River Basin.
|
Ecological zone |
Grids (n) |
Point counts (n) |
Total effort (Hours) |
Species observed (n) |
Individuals encountered (n) |
|
Upper reaches |
25 |
300 |
75 |
209 |
11,280 |
|
Middle reaches |
27 |
324 |
81 |
145 |
10,602 |
|
Lower reaches |
18 |
216 |
54 |
155 |
14,929 |
|
Overall |
70 |
840 |
210 |
235 |
36,811 |
Table 3. Diversity indices calculated for
various ecological zones.
|
|
Upper reaches |
Middle reaches |
Lower reaches |
|
Dominance (D) |
0.021 |
0.038 |
0.035 |
|
Simpson (1-D) |
0.98 |
0.96 |
0.96 |
|
Shannon (H’) |
4.35 |
3.82 |
3.88 |
|
Chao-1 |
220.70 |
158.20 |
158.50 |
|
Observed species richness |
209 |
145 |
155 |
Table 4. Common and rare birds reported in
each ecological zone.
|
Migratory status |
Upper reaches |
Middle reaches |
Lower reaches |
||||||
|
|
Common |
Less common |
Rare |
Common |
Less common |
Rare |
Common |
Less common |
Rare |
|
Resident |
45 |
39 |
91 |
43 |
18 |
58 |
48 |
25 |
48 |
|
Local migrant |
2 |
5 |
10 |
2 |
3 |
6 |
2 |
5 |
7 |
|
Long distance migrant |
4 |
1 |
8 |
1 |
3 |
9 |
5 |
7 |
10 |
Table 5. Estimated RAD of bird species from
distinct ecozones based on stream order in Bharathapuzha River Basin.
|
|
|
Null |
Log-normal |
Pre-emption |
ZIpf |
Zipf-Mandlebrot |
|
Upper reaches |
Deviance |
3698.84 |
622.88 |
1028.77 |
2780.50 |
401.60* |
|
AIC |
4660.40 |
1588.44 |
1992.32 |
3746.05 |
1369.15 |
|
|
ΔAIC |
3291.25 |
219.29 |
623.17 |
2376.9 |
0 |
|
|
Middle reaches |
Deviance |
5204.45 |
615.83* |
1280.85 |
2491.06 |
1280.85 |
|
AIC |
5876.61 |
1291.99 |
1955.01 |
3167.22 |
1959.01 |
|
|
ΔAIC |
4584.62 |
0 |
663.02 |
1875.23 |
667.02 |
|
|
Lower reaches |
Deviance |
7401.81 |
742.92 |
1571.21 |
3466.99 |
465.40* |
|
AIC |
8163.55 |
1508.65 |
2334.94 |
4232.73 |
1233.14 |
|
|
ΔAIC |
6930.41 |
275.51 |
1101.80 |
2999.59 |
0 |
AIC—Akaike information criterion
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