Journal
of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2023 | 15(8):
23778–23785
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN
0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8540.15.8.23778-23785
#8540 | Received 20 May 2023 | Final received 15 July 2023 | Finally
accepted 26 July 2023
Odonata diversity in the Egra and
its adjoining blocks of Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India
Tarak Samanta 1, Asim
Giri 2, Lina Chatterjee 3 & Arjan Basu Roy 4
1,3,4 Nature Mates-Nature Club, 6/7
Bijoygarh, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.
2 Padmaja Naidu Himalayan
Zoological Park, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734101, India.
1 taraksamanta995@gmail.com, 2
giriasim2013@gmail.com, 3 lina.linachatterjee@gmail.com,
4 pakhibitan2019@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Editor: Ashish D. Tiple, Dr. R.G. Bhoyar Arts,
Commerce and Science College, Wardha, India. Date
of publication: 26 August 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Samanta,
T., A. Giri, L. Chatterjee & A.B. Roy (2023). Odonata diversity in the
Egra and its adjoining blocks of Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(8): 23778–23785. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8540.15.8.23778-23785
Copyright: ©
Samanta et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Nature Mates-Nature
Club
Competing interests: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Author details: Tarak Samanta
has completed his postgraduate degree in Environmental Science from the
University of Calcutta. Now he is a field biologist at the Nature Mates-Nature
Club (NGO), Kolkata. His study is based on biodiversity monitoring and
conservation, EIA & other biodiversity-related surveys, and research. Asim Giri has master’s degree in zoology
and currently is a field assistant at the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological
Park, Darjeeling. His current research work is on augmentation and conservation
of endangered Red Panda in Singalila NP, West Bengal. He also works with birds,
butterflies, odonates. Lina Chatterjee
is a research affiliate of Nature Mates-Nature Club, who skilfully represents
scientific knowledge on wildlife and conservation through her literary works
for over a decade in a comprehensible way. She has published numerous journals
and books. She also uses art and creativity to spark students’ interest in
nature. Arjan Basu Roy holds the
position of secretary of Nature Mates-Nature Club in India. The primary area of
his research centres around the preservation of wildlife in West Bengal, as
well as on a nationwide scale throughout India. He is intrigued by inclusive
development, habitat creation and restoration in urban areas, and bottom-up
conservation strategies. He has authored numerous books and academic articles.
Author contributions:
TS—data collection, research designing, data
analysis and manuscript writing. AG—field work, data collection, photographic
documentation & manuscript writing. LC—project planning, overall
supervision. ABR—project planning, manuscript writing, interpretation &
overall supervision.
Acknowledgements: We are extremely appreciative of the financial
assistance from Nature Mates-Nature Club. We would like to extend our
appreciation to Prasenjit Dawn, Swarochi Tathagath, Amila P Sumanapala, and
Arajush Payra for their invaluable contributions in species identification. We
express our gratitude to all the members of the Nature-Mates Nature Club for
their consistent support and assistance. We also express our gratitude to the
editor and to all of the reviewers for their valuable input.
Abstract: The research was carried out
over a three-year period, spanning from March 2020 to March 2023, with the aim
of examining the status and diversity of Odonata fauna across a range of
natural and anthropogenic habitats situated in Egra, Purba Medinipur District,
located in the state of West Bengal. In total, 42 odonata species from 31
genera and seven families were identified throughout the study period from the
study region. There were 28 (67%) species in the suborder Anisoptera, belonging
to four distinct families. On the other hand, 14 (33%) species in the Suborder
Zygoptera, divided into three different families. The four families of suborder
Anisoptera were Aeshnidae (10%), Gomphidae (2%), Libellulidae (53%), and
Macromiidae (2%). In the suborder Zygoptera, three families were identified,
namely Coenagrionidae (24%), Lestidae (2%), and Platycnemididae (7%). %).
According to the relative estimate of abundance, 38% of the species were
classified as not rare (NR), 31% very
common (VC), 14% common (C), 14% rare
(R), and 3% as very rare (R). In addition, the IUCN red data list indicates
that 41 species have been classified as Least Concern (LC), while a solitary
species has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD). The identification of
Odonata is a critical factor in determining the ecological well-being of an
ecosystem.
Keywords: Anisoptera, checklist,
damselflies, dragonflies, habitat, taxonomy, Zygoptera.
INTRODUCTION
Odonates (dragonflies and
damselflies) are frequently used as global indicators of wetland health
(Chovanec & Waringer 2001). They first made their appearance during the
Carboniferous era, about 250 million years ago (Nair 2011). Odonata, a common
group of insects found in freshwater habitats, have a life cycle that includes
an extended larval stage in aquatic environments followed by a comparatively
brief adult stage on land (Tiple et al. 2012). According to Clausnitzer et al.
(2009), the larvae exhibit sensitivity towards the quality of water and the
morphology of aquatic habitats, including the structure of bottom substrate and
aquatic vegetation. Odonata was found to be effective biological control agents
for agricultural pests, blood-sucking flies, and vector-borne diseases such as
mosquitoes. Furthermore, they are useful indicators of environmental changes
and the overall health of ecosystems (Nair 2011; Tiple & Koparde 2015;
Mangaoang & Mohagan 2016). The worldwide population of odonates comprises
6,356 species across 693 genera. Throughout the Indian Subcontinent
(Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka), a total of 588
species of odonates were recorded (Kalkman et al. 2020); similarly, 498 species
consisting 154 genera and 18 families were recorded from India (Subramanian
& Babu 2020). To date, Dawn (2021) has reported the existence of 239
species from 114 genera and 17 families in West Bengal. The current state of
knowledge regarding the Odonata of southern West Bengal has been documented by
various researchers, including Selys (1891), Fraser (1933, 1934, 1936), Ram et
al. (1982), Srivastava & Das (1987), Prasad & Ghosh (1988), Mitra
(1983, 2002), Srivastava & Sinha (1993), Gupta et al. (1995), Ghosh (2022),
and Samanta et al. (2022). Studies on the diversity of Odonata in Purba
Medinipur district have been conducted by various researchers including Prasad
& Ghosh (1988), Jana et al. (2014)
and Pahari et al. (2019). The extant literature on the diversity of
odonata in Purba Medinipur district is limited. Prasad & Ghosh (1988)
conducted the initial study in the estuarine regions of East India,
specifically in West Bengal and Orissa. The survey locations included Balisai,
Contai, Digha, Fatehpur (Nandakumar), Junput, Mahishadal, Nimalakhya, Nandakumar,
and New Digha within the district. The survey documented a total of 22 species
of odonates, classified into 19 genera and six families. Later Jana et al.
(2014), reported 13 species of odonates belonging 12 genera and three families
from eight contrasting coastal areas of the district. The extent of research
conducted on the diversity of Odonata in Egra, located in Purba Medinipur, is
currently limited. The current study was carried out within this geographical
region with the goal of cataloguing the variety and proportional prevalence of
odonates. The resulting inventory will be used to educate local people about
the ecological importance of these organisms in this area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The Egra subdivision encompasses
the Egra municipality and five community development blocks, namely Bhagawanpur
I, Egra I, Egra II, Pataspur I, and Pataspur II. But the focus was Egra
municipality and Egra I and Egra II blocks. The aggregate land area of the
three locations is 431.5 km2, as depicted in Figure 1. These
locations are located in the southern and south-western regions of West
Bengal’s Purba Medinipur District. Egra is located at 21.9°N, 87.53°E. The
study areas primarily consist of extensive agricultural fields with limited clusters
of trees and shrubs, as well as a few small forested regions, private gardens,
village woodlands, and bamboo thickets, in addition to roadsides, ponds, and
water channels (Samanta et al. 2022). The summer season (March–June) in this
area experiences a temperature range of 30⁰C–38⁰C, while the winter season
(November–February) has a temperature range of 15⁰C–25⁰C. The average annual
rainfall in this district is around 1,700 mm (Payra et al. 2017).
Data Collection
The investigation was conducted
over a period spanning from March 2020 to March 2023. The study employed the
direct search technique as well as opportunistic sighting methods to gather
data on the diversity and abundance of Odonata, as outlined by Sutherland
(1996). The study involved biweekly site visits to various habitats (including
ponds, canals, agricultural fields, gardens, and shaded areas within forest
patches) to observe odonates. The photographs were taken using Nikon Coolpix
P600, Nikon Coolpix B700 (Resolution: 20MP, Zoom: 60x) and a smartphone camera.
Here, we have followed the systematic arrangement of the odonates proposed by
Kalkman et al. (2020). The species were identified with the help of few guide
books (Andrew et al. 2008; Nair 2011; Dawn & Roy 2016) and the unidentified
species were identified with the help of expert guidance and the Citizen
Science forum (iNaturalist, Odonata of India). Tiple et al. (2013) classified
the odonates into five distinct groups based on their observed frequency in the
area. These groups were denoted by the following abbreviations: VC—Very Common
(> 100 sightings), C—Common (50-100 sightings), NR—Not
Rare (15-50 sightings), R—Rare (2-15 sightings), VR—Very Rare (< 2
sightings).
RESULTS
The study area yielded a total of
42 species of Odonata, which were classified into 31 genera and seven families,
as represented in Table 1. The data reveals that out of the total number of
species observed, 67% (28 species) belonged to the sub-order Anisoptera,
commonly known as dragonflies, while the remaining 33% (14 species) were
classified under the sub-order Zygoptera, commonly known as damselflies (Figure
3). The sub-order Anisoptera encompassed four families, namely Aeshnidae (10%),
Gomphidae (2%), Libellulidae (53%), and Macromiidae (2%). Meanwhile, the
sub-order Zygoptera, encompassed three families, namely Coenagrionidae (24%),
Lestidae (2%), and Platycnemididae (7%).
The study area revealed that the Libellulidae family, which belongs to
the sub-order Anisoptera, constituted the highest percentage (53%) of the
species present. Following closely behind, the Coenagrionidae family of the
sub-order Zygoptera accounted for 24% of the species present, as depicted in
Figure 2.
According to our documentation
(Figure 4, Image 1–42), among the 42 observed species, 38% were categorized
under Not Rare (NR), 31% Very Common
(VC), 14% Common (C), 14% Rare (R), and
3% as Very Rare (R) (Tiple et al. 2013). As per the IUCN Red List, a total of
41 species have been classified as Least Concern (LC), while only a solitary
species has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD).
DISCUSSION
The present investigation
documented a total of 42 species in the Egra region, including 28 species of
dragonflies and 14 species of damselflies, encompassing the two contiguous
blocks of Purba Medinipur District (Image 43–46). By simply comparing the
species count of previously studied checklist data on odonates from the
different parts of Purba Medinipur by Prasad & Ghosh (1988), Jana et al.
(2014), and Pahari et al. (2019), Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae family
diversity was found higher among other families from all the study areas of
Purba Medinipur district till date, which also stated in previous studies. Our
study also shows that Libellulidae family was dominant and encompasses 22
species, like Brachythemis contaminata Fabricius, 1793, Crocothemis
servilia Drury, 1770, Diplacodes trivialis Rambur, 1842, Orthetrum
sabina Drury, 1773, Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798, Rhyothemis
variegata Linnaeus, 1763, and Tholymis tillarga Fabricius, 1798.
These species are commonly found in various habitats. According to our data,
certain species within the family were found to be scarce in the study area,
including Macrodiplax cora Brauer, 1867 and Tramea basilaris
Palisot de Beauvois, 1805. Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck, 1960 and Anaciaeschna
jaspidea Burmeister, 1839 belonging to the Aeshnidae family exhibit
crepuscular behaviour and demonstrate active flight during the period of dusk.
They tend to seek refuge in areas with abundant vegetation during daylight
hours. Few dragonflies, like Anax guttatus Burmeister, 1839, Anaciaeschna
jaspidea Burmeister, 1839, Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck, 1960,
and Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842 are relatively larger in size. They
are commonly observed in flight above waterbodies or perched on branches in the
vicinity of such water sources. The Epophthalmia vittata Burmeister,
1839, of the Macromiidae family was only seen twice flying fast over the pond
throughout the study period although it is generally considered to be abundant
and common. The Coenagrionidae family exhibited the highest recorded species
count among the damselflies. The observed species were categorized here as
either ‘very common’ ‘not rare’ or ‘rare’ were present in various waterbodies,
agricultural fields, and grasslands within the designated study areas. Lestes
viridulus Rambur, 1842, a member of the Lestidae family, was observed only
once during the study and was was categorized a very rare species within the
family. The Platycnemididae family’s species are predominantly observed in
ponds with dense weed growth and surrounded by shaded vegetation and forests.
According to our research
findings, the region has a thriving ecosystem characterised by a diverse range
of Odonata species totalling 42 in number. However, excessive pesticide and
herbicide use, the disappearance of small ponds and waterbodies, and the
eradication of aquatic vegetation may have an impact on their population.
Furthermore, people must recognize the importance of these aesthetically
pleasing flying organisms in our ecological system.
Table 1. Checklist of Odonates
recorded from the study area.
|
|
Scientific name |
Authority |
Status |
IUCN status |
|
|
Order: Odonata |
Fabricius, 1793 |
|
|
|
|
Suborder: Zygoptera |
(Selys, 1854) |
|
|
|
|
Superfamily:
Lestoidea |
Calvert, 1901 |
|
|
|
|
Family- Lestidae |
(Calvert, 1901) |
|
|
|
|
Lestes |
Leach, 1815 |
|
|
|
1 |
Lestes viridulus |
Rambur, 1842 |
VR |
LC |
|
|
Superfamily:
Coenagrionidea |
Kirby, 1890 |
|
|
|
|
Family-
Platycnemididae |
(Yakobson &
Bainchi, 1905) |
|
|
|
|
Pseudocopera |
Fraser, 1922 |
|
|
|
2 |
Pseudocopera
ciliata |
(Selys, 1863) |
C |
LC |
|
|
Copera |
Kirby, 1890 |
|
|
|
3 |
Copera marginipes |
(Rambur, 1842) |
C |
LC |
|
|
Onychargia |
Selys, 1865 |
|
|
|
4 |
Onychargia
atrocyana |
(Selys, 1865) |
NR |
LC |
|
|
Family-
Coenagrionidae |
(Kirby, 1890) |
|
|
|
|
Agriocnemis |
Selys, 1877 |
|
|
|
5 |
Agriocnemis kalinga
|
(Nair &
Subramanian 2014) |
R |
LC |
|
6 |
Agriocnemis
lacteola |
Selys, 1877 |
NR |
LC |
|
7 |
Agriocnemis pygmaea |
(Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Ceriagrion |
Selys, 1876 |
|
|
|
8 |
Ceriagrion
cerinorubellum |
(Brauer, 1865) |
VC |
LC |
|
9 |
Ceriagrion
coromandelianum |
(Fabricius, 1798) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Ischnura |
Charpentier, 1840 |
|
|
|
10 |
Ischnura rubilio |
(Selys, 1876) |
NR |
LC |
|
11 |
Ischnura
senegalensis |
(Rambur, 1842) |
NR |
LC |
|
|
Mortonagrion |
Fraser, 1920 |
|
|
|
12 |
Mortonagrion
aborense |
(Laidlaw, 1914) |
NR |
LC |
|
|
Pseudagrion |
Selys, 1876 |
|
|
|
13 |
Pseudagrion
microcephalum |
(Rambur, 1842) |
NR |
LC |
|
14 |
Pseudagrion
rubriceps |
(Selys, 1876) |
NR |
LC |
|
|
Suborder:
Anisoptera |
(Selys, 1854) |
|
|
|
|
Superfamily:
Aeshnoidea |
Leach, 1815 |
|
|
|
|
Family- Aeshnidae |
(Leach, 1815) |
|
|
|
|
Anaciaeschna |
Selys, 1878 |
|
|
|
15 |
Anaciaeschna
jaspidea |
(Burmeister, 1839) |
R |
LC |
|
|
Anax |
Leach, 1815 |
|
|
|
16 |
Anax guttatus |
(Burmeister, 1839) |
NR |
LC |
|
17 |
Anax indicus |
Lieftinck, 1942 |
R |
LC |
|
|
Gynacantha |
Rambur, 1842 |
|
|
|
18 |
Gynacantha dravida |
Lieftinck, 1960 |
NR |
DD |
|
|
Superfamily:
Gomphoidea |
Rambur, 1842 |
|
|
|
|
Family- Gomphidae |
(Rambur, 1842 ) |
|
|
|
|
Ictinogomphus |
Cowley, 1934 |
|
|
|
19 |
Ictinogomphus rapax |
(Rambur, 1842) |
C |
LC |
|
|
Superfamily:
Libelluloidea |
Leach, 1815 |
|
|
|
|
Family-Macromiidae |
(Needham, 1903) |
|
|
|
|
Epophthalmia |
Burmeister, 1839 |
|
|
|
20 |
Epophthalmia
vittata |
Burmeister, 1839 |
R |
LC |
|
|
Family-
Libellulidae |
(Leach, 1815 ) |
|
|
|
|
Acisoma |
Rambur, 1842 |
|
|
|
21 |
Acisoma panorpoides
|
(Rambur, 1842) |
NR |
LC |
|
|
Aethriamanta |
Kirby, 1889 |
|
|
|
22 |
Aethriamanta
brevipennis |
(Rambur, 1842) |
NR |
LC |
|
|
Brachydiplax |
Brauer, 1868 |
|
|
|
23 |
Brachydiplax
chalybea |
(Brauer, 1868) |
NR |
LC |
|
24 |
Brachydiplax
farinosa |
(Krüger, 1902) |
VC |
LC |
|
25 |
Brachydiplax
sobrina |
(Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Brachythemis |
Brauer, 1868 |
|
|
|
26 |
Brachythemis
contaminata |
(Fabricius,1793) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Crocothemis |
Brauer, 1868 |
|
|
|
27 |
Crocothemis
servilia |
(Drury, 1770) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Diplacodes |
Kirby, 1889 |
|
|
|
28 |
Diplacodes
trivialis |
(Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Neurothemis |
Brauer, 1867 |
|
|
|
29 |
Neurothemis fulvia |
(Drury, 1773) |
NR |
LC |
|
30 |
Neurothemis tullia |
(Drury, 1773) |
C |
LC |
|
|
Orthetrum |
Newman, 1833 |
|
|
|
31 |
Orthetrum pruinosum |
(Burmeister, 1839) |
R |
LC |
|
32 |
Orthetrum sabina |
(Drury, 1773) |
|
LC |
|
|
Pantala |
Hagen, 1861 |
VC |
|
|
33 |
Pantala flavescens |
(Fabricius, 1798) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Potamarcha |
Karsch, 1890 |
|
|
|
34 |
Potamarcha congener
|
(Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Rhodothemis |
Ris, 1909 |
|
|
|
35 |
Rhodothemis rufa |
(Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Rhyothemis |
Hagen, 1867 |
|
|
|
36 |
Rhyothemis
variegata |
(Linnaeus, 1763) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Tholymis |
Hagen, 1867 |
|
|
|
37 |
Tholymis tillarga |
(Fabricius, 1798) |
C |
LC |
|
|
Tramea |
Hagen, 1861 |
|
|
|
38 |
Tramea basilaris |
(Palisot de
Beauvois, 1805) |
R |
LC |
|
39 |
Tramea limbata |
(Desjardins, 1832) |
NR |
LC |
|
|
Trithemis |
Brauer, 1868 |
|
|
|
40 |
Trithemis
pallidinervis |
(Kirby, 1889) |
NR |
LC |
|
|
Urothemis |
Brauer, 1868 |
|
|
|
41 |
Urothemis signata |
(Rambur, 1842) |
C |
LC |
|
|
Zyxomma |
Rambur, 1842 |
|
|
|
42 |
Zyxomma petiolatum |
Rambur, 1842 |
NR |
LC |
For figures & images - - click here for full PDF
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