Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2023 | 15(12): 24368–24395
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8516.15.12.24368-24395
#8516 | Received 08 May 2023 | Final received 11 November 2023 | Finally
accepted 08 December 2023
An updated checklist of non-marine molluscs of the
western Himalaya
Hilal Ahmed 1, Imtiaz
Ahmed 2 & Neelavar Ananthram Aravind 3
1,2 Fish Nutrition
Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal,
Srinagar,
Jammu &
Kashmir 190006, India.
3 SM Sehgal
Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research
in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560064, India.
1 hilalahmed1991@gmail.com, 2 imtiazamu1@yahoo.com
(corresponding author), 3 aravind@atree.org
Editor: Prem Budha, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu,
Nepal. Date of publication: 26 December
2023 (online & print)
Citation: Ahmed, H., I. Ahmed & N.A. Aravind (2023). An updated
checklist of non-marine molluscs of the western Himalaya. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(12): 24368–24395. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8516.15.12.24368-24395
Copyright: © Ahmed et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: The work was supported by Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), Government of India, New Delhi with the reference to file
number 09/251(0137)/2019-EMR-I for awarding fellowship to Hilal Ahmed,
a Senior Research Fellow, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Mr. Hilal Ahmed, a senior research fellow at the Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir has been engaged in fisheries and molluscan
studies since 2019. Dr. Imtiaz Ahmed, an associate professor at the Department of Zoology, University of
Kashmir focuses his teaching and research efforts on fish diversity, nutrition, physiology and molluscan biodiversity since 2006. Dr. Neelavar Ananthram Aravind, an associate professor at ATREE, Bengaluru brings 25 years of
expertise in land and freshwater molluscs in India, focusing on ecology,
systematics, biogeography, and conservation. His research employs
molecular, spatial and citizen science tools to address pertinent questions in
molluscan studies.
Author contributions: HA led the entire field sampling, data collection and preparation of
the manuscript. IA and NAA gave study conceptualization, design,
manuscript review, editing and supervision. Their significant contributions
were crucial for the improvement of the overall quality of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors express gratitude to the Head,
Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir for providing required laboratory
facilities. Special appreciation to the Freshwater Ecology and Conservation
Lab, ATREE Bangaluru for offering access to various equipments for enhancing
our practical work. The authors would also like to extend their sincere
appreciation to CSIR, New Delhi for providing financial support to Hilal Ahmed,
senior research fellow, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir in
advancing the research goals.
Abstract: This paper presents the first comprehensive
checklist of the non-marine molluscs from the western Himalaya, a region of
high biodiversity and endemism. Based on faunistic surveys during 2019-2023 and
published records, the paper reports 242 species belonging to 101 genera and 45
families of gastropods and bivalves, of which 168 species are endemic to the
region. The paper also provides new distribution records and taxonomic notes
for some species. Among the notable findings are the first records of Limax
mayae, Oxyloma sp., Odhneripisidium kuiperi, Thiara aspera from
India, and Bensonies jamuensis, Euaustenia cassida, Stagnicola sp. from
the western Himalaya. The paper presents
some species with substitutional illustrations and literature from the region
for the past two centuries. Additionally, the paper also discusses the threats
that non-marine molluscs face in the western Himalaya and suggests some
conservation measures to protect them. The authors hope this paper will serve
as a baseline for future studies on the diversity, distribution, ecology, and
conservation of non-marine molluscs in the western Himalaya.
Keywords: Biodiversity, conservation,
endemic, gastropods, India, Limax mayae, malacofauna, non-marine,
Pir Panjal range.
INTRODUCTION
Molluscs are the second largest
phylum after arthropods in terms of the number of species described. To date,
close to 100,000 species have been reported in marine, freshwater, and
terrestrial ecosystems (Molluscabase 2023). Molluscs are widely distributed in
a variety of habitats and have diverse ecological roles and functions (Strong
et al. 2008). They are also indicators of environmental quality and health (von
Rintelen & Hauser 2017). However, the identification and systematic
positioning of many non-marine molluscs is challenging due to their
morphological similarity and high variability. Despite this, a regional
checklist is a significant first step towards understanding the region’s rich
biodiversity. The present study aimed to compile a list of non-marine molluscs
in the western Himalayan region. For this study, we have covered the west of the Kali Gandaki River of Nepal, the
northwestern Indian Himalaya, and northern Pakistan. We considered the northern
limit of western Himalaya from south of the Hindukush-Kunlun Mountain ranges
and Kali Gandaki River as the southernmost limit. Thus, the western Himalaya
includes the region south of Hindukush, Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar Range, Pir
Panjal Range, Dhauladhar Range, western parts of Great Himalaya, and Shivalik
Ranges (Ramakrishna & Mitra 2002) (Figure 1).
In the western Himalaya,
variations in altitude and climatic conditions create diverse habitats that
include alluvial grasslands, subtropical forests, conifer mountain forests and
alpine meadows. This biodiversity hotspot contains a rich and diverse
assemblage of non-marine molluscs. The region has a long history of human exploration,
scientific research, and conservation in four major biomes: alpine, temperate,
subtropical, and arid. The alpine biome covers the highest elevations, where vegetation
is sparse and adapted to cold and dry conditions. The temperate biome covers
the middle elevations, where coniferous, and broadleaf forests dominate. The
subtropical biome covers the lower elevations, where moist and evergreen
forests thrive. The arid biome covers the northwestern parts of the region,
where desert and shrub-steppe vegetation prevail. The region hosts many endemic
and threatened species of animals.
The study conducted a
comprehensive review of existing literature spanning the past two centuries,
critically analysing each species with original descriptions from the region
(see Table 2) and meticulously recording details such as type localities and
distribution. In addition to previously published records, the research compiled a list of
non-marine molluscs collected from Pir Panjal Range in Jammu & Kashmir,
India, between 2019 and 2023. To maintain systematic consistency, the work followed the classification
system established by Bouchet et al. (2017) for gastropods and Bouchet et al. (2010)
for bivalves, ensuring that species were accurately placed within their
respective genera and families whenever possible.
The history of molluscan studies:
The history
of malacological research in the western Himalaya is quite rich and fascinating
but also fragmented and incomplete. The early explorers and collectors of
non-marine molluscs faced many challenges and hardships in their expeditions to
the remote and rugged terrain of the region. Despite these challenges, they
contributed immensely to the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of
molluscs, which are often overlooked and neglected in conservation efforts. The
rich diversity of non-marine molluscs of the western Himalaya was explored
mostly by pioneering 19th Century European malacologists. As per
available literature, the first species of terrestrial mollusc from the western
Himalaya was Macrochlamys vesicula (Benson, 1838) and Clausilia
elegans Hutton, 1837, collected by Captain Thomas Hutton to the Burenda
pass (Burzil pass) in 1836 (Hutton 1837; Hutton & Benson 1838). The first
comprehensive inventory of non-marine molluscs from the region was made by
Thomas Thomson (Woodward 1856), and later, an exhaustive collection reported by
Ferdinand Stoliczka (Nevill 1878b) during his several Yarkand expeditions.
Apart from these major expeditions, there are several scattered literatures
available from the region on the molluscs (Benson 1837; Hutton & Benson
1838; Theobald 1862, 1878, 1881; Nevill 1878a; Hora 1928; Hora et al. 1955;
Rajagopal & Rao 1968, 1972; Agarwal 1976; Kaul et al. 1980; Dutta &
Malhotra 1986; Sajan et al. 2019, 2020, 2021). Some of the works are part of
large compilations of literature from adjoining regions as well (Benson 1857;
Benson 1863; Nevill 1878b; Godwin-Austen 1899; Rao 1989; Dey & Mitra 2000;
Tripathy & Mukhopadhayay 2015; Tripathy et al. 2018). Recent work on the
survey of malacofauna diversity from the region is at a much smaller scale and
very site-specific (Sharma et al. 2009, 2015; Mir & Bakhtiyar 2022; Uttam et al.
2022) and records of molluscs are mainly concerned on ecological studies
especially of freshwater molluscs. Several systematic checklists were compiled
and published by Ramakrishna & Mitra
(2002), Mitra et al. (2004), Ramakrishna et al. (2010), and Tripathy et al.
(2018) for malacofauna of the whole of India with passing reference to the
western Himalaya. No major publications on terrestrial snails appeared in the
past century until 13 species reported from the Kashmir valley by Rajagopal & Rao (1972) and thereafter Biswas
et al. (2015) appeared on non-marine molluscs after a gap of about 40 years.
Recently, Sajan et al. (2021) redescribed Carychium indicum from the
hills surrounding the Great Himalayan National Park in the Kullu District of
Himachal Pradesh, India. Even though the study of the western Himalaya
terrestrial gastropods is still in its infancy, there is a need for at least a
provisional checklist as a starting point for further study.
The main objective of this study
is to compile an updated list of malacofauna of the western Himalayan region.
Such documentation and compilation are important for the assessment of the
ecological status of the region as it is undergoing unprecedented changes due
to unplanned development in infrastructure, extensive exploitation of natural
resources, increased population and climate change (Saad et al. 2019).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The western Himalaya, a region
with a rich biodiversity, complex topography and climate, is the focus of this
study. It spans India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. This study reviewed
the literature on the diversity and distribution of non-marine molluscs in this
region for the last two centuries recording the distribution, habits, and
habitats of each mollusc species from the literature. The study also conducted
monthly field surveys in the Poonch and the Rajouri districts of the Pir Panjal
range of western Himalaya from March 2019 to February 2023. The surveys
collected molluscs from various aquatic and terrestrial habitats using
different methods such as hand-picking, sieving, netting and trapping. The
specimens were preserved in ethanol and stored at the Freshwater Ecology and
Conservation Laboratory, ATREE Bengaluru. The specimens were identified based
on their morphological charactes using the most recent literature and online
databases such as MolluscaBase and WoRMS. This study aimed to collect and
present distribution data of different species in the region, especially for
hard-to-distinguish species, to facilitate accurate identification of species
from a specific area and to compare current and past diversity for conservation
purposes.
RESULTS
This compilation from primary
field surveys and the published literature reports 242 species of non-marine
molluscs from western Himalaya belonging to 101 genera and 45 families (Figure
2). Of these, 81 species are freshwater molluscs and 161 are terrestrial
molluscs. Among non-marine molluscs, 217 species are gastropods and 25 are
bivalves. The four families, namely, Ariophantidae, Enidae, Planorbidae, and
Lymnaeidae, contribute
45 percent of all the species reported from the western Himalayan region (Table
1). The endemism
in molluscan fauna in the western Himalayan region is around 70 percent. The
complete list of species with distribution in the western Himalaya is given
below. The introduced species forms a small proportion of the total molluscan
fauna in the western Himalaya, e.g., Deroceras laeve, Euconulus
fulvus, Lissachatina fulica, and Physella acuta (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
The estimated number of
non-marine molluscs in southern Asia is around 1,705 species, of which around
1,500 terrestrial species in 140 genera and 210 freshwater species in 53
genera, including 150 species of gastropods and 67 species of bivalves (Chandra
et al. 2017). Our compilation lists a total of 45 families, 101 genera, and 242
native species, belonging to 81 freshwater and 161 land molluscs species. The
western Himalaya, part of the Palaearctic realm, the largest biogeographic
realm of the Earth, is home to rich temperate coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed
forests. This region has molluscan fauna of both Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan,
making the fauna very interesting in terms of biogeography. The malacofauna
from the region present unique species like Helisoma sp., Biomphalaria
sp. from Jammu (Uttam et al. 2022), Segmentina sp., Pseudosuccinea
columella from Kashmir (Mir & Bakhtiyar
2022) Limax mayae, Oxyloma sp., Thiara aspera, and Stagnicola
sp. reported in this work for the first time from the Pir Panjal
region shows the rich diversity of molluscs from the western Himalaya (Table
3). Thus, there is a high probability of finding new species or new records in
this region if extensive surveys are undertaken.
According to the recent IUCN Red
List (2019), molluscs represent 34 percent of all species and 40 percent of
animal species extinction globally. Despite this, a small proportion of
non-marine molluscs have been evaluated. In India, only 200 and odd freshwater
molluscs were evaluated for the Red List status (Budha et al. 2010; Aravind et
al. 2011). There is a need to assess the conservation status of land molluscs
from this region. However, the main knowledge gaps that hindered the
conservation assessment were a lack of taxonomic inventory, especially in
unexplored areas, information about current and historical distributions and
population sizes, and basic ecological information. Implementation of
integrative taxonomy, ecological and distributional studies, exploration of
areas and groups are yet largely ignored, development of researcher networks
and improvement of public and political awareness and concern about these
important and diverse animals are necessary actions for the conservation of
non-marine molluscs in the region to have any chance of success.
Threats and conservation
challenges
The western Himalayan region
faces a myriad of pressing threats and conservation challenges, including rapid
population growth, uncontrolled development, unplanned urbanisation,
agricultural expansion and climate change-induced alterations in land use and
land cover (LULC) (Mondal & Zhang 2018), as well as the construction of
dams (Sati et al. 2020). While previous studies have observed plant species
migrating to higher altitudes due to global warming, snails as model systems to
assess climate change impacts remain largely unexplored. The Himalayan region’s
vulnerability to climate change is particularly pronounced (Tewari et al.
2017), with estimates indicating a potential warming rate of 0.5°C by the end
of the 21st Century (Sabin et al. 2020). Additionally, changes in
land use and land cover, exemplified by significant natural forest reductions,
threaten biodiversity. Urbanisation, pollution, and habitat loss are
compounding concerns with potential repercussions for non-marine molluscs. The
invasion of aquatic species, such as plants, further imperils aquatic
ecosystems, as evidenced by declines in native species in Dal Lake due to
pollution, urbanisation and the proliferation of invasive aquatic species, including
fish and macrophytes (Kumar et al. 2022). These complex challenges underscore
the urgent need for research and conservation efforts to safeguard the fragile
ecosystems of the western Himalayan region.
Future direction
In the realm of mollusc research
in the western Himalayan region, recent studies have been notably localised,
with a scarcity of large-scale landscape-level investigations. Given the
ongoing transformations in the Himalayan region, it is crucial to explore
molluscan diversity, considering their heightened vulnerability to climate
variations and changes in land use and land cover, as emphasised by Kardong et
al. (2016). To address these pressing concerns, comprehensive transboundary
surveys, increased funding for local institutions, and the development of human
resources are imperative. Strikingly, none of the terrestrial mollusc species
in the western Himalaya have undergone IUCN Red List assessments. In contrast,
the freshwater molluscs have been evaluated as part of the Biological Surveys
and Assessment Program (BSAP) and the rapid bioassessment methods for
freshwater molluscs assessment program, with none of the species falling under
the categories of critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable from this
region. However, to gain a precise understanding of habitat utilisation and
population status, it is essential to embark on ecological and long-term
studies. Many species necessitate internal examinations or molecular analysis
for accurate identification and species delimitation, as highlighted in the
past (Wiktor & Auffenberg 2002). Furthermore, some species exhibit endemism
to specific small regions (as noted by Godwin-Austin in 1899, p. 242), and
whether this pattern reflects reality or is a sampling artefact requires
scrutiny. Habitat loss and degradation pose potential threats to many species,
underscoring the significance of a comprehensive understanding of natural
resources and their diversity before scientific exploitation and conservation
efforts, as emphasised by the United Nations in 2022. This study seeks to
establish foundational data on the malacofauna of the region through both
morphological and molecular methodologies, aiming to assess distribution
patterns, phylogenetic relationships, and conservation statuses. The existing
literature on this subject is antiquated, incomplete, and dispersed,
highlighting the pressing need for a comprehensive taxonomic revision, as well
as an exploration of the distribution and ecology of freshwater and terrestrial
molluscs in this region.
Species List
Terrestrial Molluscs
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Caenogastropoda
Order Architaenioglossa
Superfamily Cyclophoroidea
Family Cyclophoridae
Subfamily Cyclophorinae
Genus Cyclophorus
Montfort, 1810
Cyclophorus fulguratus (Pfeiffer, 1854)
Distribution: Gulmi
District, Nepal (Subba & Ghosh 2001: p. 60), Philippines, Thailand,
and Vietnam.
Family Diplommatinidae
Genus Diplommatina Benson,
1849
Diplommatina costulata Benson, 1849
Distribution: Sub-western
Himalaya, India (Benson 1849b: p. 194; Gude 1921: p. 307); Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 49), southern and
southeastern Asia.
Diplommatina folliculus (Pfeiffer, 1846)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Pfeiffer 1846b; p. 83), Landour, Himachal Pradesh,
India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 56); Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 86), Philippines, and Nepal.
Diplommatina huttoni Pfeiffer, 1854
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Pfeiffer 1854: p. 157); Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Hanley
& Theobald 1876: p. 55; Gude 1921: p. 319; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 88).
Family Alycaeidae
Genus Dicharax Kobelt
& Möllendorff, 1900
Dicharax strangulatus (Pfeiffer, 1846)
Distribution: Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 38); Mussoorie, Uttarakhand,
India (Godwin-Austen 1914: p. 337); The Great Himalayan National Park, Manali,
Uttarakhand, India (Sajan et al. 2020: p. 523), Shivapuri-Nagarjun
National Park, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 5).
Subclass Heterobranchia
Order Stylommatophora
Superfamily Plectopyloidea
Family Plectopylidae
Genus Endothyrella Zilch,
1960
Endothyrella nepalica Budha & Páll-Gergely, 2015
Distribution: Dhaulagiri
zone, Baglung and Myagdi Districts, Nepal (Páll-Gergely et al. 2015: p. 47).
Superfamily Streptaxoidea
Family Streptaxidae
Subfamily Enneinae
Genus Gulella Pfeiffer,
1856
Gulella bicolor (Hutton, 1834)
Distribution: Kumaon,
Uttarakhand, India (Hutton 1834: p. 86), Kashmir, India
(Theobald, 1878: p. 147), Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South
Africa, Caribbean, South America, Seychelles, Australia, Nicaragua, Brazil,
Dominica, and Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 17).
Superfamily Achatinoidea
Family Achatinidae
Subfamily Achatininae
Genus Lissachatina Bequaert, 1950
Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)
Distribution: Baglung and
Myagdi Districts, Nepal (Budha & Naggs 2008: p. 19); Gulmi District, Nepal
(Budha & Naggs 2005: p. 19), eastern Africa, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, western
Africa, Argentina, South America, Venezuela, Philippines, China, Taiwan, West
Indies, Florida, Bhutan, Nepal, Italy, Salvador, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,
Caribbean, Thailand, and India.
Remark: One of the worst invasive species
with pan-tropical distribution.
Subfamily Glessulinae
Genus Glessula Martens,
1860
Glessula huegeli (Pfeiffer, 1842)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 33; Gude 1914: p. 38; Ramakrishna et al.
2010: p. 162).
Glessula paupercula (Blanford & Blanford, 1861)
Distribution: Solan
District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Agrawal 1976: p. 139), India: Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala.
Subfamily Rishetiinae
Genus Rishetia
Godwin-Austen, 1920
Rishetia rishikeshi Budha & Naggs, 2017
Distribution: Jhawalepakho
Community Forest, Ridi, Gulmi District, Nepal (Budha et al. 2017a: p. 146).
Subfamily Subulininae
Genus Allopeas Baker, 1935
Allopeas gracile (Hutton, 1834)
Distribution: Jhelum
valley, India (Theobald 1878: p. 146); Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh,
India (Agrawal 1976: p. 139); Kashmir, India (Gude 1914: p. 356); Jhelum
District, Salt range, Pakistan (Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 394), Myanmar,
America, Tanzania, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Borneo, Brazil, Malaysia,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Iraq, Florida, Nepal, and India: Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar.
Allopeas latebricola (Reeve, 1849)
Distribution: Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Reeve 1849: pl. 80, no 572; Hanley & Theobald 1876: p.
34; Gude 1914: p. 358; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 181).
Genus Zootecus Westerlund
1887
Zootecus chion (Pfeiffer, 1857)
Distribution: Chandak, Pir
Panjal range, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Present study), Pakistan,
Afghanistan, and India: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh.
Remarks: First time reported from
the region.
Zootecus insularis (Ehrenberg, 1831)
Distribution: Outer hills,
Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p; 146; Gude 1914: p. 368; Ramakrishna et al.
2010: p. 184); Salt range, Pakistan (Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 394);
Chandak, Pir Panjal range, Jammu and Kashmir, India (Present study), Pakistan,
Qatar, Israel, Sudan, Egypt, and Oman.
Remarks: Found in an agriculture
field under a shady swamp area.
Family Ferussaciidae
Genus Cecilioides
Férussac, 1814
Cecilioides balanus (Reeve, 1850)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Nevill 1878a: p; 162; Gude 1914: p. 374; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p.
146).
Superfamily Arionoidea
Family Anadenidae
Genus Anadenus Heynemann,
1863
Anadenus altivagus (Theobald, 1862)
Distribution: Narkanda,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Theobald 1862: p. 489); Changla Gali, Abbottabad
District, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 21; Gude 1914: p. 473). Thandiani &
Murree, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 47); Shimla, Himachal
Pradesh, India (Godwin-Austen 1882: p. 48); Dalhousie, Himachal Pradesh, India
(Hora 1928: p. 357; Wiktor 2001a: p. 26); Khilanmarg, Jammu and Kashmir
(Rajagopal and Rao 1972: p. 213); Bagh, Poonch Division, Pakistan (Wiktor &
Auffenberg 2002: p. 10); Dunga Gali, Abbottabad District, Pakistan (Wiktor
2001a: p. 5), China, and India.
Anadenus banerjeei Rajagopal, 1973
Distribution: Kumaon,
Uttarakhand, India (Rajagopal 1973: p. 416); Gunji village, Pithoragarh
District, Uttarakhand, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 342).
Anadenus giganteus Heynemann, 1863
Distribution: Shimpti
village, Uttarakhand, India (Heynemann 1863: p. 140); Kumaon,
Uttarakhand, India (Godwin-Austen 1882: p. 48; Gude 1914: p. 474); western
Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 343); Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
(Wiktor 2001a: p. 24); western Nepal, Nepal (Kuzminykh & Schileyko 2005: p.
113), India and Nepal.
Anadenus nepalensis Wiktor, 2001
Distribution: Hills of
Darchula and Dolpa Districts, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 28); Ghundruk, Kaski
District, Nepal (Wiktor 2001a: p. 14; Kuzminykh & Schileyko 2005: p. 113).
Superfamily Chondrinoidea
Family Truncatellinidae
Genus Columella
Westerlund, 1878
Columella nymphaepratensis Hlaváč & Pokryszko, 2009
Distribution: Raikhot Gah,
Diamir, and Skardu districts, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al.
2009: p. 425).
Genus Truncatellina Lowe
1852
Truncatellina babusarica Auffenberg & Pokryszko, 2009
Distribution: Babusar
Pass, Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p.
428).
Truncatellina himalayana (Benson, 1863)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh and Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Benson 1863: p. 428; Hanley
& Theobald 1876: p. 41; Gude 1914: p. 41); Pir Panjal range, Kashmir, India
(Theobald 1878: p. 146); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 125);
Khobang, Annapurna range, Nepal (Kuznetsov & Schileyko 1997: p. 429);
Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p. 429).
Superfamily Clausilioidea
Family Clausiliidae
Subfamily Phaedusinae
Genus Cylindrophaedusa
Boettger, 1877
Cylindrophaedusa cylindrica (Pfeiffer, 1846)
Distribution: Tandiani,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 48); Landour, Uttarakhand,
India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 12; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 143);
Murree, Pir Panjal Range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 19); Dharamshala, Himachal
Pradesh, India (Theobald 1878: p. 147); Nainital, Uttarakhand and Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Gude 1914: 338); Dadeldhura District, Nepal (Budha et
al. 2015: p. 14).
Cylindrophaedusa farooqi (Auffenberg & Fakhri, 1995)
Distribution: Malam Jabba,
Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan (Auffenberg & Fakhri, 1995: p. 89).
Cylindrophaedusa martensiana (Nordsieck, 1973)
Distribution: Lamjung, Myagdi and
Mustang Districts, Nepal (Nordsieck 1973: p. 67).
Cylindrophaedusa waageni (Stoliczka 1872)
Distribution: Murree, Pir
Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 19); Rampur, Baramulla, India
(Theobald 1878: p. 147); Tandiani, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald 1881:
p. 48); Changla Gali, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan (Gude 1914: p. 307); western
Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 143).
Order Ellobiida
Superfamily Ellobioidea
Family Ellobiidae
Subfamily Carychiinae
Genus Carychium Müller,
1773
Carychium indicum Benson, 1849
Distribution: Lower
western Himalaya of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India (Benson 1849b: p. 194);
Shakti Village, Uttarakhand, India (Sajan et al. 2021: p. 38), Pakistan, and
Bhutan.
Genus Coilostele Benson,
1864
Coilostele scalaris Benson, 1864
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Benson 1863: p. 136; Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 156);
Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 147; Gude 1914: p. 376; Ramakrishna et al.
2010: p. 145; Nevill 1878a: p. 162).
Order Stylommatophora
Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Family Gastrodontidae
Genus Zonitoides Lehmann,
1862
Zonitoides nitidus (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Woodward 1856: p. 186), Slovakia,
Hungary, Romania, Poland, Latvia, Russia, Uzbekistan, Türkiye, and Italy.
Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Family Ariophantidae
Subfamily Macrochlamydinae
Genus Bensonies Baker 1938
Bensonies angelica (Pfeiffer, 1856)
Distribution: Uri, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 18); southern Kashmir, India (Blandford
& Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 173); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p.
293).
Bensonies convexa (Reeve, 1852)
Distribution: Himachal
Pradesh, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 294); Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India (Blandford
& Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 174), Annapurna range, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015:
p. 23).
Bensonies jacquemontii (Martens, 1869)
Distribution: Murree, Pir
Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 18; Blandford & Godwin-Austen
1908: p. 174); western Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 294);
Baitadi District, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 24).
Bensonies jamuensis (Theobald, 1878)
Distribution: Tawi valley,
between Chenani and Udhampur, India (Theobald 1878: p. 142); Tirkuta hills,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Godwin Austen 1888: p. 251); Jammu, India
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 294); Mandi area of Poonch and Shahdara area of
Rajouri, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Bensonies monticola (Benson, 1838)
Distribution: Hatu, Shimla
District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: p. 215); Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 13 as H. labiata);
Tandiani, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 46); Changli Gali
near Murree, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 17); Bichlari, Chenab
River, India (Theobald 1878: p. 142); Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India
(Godwin-Austen 1888: p. 248); Kumaon & Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India
(Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 172); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et
al. 2010: p. 295); Khaptad National Park, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 24);
Bufliaz area of Poonch and Narain area of Rajouri, Pir Panjal range (Present
study).
Bensonies nepalensis (Blanford, 1904)
Distribution: Syangjha,
Parbat, and Myagdi Districts, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 24); Gulmi District,
Nepal (Subba & Ghosh, 2001: p. 60), Kathmandu, Nepal (Blanford 1904:
p. 441).
Bensonies theobaldiana (Godwin-Austen, 1888)
Distribution: Narkanda,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Blanford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 173); Bilaspur,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 295); Khaptad National
Park, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 24).
Bensonies wynnei (Blanford, 1881)
Distribution: Murree near
river Jhelum, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: no 11, p. 197);
Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 296).
Subfamily Macrochlamydinae
Genus Himalodiscus
Kuznetsov, 1996
Himalodiscus echinatus Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998
Distribution: Lete-Khola
valley, Nepal (Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998b: p. 86).
Genus Euaustenia Cockerell,
1891
Euaustenia cassida (Benson, 1838)
Distribution: Sabathu, Solan
District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: p. 214); Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Pfeiffer 1849: p. 107); Hatu and Mahasu, Himachal Pradesh,
India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 24); Murree, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan
(Nevill 1878b: p. 16); Nainital, Uttarakhand, India (Blandford &
Godwin-Austen 1876: p. 148); Dharmshala, Chenab valley, India (Theobald 1878:
p. 142); Kashmir, India (Godwin Austen 1888: p. 214); Chandanwari, Pahalgam,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 209; Ramakrishna et
al. 2010: p. 290); Kangra fort, Himachal Pradesh, India (Biswas et al. 2015: p.
22); Dadeldhura District, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 23); Loran village,
Poonch District and Dangri village, Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India
(Present study), Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park
(Budha et al. 2015: p. 23).
Genus Macrochlamys Gray,
1847
Macrochlamys flemingi (Pfeiffer, 1857)
Distribution: Tandali, Pir
Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 14; Theobald 1881: p. 45); Murree, Pir
Panjal range, Pakistan (Theobald 1878: p. 142; Godwin-Austen 1888: p. 212);
western Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 290).
Macrochlamys fragilis (Hutton, 1838)
Distribution: Hatu,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson, 1838: no. 6, p. 216),
Macrochlamys glauca (Pfeiffer, 1846)
Distribution: Mussoorie,
Uttarakhand, India (Blanford & Godwin-Austen 1908: 80); Kangra valley,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Rao 1927: p. 53); Kotgarh, Himachal Pradesh, India
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 269); Kuniyan village, Poonch District and Saaj
village, Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Macrochlamys gurhwalensis (Godwin-Austen, 1899)
Distribution: Garhwal, Uttarakhand,
India (Godwin-Austen 1899: p. 180; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 290).
Macrochlamys indica Godwin-Austen, 1883
Distribution: Kashmir
valley, India (Theobald 1878: p. 141); Chamba Bridge, Himachal Pradesh, India
(Biswas et al. 2015: p. 22); Kanchanpur District, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p.
21); Gulmi District, Nepal (Subba & Ghosh, 2001: p. 60); Azmatabad, Poonch
District and Budhal, Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study),
Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka,
Brazil, Singapore, and Malaysia.
Macrochlamys kashmirensis (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Sonamarg,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 16; Blandford & Godwin-Austen
1908: p. 165; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 298).
Macrochlamys kuluensis Blanford, 1904
Distribution: Kullu, Himachal
Pradesh, India (Blanford 1904: p. 442; Blanford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p.
81; Godwin-Austin 1910: p. 246; Gude 1914: p. 255; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p.
272).
Macrochlamys leggeae Sajan, Tripathy, Chandra &
Sivakumar, 2019
Distribution: Valley of
Flowers National Park, Uttarakhand, India (Sajan et al. 2019: p. 800).
Macrochlamys nuda (Reeve, 1852)
Distribution: Mussoorie,
Uttarakhand, India (Blanford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 81); Kumaon,
Uttarakhand, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 276), Annapurna range, Nepal
(Budha et al. 2015: p. 22).
Macrochlamys patane (Benson, 1859)
Distribution: Uri, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 141).
Macrochlamys paurhiensis (Godwin-Austen, 1899)
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Godwin-Austen 1899: p. 109).
Macrochlamys petrosa (Hutton, 1834)
Distribution: Mohu pass,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 141).
Macrochlamys planiuscula (Benson, 1838)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: p. 218); Mussoorie,
Uttarakhand, India (Blandford & Godwin Austen 1908: p. 302).
Macrochlamys theobaldi (Godwin-Austen, 1888)
Distribution: Bichlari
River, Chenab valley, Himachal Pradesh, India (Godwin Austen 1888: p. 236).
Macrochlamys tugurium (Benson, 1852)
Distribution: Khaptad
National Park, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 23); Gulmi District, Nepal (Subba
& Ghosh 2001: p. 60), Darjeeling, West Bengal, and India (Ramakrishna et
al. 2010: p. 288).
Macrochlamys vesicula (Benson, 1838)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton 1937: p. 931; Godwin-Austen 1883: p. 83;
Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 80); Burzil pass, Astore District,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Hutton & Benson 1838: p. 216); Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Godwin-Austen 1897: p. 243); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et
al. 2010: p. 290).
Macrochlamys vitrinoides (Deshayes, 1831)
Distribution: Sabathu,
Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: no. 5, p.
216); Mohu pass, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 141).
Genus Oxytesta Zilch, 1956
Oxytesta sylvicola (Blanford, 1881)
Distribution: Gulmi and Rupandehi
Districts, Nepal (Subba & Ghosh 2001: p. 60).
Genus Parvatella Blanford
& Godwin-Austen, 1908
Parvatella altivaga (Theobald, 1878)
Distribution: Uri, Jhelum
valley, India (Godwin-Austen 1888: p, 213; Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908:
p. 148); Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 143; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p.
291).
Parvatella austeniana (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Sonamarg, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 14; Godwin-Austen 1888: p. 215)
Tandiani, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 45) Kashmir, India
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 292).
Parvatella magnifica (Reeve, 1862)
Distribution: Northwestern
Himalaya, India (Reeve 1862: p. 3; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 22).
Parvatella stoliczkanus (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Tandali,
Tikra, Himachal Pradesh, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 14); Sirban hill,
Damtour near Abbottabad, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 45).
Genus Syama Blanford &
Godwin-Austen, 1908
Syama annandalei Godwin-Austen, 1908
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 305).
Syama masuriensis (Godwin-Austen, 1883)
Distribution: Mussoorie,
Uttarakhand, India (Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 156; Ramakrishna et
al. 2010: p. 305).
Syama promiscua (Godwin-Austen, 1908)
Distribution: Tandiani,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 156);
Murree, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 305).
Syama prona (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Murree, Pir
Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 17); Tandiani, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan, (Theobald 1881: p. 46); Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Godwin Austen
1883: p. 103); Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India (Blandford & Godwin-Austen
1908: p. 155); Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 306),
Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 26).
Syama splendens (Benson, 1838)
Distribution: Fagu and
Narkunda, Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: no. 4, p. 216);
Tandali, Tikra, Himachal Pradesh, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 18); Uri, Jammu &
Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 141); Murree, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan
(Theobald 1881: p. 46); Nag-Tiba ridge near Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Godwin-Austen
1883: p. 100); Mahasu, near Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India (Blandford &
Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 153); Thajiwas near Sonamarg, Jammu and Kashmir, India
(Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 207); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p.
306); Sawajian, Poonch District and Siot, Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range
(Present study).
Syama theobaldi Blanford & Godwin-Austen,
1908
Distribution: Jhelum
valley, India (Blanford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 157); Gulmarg, Jammu and
Kashmir, India (Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 210); Murree, Pir Panjal range,
Pakistan (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 306).
Subfamily Ariophantinae
Genus Ariophanta Moulins,
1829
Ariophanta himalana (Lea, 1834)
Distribution: Himalaya
mountains, India (Lea 1834: p. 55); Kangra fort, Himachal Pradesh, India
(Biswas et al. 2015: p. 23); Samote, Poonch District and Kalakot, Rajouri
District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Genus Khasiella Godwin-Austen,
1899
Khasiella chloroplax (Benson, 1865)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Benson 1865: p. 14; Blandford & Godwin-Austen
1908: p. 165); Murree, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 16);
western Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 296).
Khasiella hyba (Benson, 1861)
Distribution: Wular Lake,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 142); Dainkund, Dalhousie,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 164); Tangmarg,
Jammu and Kashmir, India (Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 208); Kashmir, India
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 298); Samote, Poonch District and Kalakot, Rajouri
District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Khasiella kashmirensis (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Sonamarg,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 16); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna
et al. 2010: p. 298).
Khasiella ornatissima (Benson, 1859)
Distribution: Nawalparasi
District, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 25).
Khasiella sonamurgensis (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Sonamarg,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Godwin-Austen 1908: 166; Ramakrishna et al. 2010:
p. 299).
Khasiella tandianensis (Theobald, 1881)
Distribution: Tandiani,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 46; Blandford &
Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 166; Gude 1914: p. 255; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p.
299).
Family Camaenidae
Subfamily Bradybaeninae
Genus Bradybaena Beck,
1837
Bradybaena radicicola (Benson, 1848)
Distribution: Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Benson 1848: p. 161); Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
(Hunley & Theobald 1876: pI. 62); Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Gude 1914:
p. 205); western Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 336), Nepal,
and India: Sikkim.
Genus Pseudiberus Ancey,
1887
Pseudiberus chitralensis (Odhner, 1963)
Distribution: Chitral
District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Odhner, 1963: p. 151).
Family Helicarionidae
Subfamily Durgellinae
Genus Girasia Gray, 1855
Girasia dalhousiae Godwin-Austen, 1888
Distribution: Dalhousie,
Chamba Hills, Himachal Pradesh, India (Godwin-Austen 1888: p. 224; Blandford
& Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 202; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 252).
Genus Sitala H. Adams,
1865
Sitala rimicola (Benson, 1859)
Distribution: Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Benson 1859: p. 161); Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Godwin
Austen 1882: p. 36; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 316); Nag Tiba range near
Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Blanford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 236).
Superfamily Helicoidea
Family Camaenidae
Subfamily Bradybaeninae
Genus Cathaica Möllendorff,
1884
Cathaica fasciola (Draparnaud, 1801)
Distribution: Kashmir, India
(Gude 1914: p. 207) and
China.
Cathaica mataianensis (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Mataian,
Drass Valley, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 3; Gude 1914: p. 208); Kashmir, India
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 341).
Cathaica phaeozona (Martens, 1874)
Distribution: Tangdhar, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 3); Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
(Nevill 1878a: p. 92; Gude 1914: p. 208; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 341).
Genus Fruticicola Held, 1838
Fruticicola stoliczkana (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Sasak Taka,
Badakshan Province, Afghanistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 3).
Genus Landouria Godwin-Austen,
1918
Landouria huttonii (Pfeiffer, 1842)
Distribution: Shimla and
Mahasu, Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: p. 217); Shimla and
Landour, Uttarakhand, India (Nevill 1878a: p. 73); Kashmir, India (Theobald
1878: p. 144; Gude 1914: p. 211); Kaski and Myagdi Districts, Nepal (Kuznetsov
& Schileyko 1997; Schileyko & Kuznetsov 1998a: p. 44).
Landouria rhododendronis Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1998
Distribution: Gorepani,
Parbat District, Nepal (Schileyko & Kuznetsov 1998a: p. 49).
Superfamily Limacoidea
Family Limacidae
Subfamily Limacinae
Genus Limax Linnaeus, 1758
Limax mayae Godwin-Austen, 1914
Distribution: Thajiwas,
Sonamarg, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Wiktor 2001b: p. 38; Godwin-Austen 1914:
p. 312); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 320); Loran, Poonch Loran
area of Poonch, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Limax seticus Wiktor & Bössneck, 2004
Distribution: Dudh lekh,
Nepal (Wiktor & Bössneck 2004: p. 183); Bajura District, Nepal (Budha et
al. 2015: p. 27).
Family Agriolimacidae
Subfamily Agriolimacinae
Genus Deroceras
Rafinesque, 1820
Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Karimabad
and Duikar village, Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Wiktor &
Auffenberg 2002: p. 12; Hlaváč, 2004: p. 182); Kashmir valley, India (Bhat
2020: p. 25), Argentina, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, eastern Himalaya, and Sri
Lanka.
Remarks: Introduced species.
Family Vitrinidae
Subfamily Vitrininae
Genus Vitrina Draparnaud,
1801
Vitrina pellucida (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Mataian,
near Drass Valley, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 2); Loran village, Poonch District,
Pir Panjal range, India (Present study), Spain, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Lithuania, Alaska, Poland, Ukraine, Germany, and Romania.
Superfamily Parmacelloidea
Family Parmacellidae
Genus Candaharia
Godwin-Austen, 1888
Candaharia rutellum (Hutton, 1849)
Distribution: Mingora,
Swat District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan (Wiktor & Auffenberg
2002: p. 14), Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan.
Superfamily Pupilloidea
Family Cerastidae
Genus Cerastus Martens,
1860
Cerastus segregatus (Reeve, 1849)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Reeve 1849: pl. 83, no 619; Hanley & Theobald
1876: p. 34); Kashmir, India (Woodward 1856: p. 186; Ramakrishna et al.
2010: p. 135); Chenab valley, India (Theobald 1878: p. 145; Gude 1914: p. 268).
Family Cochlicopidae
Genus Cochlicopa Férussac,
1821
Cochlicopa lubrica (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Woodward, 1856: p. 186), Bulgaria, Argentina, Slovakia,
Ukraine, Spain, Hungary, Romania, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Siberia,
and Great Britain.
Family Gastrocoptidae
Subfamily Gastrocoptinae
Genus Gastrocopta
Wollaston, 1878
Gastrocopta huttoniana (Benson, 1849)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Benson 1849a: p. 126; Hanley & Theobald 1876: p.
41); Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Panjal range, Kashmir,
India (Nevill 1878a: p. 197; Theobald 1878: p. 146; Gude 1914: p. 291);
Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 122), Nepal, and peninsular India.
Gastrocopta thibetica (Benson, 1864)
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Benson 1864: p. 138).
Family Enidae
Subfamily Eninae
Genus Laevozebrinus
Lindholm, 1925
Laevozebrinus mustangensis Kuznetsov & Schileyko, 1997
Distribution: Tukuche, Mustang
District, Nepal (Kuznetzov & Schileyko, 1997: p. 137).
Laevozebrinus nepalensis Schileyko & Frank, 1994
Distribution: Annapurna
range, Nepal (Schileyko & Frank, 1994: p. 130).
Genus Mirus Albers, 1850
Mirus smithei (Benson, 1865)
Distribution: Jhelum
Valley, India (Theobald 1878: p. 146); Marree, Pir Panjal, Pakistan (Theobald
1881: p. 48; Gude 1914: p. 235); Kashmir, India (Nevill 1878a: p. 186;
Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 127).
Genus Nepaliena Schileyko
& Frank, 1994
Nepaliena ceratina (Benson, 1849)
Distribution: Kumaon,
Uttarakhand, India (Reeve 1849: pl. 78; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 126);
Annapurna range, Nepal (Schileyko & Frank 1994: p. 14; Kuznetsov &
Schileyko 1997: p. 20).
Genus Pseudonapaeus Westerlund,
1887
Pseudonapaeus arcuatus (Küster, 1845)
Distribution: Mahasu,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Reeve 1849: pl. 67; Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 10;
Gude 1914 p. 239); Higher hills of Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 144;
Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 130).
Pseudonapaeus boysianus (Benson, 1849)
Distribution: Kumaon,
Uttarakhand, India (Reeve 1849: pl. 78, no. 575; Hanley & Theobald 1876: p.
11; Gude 1914: p. 238; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 130).
Pseudonapaeus candelaris (Pfeiffer, 1846)
Distribution: Takht-i-Suleiman,
Shankaracharya Hill, Srinagar, India (Woodward 1856: p. 186; Benson 1857, p.
327; Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 10; Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 202);
Tandali, Tikra, Himachal Pradesh, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 20); Higher hills
Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 144); Fort Lockhart, Pakistan (Gude 1914: p.
243); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 130); Chandak, Poonch
District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Remarks: Found in red clay
and moist soil.
Pseudonapaeus coelebs (Pfeiffer, 1846)
Distribution: Mussoorie,
Uttarakhand, India (Pfeiffer 1846a; p. 83; Gude 1914: p. 249); Higher hills
Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 145; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 131);
Nainital (Nevill 1878a: p. 134).
Pseudonapaeus dextrosinister (Annandale & Rao, 1923)
Distribution: Salt range,
Pakistan (Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 390; Mitra & Ramakrishna 2004: p.
134); northwestern Himalaya (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 131).
Pseudonapaeus domina (Benson, 1857)
Distribution: Kashmir, India
(Benson 1857: no 1, p. 321; Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 11; Ramakrishna et
al. 2010: p. 131); Murree, Pir Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 20);
Tandiani, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Abbottabad, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 47;
Gude 1914: p. 246).
Pseudonapaeus eremita (Reeve, 1849)
Distribution: Bolan pass,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 12); Subathor, near
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India (Gude 1914: p. 247); northwestern Himalaya (Dey
& Mitra 2000: p. 25; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 131).
Pseudonapaeus kunawurensis (Reeve, 1849)
Distribution: Landour,
Uttarakhand, India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 10; Nevill 1878: p. 136;
Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 132); Kunawur, Himachal Pradesh, India (Gude 1914:
p. 242).
Pseudonapaeus linterae (Kobelt, 1899)
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Gude 1914: p. 237; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 133).
Pseudonapaeus mainwaringiana (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Murree, Pir
Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 19) Pakli Valley, Tandiani Hills,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 47; Gude 1914: p 251); Chakua
nullah, Batote (Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 204); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna
et al. 2010: p. 133).
Pseudonapaeus nivicola (Reeve, 1849)
Distribution: Liti pass,
Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand, India (Reeve 1849: pl. 69, 496; Hanley &
Theobald 1876: p. 11; Gude 1914 p. 230; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 133).
Pseudonapaeus pretiosus (Reeve, 1849)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Reeve 1849: pl. 83; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 134); Murree, Pir Panjal
range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 20); Chilianwalla, Jhelum, Pakistan (Theobald
1878: p. 146; Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 12; Gude 1914: p. 250).
Pseudonapaeus rufistrigatus (Reeve, 1849)
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Reeve 149: pl. 78); Jhelum Valley (Nevill 1878b: p. 20;
Theobald 1878: p. 146; Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 205); Jumna to the Indus,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Gude 1914: p. 253); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al.
2010: p. 134); Rogumba, Mugu District, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 13).
Pseudonapaeus salsicola (Benson, 1857)
Distribution: Salsicola, Salt
range, Pakistan (Benson 1857: p. 327; Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 390);
Northwestern Himalaya (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 134).
Pseudonapaeus sindicus (Reeve, 1848)
Distribution: Sindh,
Pakistan (Reeve 1848: pl. 47, no. 303; Gude 1914: p. 245); Jhelum valley,
Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 145); Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India (Nevill
1878a: p. 134); Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 135).
Pseudonapaeus stoliczkanus (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Sonamarg,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 19); Banihal, Jammu & Kashmir,
India (Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 203).
Pseudonapaeus vibex (Küster, 1845)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Reeve 1848: pl. 47, no. 299; Hanley & Theobald
1876: p. 12; Nevill 1878a: p. 136); Landour, Uttarakhand, India (Gude 1914: p.
237; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 135).
Genus Pupinidius
Möllendorff, 1901
Pupinidius himalayanus Kuznetsov & Schlieyko, 1999
Distribution: Tukuche,
Mustang District, Nepal (Kuznetsov & Schileyko, 1999: p. 119).
Pupinidius siniayevi Kuznetsov & Schlieyko, 1999
Distribution: Tukuche,
Mustang District, Nepal (Kuznetsov & Schileyko, 1999: p. 16).
Pupinidius tukuchensis Kuznetzov & Schileyko, 1997
Distribution: Tukuche, Mustang
District, Nepal (Kuznetzov & Schileyko, 1997: p. 133).
Genus Serina Gredler, 1898
Serina beddomeana (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Murree, Pir
Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 20), Tandiani, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 47; Gude 1914: p. 257); northwestern Himalaya
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 128).
Serina hazarica (Gude, 1914)
Distribution: Hazara, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Gude 1914: p. 257); Tandiana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 128).
Serina kuluensis (Kobelt, 1902)
Distribution: Kullu, Himachal
Pradesh, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 129).
Serina nevilliana (Theobald, 1881)
Distribution: Hazara,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 48); Murree, Pir Panjal range,
Pakistan (Gude 1914: p. 258).
Serina tandianiensis (Kobelt, 1902)
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 129).
Family Gastrocoptidae
Subfamily Hypselostomatinae
Genus Bensonella Pilsbry
& Vanatta, 1900
Bensonella plicidens (Benson, 1849)
Distribution: Landour and
Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Benson 1849a: p. 126; Hanley & Theobald
1876: p. 40; Gude 1914: p. 294; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 123); Higher hill
ranges, Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 146).
Genus Boysidia Ancey, 1881
Boysidia tamtouriana Pokryszko & Auffenberg, 2009
Distribution: Tamtour village,
Abbottabad District, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p. 436).
Family Pupillidae
Genus Pupilla J. Fleming,
1828
Pupilla annandalei Pilsbry, 1921
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit, and Hunza districts, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009:
p. 444).
Pupilla eurina (Benson, 1864)
Distribution: Triveni
Ghat, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India (Benson 1864: p. 139); Tukuche,
Annapurna range, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 10), Gosainkund, Langtang
National Park, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 10).
Pupilla gutta (Benson, 1864)
Distribution: Spiti
valley, Himachal Pradesh, India (Benson 1864: p. 138; Hanley & Theobald
1876: p. 41); Higher hill ranges, Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 146).
Pupilla khunjerabica Auffenberg & Pokryszko, 2009
Distribution: Khunjerab Pass,
Hunza District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p. 438).
Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: Pangong
Lake, Ladakh, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 4); Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p.
146; Gude 1914: p. 283; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 118); Mastuj River, Chitral
District, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p. 440), China, Sweden, and Germany.
Pupilla paraturcmenica Hlaváč & Pokryszko, 2009
Distribution: Apo Brukh
valley, Skardu District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p.
440).
Pupilla satparanica Pokryszko & Auffenberg, 2009
Distribution: Satpara
Lake, Skardu District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p.
440).
Pupilla riplicate (Studer, 1820)
Distribution: Tukuche,
Annapurna range, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 10).
Genus Pupoides Pfeiffer,
1854
Pupoides coenopictus (Hutton, 1834)
Distribution: Salt range,
Pakistan (Nevill 1878a: p. 193; Theobald 1878, p. 144; Gude 1914: p. 259;
Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 393), Israel, Egypt, Tanzania, Sudan, Sri Lanka,
India, Pakistan, Malawi, Mozambique, and South Africa.
Pupoides lardeus (Pfeiffer, 1854)
Distribution: Salt range,
Pakistan (Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 393); western Himalaya, India
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 120).
Family Pyramidulidae
Genus Pyramidula
Fitzinger, 1833
Pyramidula humilis (Benson, 1838)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: no. 7, p. 217); Murree, Pir
Panjal range, Pakistan (Nevill 1878a: p. 66; Nevill 1878b: p. 18); Tandiani,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald 1881: p. 47); Landour, Himachal Pradesh,
India (Gude 1914: p. 43).
Pyramidula kuznetsovi Schileyko & Balashov, 2012
Distribution: Dhaulagiri
zone, Mustang District, Nepal (Schileyko & Balashov 2012: p. 41).
Family Valloniidae
Genus Vallonia Risso, 1826
Vallonia costata (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Sasak Taka and Wakhan
Badakshan Province, Afghanistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 4); Kashmir, India (Theobald
1878: p. 142; Gude 1914: p. 225; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 120), North
America, North Africa, Europe, Norway, Poland, Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria,
Ukraine, Croatia, Latvia, France, Czech Republic, Türkiye, Poland, Spain,
Romania, Siberia, Republic of Moldova, Germany, and Uzbekistan.
Vallonia costohimala Gerber & Bössneck, 2009
Distribution: Darchula
District, Nepal (Gerber & Bössneck 2009: p. 45).
Vallonia himalaevis Gerber & Bössneck, 2009
Distribution: Chala, Karnali
zone, India (Gerber & Bössneck 2009: p. 47).
Vallonia kathrinae Gerber & Bössneck, 2009
Distribution: Khobang,
Dhaulagiri zone, Nepal (Gerber & Bössneck 2009: p. 47).
Vallonia ladacensis (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Leh, Ladakh,
India (Nevill 1878a: p. 70); Mataian, Drass valley, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 70;
Gude 1914: p. 224); Liddar River, Pahalgam (Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 200);
Kashmir, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 121); Mustang District, Nepal (Budha
et al. 2015: p. 11); Khobang, Dhaulagiri Zone, India (Gerber & Bössneck
2009: p. 44).
Vallonia pulchella (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Kashmir, India (Theobald
1878: p. 144; Gude 1914: p. 224; Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 121); Shalimar
Garden, Jammu and Kashmir, India (Rajagopal & Rao 1972: p. 200); Surankote,
Poonch, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study), Great Britain, Ireland, Czech
Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Germany, Netherlands, Argentina, Bulgaria,
Hungary, France, Republic of Moldova, Albania, South Africa, Slovakia, Croatia,
Latvia, Siberia, Türkiye, Lithuania, Romania, Caucasus, and Spain.
Family Vertiginidae
Subfamily Vertigininae
Genus Vertigo Müller, 1773
Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud, 1801)
Distribution: Gilgit
District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p. 430).
Vertigo nangaparbatensis Pokryszko & Hlaváč, 2009
Distribution: Raikhot Gah, Diamir
District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p. 430).
Vertigo pseudosubstriata Ložek, 1954
Distribution: Gilgit
District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p. 432).
Vertigo superstriata Pokryszko & Auffenberg, 2009
Distribution: Thandiani,
Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009: p. 432).
Superfamily Succineoidea
Family Succineidae
Subfamily Succineinae
Genus Novisuccinea Schileyko
& Likharev,
1986
Novisuccinea martensiana (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Sasa Taka,
Badakshan Province, Afghanistan (Nevill 1878a: p. 211); Western Himalaya, India
(Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 210).
Genus Succinea Draparnaud,
1801
Succinea crassinuclea Pfeiffer, 1849
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: p. 212; Ramakrishna et al.
2010: p. 210); Salt range, Pakistan (Gude 1914: p. 453; Annandale &
Rao 1925: p. 394); Kangra valley, Himachal Pradesh, India (Rao 1927: p. 50).
Succinea indica Pfeiffer, 1849
Distribution: Nainital,
Uttarakhand, India (Pfeiffer 1849: p. 133); Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India (Hanley
& Theobald 1876: pI. 29; Nevill 1878a: p. 212); Kashmir, India (Gude 1914:
p. 447); Western Himalaya, India (Rao 1924: p. 378; Ramakrishna et al.
2010: p. 212).
Succinea putris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: Sasak Taka,
Badakshan Province, Afghanistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 6).
Subfamily Oxylomatinae
Genus Oxyloma Westerlund,
1885
Oxyloma elegans (Risso, 1826)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Srinagar District, Jammu & Kashmir, India
(Nevill 1878b: p. 18), Malta, Russia, Türkiye, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria,
Uzbekistan, Lithuania, Albania, Ukraine, France, Siberia, and Finland.
Oxyloma sp.
Distribution: Tantary Gam,
Loran, Poonch district, Pir Panjal Range, India (Present study).
Remarks: Single sample was
collected at a distance of 64 Km. from both type locations (Woodward, 1856: p.
186 as Succinea
pfeifferi var. (longiscata
Morillet?) and Srinagar
(Nevill, 1878b: p. 18, fig. 32-33).
Superfamily Trochomorphoidea
Family Euconulidae
Genus Euconulus Reinhardt,
1883
Euconulus fulvus (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Wakha and
Mataian villages of Kargil, Ladakh, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 2); Panjal range,
India (Theobald 1878: p. 141), New South Wales, North America, Eurasia, Spain,
New Zealand, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Alaska, Poland, Spain, Türkiye, and
Nepal.
Remarks: Introduced species.
Family Chronidae
Genus Kaliella Blanford,
1863
Kaliella barrakporensis (Pfeiffer, 1853)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Theobald 1878: p. 142), Equatorial Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Tibet,
Sri Lanka, Congo, Rwanda, Vietnam, Borneo, Nepal, and India: West Bengal,
Western Ghat, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh.
Kaliella bhasini Rajagopalaingar, 1953
Distribution: Shimla
Hills, Himachal Pradesh, India (Rajagopalaingar 1953: p. 20); Ramakrishna et
al. 2010: p. 222).
Kaliella bullula (Benson, 1838)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: no. 10, p. 218; Hanley &
Theobald 1876: p. 28; Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 267); Nainital,
Kullu, and Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Nevill 1878a: 27); Nag-Tiba range,
near Mussoorie (Godwin Austen 1882: p. 23).
Kaliella fastigiata (Hutton, 1838)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: p. 217; Hanley &
Theobald 1876: p. 8; Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 263); Landour, Uttarakhand,
India (Nevill 1878a: 40); Tandiani, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Theobald
1881: p. 46); Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India (Godwin-Austen 1889: p. 8); Western
Himalaya, India (Ramakrishna et al. 2010: p. 225), Lalitpur District-Phulchowki
Hill, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 19).
Kaliella nana (Benson, 1838)
Distribution: Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Hutton & Benson 1838: no. 11, p. 218; Nevill
1878a: p. 38); Mussoorie (Godwin Austen 1882: p. 22); Kullu and Mussoorie,
Uttarakhand, India (Blandford & Godwin-Austen 1908: p. 266); Loran, Poonch
District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study), Lalitpur District-Phulchowki
Hill, Nepal (Budha et al. 2015: p. 19).
Kaliella sp.
Distribution: Loran
village, Poonch District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Remarks: Found in moist
soil under the tree.
Order Systellommatophora
Superfamily Veronicelloidea
Family Veronicellidae
Genus Laevicaulis Simroth,
1913
Laevicaulis alte (Férussac, 1822)
Distribution: Dang
District, Nepal (Subba & Ghosh 2008: p. 70); Sunderbani, Rajouri District,
Pir Panjal range, India (Present study), Cosmopolitan.
Remarks: Found in the
grass on the lawn of the house. First time record from the region.
Freshwater Molluscs
Class Bivalvia
Subclass Heterobranchia
Order Venerida
Superfamily Cyrenoidea
Family Cyrenidae
Genus Corbicula Mühlfeld,
1811
Corbicula cashmiriensis Deshayes, 1855
Distribution: Awantipora,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Sopore, Jammu &
Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878; p. 147); Kashmir, India (Rao 1989: p. 202);
Ghou-Manhasan stream, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356);
Mid and downstream of Aripal stream, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir &
Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 10571); Poonch and Rajouri Rivers, Pir Panjal range, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Present study).
Remarks: Found in the sand
of rivers and lakes of high-altitude Himalaya, inhibits at a depth of 3 m and
can tolerate severe cold. Endemic to Kashmir.
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Awantipora,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Woodward 1856: p. 186), Poland, Germany,
France, Portugal, Hungary, the European part of Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
and the Czech Republic.
Corbicula striatella Deshayes, 1855
Distribution: Lower
Jhelum, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878; p. 147); Bilaspur District,
Himachal Pradesh (Agrawal 1976: p. 140); Ghaila khola, Kailali District, Nepal
(Budha 2016: p. 53) and Pakistan.
Subclass Autobranchia
Order Sphaeriida
Superfamily Sphaerioidea
Family Sphaeriidae
Subfamily Sphaeriinae
Genus Afropisidium Kuiper,
1962
Afropisidium clarkeanum (Nevill & Nevill, 1871)
Distribution: Terai,
Western region, Nepal (Nesemann & Sharma 2005: p. 59), Nepal, Myanmar, Hong
Kong, Thailand, Laos, and India.
Genus Musculium Link, 1807
Musculium indicum (Deshayes, 1854)
Distribution: Jhelum,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 147); Damyanti Tal, Uttarakhand,
India (Prashad 1922: p. 17); Nakrodi, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p.
54); Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Kailali District, Nepal (Chaudhary 2017: p. 24);
Dargam, Poonch District and streams at Budhal area of Rajouri, Pir Panjal
range, India (Present study), Nepal, and India: Assam.
Musculium kashmirense (Prashad, 1937)
Distribution: Phashakuri
wetland near Pompore, Kashmir, India (Prashad 1937: p. 276; Rao
1989: p. 213); Dargam, Poonch District and streams at Budhal, Rajouri District,
Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Genus Euglesa Jenyns, 1832
Euglesa casertana (Poli, 1791)
Distribution: Lower
Jhelum, Baramulla, India (Theobald 1878; p. 147); Near Shopian, Kashmir, India
(Preston 1915: p. 225); Kashmir (Rao 1989: p. 215); Downstream of Aripal
stream, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 10571); Loran,
Poonch District and streams at Budhal area of Rajouri, Pir Panjal range, India
(Present study), Europe, Armenia, Mongolia, Austria, Russia, France,
Norway, Asia, Africa, North America, Australia, and New Zealand.
Euglesa mitchelli (Prashad, 1925)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Rao 1989: p. 220); Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356); Saklo, Poonch District
and streams at Saaj area of Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range (Present study)
Euglesa obtusalis (Lamarck, 1818)
Distribution: Pangong
lake, Ladakh, India (Nevill 1878b: p.13), France, North America, and Vienna.
Euglesa zugmayeri (Weber, 1910)
Distribution: Wular Lake,
Kashmir, India (Preston 1915: p. 227).
Genus Odhneripisidium
Kuiper, 1962
Odhneripisidium kuiperi (Dance, 1967)
Distribution: Mustang
District, Kali Gandak River, Nepal (Nesemann & Sharma 2005: p. 59);
Streams of Poonch River and Rajouri River, Pir Panjal range, India (Present
study).
Odhneripisidium prasongi (Kuiper, 1974)
Distribution: Kaski
District, Nepal (Nesemann & Sharma 2005: p. 59) and Thailand.
Odhneripisidium stewarti (Preston, 1909)
Distribution: Chaka da
Bagh, Poonch District and Budhal, Rajouri District, India (Present study),
Tibet, China, and Bhutan.
Genus Pisidium Pfeiffer,
1821
Pisidium alexeii Bößneck, Clewing & Albrecht,
2016
Distribution: Karnali
River, western Nepal (Bößneck et al. 2016: p. 591).
Order Unionida
Superfamily Unionoidea
Family Unionidae
Subfamily Parreysiinae
Genus Indonaia Prashad,
1918
Indonaia andersoniana (Nevill, 1877)
Distribution: Maghi khola,
Kailali District, Nepal, (Budha 2016: p. 51), northeastern India, and Myanmar.
Indonaia caerulea (Lea, 1831)
Distribution: Khundi
river, Kailali District, Nepal, (Budha 2016: p. 51), Pakistan, India, Bhutan,
and Bangladesh.
Indonaia gratiosa (Philippi, 1843)
Distribution: Tikapur, Kailali
District, Nepal, (Budha 2016: p. 52), India, and Myanmar.
Indonaia rugosa (Gmelin, 1791)
Distribution: Badhariya,
Kailali District, Nepal, (Budha 2016: p. 52) and India.
Genus Lamellidens Simpson,
1900
Lamellidens corrianus (Lea, 1834)
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Rao 1989: p. 165); Gho-Manhasan stream, Jammu (Uttam et al.
2022: p. 356); Mohana river, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 48),
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, and India: Maharashtra, Assam, Madhya Pradesh,
Karnataka, Punjab, Haryana.
Lamellidens generosus (Gould, 1847)
Distribution: Renuka Lake,
Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India (Battish & Sharma 2002: p. 921).
Lamellidens jammuensis Prashad, 1928
Distribution: Chenab
River, Nagrota, India (Prashad 1928: p. 309).
Lamellidens jenkinsianus (Benson, 1862)
Distribution: Dhongrahuwa
Lake, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 48); Renuka River, Nahan,
Himachal Pradesh (Battish & Sharma 2002: p. 921), Bangladesh, and
India.
Lamellidens lamellatus (Lea, 1838)
Distribution: Renuka Lake,
Nahan, Himachal Pradesh (Battish & Sharma 2002: p. 921), Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
and India.
Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck, 1819)
Distribution: Khundi river,
Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 49); Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Kailali
District, Nepal (Chaudhary 2017: p. 25), Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and
India: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Odisha, Kerala, Bihar.
Genus Parreysia Conrad, 1853
Parreysia corrugata (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Shimla
District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Agrawal 1976: p. 140); Bijuliya river,
Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 50); Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Kailali
District, Nepal (Chaudhary 2017: p. 25), Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar,
Philippines, and India: Western Ghat, Kerala, Bihar, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh.
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Caenogastropoda
Order Littorinimorpha
Superfamily Truncatelloidea
Family Bithyniidae
Genus Bithynia Leach, 1818
Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson, 1830)
Distribution: Ghodaghodi
Tal, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 37; Chaudhary 2017: p. 19) and throughout
the plains.
Bithynia kashmirense Nevill, 1885
Distribution: Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India (Nevill 1885: p. 39; Rao 1989: p. 74).
Bithynia pulchella (Benson, 1836)
Distribution: Nainital,
Uttarakhand, India (Nevill 1885: p. 35); Kullu, Uttarakhand, India (Nevill
1878a: p. 35); Naukuchia Tal, Uttarakhand, India (Prashad 1922: p. 16); Sirmaur
District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Agrawal 1976: p. 133); Pong Dam Lake,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Biswas et al. 2015: p. 20); Saklo area of Poonch
District and Dangri village of Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India
(Present study), throughout India, Myanmar, and Thailand.
Bithynia tentaculata Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution: Srinagar
District, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Preston 1915: p. 70); Ghou-Manhasan and
Sehi streams, Jammu, India (Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356); Aripal stream, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 10571), Netherlands, North
America, southeastern Europe, Ukraine, Turkiye, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Montenegro, Romania, Poland, Croatia, Bulgaria, Algeria, Russia, and Italy.
Bithynia transsilvanica (Bielz, 1853)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Preston 1915: p. 77; Nevill 1885: p. 40; Rao 1989: p. 7), eastern Europe, Slovakia, Bulgaria,
and Siberia.
Genus Gabbia Tryon, 1865
Gabbia prestoni (Glöer & Bössneck, 2013)
Distribution: Rapti river,
Dang District, Nepal (Glöer & Bössneck 2013: p. 141).
Gabbia orcula (Frauenfeld, 1862)
Distribution: Ghodaghodi Tal,
Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p 38).
Gabbia reharensis (Glöer & Bössneck, 2013)
Distribution: Rapti river,
Dang District, Nepal (Glöer & Bössneck 2013: p. 143).
Gabbia raptiensis (Glöer & Bössneck, 2013)
Distribution: Nepalgunj,
Banke District, Nepal (Glöer & Bössneck 2013: p. 145); Rapti river, Nepal
(Budha 2016: p. 38).
Gabbia ghodaghodiensis (Glöer & Bössneck, 2013)
Distribution: Ghodaghodi
Lake, District Kailali, Nepal (Glöer & Bössneck 2013: p. 145, Budha 2016:
37; Chaudhary 2017: p. 19).
Family Erhaiidae
Genus Erhaia Davis & Kuo, 1985
Erhaia nainitalensis Davis & Rao, 1997
Distribution: Nainital
District, Uttarakhand, India (Davis & Rao 1997: p. 276).
Family Pomatiopsidae
Subfamily Pomatiopsinae
Genus Tricula Benson, 1843
Tricula montana Benson 1843
Distribution: Bhimtal,
Uttarakhand, India (Benson 1843: p. 467; 1878a: p. 62; Nevill 1885: p. 62;
Prashad 1922: p. 16; Davis et al 1986: p. 428); Bhimtal (Preston 1915: p. 68;
Rao 1989: p. 68), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Thailand, China, eastern Himalaya,
and India: Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.
Order Caenogastropoda
Superfamily Cerithioidea
Family Pachychilidae Fischer
& Crosse, 1892
Genus Brotia Adams, 1866
Brotia costula (Rafinesque, 1833)
Distribution: Karnali
river, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 41); Ghodaghodi Lake Area,
Kailali District, Nepal (Chaudhary 2017: p. 20), Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh,
India, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Philippines.
Family Thiaridae
Subfamily Thiarinae
Genus Melanoides Olivier,
1804
Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Mohu pass,
Jammu, India (Theobald 1878: p. 141); Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh, India
(Agrawal 1976: p. 133); Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Biswas et al.
2015: p. 20); Ghou-Manhasan and Sehi streams, Jammu, India (Uttam et al. 2022:
p. 356); Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 39); Ghodaghodi Lake Area,
Kailali District, Nepal (Chaudhary 2017: p. 20); Poonch river and streams at
Munja Kot of Rajouri, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study).
Genus Mieniplotia Low
& Tan, 2014
Mieniplotia scabra (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Western
Himalaya, India (Rao 1989: p. 96) Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 39),
Europe, Greece, Indonesia, Palestine, and Borneo.
Remarks: Introduced species.
Genus Tarebia Adams &
Adams, 1854
Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1816)
Distribution: Kailali
District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 40), Africa, Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan, Sulawesi,
Thailand, southeastern Asia, Israel, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Cuba,
Australia, and India: Chhattisgarh, Assam, Odisha, Andaman & Nicobar.
Genus Thiara Röding 1798
Thiara aspera (Lesson, 1831)
Distribution: Sunderbani,
Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study), Myanmar, Thailand,
Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and India: Assam.
Order Architaenioglossa
Superfamily Viviparoidea
Family Viviparidae
Subfamily Bellamyinae
Genus Filopaludina Habe,
1964
Filopaludina bengalensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Distribution: Jammu Hills,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Northwestern Himalaya,
India (Preston 1915: p. 83); Naini Tal and Khurpa Tal Lakes, Uttarakhand, India
(Prashad 1922: p. 16); Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Agrawal 1976:
p. 132); Ghou-Manhasan and Sehi streams, Jammu, India (Uttam et al.
2022: p. 356); Jagdishpur Tal, Kapilvastu District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 34);
Ghodaghodi Lake, Nepal (Chaudhary 2017: p.18); Poonch District, Pir Panjal
range, India (Present study), Bhutan, and throughout India.
Genus Idiopoma Pilsbry,
1901
Idiopoma dissimilis (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Naini Tal
Lake, Uttarakhand, India (Nevill 1885: p. 27); Solan District, Himachal
Pradesh, India (Agrawal 1976: p. 132); Ghodaghodi lake, Kailali District, Nepal
(Budha 2016: p. 35; Chaudhary 2017: p. 19).
Subclass Heterobranchia
Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Family Bulinidae
Subfamily Bulininae
Genus Indoplanorbis Annandale
& Prashad, 1921
Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1833)
Distribution: Islamabad, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Sirmaur District, Himachal
Pradesh, India (Agrawal 1976: p. 135); Kashmir, India (Rao 1989: p. 142);
Gho-Manhasan stream, Jammu (Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356); Pong Dam Lake, Himachal
Pradesh, India (Biswas et al. 2015: p. 23); Pangong Lake, Ladakh, India,
Kashmir valley, India (Theobald 1878; p. 147); Downstream of Aripal stream,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 10571); Kailali
District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 47); Jammu hills, Jammu & Kashmir, India
(Woodward 1856: p. 186); Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Kailali District, Nepal
(Chaudhary 2017: p. 23); Dundak, Poonch District, Pir Panjal range, India
(Present study).
Family Lymnaeidae
Subfamily Amphipepleinae
Genus Ampullaceana
Servain, 1882
Ampullaceana balthica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Preston 1915: p. 110), Estonia, Canada, France, Germany, northern Iran,
and Indonesia.
Ampullaceana lagotis (Schrank, 1803)
Distribution: Pangong
Lake, Ladakh, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 7), Tibet, Central Asia, Romania,
Uzbekistan, Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Georgia.
Genus Pila Röding, 1798
Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822)
Distribution: Ghodaghodi
lake, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 36: Chaudhary 2017: p. 17),
Nepal, Bangladesh, and India.
Subfamily Lymnaeinae
Genus Galba Schrank, 1803
Galba truncatula (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Spiti, Kullu, Kotegar,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 10); Kashmir valley, India (Theobald
1878; p. 149; Preston 1915: p. 114; Rao 1989: p. 133); Potha, Poonch District
and Salani, Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study), Europe,
Armenia, France, Poland, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Czech Republic, Austria,
Romania, Germany, and Uzbekistan.
Genus Lymnaea Lamarck,
1799
Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Woodward 1856: p. 186; Theobald 1878: p. 149); Kashmir (Preston 1915: p.
106; Rao 1989: p. 135); Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Agrawal
1976: p. 137); Downstream of Aripal stream, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir
& Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 20751); Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India
(Present study), Türkiye, Mongolia, Kaliningrad, southern Siberia, Republic of
Khakassia, and Ukraine.
Lymnaea kashmirensis Prashad, 1925
Distribution: Wular Lake,
Kashmir, India (Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 148).
Genus Pseudosuccinea
Baker, 1908
Pseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1817)
Distribution: Mid and
downstream of Aripal stream, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar
2022: p. 20751); Ghodaghodi, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 41),
France, Argentina, Republic of South Africa, Spain, Dominican Republic, North
Carolina, New Zealand, Venezuela, Egypt, Cuba, and North America.
Genus Stagnicola Jeffreys,
1830
Stagnicola sp.
Distribution: Poonch
District and Salani village, Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present
study), Iran, Iraq, North America, and Mexico.
Subfamily Amphipepleinae
Genus Peregriana Servain,
1882
Peregriana peregra (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Woodward 1856: p. 186; Rao 1989: p. 135), Tibet, Ukraine, Berlin,
Republic of Dagestan, Mongolia, Siberia, and Europe.
Genus Racesina Vinarski
& Bolotov, 2018
Racesina luteola (Lamarck, 1822)
Distribution: Islamabad,
Jammu and Kashmir, India (Woodward 1856: p. 186); at Gho-Manhasan stream, Jammu
(Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356); Naukuchia Tal, Uttarakhand, India (Prashad 1922;
p. 14); Solan District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Agrawal 1976: p. 138); Kashmir
valley, India (Theobald 1878; p. 149); Mid and downstream of Aripal stream,
Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 20751); Kailali
District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 43); Saklo, Poonch, Pir Panjal range, India
(Present study) and throughout Indian plains.
Racesina ovalior (Annandale & Prashad, 1921)
Distribution: Bathanchamka
lake, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 44).
Genus Radix Montfort 1810
Radix andersoniana (Nevill, 1877)
Distribution: Kangra
Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India (Rao 1989: p. 132), China, Nepal, and Bhutan.
Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Shimshal village, Pamir,
Pakistan (Nevill 1878b; p. 6); Kashmir valley, India (Theobald 1878; p. 149;
Preston 1915: p. 111; Rao 1989: p. 134); Thogji Lake, Ladakh, India (Rajagopal
& Rao 1969: p. 102); Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Agrawal
1976: p. 136); Ghou-Manhasan and Sehi streams, Jammu, India (Uttam et al. 2022:
p. 356); Mid and downstream of Aripal stream, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir
& Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 20751); Chakatro, Poonch District at Slani area of
Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study), Austria, Bulgaria,
Siberia, Russia, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Slovakia, Turkiye, Algeria, and
Montenegro.
Radix brevicauda (Sowerby 1872)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Hanley & Theobald 1876: p. 64; Preston 1915: p. 111; Rao 1989: p.
134); Pangong Lake, Ladakh, India.
Radix rufescens (Gray, 1822)
Distribution: Jammu, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Woodward 1856: p. 286); Bhim Tal and Naukuchia Tal Lakes,
Uttarakhand, India (Prashad 1922; p. 14); Solan District, Himachal Pradesh,
India (Agrawal 1976: p. 138); Rajoy river, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh,
India (Biswas et al. 2015: p. 21); Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Kailali District,
Nepal (Chaudhary 2017: p. 21); Poonch River at Bufliaz area of Poonch District,
Pir Panjal range India (Present study), Indonesia, Berlin, Iran, Pakistan, and
throughout the Indian plains.
Radix tener (Küster, 1862)
Distribution: Bhim Tal
Lake, Uttarakhand, India (Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 396); Kashmir, India
(Rao 1989: p. 133); Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Kailali District, Nepal (Chaudhary
2017: p. 22) and Persia.
Genus Tibetoradix Bolotov,
Vinarski & Aksenova, 2018
Tibetoradix hookeri (Reeve, 1850)
Distribution: Skardu,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan and Nubra, Leh District, India (Woodward 1856: p.
186), Tibetan Plateau (western China), Greece, and southern Asia.
Family Physidae
Subfamily Physinae
Genus Physella Haldeman,
1843
Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805)
Distribution: Gho-Manhasan
stream, Jammu, India (Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356); Rajoy river, Kangra District,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Biswas et al. 2015: p. 21); Ghou-Manhasan and Sehi
streams; Mid-stream of Aripal stream, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar
2022: p. 20751); Poonch District, Pir Panjal range, India (Present study),
Belarus, Lithuania, Vietnam, North America, Russia, Thailand, Laos, Europe,
central Asia, Cuba, China, Morocco, Turkiye, South Korea, United Kingdom, Czech
Republic, Brazil, Transcaucasia, South Carolina, and India: North Dinajpur,
Kerala, West Bengal.
Remarks: Introduced
species.
Family Planorbidae
Subfamily Ancylinae
Genus Pettancylus Iredale,
1943
Pettancylus verruca (Benson, 1855)
Distribution: Dhongrahuwa
Lake, Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 47).
Subfamily Planorbinae
Genus Biomphalaria
Preston, 1910
Biomphalaria sp.
Distribution: Gharana
Wetland, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356).
Genus Culmenella Clench,
1927
Culmenella subspinosa (Annandale & Prashad, 1920)
Distribution: Khanabal and
Islamabad, Jammu and Kashmir, India (Annandale & Prashad 1920: p. 28);
Kashmir, India (Rao 1989 p. 145).
Genus Gyraulus Charpentier,
1837
Gyraulus albus (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Panjah,
Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan (Nevill 1878b: p. 10), Turkiye, France,
Croatia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Morocco, Poland, Albania, Bulgaria, Russia,
Iraq, Romania, Ukraine, and Germany.
Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton, 1849)
Distribution: Naini Tal,
Sariya Tal, and Bhim Tal Lakes, Uttarakhand, India (Prashad 1922: p. 15); Solan
District, Himachal Pradesh, India (Agrawal 1976: p. 136); Kailali District,
Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 45), Pakistan, China, India, Nepal, Iran, Philippines,
Thailand, Australia, Guinea, Korea, and India.
Gyraulus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874)
Distribution: Salt range,
Pakistan (Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 397); Salt Range (Rao 1989: p. 155);
Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 45), Palaearctic, Iran, Iraq,
Afghanistan, and India.
Gyraulus kosiensis Glöer & Bössneck, 2013
Distribution: Karampani,
Almora District, Uttarakhand, India (Glöer & Bössneck, 2013: p. 151).
Gyraulus ladacensis (Nevill, 1878)
Distribution: Leh
District, Ladakh, India (Nevill 1878b: p. 10; Rao 1989: p. 156); Gho-Manhasan
stream, Jammu, India (Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356); Aripal stream, Jammu &
Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 10571), Tibet, and
Uzbekistan.
Gyraulus parvus (Say, 1817)
Distribution: Salt range,
Pakistan (Annandale & Rao 1925: p. 397), Netherlands, central Europe,
North America, Myanmar, and throughout the plains of Inda.
Genus Helicorbis Benson,
1855
Helicorbis cantori (Benson, 1850)
Distribution: Ghodaghodi Lake
Area, Kailali District, Nepal (Chaudhary 2017: p. 23), China, Taiwan,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Singapore, Korea, and India: Assam, Manipur.
Helicorbis umbilicalis (Benson, 1836)
Distribution: Lakes of
Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India (Prashad 1922: p. 15); Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India
(Rao 1989: p. 148); Kailali District, Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 46).
Genus Helisoma Swainson,
1840
Helisoma sp.
Distribution: Gharana
Wetland, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356).
Genus Hippeutis
Charpentier, 1837
Hippeutis complanatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: Kashmir,
India (Rao 1989: p. 146), Poland, Algeria, Russia, Poland, Iran, Slovakia,
Türkiye, Republic of Moldova, Croatia, Czech Republic, Montenegro, Germany,
Romania, and Latvia.
Genus Planorbis Müller,
1773
Planorbis carinatus Müller, 1774
Distribution: Kashmir
valley, India (Theobald 1878: p. 149), Poland, Lebanon, Bulgaria, Turkiye, Germany, Latvia,
Albania, Ukraine, and Italy.
Planorbis planorbis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: Pitak and
Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Aripal stream,
Jammu and Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar 2022: p. 10571); Samote of Poonch
District and Kalakote area of Rajouri District, Pir Panjal range, India
(Present study), Armenia, Greece, Turkiye, Poland, Bulgaria, eastern Russia,
Croatia, Uzbekistan, Germany, and India.
Genus Polypylis Pilsbry,
1906
Polypylis calathus (Benson, 1850)
Distribution: Bhimtal
Lake, Uttarakhand, India (Benson 1850: p. 348); Kashmir, India (Preston 1915:
p. 127), Naini Tal, Uttarakhand, India (Prashad 1922: p. 16); Kailali District,
Nepal (Budha 2016: p. 46); Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Kailali District, Nepal
(Chaudhary 2017: p. 23), Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Nepal, India, and the
plains of eastern India.
Genus Segmentina Fleming,
1818
Segmentina sp.
Distribution: Downstream
of Aripal stream, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Mir & Bakhtiyar 2022: p.
10571).
Superfamily Valvatoidea
Family Valvatidae
Genus Valvata Müller, 1773
Valvata piscinalis (Müller, 1774)
Distribution: Tso Kar Lake,
Rupshu valley, India (Woodward 1856: p. 186); Pangong Lake, Ladakh, India
(Nevill 1878a: p. 15; Nevill 1878b: p. 12; Nevill 1885: p. 15; Sopore, Jammu
& Kashmir, India (Theobald 1878: p. 141); Kashmir, India (Preston 1915: p.
95; Rao 1989: p. 56), Europe, Turkiye, Armenia, Poland, Croatia, Bulgaria,
Siberia, Italy, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Estonia, and Latvia.
Table 1. List of terrestrial and freshwater
molluscs of western Himalaya.
|
|
Family |
No. of genera |
No. of species |
Percentage |
|
Terrestrial |
|
|||
|
1 |
Achatinidae |
5 |
8 |
3.30 |
|
2 |
Agriolimacidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
3 |
Alycaeidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
4 |
Anadenidae |
1 |
4 |
1.65 |
|
5 |
Ariophantidae |
9 |
45 |
18.59 |
|
6 |
Camaenidae |
5 |
8 |
3.30 |
|
7 |
Cerastidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
8 |
Chronidae |
1 |
5 |
2.06 |
|
9 |
Clausiliidae |
1 |
4 |
1.65 |
|
10 |
Cochlicopidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
11 |
Cyclophoridae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
12 |
Diplommatinidae |
1 |
3 |
1.23 |
|
13 |
Ellobiidae |
2 |
2 |
0.82 |
|
14 |
Enidae |
6 |
30 |
12.3 |
|
15 |
Euconulidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
16 |
Ferussaciidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
17 |
Gastrocoptidae |
4 |
5 |
2.06 |
|
18 |
Helicarionidae |
2 |
2 |
0.82 |
|
19 |
Limacidae |
1 |
2 |
0.82 |
|
20 |
Parmacellidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
21 |
Plectopylidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
22 |
Pupillidae |
2 |
10 |
4.13 |
|
23 |
Pyramidulidae |
1 |
2 |
0.82 |
|
24 |
Streptaxidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
25 |
Succineidae |
3 |
6 |
2.47 |
|
26 |
Truncatellinidae |
2 |
3 |
1.23 |
|
27 |
Valloniidae |
1 |
6 |
2.47 |
|
28 |
Veronicellidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
29 |
Vertiginidae |
1 |
4 |
1.65 |
|
30 |
Vitrinidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
Freshwater |
|
|||
|
31 |
Ampullariidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
32 |
Cyrenidae |
1 |
3 |
1.23 |
|
33 |
Erhaiidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
34 |
Sphaeriidae |
5 |
11 |
4.54 |
|
35 |
Unionidae |
3 |
11 |
4.54 |
|
36 |
Bithyniidae |
2 |
10 |
4.13 |
|
37 |
Pomatiopsidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
38 |
Bulinidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
39 |
Lymnaeidae |
9 |
16 |
6.61 |
|
40 |
Pachychilidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
41 |
Physidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
42 |
Planorbidae |
9 |
17 |
7.02 |
|
43 |
Thiaridae |
3 |
4 |
1.65 |
|
44 |
Valvatidae |
1 |
1 |
0.41 |
|
45 |
Viviparidae |
2 |
2 |
0.82 |
Table 2. List of old names used in the
literature with its new name and country.
|
Old names |
New names, City, State,
Country |
|
Adampur |
Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir,
India |
|
Avantipura |
Awantipora, Pulwama, Jammu
& Kashmir, India |
|
Badakshan |
Badakhshan, Baltistan,
Afghanistan |
|
Bagh Punch |
Bagh, Poonch Division, Pakistan |
|
Bagie |
Bagi Village, Himachal Pradesh,
India |
|
Dudh lekh, Nepal |
Dudh lekh, Suderpashchim, Nepal |
|
Burenda Pass |
Burzil pass, Gilgit-Baltistan,
Pakistan |
|
Cashmire |
Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir,
India |
|
Chandanwari |
Chandanwari, Pahalgam, Jammu
& Kashmir, India |
|
Changligali |
Changli Gali, Abbottabad,
Pakistan |
|
Chillianwalla |
Chillianwala, Punjab province,
Pakistan |
|
Dakhinkhund |
Dainkund, Dalhousie, Himachal
Pradesh, India |
|
Dras |
Drass, Ladakh, India |
|
Faggu |
Fagu, Himachal Pradesh, India |
|
Gunji, |
Gunji, Uttarakhand, India |
|
Gurwal |
Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India |
|
Hattu |
Hatu, Himachal Pradesh, India |
|
Iskardo |
Skardo, Gilgit-Baltistan,
Pakistan |
|
Islamabad |
Islamabad town, Jammu &
Kashmir, India |
|
Jamu Hills |
Jammu (Trikuta) Hills, Jammu
& Kashmir, India |
|
Jawi valley |
Tawi valley, Jammu &
Kashmir, India |
|
Jhilum |
Jhelum River, Jammu &
Kashmir, India |
|
Jummoo; Jamu |
Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir,
India |
|
Karimabad |
Karimabad, Gilgit-Baltistan,
Pakistan |
|
Kemaon |
Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India |
|
Khilanmarg |
Khilanmarg, Jammu &
Kashmir, India |
|
Kulu |
Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India |
|
Kunawur |
Kunawur, Himachal Pradesh,
India |
|
Landor |
Landour, Uttarakhand, India |
|
Liti pass |
Liti pass, Uttarakhand, India |
|
Mahassu |
Mahasu, Himachal Pradesh, India |
|
Masuri |
Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India |
|
Mataian |
Matayen, Kargil, Ladakh, India |
|
Mohu pass |
Banihal pass, Jammu &
Kashmir, India |
|
Muri; Mari |
Murree, Rawalpindi, Pakistan |
|
Nag Tiba |
Nag Tibba, Uttarakhand, India |
|
Nagkunda |
Narkanda, Himachal Pradesh,
India |
|
Naukuchia Tal |
Naukuchiatal, Uttarakhand,
India |
|
Nayni Tal; Nynee Thai |
Nainital, Uttarakhand, India |
|
Nubra |
Nubra, Ladakh, India |
|
Pakli Valley |
Pakhli Valley, Punjab province,
Pakistan |
|
Pankong |
Pangong Tso (Lake), Ladakh,
India |
|
Panjal valley |
Pir Panjal range, Jammu and
Kashmir, India |
|
Rampur, Barmula |
Rampur, Baramulla, Jammu &
Kashmir, India |
|
Salt range |
Pothohar Plateau, Punjab
province, Pakistan |
|
Sariya Tal |
Sariyatal, Uttarkhand, India |
|
Shypion |
Shopian, Jammu & Kashmir,
India |
|
Simla |
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India |
|
Sonmarg |
Sonamarg, Jammu & Kashmir,
India |
|
Soper |
Sopore, Jammu & Kashmir,
India |
|
Tajwas marg |
Thajiwas Glacier, Jammu &
Kashmir, India |
|
Takht-i-Suleiman |
Shankaracharya Hill, Jammu
& Kashmir, India |
|
Tandāli |
Tandali, Tikra, Himachal Pradesh,
India |
|
Tandiani |
Thandiani, Abbottabad, Pakistan |
|
Tangitar |
Tangdhar, Jammu & Kashmir,
India |
|
Tsoral lake |
Tsokar lake, Ladakh, India |
|
Wakha |
Wakhan, Kargil district, India |
|
Whartu; Hattu |
Hatu, Himachal Pradesh, India |
|
Tribeni Ghat |
Triveni Ghat, Rishikesh,
Uttarakhand or Triveni Ghat, Hoogly, West Bengal, India |
Table 3. Number of families, genera, and
species reported by different studies.
|
References |
No. of family |
No. of genera |
No. of species |
|
Present work |
13 |
27 |
39 |
|
Agrawal (1976) |
9 |
12 |
15 |
|
Annandale & Prashad (1920) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Annandale & Rao (1925) |
7 |
8 |
11 |
|
Auffenberg & Fakhri (1995) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Battish & Sharma (2002) |
1 |
1 |
3 |
|
Benson (1849) |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Benson (1857) |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Benson (1863) |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Benson (1864) |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
Bhat (2020) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Biswas et al. (2015) |
6 |
8 |
8 |
|
Bößneck et al. (2016) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Budha (2016) |
11 |
21 |
29 |
|
Budha et al. (2015) |
11 |
14 |
19 |
|
Budha et al. (2017a) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Budha et al (2017b) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Budha & Naggs (2005) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Budha & Naggs (2008) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Chaudhary (2017) |
10 |
14 |
16 |
|
Davis & Rao (1997) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Gerber & Bössneck (2009) |
1 |
4 |
4 |
|
Glöer & Bössneck (2013) |
2 |
2 |
5 |
|
Godwin-Austen (1899) |
2 |
2 |
3 |
|
Godwin-Austen (1914) |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Gude (1914) |
15 |
30 |
47 |
|
Hanley & Theobald (1876) |
14 |
17 |
29 |
|
Heynemann (1863) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Hlaváč (2004) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Hora (1928) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Hutton & Benson (1838a) |
6 |
12 |
15 |
|
Hutton & Benson (1838b) |
6 |
9 |
13 |
|
Hutton (1834) |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
Hutton (1837) |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Kuzminykh & Schileyko
(2005) |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Kuznetsov & Schileyko
(1997) |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
Kuznetsov & Schileyko
(1999) |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Mir & Bakhtiyar (2022) |
7 |
12 |
12 |
|
Nesemann & Sharma (2005) |
1 |
2 |
2 |
|
Nevill (1878a) |
13 |
16 |
20 |
|
Nevill (1878b) |
15 |
25 |
41 |
|
Nevill (1885) |
4 |
4 |
6 |
|
Nordsieck (1973) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Odhner (1963) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Páll-Gergely et al. (2015) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Pfeiffer (1846a) |
4 |
4 |
5 |
|
Pfeiffer (1849) |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Pfeiffer (1854) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Pokryszko et al. (2009) |
4 |
5 |
13 |
|
Prashad (1922) |
5 |
9 |
9 |
|
Prashad (1928) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Preston (1915) |
6 |
10 |
13 |
|
Rajagopal & Rao (1972) |
6 |
10 |
12 |
|
Rajagopal (1973) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Ramakrishna et al. (2010) |
20 |
34 |
81 |
|
Reeve (1848) |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Reeve (1849) |
4 |
4 |
7 |
|
Reeve (1862) |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Sajan et al. (2019) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Sajan et al. (2020) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Sajan et al. (2021) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Schileyko & Balashov (2012) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Schileyko & Kuznetsov
(1998a) |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Schileyko & Kuznetsov
(1998b) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Schileyko & Frank (1994) |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Rao (1989) |
10 |
17 |
23 |
|
Subba & Ghosh (2001) |
3 |
6 |
6 |
|
Subba & Ghosh (2008) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Theobald (1862) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Theobald (1878) |
23 |
35 |
51 |
|
Theobald (1881) |
8 |
14 |
23 |
|
Uttam et al. (2022) |
7 |
8 |
8 |
|
Wiktor (2001b) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Wiktor (2001a) |
1 |
1 |
3 |
|
Wiktor & Auffenberg (2002) |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
Wiktor & Bössneck (2004) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Woodward (1856) |
10 |
17 |
19 |
Table 4. List of introduced species reported
from the western Himalayan region from various studies.
|
|
Family |
Species |
References |
|
1 |
Euconulidae |
Euconulus fulvus (Müller, 1774) |
Theobald 1878: p. 141 |
|
2 |
Agriolimacidae |
Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774) |
Wiktor & Auffenberg 2002:
p. 12 |
|
3 |
Thiaridae |
Mieniplotia scabra (Müller, 1774) |
Rao 1989: p. 96 |
|
4 |
Physinae |
Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) |
Uttam et al. 2022: p. 356 |
|
5 |
Achatinidae |
Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) |
Budha & Naggs 2005: p. 19 |
For figures - - click here for full PDF
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