Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2023 | 15(9): 23870–23878
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8507.15.9.23870-23878
#8507 | Received 05
May 2023 | Final received 10 August 2023 | Finally accepted 05 September 2023
Composition of avian communities
in Ranjit Sagar Conservation Reserve, Punjab, India
Onkar Singh Brraich 1,
Sunil Kumar Saini 2 & Jagdeep Singh 3
1–3 Department of Zoology and
Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
1 singhonkar@yahoo.com, 2 sunilkumar1315@gmail.com,
3 Jagdeepsingh1656@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Anil Kumar, Zoological Survey of India,
Dehradun, India. Date of publication: 26
September 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Brraich, O.S., S.K. Saini & J. Singh (2023). Composition of avian communities in
Ranjit Sagar Conservation Reserve, Punjab, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(9):
23870–23878. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8507.15.9.23870-23878
Copyright: © Brraich et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change of India.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr.
Onkar Singh Brraich—assistant professor, Department of
Zoology and Environmental Sciences Punjabi University, Patiala. He has a keen
interest in fish taxonomy, birds, and biodiversity currently working on the
environmental issues of Punjab. Dr.
Sunil Kumar Saini-—assistant professor,
Zoology PDM University Bahadurgarh, Kherka Musalman, Haryana. Specialized in
fish taxonomy, birds and water quality analysis. Jagdeep
Singh—currently pursuing a PhD in ornithology and wetland ecology in the
Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences Punjabi University,
Patiala, is keenly interested in studying birds from the Indian subcontinent.
Alongside research, he is also a passionate scientific writer and believes that
science communication is a great way to promote research.
Author contributions: OSB—PhD supervisor, edited MS., SKS—
Field survey and M.S writing, JS—Final manuscript preparation, editing and
communication with journal.
Acknowledgements: Authors are thankful to Yodha
Singh, assistant professor, Botany Govt. Mohindra College, Patiala and Mr.
Amandeep Singh helping in preparation of maps.
Abstract: The Ranjit Sagar wetland, a
critical aquatic ecosystem supporting diverse flora and fauna, has been the
subject of investigation from January 2013 to January 2015. The study revealed
the presence of 167 avian species across 19 orders and 52 families. Notably,
areas with minimal disturbance within the wetland serve as key niches for a
substantial avian population, encompassing 47.31% migrant and 52.69% resident
species. Significantly, 10 Near Threatened species, alongside the Vulnerable Common
Pochard Aythya ferina and the Endangered Egyptian Vulture Neophron
percnopterus, underscore the wetland’s conservation value. Dominated by
order Passeriformes (55 species), followed by Charadriiformes (29
species), and Anseriformes (20 species), the avian community exhibits varied
feeding guilds, with insectivores (37.13%), omnivores (18.56%), aquatic animal
feeders (16.16%), carnivores (14.97%), frugivores (5.39%), granivores (4.79%),
and herbivores (3%) comprising its composition. This study elucidates the
intricate avian ecosystem’s dynamics in Ranjit Sagar wetland, emphasizing its
conservation significance and ecological structure, thereby contributing
valuable insights for preservation and future research.
Keywords: Aquatic ecosystems, avifauna,
conservation, habitats, IUCN Red List, mining, niche, vegetation, water birds,
wetlands.
INTRODUCTION
Wetlands serve as a crucial
transitional zone bridging terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, characterized by
a shallow water table or the presence of shallow water covering the land’s
surface. They play a pivotal role in providing habitat for diverse biota and
offer a range of ecological services (Coppes et al. 2018; Kakati et al. 2021;
Wu et al. 2021). India, in particular, boasts an impressive avian diversity,
with 1,353 documented bird species, of which approximately 310 are known to be
dependent on wetlands (Kumar et al. 2005; Praveen & Jayapal 2023). Wetlands
hold special significance for birds, serving as essential sites for roosting,
foraging, drinking, resting, shelter, and social interactions (Singh &
Banyal 2013; Kumar & Sharma 2019; Yao et al. 2020; Casazza et al. 2021;
Joshi et al. 2021; Teng et al. 2021).
Birds are reliable indicators of
water quality and wetland health (Yao et al. 2020; Anand et al. 2023). In
wetland ecosystems, birds can be broadly classified into two categories:
wetland specialists, which exclusively nest, feed, and roost in wetlands and
are entirely reliant on aquatic habitats, and generalists, which frequent
wetlands but also inhabit other environments. The development of an avifaunal
baseline checklist specific to this habitat plays a pivotal role in shaping
site and species-specific conservation strategies, applicable to both protected
and unprotected areas, as supported by previous research (Bibby 1998; Anand et
al. 2023; Byju et al. 2023a,b). Birds offer a valuable
avenue for assessing biodiversity, often indicative of a healthy ecology
through their diverse populations. Enumeration of avian diversity also
contributes to our understanding of the status of endangered or threatened
species. Furthermore, it holds educational value, fostering greater regional
species and ecosystem appreciation, while encouraging community participation
in conservation initiatives. Multiple researchers have conducted extensive
studies on bird diversity in Punjab’s wetlands, yielding noteworthy findings
(Ali et al. 1981; Robson 1996; Kazmierczak et al. 1998; Robson 1999; Sawant
& Sudhagar 2013; Prasad 2008a,b; Singh &
Brraich 2021). This comprehensive study serves to elucidate the importance of
wetlands and their relevance in shaping effective conservation strategies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The Ranjit Sagar wetland came
into existence in 2004 with the construction of a barrage on the river Ravi of
the Indus River system a freshwater wetland (32.442° N and 75.725° E, at the
altitudes of 540 m) located near Pathankot City, Punjab (Figure 1). This
wetland falls into three states, i.e., Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu
& Kashmir, and is spread over an area of 87.60 km2 with a
catchment area spread over 6,086 km2. In and around this wetland,
several habitats, including marshy parts, shallow areas, riparian vegetation,
deep areas, islands, large trees (for the roosting of birds), fallow fields
near the banks (for the breeding purposes) have developed over the time,
generally preferred by migratory birds. It also provides food for different
birds in the form of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, insects, zooplankton,
phytoplankton, and weeds.
Methods
Field surveys were conducted from
January 2013 to January 2015, utilizing visual counting methods following
Gaston’s (1975) methodology for bird observation. To ensure comprehensive
coverage of the wetland area, about 12 vantage points were established. Data
collection was conducted year-round, with observations made on five days each
month, both in the morning (0700–1000 h) and evening (1600–1830 h). Species
identification was based on references from bird identification guides,
including works by Ali & Ripley (1983), Grimmett & Inskipp (2010), and
Grimmett et al. (2012). Bird species were categorized into three groups:
annual, winter, and summer birds, following Mavi & Tiwana’s (1993)
classification system. The checklist was meticulously compiled using
standardized common and scientific names, adhering to guidelines by Clements et
al. (2022) and Praveen & Jayapal (2023).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present study, which
focused on avian diversity at Ranjit Sagar Wetland, a total of 167 species were
observed. The majority, accounting for 157 species, fall within the IUCN’s
Least Concern category, while the remaining 10 species are classified as
threatened. Notable among these are the Vulnerable Common Pochard Aythya
ferina and the Endangered Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus.
Additionally, species such as the Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis,
Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa,
River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii, Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata,
Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus, Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria, and
Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster are categorized as Near Threatened.
Vulnerable River Tern Sterna aurantia, Common Pochard Aythya ferina,
and the Endangered Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus complete the
list of threatened species.
Concerning dietary preferences,
the observed species display diverse feeding habits. The majority, comprising
37.13% (62 species), are insectivorous, followed by 18.56% (31 species)
categorized as omnivorous, 16.16% (27 species) primarily feeding on aquatic
animals, and 14.97% (25 species) displaying carnivorous tendencies.
Additionally, 5.39% of species are frugivorous (9 species), while 4.79% are
granivorous (8 species). Herbivorous birds constitute only 3% (5 species) of
the observed population, as detailed in Table 1.
The Ranjit Sagar Wetland,
characterized by its extensive open spaces in comparison to other wetlands in
the region, provides an ideal habitat for waterfowls and aquatic birds.
Furthermore, the presence of 44 fish species within this wetland area may attract
piscivorous birds classified as Aquatic animal feeders. Adjacent agricultural
lands offer ample opportunities to attract herbivorous migratory birds,
including the Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus and Greylag Goose Anser
anser. Nevertheless, the study underscores the negative impact of
anthropogenic activities such as mining, poaching, and sewage discharge on
wetland health. To mitigate these concerns and enhance the future attraction of
migratory birds, it is recommended to implement conservation efforts that
include conservation efforts, including habitat restoration, bans on sand
mining and poaching activities, as well as the regulation of land reclamation
and fishing practices, as detailed in the work by Brraich & Saini (2019).
The intricate relationship between wetlands and avian populations is influenced
by various physical and biological attributes of wetland environments. Birds
rely on wetlands for their daily and seasonal needs, including food and other
life-sustaining activities. Therefore, effective conservation and management
measures are essential to attract migratory birds to wetland areas. A
comprehensive examination of wetland ecosystems and migratory bird populations
is necessary to better understand their interaction. Public awareness regarding
the vital role of wetlands in supporting migratory birds is crucial, and
support for restoration and maintenance initiatives aimed at safeguarding these
vital habitats is highly encouraged.
Table 1. A checklist of the avian
species of Ranjit Sagar wetland, Punjab.
|
|
Taxon |
Family |
Season |
Feeding habit |
Residential status |
IUCN Status |
|
Order: Anseriformes |
||||||
|
1 |
Bar-headed Goose Anser
indicus (Latham, 1790) |
Anatidae |
W |
H |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
2 |
Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis
melanotos (Pennant, 1769) |
Anatidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
3 |
Common Pochard Aythya ferina
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Vulnerable |
|
4 |
Cotton Pygmy Goose Nettapus
coromandelianus (Gmelin, J.F., 1789) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
5 |
Common Teal Anas crecca (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
6 |
Eurasian Wigeon Mareca
penelope (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
H |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
7 |
Gadwall Mareca strepera (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
H |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
8 |
Garganey Spatula querquedula
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
9 |
Greylag Goose Anser anser (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
H |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
10 |
Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas
poecilorhyncha (Forster, 1781) |
Anatidae |
A |
H |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
11 |
Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna
javanica (Horsfeld, 1821) |
Anatidae |
S |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
12 |
Northern Shoveler Spatula
clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
13 |
Northern Pintail Anas acuta (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
14 |
Red-crested Pochard Netta
rufina (Pallas, 1773) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
15 |
Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna
ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
16 |
Common Shelduck Tadorna
tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
17 |
Ferruginous Duck Aythya
nyroca (Guldenstadt, 1770) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Near Threatened |
|
18 |
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Anatidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Galliformes |
||||||
|
19 |
Grey Francolin Ortygornis
pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789) |
Phasinidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
20 |
Indian Peafowl Pavo
cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Phasinidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Phoenicopteriformes |
||||||
|
21 |
Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus
roseus (Pallas, 1811) |
Phoenicopteridae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
|
Order: Podicipediformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 |
Little Grebe Tachybaptus
ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) |
Podicipedidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
23 |
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps
cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Podicipedidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
24 |
Black-necked Grebe Podiceps
nigricollis (Brehm, 1831) |
Podicipedidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Columbiformes |
||||||
|
25 |
Rock Pigeon Columba livia (Gmelin,
1789) |
Columbidae |
A |
G |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
26 |
Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia
decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838) |
Columbidae |
A |
G |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
27 |
Laughing Dove Spilopelia
senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Columbidae |
A |
G |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
28 |
Red Collared Dove Streptopelia
tranquebarica (Hermann, 1804) |
Columbidae |
A |
G |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
29 |
Spotted Dove Spilopelia
chinensis (Scopoli, 1786) |
Columbidae |
A |
G |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
30 |
Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Treron
phoenicopterus (Latham, 1790) |
Columbidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Cuculiformes |
||||||
|
31 |
Asian Koel Eudynamys
scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Cuculidae |
S |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
32 |
Greater Coucal Centropus
sinensis (Stephens, 1815) |
Cuculidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
33 |
Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus(Boddaert,
1783) |
Cuculidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Caprimulgiformes |
||||||
|
34 |
Alpine Swift Tachymarptis
melba (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Apodidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Gruiformes |
||||||
|
35 |
Eurasian Coot Fulica atra (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Rallidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
36 |
Common Moorhen Gallinula
chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Rallidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
37 |
Grey-headed Swamphen Porphyrio
poliocephalus (Latham, 1801) |
Rallidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
38 |
White-Breasted Waterhen Amaurornis
phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769) |
Rallidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
39 |
Common Crane Grus grus (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Gruidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
40 |
Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Gruidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Charadriiformes |
||||||
|
41 |
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus
himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Recurvirostridae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
42 |
Pied Avocet Recurvirostra
avosetta Linnaeus, 1758 |
Recurvirostridae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
43 |
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius
dubius Scopoli, 1786 |
Charadriidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
44 |
Kentish Plover Charadrius
alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Charadriidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
45 |
Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus
indicus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Charadriidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
46 |
River Lapwing Vanellus
duvaucelii (Lesson, 1826) |
Charadriidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Near Threatened |
|
47 |
White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus
leucurus (Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823) |
Charadriidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
48 |
Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus
malabaricus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Charadriidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
49 |
Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula
benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Rostratulidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
50 |
Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus
chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) |
Jacanidae |
S |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
51 |
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa
limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Near Threatened |
|
52 |
Common Redshank Tringa totanus(Linnaeus,
1758) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
53 |
Common Sandpiper Actitis
hypoleucos Linnaeus, 1758 |
Scolopacidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
54 |
Common Snipe Gallinago
gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
55 |
Dunlin Calidris alpina (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
56 |
Green Sandpiper Tringa
ochropus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
57 |
Common Greenshank Tringa
nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
58 |
Marsh Sandpiper Tringa
stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
59 |
Ruff Calidris pugnax (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
60 |
Spotted Redshank Tringa
erythropus (Pallas, 1764) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
61 |
Wood Sandpiper Tringa
glareola Linnaeus, 1758 |
Scolopacidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
62 |
Eurasian Curlew Numenius
arquata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Near threatened |
|
63 |
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus
ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Laridae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
64 |
Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus
brunnicephalus (Jerdon, 1840) |
Laridae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
65 |
Pallas's Gull Ichthyaetus
ichthyaetus (Pallas, 1773) |
Laridae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
66 |
Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus
fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Laridae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
67 |
River Tern Sterna aurantia (Gray,
1831) |
Laridae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Near Threatened |
|
68 |
Little Tern Sternula
albifrons (Pallas, 1764) |
Laridae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
69 |
Whiskered Tern Chlidonias
hybrida (Pallas, 1811) |
Laridae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Suliformes |
||||||
|
70 |
Oriental Darter Anhinga
melanogaster (Pennant, 1769) |
Anhingidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Near Threatened |
|
71 |
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Phalacrocoracidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
72 |
Little Cormorant Microcarbo
niger (Vieillot, 1817) |
Phalacrocoracidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
73 |
Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax
fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 |
Phalacrocoracidae |
W |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Pelecaniformes |
||||||
|
74 |
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Ardeidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
75 |
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Ardeidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
76 |
Indian Pond Heron Ardeola
grayii (Sykes, 1832) |
Ardeidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
77 |
Intermediate Egret Ardea
intermedia (Wagler, 1829) |
Ardeidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
78 |
Great Egret Ardea alba (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Ardeidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
79 |
Little Egret Egretta
garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Ardeidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
80 |
Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax
nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Ardeidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
81 |
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Ardeidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
82 |
Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus
sinensis (Gmelin, 1789) |
Ardeidae |
S |
AqA |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
83 |
Striated Heron Butorides
striata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Ardeidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
84 |
Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis
papillosa (Temminck, 1824) |
Threskiornithidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
85 |
Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus (Latham, 1790) |
Threskiornithidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Near Threatened |
|
86 |
Glossy Ibis Plegadis
falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Threskiornithidae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
87 |
Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea
leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 |
Threskiornithidae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Accipitriformes |
||||||
|
88 |
Osprey Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Pandionidae |
A |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
89 |
Black Kite Milvus migrans (Boddaert,
1783) |
Accipitridae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
90 |
Black-winged Kite Elanus
caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) |
Accipitridae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
91 |
Brahminy Kite Haliastur
indus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Accipitridae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
92 |
Shikra Accipiter badius (Gmelin,
1788) |
Accipitridae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
93 |
Common Buzzard Buteo buteo (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Accipitridae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
94 |
White-eyed buzzard Butastur
teesa (Franklin, 1831) |
Accipitridae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
95 |
Himalayan Vulture Gyps
himalayensis (Hume, 1869) |
Accipitridae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Near Threatened |
|
96 |
Egyptian Vulture Neophron
percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Accipitridae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Endangered |
|
97 |
Montagu's Harrier Circus
pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Accipitridae |
W |
C |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
Order:Strigiformes |
||||||
|
98 |
Spotted Owlet Athene brama (Temminck,
1821) |
Strigidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Bucerotiformes |
||||||
|
99 |
Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Upupidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
100 |
Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros
birostris (Scopoli, 1786) |
Bucerotidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Coraciiformes |
||||||
|
101 |
Common Kingfisher Alcedo
atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Alcedinidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
102 |
White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon
smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Alcedinidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
103 |
Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Alcedinidae |
A |
AqA |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
104 |
Green Bee-eater Merops
orientalis (Latham, 1801) |
Meropidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
105 |
Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops
philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Meropidae |
S |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
106 |
Indian Roller Coracias
benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Coraciidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Piciformes |
||||||
|
107 |
Brown-headed Barbet Psilopogon
zeylanicus (Gmelin, 1788) |
Megalaimidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
108 |
Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon
haemacephalus (Muller, 1776) |
Megalaimidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
109 |
Black-rumped Flameback Dinopium
benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Picidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Psittaciformes |
||||||
|
110 |
Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula
eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Psittaculidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Near Threatened |
|
111 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula
krameri (Scopoli, 1769) |
Psittaculidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
112 |
Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula
cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Psittaculidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
Order: Passeriformes |
||||||
|
113 |
Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus
kundoo Sykes, 1832 |
Oriolidae |
S |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
114 |
Black Drongo Dicrurus
macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) |
Dicruridae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
115 |
Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus
hottentottus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Dicruridae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
116 |
Indian paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone
paradisi (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Monarchidae |
S |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
117 |
Long-tailed Shrike Lanius
schach (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Laniidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
118 |
Bay-backed Shrike Lanius
vittatus (Valenciennes, 1826) |
Laniidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
119 |
Brown Shrike Lanius
cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Laniidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
120 |
Common Raven Corvus corax (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Corvidae |
A |
C |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
121 |
Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta
vagabunda (Latham, 1790) |
Corvidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
122 |
Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher Culicicapa
ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820) |
Stenostiridae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
123 |
Crested Lark Galerida
cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Alaudidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
124 |
Yellow-bellied Prinia Prinia
flaviventris (Delessert, 1840) |
Cisticolidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
125 |
Common Tailorbird Orthotomus
sutorius (Pennant, 1769) |
Cisticolidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
126 |
Rufous–fronted Prinia Prinia
buchanani (Blyth, 1844) |
Cisticolidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
127 |
Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis (Sykes,
1832) |
Cisticolidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
128 |
Plain Prinia Prinia inornata
(Sykes, 1832) |
Cisticolidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
129 |
Zitting Cisticola Cisticola
juncidis (Rafinesque, 1810) |
Cisticolidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
130 |
Blyth's
Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum (Blyth, 1849) |
Acrocephalidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
131 |
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Hirundinidae |
S |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
132 |
Plain Martin Riparia
paludicola (Vieillot, 1817) |
Hirundinidae |
S |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
133 |
Red–Rumped Swallow Cecropis
daurica (Laxmann, 1769) |
Hirundinidae |
S |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
134 |
Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo
smithii (Leach, 1818) |
Hirundinidae |
S |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
135 |
Streak-throated
Swallow Petrochelidon fluvicola (Blyth, 1855) |
Hirundinidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
136 |
Red–vented Bulbul Pycnonotus
cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Pycnonotidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
137 |
Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus
leucogenys (Gray, 1835) |
Pycnonotidae |
A |
F |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
138 |
Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus
collybita (Vieillot, 1817) |
Phylloscopidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
139 |
Siberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus
tristis (Blyth, 1843) |
Phylloscopidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
140 |
Indian White-eye Zosterops
palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824) |
Zosteropidae |
W |
O |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
141 |
Common Babbler Argya caudate
(Dumont, 1823) |
Leiothrichidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
142 |
Jungle Babbler Argya striata
(Dumont, 1823) |
Leiothrichidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
143 |
Large Grey Babbler Argya
malcolmi (Sykes, 1832) |
Leiothrichidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
144 |
Asian Pied Starling Gracupica
contra (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Sturnidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
145 |
Bank Myna Acridotheres
ginginianus (Latham, 1790) |
Sturnidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
146 |
Brahminy Starling Sturnia
pagodarum (Gmelin, 1789) |
Sturnidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
147 |
Common Myna Acridotheres
tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Sturnidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
148 |
Common Starling Sturnus
vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Sturnidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
149 |
Black Redstart Phoenicurus
ochruros (Gmelin, 1774) |
Muscicapidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
150 |
Bluethroat Luscinia svecica (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Muscicapidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
151 |
Brown Rock Chat Oenanthe
fusca (Blyth, 1851) |
Muscicapidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
152 |
Indian Robin Copsychus
fulicatus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Muscicapidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
153 |
Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus
saularis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Muscicapidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
154 |
Pied Bushchat Saxicola
caprata (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Muscicapidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
155 |
Siberian Stonechat Saxicola
maurus (Pallas, 1773) |
Muscicapidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
156 |
White-tailed Stonechat Saxicola
leucurus (Blyth, 1847) |
Muscicapidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
157 |
Purple Sunbird Cinnyris
asiaticus (Latham, 1790) |
Nectariniidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
158 |
Baya Weaver Ploceus
philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Ploceidae |
A |
O |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
159 |
Streaked Weaver Ploceus
manyar (Horsfield, 1821) |
Ploceidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
160 |
Indian Silverbill Euodice
malabarica (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Estrildidae |
A |
G |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
161 |
Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura
punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Estrildidae |
A |
G |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
162 |
House Sparrow Passer
domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Passeridae |
A |
G |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
163 |
Citrine Wagtail Motacilla
citreola (Pallas, 1776) |
Motacillidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
164 |
Grey Wagtail Motacilla
cinerea (Tunstall, 1771) |
Motacillidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
165 |
Paddyfield Pipit Anthus
rufulus (Vieillot, 1818) |
Motacillidae |
A |
I |
Resident |
Least Concern |
|
166 |
Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla
flava (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Motacillidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
|
167 |
White Wagtail Motacilla alba
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Motacillidae |
W |
I |
Migrant |
Least Concern |
A—Throughout year | S—Summer |
W—Winter | O—Omnivorous | AqA— Aquatic animal Feeder | C—Carnivorous |
F—Frugivorous | G—Granivorous | I—Insectivorous | H—Herbivorous.
For figure - - click here
for full PDF
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