Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2023 | 15(7): 23575–23586
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8469.15.7.23575-23586
#8469 | Received 04
April 2023 | Final received 22 June 2023 | Finally accepted 02 July 2023
Status of macrofungal diversity
in the wet evergreen forests of Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats,
India
Kurunnan Kandy Akshaya 1,
Arumugam Karthikeyan 2 &
Cheravengat Kunhikannan 3
1,2,3 ICFRE–Institute of Forest
Genetics & Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641002, India.
1 akshayakkatholi@gmail.com,
2 karthikarumugam13@gmail.com (corresponding author), 3 kunhikannan@gmail.com
Abstract: Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve
is a part of Western Ghats (India), has diverse ecosystems and constitutes an
important biogeographical ‘hotspot’ which is well known for its species
richness and endemism. Since limited information was available on the mycoflora
in this area, a survey was conducted to evaluate the macrofungal diversity in
the wet evergreen forests of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve. The survey was
carried out during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2021–2022 and
revealed the existence of 62 macrofungal species belonging to 43 genera, 24
families, and eight orders. Out of the eight orders, seven orders belong to the
division Basidiomycota and the other order Xylariales belongs to Ascomycota.
The family Polyporaceae was identified as the dominant family. The survey also
noted the presence of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi. Among the identified
species, the maximum density was of Panellus pusillus (6.08) followed by
Microporus xanthopus (5.38). Microporus xanthopus (82.14%)
exhibited the maximum frequency of occurrence and was identified as the most
common species. Coprinellus disseminatus was the most abundant species
among macrofungi. The assessment of macrofungal diversity using the Shannon
biodiversity index resulted in a value of 2.99, indicating a rich and diverse
fungal population within the forest. This finding emphasizes the significant
role of the forest ecosystem in supporting a wide variety of fungi
Keywords: Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes,
endemism, hotspot, Kerala, mushroom diversity, mycoflora.
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date
of publication: 26 July 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Akshaya, K.K., A. Karthikeyan & C. Kunhikannan (2023). Status of
macrofungal diversity in the wet evergreen forests of Agasthyamala Biosphere
Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(7): 23575–23586. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8469.15.7.23575-23586
Copyright: © Akshaya et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
(ICFRE), Dehra Dun & Compensatory afforestation fund management and
planning authority (Project No. AICRP 31), MoEF & CC, Govt of India.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Ms. K.K Akshaya has completed post graduate in botany and working as junior research
fellow. She has undertaken a PhD research in mycology aspects. Dr. A.
Karthikeyan is a senior scientist with specialization of mycology, plant
pathology and done research aspects of Mycorrhiza. Dr. C. Kunhikanna
is a plant taxonomist at present he is holding the charge of director of
Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India.
Author contributions: KKA has done the survey of macrofungi in Agasthayamala forests of Western Ghats of India and also identified the macrofungi. She
has written the full part of this manuscript with able guidance of AK. CK
helped to identify the plants of Agasthyamala forests and reviewed this
manuscript prior to submission.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education,
Dehra Dun, India for providing necessary facilities to undertake this study
under the funding support of
‘Strengthening forestry research for ecological sustainability and productivity enhancement’ scheme by Compensatory Afforestation Fund
Management and Planning Authority, Ministry of Environment, Forest &
Climate change, Government of India vide Project No. AICRP-31. Authors also
thank the Department of Forests & Wildlife, Government of Kerala, India
for the necessary permission to take up this study.
INTRODUCTION
Fungi represent a distinct and
diverse group of organisms that play a crucial role in ecosystem functioning by
participating in various ecological cycles (Schmit & Mueller 2007). They
constitute one of the largest communities after insects, highlighting their
ecological significance. Fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability in terms of
morphology, lifestages, developmental patterns, and habitats. They are capable
of colonizing a wide range of environments, including those characterized by
extreme conditions such as low or high temperatures, and high concentrations of
metals and salts (Cox 2007).
Macrofungi represent a prominent
group found in forest ecosystems, within the fungal kingdom. The fruiting
bodies of macrofungi, belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, can
be epigeous (aboveground) or hypogeous (underground) (Chang & Miles 1992).
These organisms are characterized by their distinct fruiting body forms, which
include cup fungi, jelly fungi, coral fungi, polypores, puffballs, corticoid fungi,
and agarics.
It has been
estimated that the total existence of fungi is about 1.5–5.1 million species,
of which approximately 150,000 fungal species have been reported (Blackwell
2011; Berbee et al. 2017; Wu et al. 2019). Macrofungi have a
worldwide distribution, ranging 53,000–110,000 species depending on the
plant-to-macrofungi ratio (Mueller et al. 2007). In India, the Himalayan and
Western Ghats ranges are the major hotspots of fungal diversity (Manoharachary et
al. 2005).
Western Ghats is one of the biodiversity
hotspots of India that covers an area of 160,000 km2 which extends
1,600 km running parallel to the western coast of the
Indian peninsula distributed in six states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu (UNESCO 2023). Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve
is a part of the Western Ghats, has diverse ecosystems, and constitutes an
important biogeographical ‘hotspeck’. It is well known for its species richness
and endemism. The biosphere reserve is marked by the presence of dominant
vegetation like Palaquium ellipticum (Dalz.) Baill., Cullenia
exarillata Robyns, Elaeocarpus munroii (Wight) Mast., Elaeocarpus
tuberculatus Roxb., Gluta travancorica Bedd., Syzygium mundagam (Bourd.),
Baccaurea courtallensis (Wight) Mull.Arg., and Ixora agasthyamalayana Sivad.
& N.Mohanan. The evergreen forests of the biosphere reserve are endowed
with many endemics such as Garcinia travancorica Bedd., Garcinia
imberti Bourd., Humboldtia unijuga var. unijuga Bedd. &
var. trijuga Joseph & Chandr., and Syzygium bourdilloni (Gamble)
Rathakr. & Nair (Mohanan & Sivadasan 2002).
Several
studies have been carried out in Western Ghats focusing on the diversity,
distribution, taxonomy, ecology, nutritional, and bioactive potential of
macrofungi (Manimohan & Leelavathy 1988, 1989a,b; Manimohan et al. 1995,
2004, 2007; Pradeep & Vrinda 2010; Puthusseri et al. 2010; Sudheep &
Sridhar 2014; Pavithra et al. 2016). The diversity and distribution of
macrofungi were investigated by several researchers (Natarajan 1995; Manimohan
et al. 2007; Pradeep et al. 2013, 2016). Studies on ectomycorrhizal fungi were
conducted by Natarajan & Raman (1983), Mohan (2008), and Mohanan (2014).
Hosagoudar & Thomas (2010) conducted a study on foliicolous fungal flora in
the Peppara and Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuaries of Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.
However, the status of macrofungal diversity in the wet evergreen forests of
Agasthyamala is limited and requires further investigation and documentation.
The present study aims to assess the status of macrofungal diversity in the
Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve area.
MATERIALS & METHODS
Study area
The
Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is situated at the southernmost tip of the
Western Ghats mountain range. Its geographic coordinates range from 8.1333°–9.1666o
N & 76.8666o–77.5666o E. Established in 2001,
the biosphere reserve covers a total area of 3,500 km2, with 1,828
km2 falling within the state of Kerala and 1,672 km2
within Tamil Nadu. The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve encompasses various districts,
including Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, and Tirunelveli and
Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. Within the Kerala region of the reserve, it
comprises the Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney wildlife sanctuaries, as well as
areas such as Achankovil, Thenmala, Konni, Punalur, Thiruvananthapuram
Division, and Agasthyavanam Special Division. The region experiences
temperatures ranging 18–35°C, and an annual rainfall of 2,400–3,500 mm (Manju
et al. 2009).
Survey of macrofungi
The survey
was conducted during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2021–2022 in the
wet evergreen forest areas of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, specifically
in the Paruthipally range of Thiruvananthapuram Division, Kerala. The
macrofungal assessment was carried out using the quadrat method, as described
by Harsh (2021). A total of 28 quadrats, each measuring 10 × 10 m, were
established in various locations within the forest area. These locations
included 36 Mala, Bonacaud Division, Bonacaud, Bonacaud camp shed, Bonacaud
School, Cardamom Estate, Elakkad 50 ha, GB Division, Bonacaud Ghost Bungalow,
Kallar, Kilavanthottam, Kurushumala, Kurushumala Gate, Pandimotta, Pandipathu,
and Bonacaud Picket Station. The selected quadrats exhibited an altitudinal
range of 343–1,032 m, as indicated in Table 1 and Image 1.
Macrofungal collection and
identification
Macrofungi
were photographically recorded in their habitats and the fresh samples were
collected with great care in a thermocol box. The macroscopic and ecological
characteristics were documented during the collection. A spore print was taken
for fleshy mushrooms and noted its color. The samples were dried in a hot air
oven at 50 oC for seven hours and were stored in dry paper covers
and labeled with collection numbers for future reference. Specimens were
identified with the help of manuals, available literature (Christensen 1968;
Ryvarden & Johansen 1980) and online resources like mushroomexpert.com. The
nomenclature of the species name is in accordance with the MycoBank database
(accessed on 20 January 2023).
Data analysis
The number of
sporocarps of each macrofungus in the 10 × 10 m quadrat was enumerated. The
quantitative analysis such as frequency, density, and abundance of macrofungal
species was calculated by Mishra (1968) as follows:
Density: It refers to the
numerical strength of a species, and can be calculated using the formula:
Total number of individuals of a fungal
species in all quadrats
Density =
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The total area of
the quadrat studied
Frequency (%): Frequency is the
degree of dispersion of individual species in an area, which is calculated by
the equation:
Number of quadrats in which the species
occurred x 100
Frequency (%) = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Total number of
quadrats studied
Abundance: indicates the number
of individuals of different species in the community per unit area. It is
calculated by the equation:
Total number of individuals of a species
in all quadrats
Abundance = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Total number of quadrats in
which the species present
Species diversity analysis
The macrofungal diversity in
different forest areas of Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve was determined using
the Shannon diversity index Magurran (1988).
Shannon diversity index, H’=
-∑ pi ln pi
Where pi is the proportion of
individuals of a species to the total number of species.
RESULTS
Macrofungal assessment
A comprehensive assessment of
macrofungal diversity in the present study revealed the presence of 62
macrofungal species, representing 43 genera, 24 families, and eight orders.
Among these, seven orders belonged to the division Basidiomycota, while one order
belonged to Ascomycota. The dominant order observed was Agaricales, comprising
33 species, followed by Polyporales with 13 species. Auriculariales accounted
for seven species, while Dacrymycetales, Russulales, Tremellales, and
Xylariales each had two species, and Boletales had single species (Table 2,
Figure 1). The family Polyporaceae exhibited the highest species richness, with
nine species recorded, while families such as Schizophyllaceae, Mycenaceae,
Serpulaceae, Russulaceae, and Hypoxylaceae displayed a lower number of
macrofungi (Table 2).
Ecological preference of
macrofungi
The present study revealed that
the maximum numbers of species (55) were saprophytes and a few species were mycorrhizal (seven) in nature.
Mycorrhizal macrofungi were found in the soil, associated with the roots of
higher angiosperm species (Table 3).
Quantitative analysis
The quantitative study of the
macrofungal species showed that maximum density was represented by the species Panellus
pusillus (6.08), followed by Microporus xanthopus (5.38). The
maximum frequency of occurrence was exhibited by Microporus xanthopus
(82.14%), followed by Stereum ostrea (42.86%), Auricularia delicata (32.14%),
and Dacryopinax spathularia (25%). Microporus xanthopus was the
most frequent species present in the Agasthyamala forests. Coprinellus
disseminatus was the most abundant species of macrofungi (Table 4).
Species diversity analysis
The species diversity of
macrofungi was calculated using the Shannon diversity index. The Shannon
diversity index for macrofungi in the wet evergreen forests of Agasthyamala was
found to be 2.99 (Table 5).
The current study enumerated a
total of 62 macrofungal species which are edible, medicinal, ectomycorrhizal,
saprotrophic and toxic (e.g., Chlorophyllum molybdites) belonging to 43
genera, 24 families and eight orders from Agasthyamala Forests. These forests
provide fairly undisturbed natural habitats for a variety of macrofungi. Among
them, seven orders belong to Basidiomycota and one order, Xylariales, comes under
Ascomycota. Polyporaceae is the largest family with nine genera followed by
Marasmiaceae (Eight genera), Agaricaceae and Auriculariaceae (Seven genera
each), Pleurotaceae (Four genera), Ganodermataceae (Three genera),
Omphalotaceae, Clavariaceae, Physalacriaceae, Dacryomycetaceae and Tremellaceae
(Two genera each) and all remaining families like Schizophyllaceae, Mycenaceae,
Coprinaceae, Serpulaceae were represented by a single genus each. The order
Agaricales was dominant (33 species), followed by Polyporales (13 species),
Auriculariales (Seven species), Dacrymycetales, Russulales, Tremellales, and
Xylariales each having two species and Boletales having only one species.
The quantitative analysis of
macrofungi revealed that Panellus pusillus (6.08) showed the maximum
density followed by Microporus xanthopus (5.38). The maximum frequency
of occurrence was exhibited by Microporus xanthopus (82.14%) followed by
Stereum ostrea (42.86%), Auricularia delicata (32.14%) and Dacryopinax
spathularia (25%). Microporus xanthopus was identified as the most
common species in the forests of Agasthyamala. Coprinellus disseminatus
was the most abundant species. The Shannon diversity index for macrofungi was
calculated and found to be 2.99, indicating rich fungal biodiversity and less
human interference in this area.
DISCUSSION
The Indian region is renowned for
hosting four biodiversity hotspots. The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka are
renowned biodiversity hotspots, attracting scientific exploration due to their
rich variety of life forms. Among these, macrofungi, including mushrooms and
polypores, hold immense importance as edible and medicinal species, with
significant bio-prospecting potential. Additionally, macrofungi play a crucial
role in ecosystem functioning by aiding in the formation of humus and nutrient
recycling on the forest floor. Although previous studies have reported a wide
range of agarics and other fungi from the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests
of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and the Kodagu region, further research is
necessary to comprehensively document the macrofungal diversity in these areas.
Several studies have been
conducted in the region, including those by Tapwal et al. (2013), Gogoi &
Prakash (2015), and Vishwakarma et al. (2017), which are similar in nature. The
findings of our study align with previous research, particularly regarding the
dominance of the Agaricales order, as reported by Tapwal et al. (2013).
Senthilarasu (2014) observed that Agaricales is the most dominant order,
followed by Polyporales. Gogoi & Prakash (2015) reported the highest number
of Agaricales. Our study confirms the ecological preference of the species,
with the majority being saprophytic and a few exhibiting mycorrhizal
characteristics, consistent with the findings of Tapwal et al. (2013). Notable
macrofungi such as Amanita vaginata, Cuphophyllus pratensis, Leucoagaricus
rubrotinctus, Macrolepiota procera, Russula cyanoxantha, Serpula
similis, and Termitomyces microcarpus were identified as
ectomycorrhizal fungi, known to enhance soil nutrient status, water
availability, and disease resistance (Waring & Running 2007; Harsh 2021). The symbiotic
association between fungi and plant roots contributes to the survival, growth,
and development of plants, aiding in the absorption of minerals, particularly
phosphate and water, from the soil (Jorgensen & Shoulders 1967; Marks &
Kozlowski 1973; Onguene & Kuyper 2001). The extensive underground network
of mycorrhizal fungal hyphae enhances the overall well-being of the ecosystem,
making mycorrhiza the most efficient nutrient uptake system in nature (Onguene
& Kuyper 2001). The presence of both saprophytic and mycorrhizal fungi in
the study area indicates a healthy condition of the forest (Tapwal et al.
2013).
Macrofungi that inhabit woody substrates can be
categorized as either saprophytic or plant pathogenic, as documented by Mueller
et al. (2007). In the present study, several saprophytic fungi were identified,
including Polyporus grammocephalus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Stereum
ostrea, and Microporellus dealbatus. Senn-Irlet et al. (2007) reported
that approximately 50% of macrofungi found in forests are involved in wood
decay processes. Saprophytic macrofungi play a crucial role in carbon and
nutrient recycling within ecosystems (Gates, 2009). They can be further
classified into three types based on their wood degradation mechanisms: soft
rot fungi, white rot fungi, and brown rot fungi. White rot fungi, such as Pycnoporus
sanguineus, Trametes gibbosa, Earliella scabrosa, and Microporellus
dealbatus, are predominant in the studied area. These fungi, belonging to
both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, are responsible for breaking down lignin,
cellulose, and hemicellulose in wood. They are unique in their ability to
degrade lignin, distinguishing them from other organisms. In contrast, brown
rot fungi primarily degrade cellulose and hemicellulose while leaving the
lignin relatively intact. Notably, brown rot fungi like Dacryopinax
spathularia, were also observed in this study. An interesting
characteristic of brown rot fungi is their formation of bracket-shaped fruiting
bodies on dead wood.
Termitomyces microcarpus is the most common edible
mushroom used by the local people of Agasthyamala. The local people named the
mushroom ‘Areekoonu’ (Malayalam: rice mushroom). Mushrooms are rich in protein,
vitamins, and minerals and are used as a substitute for animal protein (Chang
& Buswell 1996).
The sporocarps of macrofungi show
diverse forms in their morphology like jelly fungi, polypores, agarics, and
coral fungi. The present study reports jelly fungi such as Tremella
fuciformis, Exidia recisa, and Tremella mesenterica.
Polypores like Microporus xanthopus, and Polyporus grammocephalus, Agarics
such as Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus, Amanita vaginata, Chlorophyllum
molybdites and coral fungi include Clavulinopsis fusiformis.
The Shannon diversity index was
calculated and found to be 2.99, indicating that the study area has high fungal
biodiversity. The rich mycoflora of the wet evergreen forests of Agasthyamala
is due to less human interference.
The fruiting behavior of
macrofungi is influenced by various factors, including elevation, latitude, and
their impact on temperature and precipitation (Ohenoja 1993). Macrofungi
exhibit distinct patterns of sporocarp production, occurring in different
seasons and across extensive geographic areas with notable elevation changes.
The presence of specific vegetation types plays a crucial role in determining
the species richness and composition of macrofungi in a given area. Grasslands,
deserts, forests, tundra, and other habitats harbor characteristic macrofungal
species adapted to their respective environments. The abundance and diversity
of macrofungi are closely linked to the composition of plant species, as plants
serve as vital constituents and energy sources within the ecosystem, supporting
the growth and development of most macrofungi. Furthermore, the distribution of
ectomycorrhizal fungi, which establish symbiotic relationships with plant
roots, often aligns with specific forest types (Natel & Neumann 1992).
The fungal community responds to
changes in climatic conditions in the form of changes in fruiting patterns,
productivity, fruit body size, geographical distribution, and phenological
patterns. Such changes have a strong impact on their functional attributes like
modifying carbon cycling, altering bacterial community, and disrupting
mycorrhizal associations with effects reflecting up to higher trophic levels.
Long-term ecological monitoring studies help to provide valuable insights in
ecology, environmental change, natural resource management, and biodiversity
conservation. Therefore, understanding the factors that trigger sporocarp
community response to climate at species level is very important to predict
future species composition and abundance under global climate change scenario.
CONCLUSION
Macrofungi play a crucial role in
the ecosystem by significantly influencing soil nutrition, organic carbon
levels, and the well-being of surrounding vegetation. Despite the limited
availability of reports on macrofungal diversity in the Western Ghats region of
India, this study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by generating essential
baseline data on higher fungi. The findings of this study
revealed that the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve exhibits a remarkable richness
of fungal diversity, particularly in its wet evergreen forests. The presence of
such rich fungal diversity serves as an indicator of the overall health and
vitality of these forests. Consequently, the baseline data obtained from this
study serves as a valuable resource for understanding and assessing the species
richness of macrofungi within these forest ecosystems, contributing to their
conservation and management.
Table 1. Geographic co-ordinates of study
sites in Agasthyamala forests.
|
|
Locations |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Altitude |
|
1 |
36 Mala 10 acre |
N 8.69218333o |
E 77.18296944o |
736 m |
|
2 |
36 Mala |
N 8.67951667 o |
E 77.18054167 o |
999 m |
|
3 |
BA Division |
N 8.69185556 o |
E 77.16231944 o |
770 m |
|
4 |
Bonacaud 1 |
N 8.67007778 o |
E 77.15408333 o |
406 m |
|
5 |
Bonacaud 2 |
N 8.67104444 o |
E 77.15293889 o |
343 m |
|
6 |
Bonacaud Camp Shed 1 |
N 8.69279167 o |
E 77.17595278 o |
805 m |
|
7 |
Bonacaud Camp Shed 2 |
N 8.69504167 o |
E 77.17340000 o |
740 m |
|
8 |
Bonacaud Camp shed 3 |
N 8.69282222 o |
E 77.17234444 o |
730 m |
|
9 |
Bonacaud School |
N 8.68537778 o |
E 77.16697500 o |
559 m |
|
10 |
Cardamom Estate |
N 8.68565000 o |
E 77.18243333 o |
895 m |
|
11 |
Elakkad 50 ha |
N 8.68229444 o |
E 77.17858333 o |
695 m |
|
12 |
GB Division |
N8.69356667 o |
E 77.17162778 o |
635 m |
|
13 |
Ghost House |
N 8.69027222 o |
E 77.16896667 o |
770 m |
|
14 |
Kallar 1 |
N 8.69493333 o |
E 77.15632222 o |
648 m |
|
15 |
Kallar 2 |
N 8.69384167 o |
E 77.15466944 o |
635 m |
|
16 |
Kallar 3 |
N 8.69280000 o |
E 77.15594444 o |
623 m |
|
17 |
Kilavanthottam 1 |
N 8.69196944 o |
E 77.17507778 o |
862 m |
|
18 |
Kilavanthottam 2 |
N8.69220556 o |
E 77.17670556 o |
882 m |
|
19 |
Kilavanthottam 3 |
N 8.69315000 o |
E 77.17493056 o |
829 m |
|
20 |
Kilavanthottam 4 |
N 8.69198889 o |
E 77.17819167 o |
947 m |
|
21 |
Kurushumala |
N 8.68520833 o |
E 77.15527222 o |
719 m |
|
22 |
Kurushumala Gate |
N 8.68521389 o |
E 77.15784167 o |
690 m |
|
23 |
Pandimotta |
N 8.69136389 o |
E 77.18407222 o |
1,004 m |
|
24 |
Pandipath 1 |
N 8.68534167 o |
E 77.18038889 o |
1,032 m |
|
25 |
Pandipath 2 |
N 8.68967222 o |
E 77.18673056 o |
989 m |
|
26 |
Picket Station 1 |
N 8.66555000 o |
E 77.17373611 o |
598 m |
|
27 |
Picket Station 2 |
N 8.66408056 o |
E 77.17267778 o |
546 m |
|
28 |
Picket station 3 |
N 8.66590000 o |
E 77.17113333 o |
574 m |
Table 2. Distribution of
macrofungi in their respective family and order.
|
|
Species |
Family |
Order |
|
1 |
Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam. |
Amanitaceae |
Agaricales |
|
2 |
Amauroderma rugosum (Blume &
T.Nees) Torrend |
Ganodermataceae |
Poyporales |
|
3 |
Anthracophyllum archeri (Berk.)
Pegler |
Omphalotaceae |
Agaricales |
|
4 |
Anthracophyllum sp. |
Omphalotaceae |
Agaricales |
|
5 |
Auricularia delicata (Fr.) heim |
Auriculariaceae |
Auriculariales |
|
6 |
Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. |
Auriculariaceae |
Auriculariales |
|
7 |
Auricularia sp. 1 |
Auriculariaceae |
Auriculariales |
|
8 |
Auricularia sp. 2 |
Auriculariaceae |
Auriculariales |
|
9 |
Auricularia sp. 3 |
Auriculariaceae |
Auriculariales |
|
10 |
Campanella caesia Romagn. |
Marasmiaceae |
Agaricales |
|
11 |
Campanella tristis (G. Stev.) Segedin |
Marasmiaceae |
Agaricales |
|
12 |
Chlorophyllum molybdites (G. Mey.) Massee |
Agaricaceae |
Agaricales |
|
13 |
Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Soweby) Corner |
Clavariaceae |
Agaricales |
|
14 |
Coprinellus domesticus (Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq.Johnson |
Psathyrellaceae |
Agaricales |
|
15 |
Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E.Lange |
Psathyrellaceae |
Agaricales |
|
16 |
Crepidotus variabilis (Pers.) P. Kumm. |
Crepidotaceae |
Agaricales |
|
17 |
Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead
& Ginns |
Physalacriaceae |
Agaricales |
|
18 |
Cuphophyllus pratensis (Schaeff.) Bon |
Hygrophoraceae |
Agaricales |
|
19 |
Dacrymyces palmatus (Schwein.) Burt |
Dacryomycetaceae |
Dacrymycetales |
|
20 |
Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein)
G.W.Martin |
Dacryomycetaceae |
Dacrymycetales |
|
21 |
Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J.Schrot |
Fomitopsidaceae |
Polyporales |
|
22 |
Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces.
& De.Not. |
Hypoxylaceae |
Xylariales |
|
23 |
Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Glib.
& Ryvarden |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
24 |
Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. |
Auriculariaceae |
Auriculariales |
|
25 |
Exidia recisa Ditmar (Fr.) |
Auriculariaceae |
Auriculariales |
|
26 |
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. |
Ganodermataceae |
Polyporales |
|
27 |
Ganoderma sp. |
Ganodermataceae |
Polyporales |
|
28 |
Gill fungi 1 |
Marasmiaceae |
Agaricales |
|
29 |
Gill fungi 2 |
Marasmiaceae |
Agaricales |
|
30 |
Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fr. |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
31 |
Hymenopellis radicata (Relhan)
R.H.Petersen |
Physalacriaceae |
Agaricales |
|
32 |
Lentinus sp. 1 |
Agaricaceae |
Agaricales |
|
33 |
Lentinus sp. 2 |
Agaricaceae |
Agaricales |
|
34 |
Lentinus sp. 3 |
Agaricaceae |
Agaricales |
|
35 |
Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. |
Agaricaceae |
Agaricales |
|
36 |
Lenzites acuta Berk. |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
37 |
Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus (Peck) Singer |
Agaricaceae |
Agaricales |
|
38 |
Leucocoprinus fragilissimus (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Pat. |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
39 |
Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer |
Agaricaceae |
Agaricales |
|
40 |
Marasmiellus sp. |
Marasmiaceae |
Agaricales |
|
41 |
Marasmius haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr. |
Marasmiaceae |
Agaricales |
|
42 |
Marasmius siccus (Schwein.) Fr. |
Marasmiaceae |
Agaricales |
|
43 |
Marasmius sp. |
Marasmiaceae |
Agaricales |
|
44 |
Microporellus dealbatus (Berk. &
M.A.Curtis) |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
45 |
Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze. |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
46 |
Mucronella bresadolae(Quel.) Corner |
Clavariaceae |
Agaricales |
|
47 |
Panellus pusillus (Pers. Ex Lev.) Burds. &
O.K.Mill. |
Mycenaceae |
Agaricales |
|
48 |
Pleurotus sp. 1 |
Pleurotaceae |
Agaricales |
|
49 |
Pleurotus sp. 2 |
Pleurotaceae |
Agaricales |
|
50 |
Pleurotus sp. 3 |
Pleurotaceae |
Agaricales |
|
51 |
Pleurotus sp. 4 |
Pleurotaceae |
Agaricales |
|
52 |
Polyporus grammocephalus Berk. |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
53 |
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
54 |
Russula cyanoxantha
(Schaeff.) Fr. |
Russulaceae |
Russulales |
|
55 |
Schizophyllum commune Fr. |
Schizophyllaceae |
Agaricales |
|
56 |
Serpula similis (Berk. &
Broome) Ginns |
Serpulaceae |
Boletales |
|
57 |
Stereum ostrea (Blume &
T.Nees) Fr. |
Stereaceae |
Russulales |
|
58 |
Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. &
Broome) R.Heim |
Lyophyllaceae |
Agaricales |
|
59 |
Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. |
Polyporaceaea |
Polyporales |
|
60 |
Tremella fuciformis Berk. |
Tremellaceae |
Tremellales |
|
61 |
Tremella mesenterica Retz. |
Tremellaceae |
Tremellales |
|
62 |
Xylaria longipes Nitschke |
Xylariaceae |
Xylariales |
Table 3. List of macrofungi
recorded in the forests of Agasthyamala with their habitat, mode of nutrition
and associate.
|
|
Species |
Habitat |
Nutrition |
*Associate |
|
1 |
Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam. |
Soil |
Mycorrhizal |
+ |
|
2 |
Amauroderma rugosum (Blume &
T.Nees) Torrend |
Soil |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
3 |
Anthracophyllum archeri (Berk.)
Pegler |
Dead twig |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
4 |
Anthracophyllum sp. |
Dead twig |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
5 |
Auricularia delicata (Fr.) Heim |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
6 |
Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. |
Gordonia obtusa |
Saprotrophic |
+ |
|
7 |
Auricularia sp. 1 |
Deadwood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
8 |
Auricularia sp. 2 |
Deadwood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
9 |
Auricularia sp. 3 |
Deadwood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
10 |
Campanella caesia Romagn. |
Fallen twig |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
11 |
Campanella tristis (G.Stev.) Segedin |
Deadwood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
12 |
Chlorophyllum molybdites (G.Mey.) Massee |
Soil |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
13 |
Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Soweby) Corner |
Soil |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
14 |
Coprinellus domesticus (Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple &
Jacq.Johnson |
Deadwood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
15 |
Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E.Lange |
Soil |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
16 |
Crepidotus variabilis (Pers.) P.Kumm. |
Gordonia obtusa |
Saprotrophic |
+ |
|
17 |
Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead
& Ginns |
Soil |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
18 |
Cuphophyllus pratensis (Schaeff.) Bon |
Soil |
Mycorrhizal |
+ |
|
19 |
Dacrymyces palmatus (Schwein.) Burt |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
20 |
Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein)
G.W.Martin |
Deadwood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
21 |
Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J.Schrot |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
22 |
Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces.
& De.Not. |
Deadwood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
23 |
Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Glib.
& Ryvarden |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
24 |
Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
25 |
Exidia recisa Ditmar (Fr.) |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
26 |
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
27 |
Ganoderma sp. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
28 |
Gill fungi 1 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
29 |
Gill fungi 2 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
30 |
Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fr. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
31 |
Hymenopellis radicata (Relhan)
R.H.Petersen |
Soil |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
32 |
Lentinus sp. 1 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
33 |
Lentinus sp. 2 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
34 |
Lentinus sp. 3 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
35 |
Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
36 |
Lenzites acuta Berk. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
37 |
Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus (Peck) Singer |
Soil |
Mycorrhizal |
+ |
|
38 |
Leucocoprinus fragilissimus (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Pat. |
Soil |
Saprotrophic |
|
|
39 |
Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer |
Soil |
Mycorrhizal |
+ |
|
40 |
Marasmiellus sp. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
41 |
Marasmius haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
42 |
Marasmius siccus (Schwein.) Fr. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
43 |
Marasmius spp. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
44 |
Microporellus dealbatus (Berk. &
M.A.Curtis) |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
45 |
Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze. |
Dead fallen twig |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
46 |
Mucronella bresadolae (Quel.) Corner |
Ficus exasperata |
Saprotrophic |
+ |
|
47 |
Panellus pusillus (Pers. Ex Lev.) Burds. &
O.K.Mill. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
48 |
Pleurotus sp. 1 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
49 |
Pleurotus sp. 2 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
50 |
Pleurotus sp. 3 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
51 |
Pleurotus sp. 4 |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
52 |
Polyporus grammocephalus Berk. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
53 |
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
54 |
Russula cyanoxantha
(Schaeff.) Fr. |
Soil |
Mycorrhizal |
+ |
|
55 |
Schizophyllum commune Fr. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
56 |
Serpula similis (Berk. &
Broome) Ginns |
Elaeocarpus munroii |
Mycorrhizal |
+ |
|
57 |
Stereum ostrea (Blume &
T.Nees) Fr. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
58 |
Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. &
Broome) R.Heim |
Soil |
Mycorrhizal |
- |
|
59 |
Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
60 |
Tremella fuciformis Berk. |
Fallen twig |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
61 |
Tremella mesenterica Retz. |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
|
62 |
Xylaria longipes Nitschke |
Dead wood |
Saprotrophic |
- |
*: (+)—associated with tree|
(-)—non associated with tree.
Table 4. Density, frequency and
abundance of macrofungi of Agasthyamala forests.
|
|
Species |
Density |
Frequency (%) |
Abundance |
|
1 |
Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam. |
0.03 |
7.14 |
1.50 |
|
2 |
Amauroderma rugosum (Blume &
T.Nees) Torrend |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
3 |
Anthracophyllum archeri (Berk.)
Pegler |
2.69 |
17.86 |
53.80 |
|
4 |
Anthracophyllum sp. |
2.21 |
14.29 |
55.25 |
|
5 |
Auricularia delicata (Fr.) Heim |
2.39 |
32.14 |
26.56 |
|
6 |
Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. |
0.24 |
7.14 |
12.00 |
|
7 |
Auricularia sp. 1 |
0.4 |
3.57 |
40.00 |
|
8 |
Auricularia sp. 2 |
0.15 |
3.57 |
15.00 |
|
9 |
Auricularia sp. 3 |
0.35 |
3.57 |
35.00 |
|
10 |
Campanella caesia Romagn. |
0.03 |
3.57 |
3.00 |
|
11 |
Campanella tristis (G.Stev.) Segedin |
0.4 |
14.29 |
10.00 |
|
12 |
Chlorophyllum molybdites (G.Mey.) Massee |
0.03 |
3.57 |
3.00 |
|
13 |
Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Soweby) Corner |
0.06 |
3.57 |
6.00 |
|
14 |
Coprinellus domesticus (Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple &
Jacq.Johnson |
1.34 |
10.71 |
44.67 |
|
15 |
Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E.Lange |
0.6 |
3.57 |
60.00 |
|
16 |
Crepidotus variabilis (Pers.) P.Kumm. |
0.14 |
10.71 |
4.67 |
|
17 |
Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead
& Ginns |
0.05 |
14.29 |
1.25 |
|
18 |
Cuphophyllus pratensis (Schaeff.) Bon |
0.04 |
7.14 |
2.00 |
|
19 |
Dacrymyces palmatus (Schwein.) Burt |
1.19 |
14.29 |
29.75 |
|
20 |
Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein)
G.W.Martin |
2.42 |
25.00 |
34.57 |
|
21 |
Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J.Schrot |
0.13 |
14.29 |
3.25 |
|
22 |
Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces.
& De.Not. |
0.02 |
7.14 |
1.00 |
|
23 |
Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Glib.
& Ryvarden |
1.02 |
17.86 |
20.40 |
|
24 |
Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
25 |
Exidia recisa Ditmar (Fr.) |
0.11 |
7.14 |
5.50 |
|
26 |
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. |
0.05 |
7.14 |
2.50 |
|
27 |
Ganoderma sp. |
0.07 |
7.14 |
3.50 |
|
28 |
Gill fungi 1 |
0.35 |
3.57 |
35.00 |
|
29 |
Gill fungi 2 |
0.15 |
3.57 |
15.00 |
|
30 |
Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fr. |
0.6 |
32.14 |
6.67 |
|
31 |
Hymenopellis radicata (Relhan)
R.H.Petersen |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
32 |
Lentinus sp. 1 |
0.21 |
3.57 |
21.00 |
|
33 |
Lentinus sp. 2 |
0.41 |
3.57 |
41.00 |
|
34 |
Lentinus sp. 3 |
0.02 |
3.57 |
2.00 |
|
35 |
Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. |
0.04 |
3.57 |
4.00 |
|
36 |
Lenzites acuta Berk. |
0.23 |
17.86 |
4.60 |
|
37 |
Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus (Peck) Singer |
0.05 |
7.14 |
2.50 |
|
38 |
Leucocoprinus fragilissimus (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Pat. |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
39 |
Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
40 |
Marasmiellus sp. |
0.25 |
7.14 |
12.50 |
|
41 |
Marasmius haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr |
0.1 |
17.86 |
2.00 |
|
42 |
Marasmius siccus (Schwein.) Fr. |
0.03 |
3.57 |
3.00 |
|
43 |
Marasmius spp. |
0.04 |
7.14 |
2.00 |
|
44 |
Microporellus dealbatus (Berk. &
M.A.Curtis) |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
45 |
Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze. |
5.38 |
82.14 |
23.39 |
|
46 |
Mucronella bresadolae(Quel.) Corner |
0.27 |
3.57 |
27.00 |
|
47 |
Panellus pusillus (Pers. Ex Lev.) Burds. &
O.K.Mill. |
6.08 |
28.57 |
76.00 |
|
48 |
Pleurotus sp. 1 |
0.07 |
3.57 |
7.00 |
|
49 |
Pleurotus sp. 2 |
0.07 |
3.57 |
7.00 |
|
50 |
Pleurotus sp. 3 |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
51 |
Pleurotus sp. 4 |
0.02 |
3.57 |
2.00 |
|
52 |
Polyporus grammocephalus Berk. |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
53 |
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill |
0.79 |
10.71 |
26.33 |
|
54 |
Russula cyanoxantha
(Schaeff.) Fr. |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
55 |
Schizophyllum commune Fr. |
0.89 |
10.71 |
29.67 |
|
56 |
Serpula similis (Berk. &
Broome) Ginns |
0.09 |
3.57 |
9.00 |
|
57 |
Stereum ostrea (Blume &
T.Nees) Fr. |
1.34 |
42.86 |
11.17 |
|
58 |
Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. &
Broome) R.Heim |
1.79 |
14.29 |
44.75 |
|
59 |
Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. |
0.02 |
7.14 |
1.00 |
|
60 |
Tremella fuciformis Berk. |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
|
61 |
Tremella mesenterica Retz. |
0.33 |
7.14 |
16.50 |
|
62 |
Xylaria longipes Nitschke |
0.01 |
3.57 |
1.00 |
Table 5. Diversity of macrofungal
species by Shannon index.
|
|
Species |
Density |
Pi ln pi |
|
1 |
Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam. |
0.03 |
-0.01 |
|
2 |
Amauroderma rugosum (Blume &
T.Nees) Torrend |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
3 |
Anthracophyllum archeri (Berk.)
Pegler |
2.69 |
-0.19 |
|
4 |
Anthracophyllum spp. |
2.21 |
-0.17 |
|
5 |
Auricularia delicata (Fr.) Heim |
2.39 |
-0.18 |
|
6 |
Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. |
0.24 |
-0.03 |
|
7 |
Auricularia sp. 1 |
0.4 |
-0.05 |
|
8 |
Auricularia sp. 2 |
0.15 |
-0.02 |
|
9 |
Auricularia sp. 3 |
0.35 |
-0.05 |
|
10 |
Campanella caesia Romagn. |
0.03 |
-0.01 |
|
11 |
Campanella tristis (G.Stev.) Segedin |
0.4 |
-0.05 |
|
12 |
Chlorophyllum molybdites (G.Mey.) Massee |
0.03 |
-0.01 |
|
13 |
Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Soweby) Corner |
0.06 |
-0.01 |
|
14 |
Coprinellus domesticus (Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple &
Jacq.Johnson |
1.34 |
-0.12 |
|
15 |
Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E.Lange |
0.6 |
-0.07 |
|
16 |
Crepidotus variabilis (Pers.) P.Kumm. |
0.14 |
-0.02 |
|
17 |
Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) Redhead
& Ginns |
0.05 |
-0.01 |
|
18 |
Cuphophyllus pratensis (Schaeff.) Bon |
0.04 |
-0.01 |
|
19 |
Dacrymyces palmatus (Schwein.) Burt |
1.19 |
-0.11 |
|
20 |
Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein)
G.W.Martin |
2.42 |
-0.18 |
|
21 |
Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J.Schrot |
0.13 |
-0.02 |
|
22 |
Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces.
& De.Not. |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
23 |
Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Glib.
& Ryvarden |
1.02 |
-0.10 |
|
24 |
Exidia glandulosa(Bull.) Fr. |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
25 |
Exidia recisa Ditmar (Fr.) |
0.11 |
-0.02 |
|
26 |
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. |
0.05 |
-0.01 |
|
27 |
Ganoderma sp. |
0.07 |
-0.01 |
|
28 |
Gill fungi 1 |
0.35 |
-0.05 |
|
29 |
Gill fungi 2 |
0.15 |
-0.02 |
|
30 |
Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fr. |
0.6 |
-0.07 |
|
31 |
Hymenopellis radicata (Relhan)
R.H.Petersen |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
32 |
Lentinus sp. 1 |
0.21 |
-0.03 |
|
33 |
Lentinus sp. 2 |
0.41 |
-0.05 |
|
34 |
Lentinus sp. 3 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
35 |
Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. |
0.04 |
-0.01 |
|
36 |
Lenzites acuta Berk. |
0.23 |
-0.03 |
|
37 |
Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus (Peck) Singer |
0.05 |
-0.01 |
|
38 |
Leucocoprinus fragilissimus (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Pat. |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
39 |
Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
40 |
Marasmiellus sp. |
0.25 |
-0.03 |
|
41 |
Marasmius haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr |
0.1 |
-0.02 |
|
42 |
Marasmius siccus (Schwein.) Fr. |
0.03 |
-0.01 |
|
43 |
spp. |
0.04 |
-0.01 |
|
44 |
Microporellus dealbatus (Berk. &
M.A.Curtis) |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
45 |
Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze. |
5.38 |
-0.28 |
|
46 |
Mucronella bresadolae(Quel.) Corner |
0.27 |
-0.04 |
|
47 |
Panellus pusillus (Pers. Ex Lev.) Burds. &
O.K.Mill. |
6.08 |
-0.30 |
|
48 |
Pleurotus sp. 1 |
0.07 |
-0.01 |
|
49 |
Pleurotus sp. 2 |
0.07 |
-0.01 |
|
50 |
Pleurotus sp. 3 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
51 |
Pleurotus sp. 4 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
52 |
Polyporus grammocephalus Berk. |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
53 |
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill |
0.79 |
-0.08 |
|
54 |
Russula cyanoxantha
(Schaeff.) Fr. |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
55 |
Schizophyllum commune Fr. |
0.89 |
-0.09 |
|
56 |
Serpula similis (Berk. &
Broome) Ginns |
0.09 |
-0.02 |
|
57 |
Stereum ostrea (Blume &
T.Nees) Fr. |
1.34 |
-0.12 |
|
58 |
Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. &
Broome) R.Heim |
1.79 |
-0.15 |
|
59 |
Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
60 |
Tremella fuciformis Berk. |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
61 |
Tremella mesenterica Retz. |
0.33 |
-0.04 |
|
62 |
Xylaria longipes Nitschke |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
Shannon diversity
index, H’ = 2.99 |
|||
For
figure & images - - click here for full PDF
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