Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2023 | 15(3): 22813–22822
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8356.15.3.22813-22822
#8356 | Received 06
January 2023 | Final received 10 February 2023 | Finally accepted 04 March 2023
An annotated checklist of the
avifauna of Karangadu mangrove forest, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, with notes on the site’s
importance for waterbird conservation
H. Byju 1
, N. Raveendran 2, S. Ravichandran 3 & R. Kishore 4
1,3 Centre of Advanced Study in
Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai,
Tamil Nadu 608502, India.
2 Iragukal Amritha
Nature Trust, 61, Ramachandra Thadaga street, Thirumangalam, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625706, India.
4 Sálim
Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641108, India.
1 byjuhi@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 Iant.ravee@gmail.com, 3 sravicas@gmail.com,
4 kishorewfw@gmail.com
Abstract: Avifaunal inventories are crucial
to the formulation of conservation and management strategies for habitats and
species. An annotated checklist of the birds of the Karangadu
eco-tourism area located in the Palk Bay in Ramanathapuram
district of Tamil Nadu, was prepared. We listed a total of 107 species
belonging to 18 orders and 40 families. Orders Charadriiformes,
Suliformes, and Pelecaniformes
dominated the habitat. Among the families, Scolopacidae
(10 species) was dominant, followed by Ardeidae (9),
and Laridae (8). In addition, the study also
documented three globally ‘Near Threatened’ species: Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala,
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, and Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus. The observed frequency of the
species was: 57% (61 spp.) common, 32.7% (35 spp.) uncommon, and 10.3% (11
spp.) rare. Categorization based on the
residential status of birds revealed that 31% (33 spp.) were winter visitors,
and one was a passage migrant (Rosy Starling Pastor roseus). These baseline
data highlight the importance of Karangadu as an
important site on the southeastern coast of India for migratory shorebird
conservation priorities.
Keywords: Central Asian Flyway, Gulf of Mannar, mangroves, Palk Bay, shorebirds, winter
visitors.
Editor: Anil Kumar, Zoological Survey of India,
Dehradun, India. Date of
publication: 26 March 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Byju, H., N. Raveendran, S.
Ravichandran & R. Kishore (2023). An annotated checklist of the avifauna of Karangadu mangrove forest, Ramanathapuram,
Tamil Nadu, with notes on the site’s importance for waterbird
conservation. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 15(3):
22813–22822. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8356.15.3.22813-22822
Copyright: © Byju et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author contributions: BH—conceptualization, writing and editing; RN—data compilation, writing; SR—writing and supervision; RK—writing and map preparation.
Acknowledgements: Our sincere gratitude goes to Mr
Ashok Kumar, the wildlife warden and range officer Satish Nirmal
for facilitating the visits. Members of boat crew, field staff, and EDC workers
requires special mention for every assistance. All the volunteers who
participated in several stages also are thankfully mentioned here. The
suggestions of reviewers and editors are also welcomed with gratitude for
improving the manuscript.
Introduction
India is biodiversity rich, with
several distinct biogeographical zones and habitats housing 12.5% of world
avian diversity (Praveen et al. 2016; Praveen & Jayapal
2022). Birds are indicators of ecosystem health (Bilgrami
1995; Piersma & Lindstrom 2004), and data on
their occurrence is important for ecological assessments and management
initiatives (Kati & Sekercioglu 2006). The
significance of a specific landscape for avifaunal conservation can be
recognized by assessing the structure of local bird communities (Kattan & Franco 2004). Information on avifauna is vital
for an ecosystem conservation effort, as well as to understand the implications
of habitat degradation/loss and climate change (Daniels et al. 1991; Peterson
et al. 2000; Llanos et al. 2011).
In Tamil Nadu, several studies
have been carried out on the bird diversity of wetlands including Kaliveli (Pieter 1987), Karaivetti
(Gokula 2010), Pallikaranai
(Raj et al. 2010), Point Calimere (Sugathan 1982), Singanallur Lake
(Reginald et al. 2007), and Vaduvoor (Gokula & Raj 2011). In the Ramanathapuram
District of Tamil Nadu and adjoining areas of the Gulf of Mannar
& Palk Bay regions, previous studies have been carried out from Rameswaram
Island (Biddulph 1938) and Mandapam & its neighbouring
islands (Balachandran 1990). Byju et al. (2023)
described the avifaunal distribution on the 21 islands located in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.
In 2022, the Government of India
announced the increase of Ramsar sites to 75, which
included two wetlands (GOI 2022) from the Ramanathapuram
District, prioritizing this area for bird and habitat conservation. Bird survey
data provide useful insights for basic and applied ecology, as well as for
identifying priority conservation areas (Daniels et al. 1991; Peterson et al.
2000). Some of the recently published records from this district include
sighting of Artic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus (Byju &
Raveendran 2022a), and the first Asian record of Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata
(Byju & Raveendran 2022b). Previous findings
highlight the importance of this area, and prompted us to undertake a baseline
survey based on a need for monitoring in new areas in the rapidly changing
landscape. This study of Karangadu on the Palk
Bay adjoining the Gulf of Mannar region could act as
a base for further research into avian systematics, taxonomy, distribution,
assessment, and management. This study also remarks on the regularity of
observations, the relevance of birds, especially long-distance migratory
shorebirds, and the conservation significance of this mangrove habitat.
MethodS
Study Area
Karangadu mangrove forest
(9.64790N & 78.95690E) is located on the southeastern coast of India, adjoining the Palk Bay in the Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu, India (Figure 1). It
is an eco-tourism area run by the forest department with the support of the Eco
Development Committee (EDC), involving the local fishermen community providing
boating and bird-watching facilities for the public. The predominant vegetation
of Karangadu is mangroves, which consists of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora
mucronata. Many of unused areas were planted with
mangroves in the last decade, converting the area to a mangrove forest from the
estuary to the east coast road. This aids in supporting wading birds. Crabs,
prawns, and other invertebrates inhabit the mangroves, regularly attracting a
number of birds. Fishing activity and fish landing centres attract fish-eating
birds. Small water bodies left over by unused salt pans as well as artificial pools
with water released from prawn culture areas aid bird populations. The main habitat types observed
in the study area include: Open water habitat and Mangroves (WL = Wetland);
Trees (Tr) Palm and Tamarind trees; Shrub habitat (OS
= Open Scrub type). The district receives rain from both the south-west and
north-east monsoons. The district experiences a tropical climate. The months of
May and June are generally hot and dry (Balachandran 1990).
This study on the avifauna of the
Karangadu eco-tourism area was carried out between
January 2017 and March 2018. A total of 12 field visits (one per month) were
conducted to observe the diversity of birds. Field surveys were conducted in
the morning (0700–1000 h) and evening (1600–1900 h), depending on the season
when birds were most active. Opportunistic sightings were also made to compile
the checklist of the birds of the region during the years 2019 to 2021, from
September to March. Direct count for individual species and block count methods
were employed for flocks for data collection (Howes & Bakewell 1989; Bibby
et al. 2000). In the study area, waterbirds were
counted at three scanning points (Figure 1), selected on the basis of
preliminary surveys done in January 2016. Additional observations recorded
while moving from one scanning point to another were treated as incidental
records. Birds were observed using Nikon binoculars (10x50) and photographed
with Canon 100–400 mm tele-lens, and were identified with the help of a field
guide (Grimmett et al. 2011).
The residential status of birds was assessed
as Resident (R), Passage Migrant (PM), and Winter Visitor (WV) depending on
their timing and duration of occurrence (Grimmett et
al. 2011). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2022)
status was additionally used to compare the local status with the global
status. During the surveys, other information– like the role of EDC or threats
to birds were noted. The data recorded in each survey was analyzed for relative
abundance based on frequency of bird sightings, categorized as: Common (C),
encountered on >60% of visits; Uncommon (UC), encountered 21–60% of visits;
Rare (R), encountered on less than 20% of visits (McKinnon & Philips 1993).
Results
and Discussion
Avian community structure
A checklist of the Karangadu eco-tourism area in Ramanathapuram,
Tamil Nadu, produced in the study includes a total of 107 avian species
representing 40 families belonging to 18 orders. Passeriformes, with 17
families and 31 species, was dominant. But waterbirds
(n = 45) belonging to 11 families were abundant in numbers.
Our observations revealed that the families Scolopacidae (10 species) and Ardeidae
(nine species) are followed by Laridae (eight species),
Accipitridae (seven species), Charadriidae,
and Cuculidae (six species each), Columbidae, Threskiornithidae,
and Cisticolidae (four species each), and Alcedinidae, Corvidae, Sturnidae, and Alaudidae (three
species each). Phasianidae, Meropidae,
Strigidae, Phalacrocoracidae,
Ciconiidae, Laniidae, Hirundinidae, Muscicapidae, Nectariniidae and Motacillidae
(two species each); Podicipedidae, Upupidae, Coraciidae, Apodidae, Rallidae, Recurvirostridae, Falconidae, Phoenicopteridae, Oriolidae, Dicruridae, Monarchidae, Pycnonotidae, Timaliidae, Acrocephalidae, Estrildidae, and Passeridae (one species each) represented the major bird
groups of the area. An annotated checklist of birds of the Karangadu
mangrove area representing the orders and families is given in Table 1.
Among the total birds documented
from the area, water birds were in the majority during all the surveys.
We observed that several species of gulls and terns used the open regions
inside the mangroves (Image 1) near the watchtower mainly for roosting. Waterbird abundance and diversity were influenced by
factors in wetlands such as wetland area, depth of water and its quality,
trophic level, and ideal roosting and breeding locations for birds (Wiens 1989;
Mukherjee et al. 2002; Ma et al. 2010). Among the waterbirds,
the order Charadriiformes dominated the study area,
followed by the Pelecaniformes. Since most of the
areas under study were covered with mangroves in the wetland area (Image 2), waterbirds represented the majority in numbers. As a
result, we have focused on waterbirds (shorebirds,
large wading birds, gulls, and terns) with special focus on shorebirds, both
long-distance migrants and resident birds.
We recorded 18 shorebird
species, of which 15 were Winter Visitors (WV), including the ‘Near Threatened’
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa. Two species, namely Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus
and the Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus
indicus were Resident. One species, the Kentish Plover, could either be a
Resident/Winter Visitor (R/WV), as we have recorded it during the non-breeding
season. The most dominant species among the observed shorebirds were Common
Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos
(peak count at one time: 620 in January), followed by Little Stint Calidris minuta
(peak count at one time: 245 in January). Another 19 species of waterbirds, including herons, egrets, and ibises, were also
recorded from this site, including the ‘Near Threatened’ Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala
and Black-Headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus. The most dominant group of birds were
the egrets: Great Egret Ardea alba,
Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia,
and Little Egret Egretta garzetta (peak counts between 100 and 150 at one time,
throughout the year). Moreover, this area also serves as an important foraging
place for Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus
roseus (peak count at one time was 150 in February).
Six species of terns and two
species of gulls were also recorded from the eco-tourism area. This was used as
a roosting site by two gull species, namely Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
and Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, as well as two tern species, Lesser
Crested Tern Thalasseus bengalensis
and Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii. Brown-headed gulls were the most dominant gull
species (peak count at one time: 225 in February), and the Lesser Crested Tern
represents the most dominant tern species (peak count at one time: 325 in
February) among the terns. This observation goes in parallel with the reporting
from the west coast site of Kadalundi-Vallikkunu
Community Reserve (Aarif et al. 2017).
In terms of distribution and
migratory status, 73 species were found to be Resident, 32 Winter Visitors, one
WV/R, and one Passage Migrant (PM) including the Rosy Starling Pastor roseus
(Table 1). Based on the frequency of sightings, 61 species were Common, 35
were Uncommon, and 11 were Rare. In addition to this, habitat-wise avian
richness was also recorded. The wetland had the most species presence (55
spp.), followed by open scrub (OS, 49 spp.) and grassland (GL, 29
spp.). The maximum number of different bird species occupying various
habitats, shows their capacity to occupy diversified habitats. Varied feeding
niches have enhanced the bird diversity of the study area. Among the land birds
documented in Karangadu, eight raptor species were
identified: the Black Kite Milvus migrans,
Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus, Booted Eagle Hieraaetus
pennatus, Brahminy Kite Haliastur
indus, Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus, Oriental Honey Buzzard Pernis
ptilorhynchus, Osprey Pandion haliaetus and Shikra Accipiter
badius. In addition to birds of prey, two nectarivorous birds, the Purple Sunbird Cinnyris
asiaticus and the Purple-rumped
Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica
were common in the areas adjacent to the mangroves.
Conservation Significance
Stop-over
sites are critical for long-distance migrant shorebirds migrating between
wintering and breeding areas (Boere et al. 2006). Karanagadu’s proximity to the Important Bird Areas of Sri
Lanka and the Gulf of Mannar may provide a link
between the country’s other major east coast shorebird sites, and other
wintering sites along the Central Asian Flyway. Karangadu
sandwiches the established shorebird wintering sites of Point Calimere and the Gulf of Mannar.
This site serves as an ideal place of roosting for gulls, terns, long-migrant
shorebirds, and Greater Flamingos, which makes this wintering site very
important for further monitoring and conservation-related activities.
For effective
conservation to be implemented, and for future strategies to be adopted, the
role, contribution, and participation of the local community are essential (Sinthumule & Netshisaulu
2022). The forest department-initiated EDC-run eco-tourism project in Karangadu is in the right perspective because of the active
involvement of the fishermen community in boating and bird watching for the
public. This helps in the general upkeep of the mangrove habitat along with
avian conservation, as the revenue earned from tourism is being used by the
local community. The newly planted 30-acre areas of mangroves (represented by Rhizophora apiculata,
R. mucronata, and Avicennia spp.; developed with the help of the local
community in 2015), are serving as an ideal habitat for waterbirds.
This might have improved the area’s avian diversity and richness. Nevertheless,
in the tree habitat (Tr) in the peripheries, the
avian richness was quite low, as only six species were recorded (Table 1). The
current observations emphasize the value of wetlands and associated areas as
avian habitats, as sizable number of species was found in more than one
habitat. The inclusion of local communities in conservation has helped in
habitat restoration and natural resource conservation programs in recent times
(Silori 2007; Nepal & Spiteri 2011; Badola et al. 2012; Scholte et al. 2016; Sinthumule 2021). Controlled seasonal tourism by boating
without disturbing habitats through the water channels could boost revenue, and
the money raised could be further used for conservation initiatives. Hence, we
propose that to check and devise strategies and activities for conservation, Karangadu mangrove areas should be declared a bird
sanctuary.
Conclusion
Aside from the established
shorebird monitoring sites, regular long-term monitoring, and assessment of the
Karangadu eco-tourism area, an important wintering
site on the east coast, should be carried out in the future to establish the
importance of this area on the flyway. Furthermore, because the community
members are engaged in ecotourism activities other than fishing and crab
harvesting, they may be effectively educated on the significance and necessity
of preserving and sustaining a balanced environment. This study has provided
preliminary information on selected shorebirds as well as other waterfowl from
the Karangadu eco-tourism area, which will be
beneficial for future research in this area as well as demonstrating the
importance of designating this as a protected area of conservation importance.
Table 1. An annotated checklist
of the avifauna recorded from the Karangadu
ecotourism area.
|
Scientific name |
Common name |
Migration status |
IUCN Red List status |
Frequency of observation |
Habitat type |
|
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae |
|||||
|
Pavo cristatus |
Indian
Peafowl |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Francolinus pondicerianus |
Grey
Francolin |
R |
LC |
C |
GL/OS |
|
Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae |
|||||
|
Tachybaptus ruficollis |
Little
Grebe |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae |
|||||
|
Upupa epops |
Common
Hoopoe |
R |
LC |
UC |
GL |
|
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae |
|||||
|
Coracias benghalensis |
Indian
Roller |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Family: Alcedinidae |
|||||
|
Ceryle rudis |
Pied
Kingfisher |
R |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Halcyon smyrnensis |
White-throated
Kingfisher |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Alcedo atthis |
Common
Kingfisher |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Family: Meropidae |
|||||
|
Merops orientalis |
Green
Bee-eater |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Merops philippinus |
Blue-tailed
Bee- eater |
WV |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae |
|||||
|
Centropus sinensis |
Greater Coucal |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
Asian Koel |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Phaenicophaeus viridirostris |
Blue-faced
Malkoha |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Hierrococcyx varius |
Common Hawk
Cuckoo |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS |
|
Cuculus canorus |
Common
Cuckoo |
WV |
LC |
UC |
OS |
|
Clamator jacobinus |
Pied Cuckoo |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS |
|
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae |
|||||
|
Psittacula krameri |
Rose-ringed
Parakeet |
R |
LC |
C |
Tr |
|
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae |
|||||
|
Asio flammeus |
Short-eared
Owl |
WV |
LC |
R |
GL/OS |
|
Athene brama |
Spotted
Owlet |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS/Tr |
|
Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae |
|||||
|
Columba livia |
Rock Pigeon |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Streptopelia decaocto |
Eurasian
Collared-Dove |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Spilopelia senegalensis |
Laughing
Dove |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Spilopelia chinensis |
Spotted
Dove |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae |
|||||
|
Cypsiurus balasiensis |
Asian
Palm-swift |
R |
LC |
C |
Tr |
|
Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae |
|||||
|
Amaurornis phoenicurus |
White-breasted
Waterhen |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Order:Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae |
|||||
|
Tringa glareola |
Wood
Sandpiper |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Actitis hypoleucos |
Common
Sandpiper |
WV |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Calidris minuta |
Little
Stint |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Calidris temminickii |
Temminick’s Stint |
WV |
LC |
R |
WL |
|
Numenius phaeopus |
Whmibrel |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Limosa limosa |
Black-tailed
Godwit |
WV |
NT |
R |
WL |
|
Calidris pugnax |
Ruff |
WV |
LC |
R |
WL |
|
Tringa stagnatilis |
Marsh
Sandpiper |
WV |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Tringa totanus |
Common
Redshank |
WV |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Tringa nebularia |
Common
Greenshank |
WV |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Family: Charadriidae |
|||||
|
Charadrius dubius |
Little
Ringed Plover |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Pluvialis fulva |
Pacific
Golden Plover |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Pluvialis squatorala |
Black-bellied
Plover |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Charadrius mongolus |
Lesser Sand
Plover |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Vanellus indicus |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Charadrius alexandrinus |
Kentish
Plover |
WV/R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Family: Recurvirostridae |
|||||
|
Himantopus himantopus |
Black-winged
Stilt |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Family: Laridae |
|||||
|
Chlidonias hybrida |
Whiskered
Tern |
WV |
LC |
R |
WL |
|
Hydroprogne caspia |
Caspian
Tern |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Gelochelidon nilotica |
Gull-billed
Tern |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Thalasseus bengalensis |
Lesser
Crested Tern |
WV |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Thalasseus bergii |
Greater
Crested Tern |
WV |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Sternula albifrons |
Little Tern |
WV |
LC |
R |
WL |
|
Chroicocephalus ridibundus |
Black-headed
Gull |
WV |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus |
Brown-headed
Gull |
WV |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae |
|||||
|
Falco tinnunculus |
Common
Kestrel |
WV |
LC |
R |
OS/GL |
|
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae |
|||||
|
Milvus migrans |
Black Kite |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS |
|
Elanus caeruleus |
Black-winged
Kite |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Hieraaetus pennatus |
Booted
Eagle |
WV |
LC |
R |
OS/Tr |
|
Accipiter badius |
Shikra |
R |
LC |
UC |
GL/Tr/OS |
|
Pernis ptilorhynchus |
Oriental
Honey Buzzard |
R |
LC |
R |
Tr |
|
Haliastur indus |
Brahminy
Kite |
R |
LC |
C |
WL/GL |
|
Pandion haliaetus |
Osprey |
WV |
LC |
R |
WL |
|
Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae |
|||||
|
Phoenicopterus roseus |
Greater
Flamingo |
R |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae |
|||||
|
Microcarbo niger |
Little
Cormorant |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis |
Indian
Cormorant |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Order: Pelicaniformes Family: Ardeidae |
|||||
|
Ardea cinerea |
Grey Heron |
R |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Ardea purpurea |
Purple
Heron |
R |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Egretta garzetta |
Little
Egret |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Bubulcus ibis |
Cattle
Egret |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Ardea alba |
Great Egret |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Ardea intermedia |
Intermediate
Egret |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Ardeola grayii |
Indian Pond
Heron |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Nycticorax nycticorax |
Black-crowned
Night Heron |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Butorides striata |
Striated
Heron |
R |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Family: Threskiornithidae |
|||||
|
Threskiornis melanocephalus |
Black-headed
Ibis |
R |
NT |
C |
WL |
|
Plegadis falcinellus |
Glossy Ibis |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Pseudibis papillosa |
Red-naped Ibis |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Platalea leucorodia |
Eurasian
Spoonbill |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae |
|||||
|
Anastomus oscitans |
Asian
Openbill |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Mycteria leucocephala |
Painted
Stork |
R |
NT |
C |
WL |
|
Order:
Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae |
|||||
|
Oriolus kundoo |
Indian
Golden Oriole |
WV |
LC |
UC |
OS |
|
Family: Laniidae |
|||||
|
Lanius vittatus |
Bay-backed
Shrike |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Lanius cristatus |
Brown
Shrike |
WV |
LC |
UC |
OS |
|
Family: Dicruridae |
|||||
|
Dicrurus macrocercus |
Black Drongo |
R |
LC |
C |
GL/OS |
|
Family: Monarchidae |
|||||
|
Terpsiphone paradisi |
Indian
Paradise Flycatcher |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS/GL |
|
Family: Corvidae |
|||||
|
Dendrocitta vagabunda |
Rufous
Treepie |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS |
|
Corvus macrorhynchos |
Large-billed
Crow |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL/WL |
|
Corvus splendens |
House Crow |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/WL/GL |
|
Family: Sturnidae |
|||||
|
Acridotheres tristis |
Common Myna |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Pastor roseus |
Rosy
Starling |
PM |
LC |
UC |
OS/GL |
|
Sturnia pagodarum |
Brahminy
Starling |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS/GL |
|
Family: Hirundinidae |
|||||
|
Cecropis daurica |
Red-rumped Swallow |
R |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Hirundo rustica |
Barn
Swallow |
WV |
LC |
UC |
WL |
|
Family: Pycnonotidae |
|||||
|
Pycnonotus cafer |
Red-vented
Bulbul |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Family: Timaliidae |
|||||
|
Turdoides affinis |
Yellow-billed
Babbler |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Family: Cisticolidae |
|||||
|
Prinia socialis |
Ashy Prinia |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Prinia inornata |
Plain Prinia |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Orthotomus sutorius |
Common
Tailorbird |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Cisticola juncidis |
Zitting Cisticola |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS/GL |
|
Family: Acrocephalidae |
|||||
|
Acrocephalus dumetorum |
Blyth’s
Reed Warbler |
WV |
LC |
R |
OS |
|
Family: Alaudidae |
|||||
|
Eremopterix griseus |
Ashy-crowned
Sparrow Lark |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS/GL |
|
Galerida cristata |
Jerdon’s Bushlark |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS/GL |
|
Alauda gulgula |
Oriental
Skylark |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS/GL |
|
Family: Muscicapidae |
|||||
|
Copsychus fulicatus |
Indian
Robin |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Copsychus saularis |
Oriental
Magpie Robin |
R |
LC |
C |
OS |
|
Family: Nectariniidae |
|||||
|
Cinnyris asiaticus |
Purple-rumped Sunbird |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Cinnyris asiaticus |
Purple
Sunbird |
R |
LC |
C |
OS/GL |
|
Family: Estrildidae |
|||||
|
Lonchura punctulata |
Scaly-breasted
Munia |
R |
LC |
UC |
OS |
|
Family: Passeridae |
|||||
|
Passer domesticus |
House
Sparrow |
R |
LC |
C |
GL |
|
Family: Motacillidae |
|||||
|
Motacilla maderaspatensis |
White-browed
Wagtail |
R |
LC |
C |
WL |
|
Anthus rufulus |
Paddyfield Pipit |
R |
LC |
UC |
GL |
LC—Least Concern | NT—Near
Threatened | EN—Endangered | PM—Passage Migrant| WV—Winter Visitor | LM—Local
Migrant | R—Resident | R—Rare| C—Common | UC—Uncommon| WL—Wetland| GL—Grass
Land| OS—Open Scrub| Tr—Trees on the peripheries and
the village area.
For
figure & images - - click here for full PDF
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