Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2024 | 16(8): 25748–25757

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8348.16.8.25748-25757

#8348 | Received 29 December 2022 | Final received 15 July 2024 | Finally accepted 12 August 2024

Diversity of butterfly habitats in and around Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve, Chhattisgarh, India

H.N. Tandan ^{1 ,} Gulshan Kumar Sahu ² , Kavita Das ³ , Gulab Chand ⁴ , Ravi Naidu ⁵

& Ramanand Agrawal ⁶

¹ ISBM University, Chhura, District Gariaband, Chhattisgarh 493996, India.

^1,2 Department of Zoology, Sant Guru Ghasidas Govt. P. G. College Kurud, District - Dhamtari, Chaattisagrh. 493663. India.

^3,4 Govt. N.P.G. College of Science, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492001, India.

⁴ Govt. Girls College Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh 494001, India.

⁵ C.R.O.W. Foundation, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh 494001, India.

⁶ Govt. Pt. S.S.M. College Deobhog, Chhattisgarh 493890, India.

¹ tandanhn79@gmail.com (corresponding author), ² gulshankumarsahu30@gmail.com, ³ daskavita69@yahoo.com,

⁴ gulab.s.sahu@gmail.com, ⁵ ravinaidu@ncf-india.org, ⁶ ramanandagrl15@gmail.com

Editor: Monsoon Gogoi , Ashoka Trust For Research In Ecology and The Environment, Bengaluru, India. Date of publication: 26 August 2024 (online & print)

Citation: Tandan, H.N., G.K. Sahu, K. Das, G. Chand, R. Naidu & R. Agrawal (2024). Diversity of butterfly habitats in and around Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve, Chhattisgarh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(8): 25748–25757. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8348.16.8.25748-25757

Copyright: © Tandan et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: This work was not funded by any agency.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Hit Narayan Tandan is an assistant professor and head of the Department of Zoology at Sant Guru Ghasidas Govt. P.G. College Kurud, affiliated with Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, India. His research focuses on biodiversity, particularly birds and butterflies, in Chhattisgarh. He has held several academic and administrative positions and is actively involved in promoting scientific temper and career awareness among students. He is a member of the Zoological Society of Chhattisgarh, Bombay Natural History Society, and Chhattisgarh Vigyan Sabha, and serves as President of the Biodiversity Conservation Society. Gulashan Kumar Sahu is a nature enthusiast and working on Lepidoptera diversity in Chhattisgarh. Affiliated with the Department of Zoology at Sant Guru Ghasidas Govt. P.G. College Kurud, affiliated with Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, India. He is a member of the Chhattisgarh Vigyan Sabha, and the Biodiversity Conservation Society. Dr. (Smt.) Kavita Ravindra Das is an assistant professor of Zoology at Govt. Nagarjuna College of Science Raipur, Chhattisgarh. She holds an M.Sc., M.Phil, Ph.D., and a Diploma in Sericulture. With 34 years of teaching experience (26 years at the P.G. level), she has published 11 papers and two books. Her research interests include backyard faunal diversity and the behavioral study of birds and butterflies. Gulab Chand is an assistant professor and head of the Department of Botany at the Govt. Danteshwari P.G. Mahila College Jagdalpur, affiliated with Shaheed Mahendra Karma University, Bastar, India. His research focuses on plant diversity, ethno medical plants tribal research and butterflies diversities in Chhattisgarh. Recently, he submitted his PhD thesis under the faculty of life science in the Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur Chhattisgarh. He is a member of Chhattisgarh Vigyan Sabha and Biodiversity Conservation Society. Ravi Naidu, with over eight years of experience in documenting the flora and fauna of Chhattisgarh and other Indian states. Currently serving as a research assistant at the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), Ravi has contributed significantly to the field of biodiversity research. Ramanand Agrawal is an M.Sc. Zoology graduate from Govt. Pt. Shyam Shankar Mishra College Deobhog, affiliated with Pt. Ravi Shankar University Raipur. His research focuses on biodiversity in Chhattisgarh, particularly butterflies, birds, and their habitats. He serves as joint secretary of the Biodiversity Conservation Society and is a member of the Chhattisgarh Vigyan Sabha. Ramanand has received the INSPIRE Scholarship and several appreciation certificates for his research..

Author contributions: HNT—Main contributor and corresponding author, led the team in field observations of butterflies. GKS—Conducted observations and photography of butterflies in Garhdongari village, Nagri block. He captured all the images of Erionota torus at Nagri. KD—Observed butterflies in urban habitats, recording Rathinda amor in her backyard in Raipur. GC—Focused on butterfly observations in Dhamtari district and recorded Rathinda amor at Chingrapagar Waterfall, Kodomali, Gariaband. RN—Documented biodiversity in Chhattisgarh since 2015, first recorded Rathinda amor in Kanger Valley National Park. RA—Documented butterflies in Gariaband district, recorded Erionota thrax in Deobhog.

Acknowledgements: The authors sincerely thank Dr. Krushnamegh Kunte, chief editor of the Butterflies of India Website, for his invaluable assistance in confirming the species identification. We also extend our gratitude to the Department of Forest, Government of Chhattisgarh, for granting permission to conduct this study in the core zones of the Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve.

Abstract: A survey of Lepidoptera was conducted in habitats including forest trails, nullah, forest gap, and small water bodies, in and around the Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve (USTR) and agroforest habitats at Nagri block in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh State between January 2020 and August 2022. The study recorded 95 species belonging to 69 genera. Erionota torus and Rathinda amor although common in the Indian mainland, were not documented by previous researchers. This indicates the necessity for a more thorough survey of Lepidoptera in the region.

Keywords: Agroforest, biodiversity, checklist, Erionota torus, Hesperiidae, host plant, Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, new record, Rathinda amor.

Introduction

Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve (USTR) in Chhattisgarh has not been extensively characterized with regard to Lepidoptera and their habitats. The USTR is located in the Gariaband and Dhamtari districts of Chhattisgarh State and covers about 1,872 km². The USTR has two core areas: Core-I, Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary (UWS) Gariaband, established with 247.59 km² area in 1983 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, lies between 20.000—20.250 °N & 82.500—80.000 °E on the south-east to the capital city Raipur on National Highway 130C; and Core–II, Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) Dhamtari, was established with 553.36 km² area in 1974 and it lies between 20.183°N & 81.933°E.

In earlier studies, 35 species belonging to five families and 13 subfamilies of butterflies were documented in USTR (Chandra & Boaz 2018). Around 95 species were observed during the present survey, with 60 observed for the first time in USTR. This survey also updated the list of butterflies in Chhattisgarh State, adding two additional species to the previous 170 species (Chandra et al. 2014; Dubey et al. 2015; Sisodia 2019; Sisodia & Kshirsagar 2020; Tandan et al. 2020, 2021a,b; Nihlani et al. 2021; Chand et al. 2022; Jangde et al. 2023).

Material and Methods

Habitats such as forest trails, nullah, small water bodies, agricultural farms, and grasslands within the USTR and small villages around it including Tumdibahra (20.251°N, 82.101°E), Arsikanhar (20.249°N, 82.129°E), Behradih (20.190°N, 82.218°E), Kodomali (20.191°N, 82.247°E), Taurenga (20.144°N, 82.277°E), and Jugad (20.136°N, 82.285°E) were surveyed. An agroforest habitat adjacent to USTR at Garhdongari village (20.270°N, 81.900°E) of Nagri block from January 2020 to August 2022, for the preparation of a database of the butterflies in Chhattisgarh were also surveyed. Paddy is the major crop in Chhattisgarh and some small paddy fields still exist inside the USTR, while the present study may help in planning for the conservation programs of butterflies and other pollinating agents in the reserve area.

For the present survey, binoculars were used for field observation of butterflies, a Canon 1300D DSLR Camera, and occasionally by iPhone. The identification of species was based on Evans (1932), Wynter-Blyth (1957), Haribal (1992), Smetacek (2016), and Kehimkar (2018). Species were identified & verified with the expert’s help and following the website www.ifoundbutterflies.org.

OBSERVATIONS

Photographs were taken and a checklist of 95 butterfly species was prepared (Table 1). Among them, two widely spread species in mainland India were curiously absent from previous records:

Family Hesperiidae

Subfamily Hesperiinae

Erionota torus Evans, 1941 — Rounded Palm-redeye (Image 5 & 6)

Known distribution in India: Uttarakhand to northeastern India; Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Varshney & Smetacek 2015).

Host plant: Coconut – Cocos nucifera and Banana - Musa x paradisiaca is the best-known larval host plant of E. torus (Nitin et al. 2018).

Remarks: Erionota torus inhabits to hill forest, recorded up to 1,370 m elevation and flying from June to October (Kehimkar 2018). These species were observed first time in Chhattisgarh by GS in Garhdongari village of Nagri block in October 2020 at 456 m elevation. An adult butterfly was sighted in a Banana plant during an opportunistic visit (Image 5). It was further spotted in October and November 2021 at the same plant in later visits, counted in 14 individuals (Image 6), and found some eggs on Banana leaves (Image 1 to 4). Later regular observations were made in December 2021 and 11 individuals at the same plant were photographed.

Family Lycaenidae

Subfamily Theclinae

Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) - Monkey Puzzle (Image 7 & 8)

Known distribution in India: Kerala to northeastern India. (Varshney & Smetacek 2015); India (Western Ghats, Andhra–Jharkhand, West Bengal, Sikkim–Arunachal, northeastern India), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka (Kehimkar 2016)

Host plant: Mangifera indica, Meiogyne pannosa, Calophyllum, Hopea, Blachia, Croton, Barringtonia acutangula, Careya arborea, Loranthus, Eugenia roxburghii, Ixora, Ixora brachiate, Schleichera, Quassia indica. (Nitin et al. 2018).

Remarks: Rathinda amor or Monkey Puzzle inhabits mainly forests, recorded in low elevations and flying from April to October (Kehimkar 2018). This butterfly was first time observed in Chhattisgarh on 12.x.2019 at KVNP, subsequently observed in various parts of Chhattisgarh on 10.x.2020 & 12.x.2021 in Tatamari Eco-center Keshkal, it was observed in agricultural land at Garhdongari Village of Nagri block on 15.x.2021, also recorded from Chingrapagar Waterfall on 23.x.2021 and 30.viii.2022 Kodomali in Gariaband. This butterfly is inhabited mainly in forest habitat (Kehimkar 2018), and also observed in very densely populated Raipur City, the capital of Chhattisgarh.

Result and Discussion

The unique ecosystem of small paddy fields, in the villages including Nullah (Rivulet), small water bodies, small ponds, and grasslands inside the tiger reserve area provides a good habitat for butterflies. Agroforests, with their diverse vegetation, tree canopies, and flowering plants, create a unique habitat for butterfly communities. It was found that most of the butterflies were partially dependent on these small habitats for nectaring, puddling, and host plants.

The paddy field and agroforest areas are very suitable habitat for the butterflies. The study by Johnson et al. (2021) highlights the positive correlation between agroforestry systems and butterfly diversity and abundance. These findings emphasize the importance of considering agroforestry as a viable strategy for creating butterfly-friendly habitats in agricultural ecosystems (Johnson et al. 2021).

The present study showed the rich diversity of butterflies in agroforest habitats and agriculture fields due to the presence of host and nectar plants that are there because of the availability of water supplies during irrigation. About 95 species of butterflies documented belonged to six families and 19 subfamilies, of which 92 species have been observed in the present survey, and 3 species, were reported in the list of 35 species from USTR by Chandra & Boaz (2018), but not observed in the present survey. The absence of records for several common butterfly species from the state fauna of Chhattisgarh and the present study area can be attributed to a lack of concessive surveys. The present report has updated the checklist of butterflies of USTR hereby as 95 species of 69 genera belonging to six families. The two species Rathinda amor and Erionota torus were first documented here in the Chhattisgarh State and added to the butterfly fauna of Chhattisgarh.

Table 1. Updated checklist of the butterflies recorded from habitats in and around Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve (USTR), Chhattisgarh, India.

	Common name	Scientific name	Recorded in USTR
			Present survey (During 2020–2022)
			UWLS	SWLS	NAGRI	Chandra & Boaz 2018
Order: Lepidoptera
Super Family: Papilionoidea
Family: Papilionoidae
Subfamily: Papilioninae
1*	Lime Swallowtail	Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	+
2*	Common Mormon	Papilio polytes (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	+
3	Blue Mormon	Papilio polymnestor Cramer, 1775	+	+	+	-
4	Common Banded Peacock	Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793	+	+	+	-
5*	Common Mime	Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758	-	+	-	+
6	Common Jay	Graphium doson (C.& R. Felder, 1864)	-	-	+	-
7	Tailed Jay	Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	-	+	-
8**	Spot Swordtail	Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799)	-	-	-	+
Family: Riodinidae
Subfamily: Riodininae
9	Double-banded Judy	Abisara bifasciata (Moore, 1877)	+	+	+	-
Family: Pieridae
Subfamily: Coliadinae
10*	Common Emigrant	Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775)	+	+	+	+
11*	Mottled Emigrant	Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	+
12*	Common Grass Yellow	Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	+
13	Small Grass Yellow	Eurema brigitta (Stoll, [1780])	+	+	+	-
14	Spotless Grass Yellow	Eurema laeta (Boisduval, 1826)	+	+	+	-
Subfamily: Pierinae
15*	Indian Jezebel	Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773)	+	+	+	+
16*	Psyche	Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793)	-	+	+	+
17	Indian Wanderer	Pareronia hippia (Fabricius, 1787)	+	+	+	-
18*	Common Gull	Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775)	+	-	+	+
Family: Lycaenidae
Subfamily: Miletinae
19	Apefly	Spalgis epius (Westwood, [1851])	+	-	+	-
Subfamily: Curetinae
20	Indian Sunbeam	Curetis thetis (Drury, [1773])	-	-	+	-
Subfamily: Theclinae
21	Common Shot Silverline	Spindasis ictis (Hewitson, 1865)	+	+	+	-
22*	Common Silverline	Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775)	+	+	+	+
23	Redspot	Zesius chrysomallus (Hübner, 1819)	-	-	+	-
24	Purple Leaf Blue	Amblypodia anita (Hewitson, 1862)	+	+	+	-
25	Indigo Flash	Rapala varuna (Horsfield, 1829)	+	-	+	-
26	Common Red Flash	Rapala iarbus (Fabricius, 1787)	-	-	+	-
27	Orchid Tit	Chliaria othona (Hewitson,1865)	+	-	+	-
28	State Flash	Rapala manea (Hewitson, 1863)	-	-	+	-
29	Common Guava Blue	Virachola Isocrates (Fabricius, 1793)	+	-	+	-
30*	Large Oakblue	Arhopala amantes (Hewitson, 1862)	+	+	+	+
31	Silver Royal	Ancema blanka (de Niceville, 1894)	+	-	-	-
32#	Monkey Puzzle	Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775)	+	+	+	-
33**	Yamfly	Loxura atymnus (Stoll, 1780)	-	-	-	+
Subfamily: Polyommatinae
34*	Common Pierrot	Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775)	+	+	+	+
35	Lesser Grass Blue	Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787)	+	+	+	-
36	Forget-me-not	Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793)	+	-	+	-
37	Angled Pierrot	Caleta decidia (Hewitson, 1876)	+	+	+	-
38	Common Lineblue	Prosotas nora (C. Felder, 1860)	+	+	+	-
39	Tailless Lineblue	Prosotas dubiosa (Semper, [1879])	+	-	+	-
40	Pointed Ciliate Blue	Anthene lycaenina (R. Felder, 1868)	-	-	+	-
41	Small Grass Jewel	Freyeria putli (Kollar, [1844])	-	+	+	-
42	Lime Blue	Chilades lajus (Stoll, [1780])	+	+	+	-
43	Indian Cupid	Everes lacturnus (Godart, [1824])	-	-	+	-
44	Dingy Lineblue	Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, 1884)	+	+	+	-
45	Common Hedge Blue	Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield, 1828)	-	+	+	-
46	Common Cerulean	Jamides celeno (Cramer, 1775)	-	-	+	-
47	Dark Cerulean	Jamides bochus (Stoll, 1782)	+	-	+	-
48*	Pea Blue	Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)	+	-	+	+
49	Zebra Blue	Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793)	+	+	+	-
50	Dark Grass Blue	Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865)	+	+	+	-
51	Tiny Grass Blue	Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775)	+	+	+	-
52	Gram Blue	Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798)	+	+	+	-
53	Black Spotted Pierrot	Tarucus balkanica (Freyer, 1844)	+	+	+	-
Family: Hesperiidae
Subfamily: Coeliadnae
54	Common Banded Awl	Hasora chromus (Cramer, [1780])	+	+	+	-
Subfamily: Hesperiinae
55	Dark Palm-Dart	Telicota bambusae (Moore, 1878)	+	+	+	-
56	Paint-brush Swift	Baoris farri (Moore, 1878)	-	-	+	-
57*	Rice Swift	Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866)	+	+	+	+
58	Palm Redeye	Erionota thrax (Linnaeus, 1767)	+	+	+	-
59 #	Banana Skipper	Erionota torus Evans, 1942	-	-	+	-
60	Chestnut Bob	Iambrix salsala (Moore, 1866)	-	-	+	-
61*	Grass Demon	Udaspes folus (Cramer, 1775)	+	+	+	+
Subfamily: Pyrginae
62	Golden Angle	Caprona ransonnettii (R. Felder, 1868)	-	-	+	-
63*	Indian Skipper	Spialia galba (Fabriciu, 1793)	+	+	-	+
Family: Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Biblidinae
64	Angled Castor	Ariadne ariadne (Linnaeus, 1763)	_	_	+	-
65*	Common Caster	Ariadne merione (Cramer, 1777)	+	-	+	+
Subfamily: Charaxinae
66	Cryptic Nawab	Charaxes bharata C. & R. Felder, [1867]	_	_	+	-
Subfamily: Danainae
67*	Plain Tiger	Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	+
68*	Striped Tiger	Danaus genutia (Cramer, [1779])	+	+	+	+
69*	Blue Tiger	Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775])	+	-	+	+
70*	Common Crow	Euploea core (Cramer, [1780])	+	+	+	+
Subfamily: Satyrinae
71	Common Palmfly	Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763)	+	+	+	-
72*	Common Evening Brown	Melanites leda (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	+
73	Bamboo Treebrown	Lethe europa (Fabricius, 1775)	-	-	+	-
74*	Common Bushbrown	Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775)	+	+	+	+
75**	Common Four-ring	Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871	-	-	-	+
Subfamily: Heliconiinae
76*	Common Leopard	Phalanta phalantha (Drury, [1773])	+	-	+	+
Subfamily: Limenitidinae
77*	Common Sailer	Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	+
78	Chestnut-streaked Sailer	Neptis jumbah Moore, [1858]	+	-	-	-
79	Short-banded Sailer	Phaedyma columella (Cramer, [1780])	-	+	-	-
80	Common Lascar	Pantoporia hordonia (Stoll, [1790])	-	+	-	-
81	Grey Count	Tanaecia lepidea (Butler, 1868)	+	+	_	-
82	Common Baron	Euthalia aconthea (Cramer, [1777])	+	+	+	-
83	Gaudy Baron	Euthalia lubentina (Cramer, [1777])	-	-	+	-
84*	Commander	Moduza procris (Cramer, [1777])	+	+	+	+
85*	Staff Sergeant	Athyma selenophora (Kollar, [1844])	+	+	-	+
86*	Baronet	Euthalia nais (Forster, 1771)	+	+	+	+
Subfamily: Nymphalinae
87	Peacock Pansy	Junonia almana (Linnaeus,1758)	+	+	+	-
88*	Gray Pansy	Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763)	+	+	+	+
89	Lemon Pansy	Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758))	+	+	+	-
90*	Chocolate Pansy	Junonia iphita (Cramer, [1779])	+	+	+	+
91	Blue Pansy	Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	-
92	Yellow Pansy	Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798)	-	-	+	-
93*	Danaid Eggfly	Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764)	+	+	+	+
94	Great Eggfly	Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+	+	-
Subfamily: Acraeinae
95*	Tawny Coster	Acraea violae (Fabricius, 1793)	+	+	+	+

#—New records added to the state fauna of butterflies, Chhattisgarh in the present study | *—Documented in Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve by Chandra & Boaz (2018) | **—Documented only by Chandra & Boaz (2018) in Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve.

Table 2. New records were added to the list of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Chhattisgarh (Chandra et al. 2014; Dubey et al. 2015; Sisodia 2019).

	Scientific name	Common name	Recorder/Author name
	Order: Lepidoptera
	Super Family: Papilionoidea
	Family: Hesperiidae
	Subfamily: Hesperiinae
1	Notocryptacurvifascia (C. & R. Felder, 1862)	Restricted Demon	Chandra et al. 2014
2	Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866)	Rice Swift
3	Telicota colon (Fabricius, 1775)	Pale Palm-Dart
	Subfamily: Pyrginae
4	Celaenorrhinusambareesa (Moore, [1866])	Malabar Spotted Flat
5	Coladeniaindrani (Moore, [1866])	Tricolour Pied Flat
6	Tagiadesjapetus (Stoll, [1781])	Common Snow Flat
	Family: Lycaenidae
	Subfamily: Polyommatinae
7	Anthene emolus (Godart, [1824])	Common Ciliate Blue
8	Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield, [1828])	Common Hedge Blue
9	Everes lacturnus (Godart, [1824])	Indian Cupid
10	Freyeria trochylus (Freyer, 1845)	Grass Jewel
11▲	Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, [1884])	Dingy Lineblue
12	Prosotus dubiosa (Semper, [1879])	Tailless Lineblue
13	Catochrysops panormus (C. Felder, 1860)	Silver Forget-me-not
	Subfamily: Theclinae
14	Amblypodia anita Hewitson, 1862	Purple Leaf Blue
15	Rapala pheretima (Hewitson, [1863])	Copper Flash
16	Virachola isocrates (Fabricius, 1793)	Common Guava Blue
17	Zesius chrysomallusHübner, [1819]	Redspot
	Subfamily: Biblidinae
18	Ariadne ariadne (Linnaeus, 1763)	Angled Castor
	Subfamily: Cyrestinae
19	Cyrestis thyodamas Doyère, [1840]	Common Map
	Subfamily: Danainae
20	Parantica aglea (Stoll, [1782])	Glassy Tiger
21	Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874)	Dark Blue Tiger
	Subfamily: Papilioninae
22	Graphium doson (C. & R. Felder, 1864)	Common Jay
	Family:Hesperiidae		Dubey et al. 2015
	Subfamily:Coeliadinae
23	Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775)	Brown Awl
24	Burara jaina (Moore, [1866])	Common Orange Awlet
25	Hasora vitta (Butler, 1870)	Plain Banded Awl
	Subfamily: Pyrginae
26	Caprona ransonnettii (R. Felder, 1868)	Golden Angle
27	Odontoptilum angulata (C. Felder, 1862)	Chestnut Angle
	Family: Lycaenidae		Sisodia 2019
	Subfamily: Curetinae
28	Curetis acuta Moore, 1877	Acute Sunbeam
29	Curetis thetis (Drury, [1773])	Indian Sunbeam
	Subfamily: Miletinae
30	Spalgis epius (Westwood, [1851])	Apefly
	Subfamily: Polyommatinae
31	Chilades lajus (Stoll, [1780])	Lime Blue
32	Chilades parrhasius (Fabricius, 1793)	Small Cupid
33	Megisba malaya (Horsfield, [1828])	Malayan
34	Neopithecops zalmora (Butler, [1870])	Common Quaker
35	Prosotus nora (C. Felder, 1860)	Common Lineblue
36	Azanus ubaldus (Stoll, [1782]	Bright Babul Blue
37▲	Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, [1884])	Dingy Lineblue
	Subfamily: Poritiinae
38	Poritia hewitsoni Moore, [1866]	Common Gem
	Subfamily: Theclinae
39	Horaga onyx (Moore, [1858])	Common Onyx
40	Rapala varuna (Horsfield, [1829])	Indigo Flash
41	Zeltus amasa (Hewitson, [1865])	Fluffy Tit
	Family: Nymphalidae
	Subfamily: Charaxinae
42	Charaxes agrariusSwinhoe, [1887]	Anomalous Nawab
43	Charaxes psaphon Westwood, 1847	Plain Tawny Rajah
	Subfamily: Danainae
44	Euploea sylvester (Fabricius, 1793)	Double-branded Crow
	Subfamily: Heliconiinae
45	Vagrans egista (Cramer, [1780])	Vagrant
	Subfamily: Satyrinae
46	Ypthima asterope (Klug, 1832)	Common Threering

▲ Added by Chandra et al., (2014) and repeated by Sisodia, (2019) as new record.

Table 3. Updates on the butterflies of Chhattisgarh: recent findings post 2019.

	Family	Subfamily	Scientific name	Common name	Recorder/Author name
01.	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Tagiades litigiosa (Moeschler, 1878)	Water Snow Flat	Sisodia & Kshirsagar 2020
02.	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Gangara thyrsis (Fabricius, 1775)	Giant Redeye
03.	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Horaga viola Moore, 1882	Brown Onyx
04.	Lycaenidae	Polyommatinae	Jamides bochus (Stoll, 1782)	Dark Cerulean	Tandan et al. 2020
05.	Lycaenidae	Polyommatinae	Anthene lycaenina (R. Felder, 1868)	Pointed Ciliate Blue
06.	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Caprona agama (Moore, 1858)	Spotted angle	Nihlani et al. 2021
07.	Lycaenidae	Polyommatinae	Freyeria putli (Kollar, 1844)	Lesser Grass Jewel	Tandan et al. 2021a
08.	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Spindasis ictis (Hewitson, 1865)	Common Shot Silverline
09.	Nymphalidae	Danainae	Euploea klugii (Moore, 1858)	King Crow
10.	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Ancema blanka (de Nicéville 1894)	Silver Royal	Tandan et al. 2021b
11.	Lycaenidae	Polyommatinae	Tarucus balkanicus Bethune-(Baker, 1918)	Black-spotted Pierrot	Chand et al. 2022

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