Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2024 | 16(2): 24658–24693
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8347.16.2.24658-24693
#8347 | Received 29 December 2022 | Final received 11 January 2024 |
Finally accepted 15 February 2024
Desmids of Brahmaputra valley, a
major southern Asian river basin
Soumin Nath 1 & Partha Pratim Baruah 2
1,2 Department of Botany, Gauhati
University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India.
1 gautamnath237@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 ppbaruah@gauhati.ac.in
Editor: Karthick Balasubramanian, Agharkar Research
Institute, Pune, India. Date of publication: 26 February
2024 (online & print)
Citation: Nath,
S. & P.P. Baruah (2024). Desmids of Brahmaputra valley, a major
southern Asian river basin. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 16(2):
24658–24693. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8347.16.2.24658-24693
Copyright: © Nath & Baruah 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr. Partha Pratim Baruah is currently working as a professor in Department of Botany, Gauhati
University, Assam, India. His thrust of research includes algal taxonomy,
phycoremediation, phytoremediation, wetland, and wildlife ecology. He has
completed seven national and international research projects till date. Mr. Soumin Nath is currently working as an assistant professor in Department of
Botany, Dudhnoi College, Dudhnoi, Goalpara, Assam, India and pursuing his Ph.D.
in the field of “Algal Taxonomy” in Gauhati University under the guidance of Prof. Partha Pratim Baruah.
Author contributions: SN—Conceptualization, visualization, investigation, writing- original
draft. PPB—Supervision, conceptualization, writing- review & editing.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to the
head, of the Department of Botany, at Gauhati University for providing the
laboratory facilities created by MoEF&CC (Govt. of India), DST-FIST, and
UGC-SAP for conducting the research.
Abstract: Inadequate information on the
diversity and dispersion of desmids has led to incomplete floristic data in the
northeastern region of India. The present study focuses on contributing to the
information on the diversity and geographical distribution of desmid in water
bodies of the Brahmaputra River basin of the Indian subcontinent. During the
period 2019–2022, desmid flora of 91 waterbodies were studied.
Two-hundred-and-thirty-one taxa belonging to five families and 25 genera were
recorded, out of which 94 were new records for the northeastern India.
Desmidiaceae was the dominant family with 195 species and with 69 species Cosmarium
was the dominant genus.
Keywords: Biomonitoring, Brahmaputra River
basin, Cosmarium, Charophyta, Desmid diversity, floristic data,
geographical distribution, new records, northeastern India, water bodies.
INTRODUCTION
The Indo-Malaya/northern Australia desmid
floral region (Coesel 1996) which covers the entire southeastern Asian river
basins is one of the 10 desmid floral regions (Krieger 1933, 1937) of the
world. The Brahmaputra which originates in Tibet Himalaya and flows through
India and Bangladesh up to the Bay of Bengal has the longest and largest river
basins in the region covering an area of 2,900 km which includes altogether 180
watersheds, 24 major tributaries, and around 16,037 numbers of large to medium
lentic water bodies up to the maximum size of 2,500 ha (Dadhwal et al. 2014).
The prevailing eco-climatic conditions is concomitant with the humble and less
destructive life styles of the aboriginal people help to maintain the pristine
environments in the majority of the water bodies excluding those in urbanised
centres/ towns that lead to support a rich desmid flora therein.
Desmids are eukaryotic
unicellular creatures belonging to the class Zygnematophyceae of phylum
Charophyta under kingdom Plantae (Lewis & McCourt 2004; Komal et al. 2021).
All desmids consist of two symmetrical ‘semi cells’ joined by an isthmus (Das
& Keshri 2012) and the majority possess beautiful cell-wall ornamentations
(Brook 1981).
The members of this group not
only prefer to grow and flourish in pure and less populated water but also
quickly respond to the slightest change in pH or nutrient content in the
substratum (Borics et al. 1998; Fehér 2003), which makes them ecologically
sensitive and are therefore, considered as one of the indicators of good water
quality. Recently, the information on desmids is seen to be documented as
baseline data for any ecological and biomonitoring investigation in aquatic
systems and the conservation of the same as well (Aquino et al. 2017; Paul et
al. 2017) in the line of work of Coesel (1998) who proposed to determine the
nature conservation value (NCV) based on parameters like species richness,
presence of rare taxa, and the occurrence of taxa signifying ecosystem
maturity.
Though a good number of workers
(Baruah et al. 2009, 2013, 2020; Deka & Sarma 2011; Adhikary & Jena
2012; Bordoloi & Baruah 2015; Nath & Baruah 2020) have documented algal
flora in different regions of Brahmaputra river basin in recent days, exclusive
information on diversity and distribution of desmids is very much limited from
this floristically wealthier sandwich region between Indo-Burma and Himalaya
biodiversity hotspots (Bordoloi 1983; Deka et al. 2011; Yasmin et al. 2011;
Phukan & Bora 2012; Baruah & Baruah 2013; Das 2020). The present
endeavour was therefore undertaken to explore and document the hidden wealth of
desmid flora in different lentic and lotic aquatic ecosystems of the
Brahmaputra River basin of the Indian subcontinent.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection and
Identification
A total of 91 waterbodies (Table
1) were randomly explored in the entire reach of the mighty Brahmaputra River
(Figure 1) for the collection of desmid samples. The collection of desmids was
done by filtering technique using plankton net of mesh size 25 µm from January
2019 to December 2022. The samples were examined freshly under different
magnifications (20X, 40X, and 60X) of the compound microscope (Euromex Delphi X
Observer series) and photomicrographs were taken with the help of a digital
camera (Euromex 20MP). Image view software was used for micrometric
measurements of desmids. The remaining samples were preserved in Lugol’s iodine
solution for further investigations. Identification of desmids were done by
following monographs of Croasdale et al. (1983), Prasad & Misra (1992),
Lenzenweger (1996, 1997, 1999, 2003), John et al. (2005), Ahmed et al. (2007),
and Das & Keshri (2016). Updated nomenclature of the species was given by following Guiry & Guiry
(2022) and was systematically arranged
following Ruggiero et al. (2015).
RESULTS
In the present study, 231 taxa of
desmids belonging to 25 genera, under five families, and two orders were
recorded from the selected water bodies of the entire Brahmaputra River basin
located under the Indian subcontinent. Desmidiaceae was reported to be the
dominant family with 195 species, of which Cosmarium was recorded as the
dominant genus with 69 species.
Systematic
Enumeration
Phylum: Charophyta
Class: Zygnematophyceae
Subclass: Zygnematophycidae
Order: Desmidiales
Family: Closteriaceae
Genus: Closterium
Closterium abruptum West 1892: 719, pl. IX [9]:
fig. 1
Cells elongate, 8–9 times longer
than broad, slightly curved at the centre but more curved towards the
extremities, having 64–70° of arc, cell wall smooth, one girdle band present,
chloroplast with 2–3 pyrenoids, cells 171–245 µm long and 22–25 µm broad, apex
8–9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dhamar Beel,
Goalpara; Sorbhog Pond, Barpeta.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Manmecho Lake, Das & Keshri (2012).
Closterium acutum Brébisson 1848: 177, pl.
XXX [30]: figs 5a, 5b, 5d, 5f; pl. XXXV: fig. 5
Cells elongate, 22–23.5 times
longer than broad, semi-straight, slightly curved at extremities, cell wall
smooth, dorsal margin convex and approximately straight, chloroplast with
pyrenoids, 6–8 in number arranged in a
series, cells 235–310 µm long and 10–14 µm broad, apex 2–3 µm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M), Urpad Beel, Goalpara; Barsola Beel, Jorhat.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Dachi lake, Hajong
& Ramanujam (2018); Deepor Beel, Baruah et al. (2020).
Closterium acutum var. linea (Perty)
West & G. S. West 1900: 57
Basionym: Closterium linea Perty
Cells spindle-shaped, 31–36 times
longer than broad, narrow, almost straight, gradually attenuated to acute and
slightly curved poles, chloroplast with 8–10 pyrenoids, arranged in a row,
cells 110–155 μm long and 3–5 μm broad, apex 1–1.5 μm broad.
Site of collection: Kusumfula
Beel, Goalpara; Dheer Beel, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012).
Closterium acutum var. variabile (Lemmermann)
Willi Krieger 1935: 262, pl. 13: figs 18–22
Basionym: Closterium pseudospirotaenium var. variabile Lemmermann
Cells sigmoid-shaped, 28–30 times
longer than broad, narrow, gradually attenuated towards poles, strongly and
irregularly curved, chloroplast with a series of pyrenoids, cells 90–140 μm
long and 3–5 μm broad.
Site of collection: Shamaguri
Beel, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Northeastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011).
Closterium closterioides (Ralfs) A.Louis &
Peeters 1967: 410, pl. 13: fig. 119
Basionym: Penium closterioides Ralfs
Cells are straight, elongated, 6–7
times longer than broad, both sides with a slight notch in the mid-region,
gradually narrowing towards the poles, apices flatly obtuse, chloroplasts with
4–5 longitudinal ridges, each with 2–3 pyrenoids, cell wall smooth, cells
125–170 µm long 20–24 µm broad, apex 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi Beel, Kamrup;
Radhapukhuri, Lakhimpur, Sibasthan Potakollong, Nagaon; Kursakati Pond,
Kokrajhar.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Closterium closterioides var. intermedium (J.Roy
& Bisset) Ruzicka 1973: 199, pl. 2: fig. 23
Basionym: Penium libellula var. intermedium Roy
& Bisset 1894: 252
Cells straight, elongated, 5–6
times longer than broad, dorsal, and ventral sides similarly concave, gradually
attenuated towards the truncated poles, cell wall smooth, axial chloroplast
with 3–4 pyrenoids, cells 85–120 μm long and 17–20 μm broad, apex 6–7 μm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Diplai Beel, Kokrajhar; Deohati Pond, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Northeastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Urpad Beel,
Deka et al. (2011); Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Closterium cornu Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848:
176, pl. XXX [30]: figs 6f, 6g
Cells long, 19–21 times longer than
broad, fusiform, straight, or slightly curved, outer margin with the arc of
33–40°, inner margin straight or very slightly concave, gradually attenuating
towards narrowly rounded apices, chloroplast with three longitudinal ridges,
with 2 pyrenoids, cell wall smooth and colourless, cells 192–237 μm long and
9–12 μm broad, apex 4–5 μm broad.
Site of collection: Jogorahabi
Beel, Sivasagar; Dosomighat Pond, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Dachi lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018).
Closterium cynthia De Notaris 1867: 65, fig.
71; pl. VII [7]
Cells medium-sized, lunate, 10–11
times longer than broad, moderately curved, lateral sides gradually attenuated
to obtusely rounded poles, chloroplast axial with 5–6 pyrenoids, cell wall with
longitudinal striae, girdle bands visible, cells 68–94 µm long and 6–9 µm
broad, apex 1–2 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Maguri Motapung Beel, Tinsukia; Tiplai Pond, Goalpara.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012); Dachi lake, Hajong
& Ramanujam (2018); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Closterium decorum Brébisson 1856: 151, pl. 2:
fig. 39
Cells medium-sized, 16–17 times longer than broad,
solitary, middle region tubular and slightly curved, cell wall smooth,
chloroplast with ridges, 10–13 pyrenoids arranged in an axile row, cells
130–187 µm long and 8–11 µm broad, apex 2–3 µm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M); Gauhati University Pond, Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel,
Baruah et al. (2020).
Closterium dianae Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848:
168, figs 5a, 5c; pl. XXVIII [28]
Cells medium-sized, lunate, 11.6–13.8 times longer
than broad, curved, concave ventral margin, apices smooth, cell wall yellowish
to brownish, chloroplast ridged, pyrenoids 3–4, cells 152–175 µm long and 11–15
µm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M); Chandubi Beel, Kamrup; Padumpukhuri, Sonitpur; Pachi Gaon Pond,
Sonitpur.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); Khanajan,
Baruah & Baruah (2013); Dachi lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018); Deepor
Beel, Baruah et al. (2020).
Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini ex Ralfs 1848:
166, pl. XXVIII [28]: fig. 2
Cells large, elongated, about
eight times longer than broad, dorsal side curved with an arc of 110–120°,
swollen mid region of ventral side gradually attenuating towards broad and rounded
apices, parietal chloroplast with a series of ridges, throughout the
chloroplast numerous pyrenoids scattered, cell wall smooth, light brown to
colourless, cells 430–560 µm long and 50–67 µm broad, apex 6–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chakoli Beel,
Majuli; Hiloidhari Majgao Beel,
Dibrugarh; Jaysagar Pukhuri, Sivasagar
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Northeastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Meghalaya, Das
& Ramanujam (2010); Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012).
Closterium elenkinii Kossinskaja 1936: 415, pl.
I: fig. 3
Cells medium-sized, about
12.5–13.7 times longer than broad, slightly swollen in the central region,
moderately curved with 70° of arc, tapering abruptly toward slightly produced
apices, chloroplast with four longitudinal ridges, each chloroplast with four
pyrenoids, cell wall smooth, vibrating granules present in the apices, cells
150–220 µm long and 12–16 µm broad, apex 2–3 µm broad.
Site of collection: Haribhanga
Beel, Nagaon; Sorbhog Pond, Barpeta.
New to northeastern India (Image
1).
Closterium gracile Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848:
221, pl. XXI [21]: figs 8–12
Cells medium-sized, 24–35 times
longer than broad, almost straight but slightly curved towards the apices,
curvature with 37° of arc, lateral margins parallel, gradually tapering toward
the apices, poles obtuse, cell wall smooth and colourless, 14 pyrenoids in the
chloroplast, cells 140–172 µm long and 4–7 µm broad, apex 1.5–2 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kapla Beel,
Barpeta; Sibasthan-Potakollong, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Manmecho lake, Das & Keshri (2012), Arunachal
Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Closterium incurvum Brébisson 1856: 150, pl. 2:
fig. 47
Cells small sized, 7.5–8.7 times
longer than broad, strongly curved with 170° of arc, ventral side not inflated,
strongly diminished toward apices, poles intensely rounded, axial plate-like
chloroplast with a single pyrenoid; cell wall smooth and colourless, cells
70–91 µm long and 8–12 µm broad, apex 1–2 µm broad.
Site of collection: Bejorsuti
Pond, Kamrup; Keotkuchi Pond, Barpeta.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); northeastern
India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012); Arunachal
Himalaya, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Closterium kuetzingii Brébisson 1856: 156, pl. 2:
fig. 40
Cells long, about 27.5–28.5 times
longer than broad, almost straight, apex slightly incurved with 42° of arc, the
central region is spindle-shaped, dorsal and ventral sides almost equally
convex, diminished abruptly toward the apices to form slightly swollen
processes, rounded and slightly inflated poles with the thickened inner wall,
cell wall striated and colourless, chloroplasts present only in the mid region,
cells 220–314 µm long and 8–11 µm broad, apex 1.5–2 µm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M); Urpad Beel, Goalpara; Chandubi Beel, Kamrup; Rawmari Beel, Nagaon;
Dighalipukhuri, Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); North Eastern
India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Urpad Beel Deka et al. (2011); Deepor Beel, Baruah
et al. (2020); Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Closterium libellula var. sikkimense J.
P. Keshri & D. Das 2016: 77, pl. XVI [16]: figs 314, 315
Cells long, almost straight, 8–9
times longer than broad, 34° of arc, a middle region slightly raised angularly,
gradually attenuated towards broadly rounded apices, cell wall smooth and
colourless, chloroplast with 6 longitudinal ridges exhibiting 6–9 pyrenoids,
cells 176–190 µm long, 19–23 µm broad and apex 3–4.5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Goalnani
Pond, Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
2).
Closterium lineatum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848:
173, fig. 1; pl. XXX [30]
Cell semi-straight, 34.5–37 times
longer than broad, slightly curved in the apical region with 22–31° of arc,
dorsal margin is nearly straight throughout the entire length, ventral margin
almost straight, cell wall striated and yellowish to brownish in colour,
truncated-rounded poles, axial chloroplast with several numbers of pyrenoids,
cells 226–310 μm long and 6–9 μm broad, apex 2–3 μm broad.
Site of collection: Barpeta Beel,
Nagaon; Morakolong, Nagaon
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Dachi Lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018).
Closterium lunula Ehrenberg & Hemprich ex
Ralfs 1848: 163, pl. XXVII [27]: fig. 1
Cells large, 5–7 times longer
than broad, almost straight, 44° of arc, broad abruptly but slightly attenuated
near the truncately rounded poles, dorsal margin more curved than the ventral,
ventral margin slightly concave in the mid-region, plate-like axial chloroplast
with 4–5 ridges and containing six pyrenoids in a row in each semicell , cell
wall smooth and colourless, cells 210–265 µm long, 30–51 µm broad and apex 4–6
µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Sivasagar, Phukan and Bora (2012); Urpad Beel, Deka et
al. (2011); Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Closterium minutum var. indicum J.P.Keshri
& D.Das
Cells small, 6.4–7.2 times longer
than broad, moderately curved with 135° of arc, lunate, dorsal and ventral
margins equally curved, slightly tapering to bluntly rounded poles, chloroplast
axial plate having 3–4 pyrenoids, cell wall smooth and colourless, cells 58–80
µm long, 9–11 µm broad and apex 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Katara Beel
Paikarkuchi, Nalbari; Sorbhog Beel, Barpeta
New to northeastern India (Image
3).
Closterium navicula (Brébisson) Lütkemüller
1905: 337
Basionym: Penium navicula Brébisson
Cells small, straight, fusiform,
3.7–5.2 times longer than broad, moderately curved with 78° of arc, dorsal and
ventral margins concave, gradually attenuated to widely rounded poles,
chloroplast with 8 longitudinal ridges having a few pyrenoids, apical vacuole
with granules, cells 30–52 µm long and 8–10 µm broad, apex 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Laokhoa Beel, Dhubri; Deohati Pond, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Arunachal Himalayas,
Nath & Baruah (2021).
Closterium parvulum var. maius (Schmidle)
Willi Krieger 1935: 277, pl. 16: fig. 18
Basionym: Closterium parvulum f. maius Schmidle
Cells medium-sized, lunate, 11–12
times longer than broad, moderately curved with 122–148° of arc, slightly
convex dorsal side, concave ventral side, nearly straight throughout the entire
length, without median swelling, pointed-rounded poles, cell wall smooth,
hyaline to yellowish in colour, axial chloroplast with 2–3 pyrenoids, arranged
in median series, cells 190–285 μm long and 17–23 μm broad, apex 3–4 μm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Closterium planum E. O. Hughes 1952: 284,
fig. 35
Cells medium-sized, elongated,
about 15–16 times longer than broad, slightly curved near the poles with 37–48°
of arc, truncately rounded poles, cell wall smooth and brownish; outer margin
slightly more curved than the inner margin; girdle band present, chloroplast
having six longitudinal ridges and exhibiting six axial pyrenoids in each,
cells 224–282 µm long and 14–18 µm broad, apex 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Borphukhuri,
Kamalpur Kamrup; Koladuwar Beel, Golaghat; Akhara Beel, Barpeta; Madhab
Choudhury College Pond, Barpeta.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Manmecho Lake, Das & Keshri (2012).
Closterium praelongum var. brevius (Nordstedt)
Willi Krieger 1935: 324, pl. 25: fig. 29
Basionym: Closterium praelongum f. brevius Nordstedt
Cells medium-sized, 16–18.5 times
longer than broad, dorsal and ventral margins parallel in the middle region,
apices slightly recurved, curvature with 18° of arc, ridged chloroplast with
8–10 pyrenoids, cells 112–167 µm long and 7–9 µm broad, apex 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Maguri
Motapung Beel, Tinsukia.
New to northeastern India (Image
4).
Closterium pseudocynthia J. P. Keshri & D. Das
2016: 83, pl. XX [20]: figs 365, 366
Cells medium-sized, 13.5–15.2
times longer than broad, moderately curved with 118° of arc, both margins
equally curved, gradually attenuated towards the sharply pointed poles, cell
wall smooth and yellowish red, ridged chloroplast with 4–6 pyrenoids arranged
in axial series, terminal vacuoles granulated, cells 216–320 µm long and 16–21
µm broad, apex 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Gandhi Beel, Barpeta, Morakolong, Nagaon
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Arunachal
Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Closterium pseudolunula O.Borge 1909: 3, pl. 1:
fig. 2
Cells medium-sized, about 8–9
times longer than broad; moderately curved with 48–72° of arc; dorsal margin
convex, ventral margin straight for more than two-third of the entire length;
apices broadly rounded; chloroplast axial with 4–6 pyrenoids; cell wall smooth
and colourless, cells 220–302 µm long and 27–33 µm broad, apex 8–10 µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Hazarapar Pukhuri, Sonitpur.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Closterium rostratum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848:
175, pl. XXX [30]: fig. 3
Cells large, semi-lunated, 12–13
times longer than broad, slightly curved with 35–50° of arc, both dorsal as
well as ventral margins convex, ventral is more curved, fusiform mid-region,
gradually narrowed towards the obliquely truncate poles, setaceous apical
processes and slightly curved; striated cell wall, axial chloroplast with 3–7
lamellae exhibiting 3–6 pyrenoids, cells 362–490 µm long and 30–36 µm broad,
apex 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Naitara Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Keotkuchi Pond, Barpeta.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Arunachal
Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Closterium tumidulum f. indicum J.P.Keshri
& D.Das 2016: 91, pl. XVI [16]: figs 316, 317
Cells medium-sized, 7–8 times
longer than broad, strongly curved with 159° of arc, dorsal margin convex,
ventral margin with slightly tumid mid–region, gradually narrowed towards the
apices forming rounded poles, cell wall smooth and colourless, chloroplasts
with 4 ridges, cells 114–130 µm long and 14–18 µm broad, apex 2–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Gauhati
University Pond, Kamrup (M).
New to northeastern India (Image
5).
Family: Desmidiaceae
Genus: Actinotaenium
Actinotaenium australe (Raciborski) Croasdale
1981: 4
Basionym: Penium australe Raciborski
Cells medium-sized, broadly
elliptical in outline, about 1.5 times longer than broad, slightly constricted
at the isthmus, very slight tapering towards the poles with broadly rounded
apices, chloroplast with 6 longitudinal lamellae and a centrally placed large
pyrenoid, cell wall punctate and colourless, cells 82–94 µm long, 57–64 µm
broad and isthmus 54–56 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dhamar Beel,
Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
6).
Actinotaenium cucurbitinum var. minutum (Prescott)
Tomaszewicz 1988: 44
Basionym:Penium cucurbitinum var. minutum Prescott
Cells small sized, about 2 times
longer than broad, sinus a shallow notch, both lateral margins convex and
slightly narrowing towards broadly rounded apices, punctate cell wall, axial
chloroplast, cells 33–38 µm long, 16–18 µm broad and isthmus 14–15 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dheer Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
7).
Actinotaenium cucurbita var. rotundatum (Willi
Krieger) Teiling 1954: 407
Basionym: Cosmarium cucurbita f. rotundatum Krieger
Cells small sized, about 1.7–1.8
times longer than broad; sinus has a shallow notch; both lateral margins are
convex, margins are slightly attenuated
towards the poles, poles broadly rounded, cell wall with randomly organized
fine punctate, axial chloroplast with longitudinal lamellae, cells 28–33 µm
long, 15.7–18 µm broad and isthmus 14–16.5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Koya Kujia Beel, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Actinotaenium globosum (Bulnheim) Kurt
Förster ex Compère 1976: 456
Basionym: Cosmarium globosum Bulnheim
Cells small sized, about 1.5
times longer than broad, slightly constricted at the middle region, semicells
semicircular, lateral sides convex, apices broadly rounded, cell wall with fine
punctae, axial chloroplast with a centrally placed pyrenoid, cells 28–33 µm
long, 19–22 µm broad and isthmus 17–18 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Bheriki Beel, Jorhat
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Actinotaenium perminutum (G. S. West) Teiling 1954:
410, fig. 60
Basionym: Cosmarium perminutum G.
S. West
Cells very small sized, about 1.4
times longer than broad, sinus a shallow notch, lateral margins slightly
attenuated towards broadly rounded poles, cell wall punctate, axial chloroplast
with a centrally placed pyrenoid, cells 13–16 µm long, 9–11 µm broad and
isthmus 7–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Maguri
Motapung Beel, Tinsukia.
New to northeastern India (Image
8).
Actinotaenium pseudoglobossum Kurt Förster 1981: 237; pl.
2, fig. 20
Cells medium-sized, about 1.6–1.7 times longer than
broad, sinus a slight notch, broadly elliptical semicells with rounded apex,
cell wall with fine punctae, radiated chloroplast with pyrenoids, cells 58–84
µm long, 36–50 µm broad and isthmus 34–46 µm broad.
Site of collection: Haribhanga
Beel, Nagaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
9).
Actinotaenium subglobosum (Nordstedt) Teiling 1954:
397
Basionym: Cosmarium subglobosum Nordstedt
Cells medium-sized, about 1.7 times longer than
broad, sinus shallow notch, both apices and lateral margins broadly rounded,
cell wall sparsely punctate, stellate axial chloroplast, having six
longitudinal lamellae, cells long and broad, cells 65–87 µm long, 39–50 µm
broad and isthmus 37–42 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Hasila Beel, Goalpara; Bhebeli Pond, Dhemaji.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Actinotaenium wollei (West & G. S. West)
Teiling ex Ruzika & Pouzar 1978: 61
Basionym: Cosmarium globosum var. wollei West
& G. S. West
Cells medium-sized, about 1.7–1.8 times longer than
broad; sinus notched, elliptical semicells with rounded apex, cell wall with
punctae, stellate chloroplast, cells 55–76 µm long and 30–44 µm broad and
isthmus 27–40 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kapla Beel,
Barpeta; Ulabari Pond, Nalbari.
New to northeastern India (Image
10).
Genus: Bambusina
Bambusina borreri (Ralfs) Cleve 1864: 496
Basionym: Desmidium borreri Ralfs
Cells barrel-shaped, slightly
constricted at midregion, sinus a notch of shallow depth, semicells circular in
top view, occasionally with 2 opposite mammillae, small basal inflation on both
sides of isthmus, lateral sides straight towards apices, apices broadly
truncate, cell wall with very slight longitudinal striations at poles, cells
20–27 µm long, 14–17 µm broad and apex 8–10 µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Naitara Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Bhebeli Pond, Dhemaji.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Genus: Cosmarium
Cosmarium abruptum P. Lundell 1871: 43, pl. 2:
fig. 22
Cells very small sized, almost as
long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus open, pyramidal semicells with
faintly undulate apex, cell wall smooth, axial chloroplast with a centrally
placed pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 11–15 µm long, 10–12 µm broad and
isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dudhnoi
College Pond, Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
11).
Cosmarium angulatum f. majus (Grunow)
W. B. Turner 1893: 56 (as ‘major’)
Basionym: Euastrum angulatum f. major Grunow
Cells medium-sized, about 1.5–1.6
times longer than broad, deeply constricted at midregion, isthmus thin with
closed sinus, semicells 6-angled, basal angles rounded, lateral sides slightly
convex above the basal angles and broadly rounded upper, lateral angles, then
tapering and retuse to a narrow truncate apex, cell wall smooth, two
chloroplasts in each semicells with two pyrenoids, cells 54–70 µm long, 35–43
µm broad and isthmus 11–15 µm broad.
Site of collection:
Lakhimpur Pukhuri, Darrang.
New to northeastern India (Image
12).
Cosmarium angulosum Brébisson 1856: 127, pl. I
[1]: fig. 17
Cells small sized, about 1.4–1.5
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus open, subrectangular
semicells, angular-elliptical in apical view, subcircular in lateral view,
straight or very slightly convex lateral sides, apices truncately rounded, cell
wall with punctae, single chloroplast with one pyrenoid, cells 12–18 μm long,
10–12 μm broad and isthmus 4–5 μm broad.
Site of collection: Jugi Beel,
Golaghat.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Dachi Lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018).
Cosmarium auriculatum Reinsch 1875: 83,
Chlorophyllophyceae, pl. XIV [14]: fig. 5
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus widely open, semicells
transversely elliptic or slightly pyramidal with broadly rounded apices, apical
notch absent, semicells circular in side view and elliptical in top view, basal
angles of the semicells equipped with 3 stout processes, cell wall punctate,
chloroplast with 2 pyrenoids in each semicell, cells 44–47 μm long, 45–49 μm
broad and isthmus 22–24 μm broad.
Site of collection: Laokhoa Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
13).
Cosmarium baffinense R. M. Whelden 1947: 73, pl.
VI: fig. 2 (as ‘baffinensis’)
Cells very small sized, almost as
long as broad, hexagonal semicells with nearly rounded angles, deeply
constricted at mid-region, linear and closed sinus, lateral margins angularly
concave, apex broad and flat, cell wall with fine punctae, cells 9–11 µm long,
10–11 µm broad and isthmus 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chakoli Beel,
Majuli.
New to northeastern India (Image
14).
Cosmarium blyttii Wille 1880: 25, pl. 1: fig.
7
Cells very small sized, about
1.2–1.3 times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus closed,
semi-cells subrectangular, chloroplasts with pyrenoids in each semicell, cell
wall granular, cells 15–20 μm long, 12-15 μm broad and isthmus 4–6 μm broad.
Site of collection: Morakolong,
Nagaon; Gandhi Beel, Barpeta.
New to northeastern India (Image
15).
Cosmarium botrytis Meneghini ex Ralfs 1848:
99, pl. XVI [16]: fig. 1
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2–1.4
times longer than broad, deeply constricted at mid-region, sinus narrowly
linear, semicells ovate-pyramidal, lateral margins convex, apex truncate with
rounded angles, cell wall equipped with concentric series of radiating
granules, granules absent in the apices, cells 37–52 µm long, 29–36 µm broad
and isthmus 12–16 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Sibasthan-Potakollong, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Dachi Lake, Hajong.
& Ramanujam (2018); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium brebissonii Meneghini ex Ralfs 1848:
100, pl. XVI [16]: fig. 3 a, b
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2–1.4 times longer than
broad, deeply constricted at mid-region, sinus closed, semicells semicircular,
lateral margins convex, apex broadly truncate with rounded angles, entire cell
wall furnished with concentric series of stout granules including the apices,
cells 32–46 µm long, 26–31 µm broad and isthmus 7–9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dakra Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
16).
Cosmarium calcareum Wittrock 1872: 58, pl. 4:
fig. 13
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear, semicells trapezoid,
basal angles sub rectangular, lateral sides with 4–6 crenations, apex truncate
with 5–6 faint and minute crenations, cell wall furnished with minute granules
and a small granulate tumour in the centre, cells 19–21 µm long, 18–19 µm broad
and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Rajapukhuri
Ghagrapar, Nalbari.
New to northeastern India (Image
17).
Cosmarium coarctatum West 1892: 724, pl. IX [9]:
fig. 11
Cells very small sized, about
1.3–1.4 times longer than broad, with shallow median constriction, sinus ‘V’
shaped notch and open outwardly, semicells rectangular, basal angles rounded,
lateral sides almost parallel to a flat truncate apex, cell wall smooth, cells
12–14 µm long, 9–10 µm broad and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Bogibil Ghat,
Dibrugarh.
New to northeastern India (Image
18).
Cosmarium connatum Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848:
108, pl. XVII [17]: fig. 10
Cells medium-sized, about 1.4
times longer than broad, shallow median constriction, sinus widely open,
semicells transversely sub-elliptic, with a broad base, apex slightly flattened,
cell wall with fine punctae, chloroplast with 2 large pyrenoids in each
semicell, cells 59–66 µm long, 40–47 µm broad and isthmus 34–37 µm broad.
Site of collection: Diplai Beel,
Kokrajhar; Akhara Beel, Barpeta; Bornijora Pond, Jalah Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Cosmarium contractum var. minutum (Delponte)
Coesel 1989: 183, pl. 2: fig. 4
Basionym: Cosmarium minutum Delponte
Cells small sized, about 1.4
times longer than broad, deeply constricted at midregion, sinus V-shaped and
widely open, semicells almost circular, axial chloroplast with a centrally
placed pyrenoid, cell wall smooth, cells 27–32 µm long, 19–22 µm broad and
isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Rawmari Beel, Nagaon; Borpukhri Ghagrapar, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Kokrajhar, Das
(2020).
Cosmarium cycladatum W. B. Turner 1893: 54, pl.
VIII [8]: fig. 12
Cells medium-sized, about 1.3–1.4
times longer than broad, deeply constricted at middle region with closed sinus,
semicells semicircular, basal angles thin, lateral sides moderately convex then
gradually tapering to form broadly rounded apices, lateral sides
granulate-crenate, crenulations broad with two-minute projections at two angles
each, the face of the semicells with a group of elongate thickenings extending
below the apex, cell wall otherwise smooth, cells 40–55 µm long, 29–37 µm broad
and isthmus 10–13 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dheer Beel,
Dhubri; Ghunkuchi Beel, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Cosmarium cyclicum var. arcticum (Nordstedt)
Gutwinski 1897: 147
Basionym: Cosmarium cyclicum subsp. arcticum Nordstedt
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, subcircular or slightly hexagonal-circular, median constriction
deep, sinus linear, semicells semicircular and margins with crenations, within
the margin bigranulate, ornamental granules in a series of radial and
concentric series, cells 38–43 µm long, 41–45 µm broad and isthmus 13–15 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Lakhimpur
pukhuri, Darrang.
New to northeastern India (Image
19).
Cosmarium cyclicum var. crassum R.
M. Whelden 1947: 78, pl. V [5]: fig. 8
Cells moderately large, about 1.1
times longer than broad, circular-elliptic, median constriction deep, the sinus
narrowly linear with dilated outwardly, semicells semi-circular with rounded
basal angles, cell wall uniformly crenate with about 18 crenae and with one row
of small furrows within the margin, axial chloroplast, two pyrenoids per
semicells, cells 68–81 µm long, 60–68 µm broad and isthmus 20–23 µm broad.
Site of collection: Jogorahabi
Beel, Sivasagar.
New to northeastern India (Image
20).
Cosmarium decoratum West & G. S. West 1895:
61, pl. VII [7]: fig. 21
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2–1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction very deep, sinus narrow and
linear, semicells semi-elliptic, apices flat and truncate with broadly rounded
angles, crenations at the margin, each semicell with two chloroplasts and two
pyrenoids, cells 49–63 µm long, 40–47 µm broad and isthmus 13–16 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Chakoli Beel, Majuli; Kursakati Pond, Kokrajhar.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Kokrajhar, Das
(2020).
Cosmarium densegranulatum Skuja 1928: 154, pl. III
[3]: figs 17–20
Cells small sized, about 1.1
times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus narrow and linear,
semicells elliptic, both basal as well as apical angles rounded, lateral sides
with denticulations, cell wall granulated, parietal chloroplast, single per
semicell, cells 22–25 µm long, 19–22 µm broad and isthmus 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Dolani Beel, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium dorsitruncatum var. pseudoscenedesmus (West
& G. S. West) Willi Krieger & Gerloff 1962: 26
Basionym: Cosmarium pseudoscenedesmus West
& G. S. West
Cells small sized, about 1.2
times broader than long, median constriction very deep, sinus open outwardly,
semicells trapeziform, apices flatly truncate and basal angles rounded,
chloroplast axial, with one pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 18–23 µm long,
23–28 µm broad and isthmus 6–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Borphukhuri, Kamalpur Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium forceps Brühl & Biswas 1926:
286, pl. 15: fig. 86
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2–1.3
times broader than long, almost circular, moderately constricted at midregion,
broad isthmus, sinus open outwardly, semicells sub-semicircular, apices
rounded, cell wall smooth, parietal chloroplast, pyrenoids 2 in number, cells
34–45 µm long, 42–59 µm broad and isthmus 20–24 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Bhomoraguri Pond, Nagaon; Dighali Beel, Sivasagar; Kumri Beel,
Goalpara; Naitara Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Barpeta Beel, Nagaon; Tamranga Beel,
Bongaigaon; Katara Beel Paikarkuchi, Nalbari; Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M);
Kusumfula Beel, Goalpara; Jor Beel, Jorhat; Lakhimpur pukhuri, Darrang; Pond
near Tangla College, Udalguri; Koladuwar Beel, Golaghat; Chakoli Beel, Majuli;
Maguri Motapung Beel, Tinsukia; Sripani Pond, Dhemaji; Pachi Gaon Pond,
Sonitpur; Majkuchi Pond, Kamrup; Kachodhora Beel, Morigaon; Diplai Beel,
Kokrajhar; Dakra Beel, Dhubri; Koya Kujia Beel, Bongaigaon; Sorbhog Beel,
Barpeta; Keotkuchi Pond, Barpeta; Raja Beel, Baksa; Jiyeni Beel, Kamrup;
Goalnani Pond, Dhubri; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon; Kapla Beel, Barpeta; Ulabari
Pond, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); Chandubi Beel,
Nath & Baruah (2020); Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Cosmarium galeritum var. subtumidum O.
Borge 1903: 95, pl. 3: fig. 14
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus closed, pyramidal semicells,
both basal and apical angles approximately rounded, two parietal chloroplasts
with several radiating ridges in each semicell, pyrenoids two in number, cells
49–60 µm long, 43–48 µm broad and isthmus 21–24 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi Beel,
Kamrup; Madhab Choudhury College Pond, Barpeta; Rajapukhuri, Nahira
Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium garrolense J. Roy & Bisset 1894:
101, pl. 2: fig. 4
Cells small sized, about 1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed,
semicells semi-circular, basal angle nearly rounded, lateral walls evenly
convex with four undulations on each side of semicells, apex broad and flatly
rounded, cell wall smooth, cells 21–25 µm long, 16–18 µm broad and isthmus 5–6
µm broad.
Site of collection: Dighali Beel,
Nagaon; Morakolong, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Cosmarium granatum Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848:
96, pl. XXXII [32]: fig. 6
Cells small sized, about 1.3–1.5
times longer than broad, elliptic, deeply constricted at midregion, sinus
linear and opened outwardly, semicells truncate, pyramidate with rounded basal
angles, lateral sides almost straight or slightly convex, chloroplast axile
with only one pyrenoid, cells 22–29 µm long, 16–19 µm broad and isthmus 6–7 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M); Digholi Beel, Kamrup; Dighalipukhuri,
Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Khanajan, Baruah &
Baruah (2013); Dachi Lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018); Deepor Beel, Baruah
et al. (2020).
Cosmarium granatum var. subangulare West
& G. S. West 1895: 54, pl. VIII: fig 4
Cells small sized, about 1.3–1.5
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus closed, semicircular
semicells, basal angles rounded, lateral margins convex and gradually slightly
tapered towards retuse apex, cell wall smooth, chloroplast axial with a
centrally placed pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 19–24 µm long, 14–16 µm broad
and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Haribhanga
Beel, Nagaon; Koya Kujia Beel, Bongaigaon; Dosomighat Pond, Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
21).
Cosmarium hammeri Reinsch 1866: 115, pl. XXII
[22] B 1: figs 1–10
Cells small sized, about 1.3–1.4
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed,
semicells trapeziform, both basal as well as apical angles broadly rounded,
lateral margins slightly concave and apex broad and truncate, axile
chloroplasts with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 25–31 µm long, 18–22
µm broad and isthmus 7–8 broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M); Konuri Beel, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Deepor Beel, Baruah et al. (2020).
Cosmarium impressulum Elfving 1881: 13, pl. I:
fig. 9
Cells small sized, about 1.5–1.6
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear and
closed, semicells elongate semicircular, with rounded basal angles, lateral
walls almost parallel and furnished with four undulations, retuse at apex, cell
wall smooth; parietal chloroplast, cells 23–28 µm long, 15–17 µm broad, isthmus
4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Bhomoraguri Pond, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium impressulum var. crenulatum (Nägeli)
Willi Krieger & Gerloff 1965: 136, pl. 29: fig. 6
Basionym: Cosmarium crenulatum Nägeli
Cells small sized, about 1.2–1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear,
outline oval with regularly undulated lateral walls, semicells transversely
hexagonal, in apical view elliptical, in lateral view broadly oval, cell wall
smooth, axial chloroplast with a centrally placed pyrenoid in each semicell,
cells 24–30 µm long, 19–22 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Rajapukhuri
Ghagrapar, Nalbari.
New to northeastern India (Image
22).
Cosmarium impressulum var. suborthogonum (Raciborski)
Taft 1945: 195, pl. 3: fig. 9 f
Basionym: Cosmarium suborthogonum Raciborski
Cells small sized, about 1.4–1.5
times longer than broad; median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear and
closed but slightly dilated at the apex, semicells subsemicircular, the basal
angles broadly rounded, the lateral sides in the basal portion of the semicell
parallel, the upper lateral sides with two undulations, retuse at the middle,
cell wall smooth, cells 17–24 µm long, 12–16 µm broad and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Duminichowki
Pond, Kamrup; Dighali Beel, Sivasagar; Gauhati University Pond, Kamrup
(M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Manmecho Lake, Das & Keshri (2012).
Cosmarium javanicum Nordstedt 1880: 7, pl. 1:
fig 10
Cells large sized, about 1.8
times longer than broad, median constriction a shallow notch, sinus linear and
closed but slightly opened at the end; semicells rounded obovate, lateral walls
evenly convex, apex broadly rounded; basal angles narrowly rounded; cell wall
striated and with irregularly organized large punctae, cells 138–160 µm long,
72–87 µm broad and isthmus 50–55 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi Beel,
Kamrup; Jaysagar Pukhuri, Sivasagar.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium lundellii Delponte 1877: 13, pl. 7:
figs 62–64
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2–1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear and
slightly dilated at the end, semicells sub semi-circular with broadly rounded
apices, cell wall punctate, punctate small, chloroplast parietal with large
pyrenoids, cells 48–59 µm long, 40–45 µm broad and isthmus 16–19 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Bogibil Ghat, Dibrugarh; Narpara Pond, Nalbari; Charan
Beel, Morigaon; Dosomighat Pond, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Arunachal
Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Cosmarium lundellii var. corruptum (W.
B. Turner) West & G.S.West 1902: 162
Basionym: Cosmarium corruptum W.
B. Turner
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus widely open, semicells sub
semi-circular with broadly rounded apices, cell wall with small punctae,
chloroplast parietal with two pyrenoids in each semicell, cells 38–45 µm long, 36–40
µm broad and isthmus 16–18 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Digholi Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium mansangense West & G. S. West 1908:
209, pl. XIV [14]: fig 15
Cell medium-sized, almost
cylindrical, about 1.6 times longer than broad, median constriction shallow,
sinus opened, semicells cylindrically-oblong, lateral margins almost straight,
basal angles very slightly rotund, the apices broadly rounded, cell wall
granulated, granules arranged in veitical series, chloroplast parietal, two
pyrenoids per semicell, cells 67–72 µm long, 40–43 µm broad and isthmus 31–34
µm broad.
Site of collection: Shamaguri
Beel, Nagaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
23).
Cosmarium minimum var. subrotundatum West
& G. S. West 1895: 59, pl. VIII: fig 11
Cells very small sized, about
1.2–1.3 times longer than broad, median constriction moderately deep, sinus
narrowly linear and nearly closed, elliptical semicells with broadly rounded
basal angles, cell wall smooth, axial chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each
semicell, cells 10–12 µm long, 8–9 µm broad and isthmus 4–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dolani Beel,
Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
24).
Cosmarium miscellum Skuja
1964: 222, pl. XXXIX [39]: fig. 11
Cells
medium-sized, about 1.2 times longer than broad, median constriction deep,
sinus linear but open at extremities, semicells compressed semicircular with
22–26 marginal crenulations, cell wall granulate, granules arranged on
periphery, in central tumour granules arranged in vertical series, cells 34–46
µm long, 30–37 µm broad and isthmus 14–16 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M); Gaurangtari Pond, Dhubri; Koya Kujia Beel,
Bongaigaon.
Previous
records and distribution in northeastern India: Arunachal Pradesh, Das &
Adhikary (2012); Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel, Baruah et
al. (2020).
Cosmarium neodepressum var. minutum (Heimerl)
G. J. P. Ramos & C. W. N. Moura 2020: 2
Basionym: Cosmarium depressum f. minutum Heimerl
Cell small
sized, nearly as broad as long, median constriction deep, sinus widely opened
with V like notch at extremities, semicells elliptic with truncately rounded
apex, chloroplast axial with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cell wall
smooth, cells 15–20 µm long, 14–18 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Chandubi Beel, Kamrup.
Previous
records and distribution in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath &
Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium neodepressum var. reniforme (West
& G. S. West) G. J. P. Ramos & C. W. N. Moura 2020: 2
Basionym: Cosmarium depressum var. reniforme West
& G. S. West.
Cells small
sized, slightly longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear and
open, reniform semicells with broadly rounded apex, chloroplast axial with
single pyrenoids in each semicell, cells 21–27 µm long, 19–23 µm broad and
isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Raja Beel, Baksa; Ulabari Pond, Nalbari.
New to
northeastern India (Image 25).
Cosmarium nitidulum De
Notaris 1867: 42, pl. III [3]: fig. 26
Cells small
sized, about 1.3–1.4 times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus
narrowly linear and slightly opened at the extremities, semicells truncate
semicircular with broadly rounded basal as well as apical angles, lateral sides
slightly convex, apex truncately rounded, cell wall minutely punctate, two
axial chloroplasts in each semicell with single central pyrenoid, cells 28–37
µm long, 21–25 µm broad and isthmus 7–8 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Dagaon Pond, Nagaon; Dudhnoi College Pond, Goalpara; Borphukhuri,
Kamalpur Kamrup.
Previous
records and distribution in northeastern India: Nagaland, Das & Adhikary
(2012).
Cosmarium norimbergense Reinsch
1867: 117, pl. 22: figs A-IV: 1–11
Cells small
sized, about 1.2–1.3 times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus
narrow, linear, closed, semicells sub-rectangular with an undulation just above
the rounded basal angles, apex with rounded angles and almost straight border,
cell wall smooth, axial chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each semicells,
cells 12–16 µm long, 10–12 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Gandhi Beel, Barpeta; Bheriki Beel, Jorhat; Sripani Pond, Dhemaji;
Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon.
Previous
records and distribution in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena &
Adhikary (2011); Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Cosmarium norimbergense var. depressum (West
& G. S. West) Willi Krieger & Gerloff 1969: 292, pl. 48: fig. 1
Basionym: Cosmarium norimbergense f. depressum West
& G.S. West.
Cells very small sized, almost as
long as broad, deeply constricted at middle, sinus narrowly linear and slightly
opened at extremities, semicell subrectangular, lateral margins without
undulations, apex with rounded angles and almost straight border, cell wall
smooth, axial chloroplast with one pyrenoid in each cell, cells 7–10 µm long,
7–9 µm broad and isthmus 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dandua Beel,
Morigaon; Hasila Beel, Goalpara; Ghunkuchi Beel, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); Arunachal
Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Cosmarium obsoletum (Hantzsch) Reinsch 1867:
142, pl. 22:D:1: figs 1–4
Basionym: Arthrodesmus obsoletus Hantzsch
Cells medium-sized, transversely
elliptic, almost as long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow
linear, closed except the extremities, semicells semicircular, apices broadly
rounded, basal angles mammillately condensed, side angles slightly convex, 2
axial chloroplasts in each semicells with a centrally placed pyrenoid, cell
wall punctate, cells 62–65 µm long, 61–63 µm broad and isthmus 32–34 µm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M); Bharalichuk Pond, Dhemaji; Radhapukhuri, Lakhimpur;
Sibasthan-Potakollong, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); North Eastern
India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel,
Baruah et al. (2020).
Cosmarium ordinatum (Børgesen) West & G. S.
West 1896: 251, pl. 15: fig. 14
Basionym: Cosmarium brasiliense var. ordinatum Børgesen
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, semicells slightly reniform, median constriction deep, sinus
open and V shaped, cell wall verrucate, verrucae arranged in groups of 2-4 or
6–7 parallel rows in the middle of semicells, cells 35–39 µm long, 32–34
µm broad and isthmus 12–14 µm broad.
Site of collection: Naitara
Choutara Beel, Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
26).
Cosmarium pakistanicum A. K. Islam 1971: 926, pl.
XIV [14]: fig. 2; pl XXIII [23]: figs 1–10
Cells large sized, about 1.6–1.8
times longer than broad, shallow constriction at the middle, sinus narrowly
linear and closed, semicells broadly elliptic-pyramidate, basal angles narrowly
rounded, lateral sides slightly retuse in the basal half then again slightly
convex, apex broadly rounded, chloroplast with 10 longitudinal ridges, cell
wall punctate, punctae irregularly arranged, cells 103–125 µm long, 62–69 µm
broad and isthmus 47–50 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dheer Beel,
Dhubri; Gaurangtari Pond, Dhubri; Borpukhri Ghagrapar, Nalbari; Gauhati
University Pond, Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Cosmarium porteanum W. Archer 1860: 49, pl. I
[1]: fig. 8, 9 (as ‘Portianum’)
Cells small sized, about 1.4–1.5
times longer than broad, deeply constricted at the middle, sinus widely opened,
semicells elliptic, cell wall granulate, rounded granules arranged in vertical
series, axial chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 17–23 µm
long, 12–15 µm broad and isthmus 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Sorbhog Beel,
Barpeta; Tinkonia Pukhuri, Jorhat; Akhara Beel, Barpeta; Bornijora Pond, Jalah
Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
27).
Cosmarium porteanum f. pseudoporteanum J.
P. Keshri & D. Das 2016: 116, pl. VI [6]: figs 187, 188
Cells small sized, about 1.4–1.5
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus widely open with
rounded margins, semicells circular, cell wall granulate, rounded granules
arranged in seven vertical series, axial chloroplast with single pyrenoid in
each semicell, cells 21–25 µm long, 14–17 µm broad and isthmus 7–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Jiyeni Beel,
Kamrup; Konuri Beel, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Cosmarium porteanum var. nephroideum Wittrock
1872: 57 (as ‘portianum var. nephroideum’)
Cells small sized, about 1.1–1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus broadly open,
semicells semicircular-elliptic, cell wall with granules arranged in 7
longitudinal series, cells 19–24 µm long, 16–18 µm broad and isthmus 6–8 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Kapla Beel,
Barpeta; Dolani Beel, Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
28).
Cosmarium praemorsum Brébisson 1856: 128, pl. I:
fig. 8
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear,
Semicells subcircular with flattened apex, cell wall granulate, granules on the
face of the semicells are small and disposed roughly in concentric series, but
gradually diminishing towards the center, in top view semicell
rhomboid-elliptic and slightly tumid at the middle on each margin, center of
the semicell is devoid of granules, axile chloroplast with single pyrenoid in
each semicell, cells 29–40 µm long, 24–31 µm broad, and isthmus 8–11 µm broad.
Site of collection: Barsola Beel,
Jorhat.
New to northeastern India (Image
29).
Cosmarium pseudoamoenum Wille 1884: 18, pl. I [1]:
fig. 37
Cells medium-sized, about 2 times
longer than broad, median constriction a shallow notch, oblong semicells with
slightly convex lateral sides, cell wall with concentric series of small
granules, chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 60–76 µm
long, 30–36 µm broad and isthmus 19–22 µm broad.
Site of collection: Mohmara Pond,
Sonitpur.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Cosmarium pseudoarmatum A. M. Scott & Prescott
1958: 49, fig. 14: 3
Cells medium-sized, about 1.3
times longer than broad, sinus narrowly linear and slightly dilated at
extremities, semicells hemispherical with an undulation near the apex, apex
almost flat, cell wall furnished with series of stout granules, cells 38–45 µm
long, 29–33 µm broad and isthmus 11–13 µm broad.
Site of collection: Pond near
Tangla College, Udalguri.
New to northeastern India (Image
30).
Cosmarium pseudoconnatum Nordstedt 1870: 214, pl.
III [3]: fig. 17
Cells small sized, about 1.2–1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus closed, semicells
pyramidal, lateral margins convex with truncate-rounded apex, cell wall with
minute punctae, chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 20–24
µm long, 16–18 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Jogorahabi
Beel, Sivasagar; Dagaon Pond, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Cosmarium pseudogranatum Nordstedt 1870: 211, pl.
III [3]: fig. 27
Cells small sized, about 1.2–1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus closed, semicells
pyramidal, lateral margins convex with truncate-rounded apex, cell wall with
minute punctae, chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 20–24
µm long, 16–18 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Maguri
Motapung Beel, Tinsukia.
New to northeastern India (Image
31).
Cosmarium punctulatum Brébisson 1856: 129, pl. I
[1]: fig. 16
Cells small sized, about 1.1
times longer than broad, median constriction very deep, sinus closed but
slightly dilated at extremities, semicells oblong-trapeziform with rounded
basal angles, apex broadly truncate, in side view semicells circular, in top
view cell elliptic, cell wall furnished with small granules, axial chloroplasts
with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 20–26 µm long, 18–21 µm broad and
isthmus 7–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Jor Beel,
Jorhat; Jugi Beel, Golaghat; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012); Urpad Beel Deka et
al. (2011).
Cosmarium punctulatum var. depressum W.
B. Turner
Cell small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear but slightly dilated
at extremities, semicells elliptical and slightly truncated, cell wall
furnished with granules on horizontal series, axial chloroplasts with single
pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 23–27 µm long 26–30 µm broad and isthmus 9–10
µm broad.
Site of collection: Gatanga Beel,
Nagaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
32).
Cosmarium pygmaeum W. Archer 1864: 174, pl. 6:
figs. 45–49 (as ‘pygmœum’)
Cells very small sized, slightly
broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear but widely
open at extremities, semicells oblong hexagonal, both basal as well as apical
angles sharp, apex widely truncate with straight margins, a faint swelling at
the center of each semicell, cell wall smooth, chloroplast with single pyrenoid
in each semicell, cells 12–14 µm long, 14–16 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dheer Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
33).
Cosmarium pyramidatum Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848:
94, pl. XV [15]: fig. 4
Cells large sized, about 1.5–1.8
times longer than broad, median constriction shallow, sinus narrow, pyramidal
semicells, lateral sides somewhat convex, gradually attenuated towards truncate
apex with rounded angles, basal angles acutely rounded, cell wall with two
types of punctae, fine and slightly bigger punctae, intermixed with each other,
cells 90–123 µm long, 59–68 µm broad and isthmus 48–52 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kumri Beel,
Goalpara.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012); Urpad Beel Deka et
al. (2011).
Cosmarium quadrum P. Lundell 1871: 25, pl. II
[2]: fig. 11
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear and slightly
opened at margins, semicells quadrate, flatted, slightly depressed at the
middle, lateral sides slightly convex, apex very slightly retuse, cell wall
furnished with densely organised sloid granules, chloroplast axile with two
pyrenoids per semicell, cells 48–53 µm long, 47–51 µm broad and isthmus 13–15
µm broad.
Site of collection: Narpara Pond,
Nalbari; Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M); Digholi Beel, Kamrup; Dighalipukhuri, Kamrup
(M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Urpad Beel
Deka et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012); Khanajan, Baruah &
Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel, Baruah et al. (2020).
Cosmarium quadrum var. minus Nordstedt
1873: 11
Cells small sized, slightly
broader than long, deeply constricted at the middle, narrowly linear sinus with
a slightly opened extremity, semicells sub rectangular, rounded basal angles,
broadly rounded apical angles, lateral walls slightly convex, apex slightly
retuse, cell wall densely granulated with solid granules arranged in
decussating sequence, at the margins of the semicells 23 granules are shown, in
the middle of the apex the size of granules is slightly reduced, axile
chloroplasts with two pyrenoids per semicell, cells 27–31 µm long, 30–34 µm
broad and isthmus 9–11 µm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M); Panpoor Ghat, Sonitpur; Dagaon Pond, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Deepor Beel, Baruah et al. (2020); Urpad Beel Deka et
al. (2011).
Cosmarium rectangulare var. cambrense (W.
B. Turner) West & G. S. West 1896: 379
Basionym: Cosmarium gotlandicum var. cambrense W.B.
Turner
Cells very small sized, about 1.5
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear and slightly
open towards the extremities, oblong semicells, lateral walls almost parallel
with broadly rounded apical angles, cell wall punctate, punctae are densely
scattered, axial chloroplasts with single or sometimes with two pyrenoids in
each semicell, cells 15–18 µm long, 10–12 µm broad and isthmus 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Lakhimpur
pukhuri, Darrang.
New to northeastern India (Image
34)
Cosmarium regnellii var. minimum Eichler
& Gutwinski 1894: 164, pl. IV [4]: fig. 6
Cells very small sized, about
1.1–1.2 longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear and
slightly dilated at the extremities, trapeziform to hexagonal semicells,
lateral margins slightly convex, cell wall smooth, chloroplasts with single
pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 9–12 µm long, 8–10 µm broad and isthmus 3–4 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Jor Beel,
Jorhat.
New to northeastern India (Image
35).
Cosmarium regnesi Reinsch 1866: 116, pl. XXII
[22]: A; III [3]
Cells very small sized, almost as
long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus widely open, semi-cells
rectangular with broadly truncate, rounded apical angles and wide sunken
vertex, wall of the semicell with 6 small granules, 2 apical and 2 lateral,
another two granules on the face of the semicells, chloroplasts with single
pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 12–15 µm long, 10–12 µm broad and isthmus 4–5
µm broad.
Site of collection: Naitara
Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Dudhnoi College Pond, Goalpara; Shamaguri Beel,
Nagaon; Dolani Beel, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Cosmarium reniforme var. minus Irénée-Marie
Cell small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, the sinus narrowly linear and closed,
semicells reniform, cell wall with solid round granules arranged in obliquely
decussating series, about 15–16 granules at the margins of the semicells, cells
20–24 µm long, 19–22 µm broad and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Hiloidhari majgao
Beel, Dibrugarh; Koya Kujia Beel, Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image 36).
Cosmarium rosae Ruzicka 1949: 84, figs 1–9;
pl. XV [15]
Cells medium-sized, about 1.1
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed except
at the extremities, semicells elliptic-reniform, lateral walls with minute
undulations, 5 undulations in each lateral side; apex broadly rounded, cell
wall punctate, axial chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells
28–33 µm long, 25–28 µm broad and isthmus 10–12 µm broad.
Site of collection: Gohain
Pukhuri, Sivasagar; Padumpukhuri, Sonitpur; Ulabari Pond, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Cosmarium seelyanum Wolle 1883: 16, pl. XXVII
[27]: figs 14, 14 a
Cells small sized, about 1.1–1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed, Semicell oblong, apex with 4 undulations; lateral walls with 2–3
undulations in each side, cell wall granulate, semicircular in side view and
elliptic in top view, chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells
17–22 µm long, 15–17 µm broad and isthmus 5–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dakra Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
37).
Cosmarium sexangulare var. minus Roy
& Bisset 1886: 195
Cells very small sized, about
1.2–1.3 times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly
linear and open at extremities, semicells elliptic-hexagonal, basal and apical
angles rounded, apex slightly concave, cell wall smooth, cells 10–13 µm long,
8–10 µm broad and isthmus 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Rajapukhuri
Ghagrapar, Nalbari.
New to northeastern India (Image
38).
Cosmarium sexnotatum Gutwinski 1893: 123, pl. II
[2]: fig. 7
Cells small sized, slightly
longer than broad, deep median constriction, sinus narrowly linear with
slightly dilated extremities, semicells subquadrangular with rounded angles,
lateral walls with 3 broad undulations, apex truncate with straight margins,
cell wall granulate, granules arranged in 2–3 horizontal series in the margin,
elliptic in vertical view; chloroplast axile with a centrally placed pyrenoid
in each semicell, cells 15–22 µm long, 13–17 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Bejorsuti
Pond, Kamrup; Himatichuk Pond, Dhemaji; Mohmara Pond, Sonitpur.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel,
Baruah et al. (2020).
Cosmarium subcrenatum Hantzsch 1868: 164
Cells medium-sized, about 1.3–1.4
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed, pyramidal or trapezoid semicells with flattened apex, apical angle
rounded, cell wall uniformly granulated, axial chloroplast with 2 pyrenoids in
each semicell, cells 32–35 μm long, 23–25 μm broad and isthmus 8–10 μm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M); Deohati Pond, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Khanajan, Baruah &
Baruah (2013); Meghalaya, Siangbood and Ramanujam (2014); Deepor Beel, Baruah
et al. (2020).
Cosmarium subcostatum Nordstedt 1876: 37, pl. XII
[12]: fig. 13
Cells medium-sized, about 1.3–1.4
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed, pyramidal or trapezoid semicells with flattened apex, apical angle
rounded, cell wall uniformly granulated, axial chloroplast with 2 pyrenoids in
each semicell, cells 32–35 μm long, 23–25 μm broad and isthmus 8–10 μm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Cosmarium tithophorum Nordstedt 1880: 6, fig. 6
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, sinus broadly open, semicells elliptic,
semicells diagonally elliptic with basal angles narrowly rounded, apex rounded,
cell wall smooth except a median mamilli at the face of each semicell, chloroplast
axial with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 19-22 µm long, 18-20 µm
broad and isthmus 4-5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Cosmarium undulatum f. reductum Croasdale
1956: 59, pl. 3: fig. 9 (as ‘var. alaskanum f. reductum’)
Cells small sized, about 1.4
times longer than broad, deep constriction at the middle, sinus narrow, linear
and closed, semicells pyramidal with convex lateral sides, entire margins with
apex undulate regularly, 8 undulations in each semicell, cell wall smooth,
chloroplasts with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 20-25 µm long, 14-17
µm broad and isthmus 4-5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Raja Beel,
Baksa; Bornijora Pond, Jalah Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
39).
Cosmarium undulatum var. indicum J.
P. Keshri & D. Das 2016: 128, pl. VI [6]: figs 169, 170
Cells medium-sized, about 1.4-1.5
times longer than broad; median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed, semicells semi-circular, slightly elongate, lateral walls convex with
broadly rounded apical angles, cell wall undulate with 16-17 smooth and equal
undulations; basal angles acute, another 2 series of concentric undulations
just below the margin, face of the semicells with 4 concentric granules
arranged semicircularly, single axial chloroplast with a centrally placed
pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 35-41 µm long, 24-27 µm broad and isthmus 10-12 µm broad.
Site of collection: Jiyeni Beel,
Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
40).
Cosmarium undulatum var. minutum Wittrock
1869: 11, pl. I [1]: fig. 3
Cells small sized, about 1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed,
semicells sub-semicircular with convex lateral walls, apex flat with rounded
angles, entire margins including apex with faint undulations, 9 undulations in
each semicells, cell wall smooth, single axial chloroplast with a central
pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 18-25 µm long, 15-20 µm broad and isthmus 5-7
µm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M); Rajapukhuri, Darrang; Dakra Beel, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Deepor Beel, Baruah et al. (2020).
Genus: Desmidium
Desmidium aptogonum Brébisson ex Kützing 1849:
190
Cells medium-sized, triangular,
attached one another to form a long filament, about 1.8 times broader than
long, median constriction shallow, sinus widely open, semicells transversely
oblong with a small basal swelling around the isthmus, then gradually narrowed
towards the apex, apex is broad and concave in the midregion, apex produced at
the angles to form connecting processes, cells 13-16 µm long, 24-29 µm broad
and isthmus 18-20 µm broad.
Site of collection: Tiplai Pond,
Goalpara; Urpad Beel, Goalpara; Akhara Beel, Barpeta.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan &
Bora (2012); Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Desmidium baileyi f. tetragonum Nordstedt
1870: 220
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, connected one another to form a long filament, shallow median
constriction, semicells trapezoid, lateral walls parallel, apices with deep
semi elliptic depression at the middle, tetra radiate axial chloroplast, cells
20-25 µm long and 19-22 µm broad.
Site of collection: Pond near
Tangla College, Udalguri; Chandubi Beel, Kamrup; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Desmidium bengalicum W. B. Turner 1893: 147, pl.
XIX [19]: figs 1-3 (as ‘Bengalicum’)
Cells medium-sized, closely
united to form a straight filament, about 1.5 times broader than long, enclosed
in thick gelatinous sheath, median constriction shallow, sinus open, semicells
narrowly elliptic with straight or slightly retuse apices, lateral walls more
or less convex, cell wall smooth, cells 19-23 µm long and 30-36 µm broad.
Site of collection: Barpeta Beel,
Nagaon; Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M); Dakra Beel, Dhubri; Gauhati University
Pond, Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); Urpad Beel,
Deka et al. (2011); Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel, Baruah
et al. (2020).
Desmidium coarctatum Nordstedt 1887: 155
Cells medium-sized, rectangular,
about 1.3 times broader than long, median constriction shallow, sinus linear
and slightly opened, rounded basal angles, apex flat and broad, cells 17-24 μm
long and 22-33 μm broad.
Site of collection: Jogorahabi
Beel, Sivasagar; Mohmara Pond, Sonitpur.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan &
Bora (2012); Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Desmidium grevillei (Kützing ex Ralfs) De Bary
1858: 76, pl. 4: figs 30, 31
Basionym: Didymoprium grevillei Kützing
ex Ralfs
Cells medium-sized, about 1.1-1.2
times broader than long, median constriction a shallow notch, sinus open,
semicells oblong with rounded lateral walls, filament straight, cell wall
smooth, axial chloroplast, cells 18-22 µm long and 20-27 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dandua Beel,
Morigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Dachi Lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018).
Desmidium swartzii C. Agardh ex Ralfs 1848:
61, pl. IV [4]: figs a-f
Cells medium-sized, narrowly
rectangular, about 2.2-2.4 times broader than long, median constriction
moderately deep, sinus linear but open at extremities, semicells narrowly
oblong, lateral walls obliquely truncate with upper angle protruded toward the
apex, apex somewhat straight without any depression, cell wall smooth,
chloroplast axial, cells 13-17 µm long and 32-38 µm broad.
Site of collection: Katara Beel
Paikarkuchi, Nalbari; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012); Kokrajhar, Das
(2020).
Genus: Docidium
Docidium baculum Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848:
158, pl. XXXIII [33]: fig. 5a, b
Cells long, straight, cylindrical
or very slightly narrowing towards extremities, median constriction shallow,
sinus widely open, apex smooth, rounded-truncate, base of semicells with single
inflation, cells 197-209 µm long, 11-13 µm broad, isthmus 7-7.5 µm broad and
apex 6-7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dheer Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
41).
Genus: Euastrum
Euastrum acanthophorum W. B. Turner 1893: 82, pl.
X [10]: fig. 53
Cells small sized, about 1.4
times longer than broad, pyramidal semicells with broad basal lobe and truncate
apical lobe, apex inflated, furnished with acute granules at the lateral walls
and apical lobes, three large warts and three scrobicles at the central
protrusion, median constriction deep, sinus linear, narrow, almost closed
inside but open towards extremities, terminal lobes contain projected long
stout spines, cell wall punctate, chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each
semicell, cells 26-32 µm long, 18-22 µm broad and isthmus 6-7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Naitara
Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Rajapukhuri, Nahira Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
42).
Euastrum ampullaceum var. incavatum W.
B. Turner 1893: 78, pl. X [10]: fig. 59
Cells medium-sized, narrowly
elliptic in outline, about 1.6 times longer than broad, shallow median
constriction, sinus V shaped, semicells pyramidal, basal lobes broad and
slightly bi-lobed, apex flately rounded, lateral walls concave, face of
semicells with six protuberances, cell wall smooth, cells 61-66 µm long, 38-40
µm broad and isthmus 21-23 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Dakra Beel, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Euastrum ansatum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848:
85, pl. XIV [14]: fig. 2 a-f
Cells medium-sized, narrowly oval
in outline, about 2 times longer than broad, semicells triangular-pyramidal,
median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed at extrimities, basal angles
broadly rounded, lateral margins forming low, rounded lateral lobes, then
converging to flat apex with rounded angles, apical notch short, semicells with
3 short basal swellings and one mucilage pore on either side at the midregion,
cell wall with fine punctae, cells 64-77 µm long, 32-38 µm broad and isthmus
12-14 µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Bharalichuk Pond, Dhemaji; Morakolong, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Dachi Lake, Hajong &
Ramanujam (2018); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Euastrum bidentatum Nägeli 1849: 122, pl. VIID
[7D]: fig. 1 a-f
Cells small sized, about 2 times
longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus almost closed but slightly
dilated at the ends, tri-lobed semi-elliptical semicell, shallow interlobar
incisions, lateral lobes ends with apex with slight indentations, polar lobe
with deep V-shaped incision at the middle of apex, angular margins of the polar
lobes with a wavy process, cell wall smooth, cells 55-68 µm long, 28-34 µm
broad and isthmus 8-9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Buka Beel,
Sivasagar; Ghunkuchi Beel, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Euastrum binale Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848:
90, pl. XIV [14]: fig. 8
Cells small sized, about 1.7-1.8
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed, both basal and apical angles broadly rounded and lateral walls rather
deeply concave, apex with a shallow incision at the middle and furnished with a
small submarginal granule on both sides, cells 17-22 µm long, 10-12 µm broad
and isthmus 4-5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Charan Beel,
Morigaon; Dolani Beel, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Dachi Lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018).
Euastrum ceylanicum (West & G. S. West)
Willi Krieger 1937: 627, pl. 90: figs 16, 17
Basionym: Euastrum sinuosum var. ceylanicum West
& G. S. West
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2-1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed except at extremities, tri-lobed semi cells, subcuneate apical lobe with
a median shallow apical notch, lateral lobes prizontal, cell wall furnished
with denticulations mostly distributed towards the distal regions of the lobes,
axile chloroplasts with single pyrenoid per semicell, cells 40-51 pm long,
31-37 pm broad and isthmus 8-10 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dighali Beel,
Nagaon; Dosomighat Pond, Bongaigaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Kokrajhar,
Das (2020).
Euastrum ciastonii Raciborski 1892: 387, pl.
VII [7]: fig. 28
Cells medium-sized, about 1.5-1.7
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus angular and open
widely towards extremities, basal lobes broadly rounded and furnished with
several small teeth, lateral walls retuse to the slightly inflated polar lobes,
apical sides slightly elevated to a narrow and very deep median cut, apical
angles furnished with a short and sharp spine, face of the semicells with two
circles of four granules, both the upper as well as lower lobes possess a patch
of sub-marginal granules, rest of the cell wall smooth, cells 38-43 µm long,
22-27 µm broad and isthmus 6-7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Maguri
Motapung Beel, Tinsukia.
New to northeastern India (Image
43).
Euastrum clavatum W. B. Turner 1893: 85, pl.
XI [11]: fig. 18
Cells medium-sized, about 1.5
times longer than broad, deep median constriction, sinus linear and open,
semicells truncated-pyramidal, basal angles broadly rounded and furnished with
3-5 stout spines, apical angles with a shout spine and the apical margin of
polar lobe with a U-shaped deep incision at the middle, slightly lower to the
lateral side of spiral angles with small spines, apex of polar lobe mancate,
cell wall smooth, cells 36-45 µm long, 24-29 µm broad and isthmus 6.5-8 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Diplai Beel,
Kokrajhar.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Kaziranga National Park and Majuli River Island,
Adhikary & Jena (2012).
Euastrum coralloides Joshua 1886: 639, pl. 23:
fig. 10
Cells medium-sized, about 1.5
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed, semicells tri-lobed, polar lobe short and broad with deep and narrow
median incision at the apex, lateral lobes bilobulate, cells 36-43 µm long,
23-28 µm broad and isthmus 6-8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Bogol Road
Beel, Nalbari; Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M)
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel,
Baruah et al. (2020).
Euastrum coralloides var. trigibberum Lagerheim
1888: 3, pl. I [1]
Cells medium-sized, about 1.5
times longer than broad, nearly sub-rectangular in outline, median constriction
deep, sinus narrowly linear and almost closed, semicells sub-pyramidate,
5-facial swellings, broader basal lobe with bilobed lateral walls, polar lobe
bi-lobed, lower one short and upper one with single angular spine on each side,
apical margin with undulations, somewhat lobed with a ‘U’ shaped long median
open notch, on each sides of notch two prominent swellings, 3 swellings
arranged in one row within basal lobe, cells 33-39 µm long, 21-25 pm broad and isthmus 6-7 μm broad.
Site of collection: Kapla Beel,
Barpeta.
New to northeastern India (Image
44).
Euastrum denticulatum F. Gay 1884: 335
Cells small sized, about 1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep with narrowly linear and
closed sinus, semicells 3-lobed and subtrapeziform in shape, each angle
furnished with tiny spine, apical lobes appear wide with a deep V-shaped
incision at the middle, cells 25-27 μm long, 18-20 μm broad and isthmus 5-6 μm
broad.
Site of collection: Hazarapar
Pukhuri, Sonitpur.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Dachi Lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018).
Euastrum denticulatum var. quadrifarium Willi
Krieger 1937: 585, pl. 80: figs 20, 21
Cells small sized, about 1.4
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed, semicells sub quadrate, apical lobes short and angles furnished with a
short spine, apex flat and with a median notch, cell wall granulated, cells
27-31 µm long, 19-21 µm broad and isthmus 5-6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Sorbhog Beel, Barpeta; Bogol Road Beel, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Kokrajhar, Das
(2020); Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Euastrum didelta Ralfs 1848: 84, pl. XIV
[14]: fig. 1
Cells large sized, about 1.7-1.8
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed except at extremities, pyramidal semicells with rounded lateral margin,
polar lobe with truncated apex, forming a lip, cell wall punctate, cells 97-125
μm long, 55-68 μm broad and isthmus 18-22 μm broad.
Site of collection: Naitara
Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Dagaon Pond, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011).
Euastrum didelta var. capitatum (A.
M. Scott & Prescott) Anissimova & Guiry 2021: 1
Basionym: Euastrum sinuosum var. capitatum A.
M. Scott & Prescott
Cells medium-sized, about 1.5-1.6
times longer than broad, deep median incision, sinus narrow, linear and closed
outside, semicells truncate pyramidal, basal lobes broadly rounded, lateral
margins retuse to polar lobe, apex slightly inflated, apical angles broadly
rounded, apical margin flat and with a short median notch, a mucilage pore
present at middle of each semicell, cells 62-74 um long, 38-47 um broad and
isthmus 9-11 um broad.
Site of collection: Barsola Beel,
Jorhat.
New to northeastern India (Image
45).
Euastrum dubium Nägeli 1849: 122, pl. VIID
[7D]: fig. 2
Cells small sized, about 1.2-1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
dilated at ends, pyramidal semicells with broad basal lobe and short apical
lobe, apical lobes with a median incission and angles furnished with a stout
spine, axile chloroplast with single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 21-26 µm
long, 17-20 µm broad and isthmus 5-6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Gatanga Beel,
Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Meghalaya, Das & Ramanujam (2010).
Euastrum elegans Ralfs 1848: 89, pl. XIV [14]:
figs 7b-d
Cells small sized, about 1.6-1.7
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed,
semicells sub ovoid, 2 firm lateral projections at each side of semicell,
semicells slightly narrowed towards the poles, apex with a narrow and deep
incision at the middle, cells 27-33 µm long, 16-19 µm broad and isthmus 5-6 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Koladuwar Beel, Golaghat; Gaurangtari Pond, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Chandubi
Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Euastrum exile var. kaliganjense A.
K. Islam & Begum, 1991: 75
Cells small sized, almost
rectangular in outline, about 2.2-2.4 times longer than broad, median
constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and slightly dilated inside and
outside, lateral walls with 3 undulations, basal lobe slightly broader than the
apical lobe, apical angles furnished with an stout and erect spine, apical margin
undulate with a shallow median incision, semicells with a median swelling, cell
wall ornamented with 4 large marginal and 4 small internal crescentic
processes, cells 27-31 µm long, 11-14 µm broad and isthmus 4-5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kachodhora Beel,
Morigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
46).
Euastrum gnathophorum var. bulbosum A.
M. Scott & Prescott 1961: 28, pl. 9: figs 9, 10
Cells medium-sized, about 1.6-1.7
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed,
pyramidal semicells and tri-lobed, basal and apical angles broadly rounded,
apex with a short median incision, chloroplast parietal, cells 48-61 long 30-35
broad and isthmus 10-12 μm broad.
Site of collection: Gandhi Beel,
Barpeta.
New to northeastern India (Image
47).
Euastrum horikawae T. Hinode 1960: 113, photo
1: fig. 3: 16-18 (as ‘Horikawae’)
Cells large sized, about 1.3-1.4
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
slightly opened at extremities, semicells semicircular and bilobed, basal lobes
very large, angles broadly rounded, bearing on each lateral margin 6-10 bifid
to quadrifid verrucae, separated from apical lobe by a small semicircular
cleft, apical lobe wide, angles broadly rounded with 4-6 trifid verrucae at the
margin, apex truncate with a broad shallow median incision, just below center
of face a large elliptical ornament bounded by 12-18 emarginated verrucae,
lateral lobes each bearing about 24 or more bifid to multifid verrucae, 7-12 alike
verrucae on each of apical lobules, cells oblong in side view, broadly
elliptical in vertical view, in center of apical lobe an elliptical group of
large pores present, cells 91-114 µm long, 67-78 µm broad and isthmus 17-20 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Shamaguri
Beel, Nagaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
48).
Euastrum insulare (Wittrock) J. Roy 1877: 70
Basionym: Euastrum binale var. insulare Wittrock
Cells very small sized, about
1.6-1.7 times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly
linear and closed, semicell trapeziform, lateral walls undulate, apex with a
shallow median notch, oval in side view, cell wall smooth, chloroplast with one
pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 14-18 µm long, 8-11 µm broad and isthmus
2.5-3.5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Katara Beel
Paikarkuchi, Nalbari; Rajapukhuri, Nahira Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
49).
Euastrum lapponicum Schmidle 1898: 47, pl. I
[1]: fig. 29 (as ‘Lapponicum’)
Cells small sized, about 1.6-1.7
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow, linear and
closed, broad basal lobes with undulate lateral walls, polar lobes short, broad
with parallel margins, apical margin flat, angles furnished with a short spine,
apex with a short median notch, face of semicell with a prominent protuberance
bearing a pair of large granules, cell wall granulate, oval in vertical view, poles knob like with a
subapical swelling on either side, oval or broadly elliptical in side view, cells
27-31 µm long, 16-18 µm broad and isthmus 6-7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Mohmara Pond,
Sonitpur; Tinkonia Pukhuri, Jorhat.
New to northeastern India (Image
50).
Euastrum longicolle Nordstedt 1887: 156 (as ‘ß
longicolle’)
Cells medium-sized, elongate,
about 2.2 times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow
linear and closed except at extremities, semicells vase-shaped, tri-lobed,
basal lobes high, somewhat angular on margins, sharply retuse to a long,
columnar polar lobe with slightly diverging sides, apex inflated with rounded
angles, apical margin flat but with a short and narrow median notch, face of
semicell with 2-transverse rows of protuberances, cell wall punctate,
subrectangular in side view with truncately rounded at apex, margins sloping
outwardly to basal swelling, cells 69-78 µm long, 31-35 µm broad and isthmus 9-11 µm broad.
Site of collection: Koya Kujia
Beel, Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
51).
Euastrum luetkemuelleri F. Ducellier 1918: 134,
fig. 123 a (as ‘lütkemüllerii’)
Cells small sized, truncate oval,
about 1.3-1.4 times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus linear
and closed, semicells truncate-pyramidal, basal lobes with narrowly rounded
angles, lateral margins retuse and converging to the apex, polar lobe nearly
rectangular with bluntly pointed angles, the apical margin flat but with a
shallow median notch, face of the semicells with a broad swelling, cell wall
smooth, cells 22-27 µm long, 16-19 µm broad and isthmus 4-5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Tiplai Pond,
Goalpara; Narpara Pond, Nalbari; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Euastrum neosinuosum var. hakalukiense (A.
K. Islam & Haroon) Anissimova & Guiry 2021: 2
Basionym: Euastrum sinuosum var. hakalukiense A.
K. Islam & Haroon
Cells medium-sized, about 1.6-1.7
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus closed, basal lobes
with two swellings on each side near margins, apical lobe is extended with
almost parallel margins, apex flat, truncate with a short median notch, two
swellings one on each side of the apical notch near corners, two mucilage pores
present at middle of apical lobes, cells 55-66 µm long, 33-37 µm broad and isthmus
8-10 µm broad.
Site of collection: Deohati Pond,
Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
52).
Euastrum obesum Joshua 1886: 638, pl. 23:
figs 19, 20
Cells moderately large sized,
about 2.4-2.6 times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus narrow
and open at ends, semicells pyramidal with truncate apex, basal lobes with
narrowly rounded angles, apical angles rounded, apes flat with a short and
narrow median notch, lateral margins retuse slightly, cell wall smooth, cells
86-92 µm long, 32-38 µm broad and isthmus 11-12 µm broad.
Site of collection: Duminichowki
Pond, Kamrup; Jugi Beel, Golaghat.
New to northeastern India (Image
53).
Euastrum obesum var. subangulare West
& G. S. West 1895: 50, pl. 6: fig. 15
Cells moderately large sized, narrowly
elliptic in outline, about 2.4-2.6 times longer than broad, median constriction
deep, sinus linear and closed, semicells pyramidal with truncate apex, basal
lobes narrowly rounded, apical angles rounded, apex with a short median notch,
lateral margins retuse slightly then converging towards the apex, cell wall
smooth, cells 90-97 µm long, 34-40 µm broad and isthmus 14-16 µm broad.
Site of collection: Moridesang,
Sivasagar; Borpukhri Ghagrapar, Nalbari; Gauhati University Pond, Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Euastrum paradoxum W. B.
Turner 1893: 83, pl. XI [11]: fig. 4
Cells
medium-sized, quadrangular in outline, about 1.4-1.5 times longer than broad,
median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed but slightly open at the
ends, semicells tri-crenulate on lateral walls, truncate at the apex with a
apical notch, apical angles furnished with a short teeth, cell wall granulated,
slightly constricted in side view, ovate-lanceolate, cells 41-49 µm long, 28-32 µm broad and isthmus
9-10 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Dighali Beel, Sivasagar.
New to
northeastern India (Image 54).
Euastrum serratum Joshua
1886: 639, pl. 23: figs 1, 2
Cells
medium-sized, ellipsoid in out line, about 1.7 times longer than broad, median
constriction deep, sinus linear and closed, semicell semipyramidate, lateral
margins serrated, basal lobes divided into 2 short lobules, each lobule with a
shallow notch at the tip, incision between apical lobe and upper basal lobe
fairly deep, above this incision a single subapical lobule of polar lobe with
depressed tip present, upper lobule of polar lobe broadly truncated, apex
undulate with a deep and open median notch, apical angles furnished with a
small horizontal spine, at base of each basal, lateral, and polar lobes in all
6 small processes present, cells 42-49
µm long, 24-28 µm broad and isthmus 7.5-9 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Dheer Beel, Dhubri; Gohain Pukhuri, Sivasagar; Majkuchi Pond,
Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
55).
Euastrum sinuosum var. scrobiculatum (Nordstedt)
Willi Krieger 1937: 503, pl. 63: figs 2, 3
Basionym: Euastrum sinuosum f. scrobiculatu
Nordstedt
Cells
medium-sized, about 1.8-1.9 times longer than broad, median constriction deep,
sinus narrowly linear and closed, semicell pyramidate, lateral margins
undulate, basal lobes broad and large with rounded angles, apical lobe short
with rounded angles, apex nearly flat with a short median incision, cells 45-58
µm long, 25-30 µm broad and isthmus 10-11 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Sorbhog Beel, Barpeta.
New to
northeastern India (Image 56).
Euastrum subhypochondrum F. E.
Fritsch & M. F. Rich 1937: 176, fig. 10 A-E
Cells
medium-sized, almost as long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus ‘V’
shaped and open outwardly, semicells with very broad basal and narrow apical
lobes, apex with undulation, apical angles furnished with two stout spines,
angles of basal lobes also furnished with small spines but more in numbers,
cell wall granulated, cells 49-58 µm long, 45-50 µm broad and isthmus 12-14 µm
broad.
Site of
collection: Chandubi Beel, Kamrup; Gandhi Beel, Barpeta; Bornijora Pond, Jalah
Kamrup.
Previous records
and distribution in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah
(2020).
Euastrum spinulosum var. burmense (West
& G. S. West) Willi Krieger 1937: 636
Basionym: Euastrum inermius var. burmense West
& G. S. West
Cells
medium-sized, about 1.2-1.3 times longer than broad, quadrangular in outline,
deeply constricted at middle, sinus linear and closed, semicells 5-lobed, lobes
furnished with small spines, cell wall granulated, granules organized in
circular pattern, median region of each semicell furnished with larger
granules, cells 47-60 µm long, 39-45 µm broad and isthmus 10-12 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Chandubi Beel, Kamrup; Barpeta Beel, Nagaon.
Previous
records and distribution in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath &
Baruah (2020).
Euastrum spinulosum var. lindiae Grönblad
& A. M. Scott 1958: 17: pl. VII [7]: figs 84-88, photo 347
Cells
medium-sized, quadrate in outline, about 1.1-1.2 times longer than broad,
median constriction deep, sinus linear and closed, basal angles narrowly
rounded and produced, lateral walls retuse forming ‘V’-shaped incision and
forming narrowly rounded lateral lobes, apical lobes more produced than the
typical, apex slightly retuse near the midregion, lobes furnished with short blunt
spines, face of the lobes with scattered spines, face of the semicells with
granules arranged in circle at the middle, cell wall otherwise smooth, cells
44-55 µm long, 37-43 µm broad and isthmus 10-12 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Kapla Beel, Barpeta; Daphlong Beel, Golaghat; Majkuchi Pond,
Kamrup.
Previous
records and distribution in northeastern India: Kokrajhar, Das (2020);
Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Euastrum turgidum var. grunovii W.
B. Turner 1893: 75, pl. X [10]: fig. 29 (as ‘ß grunovii’)
Cells large
sized, almost rectangular in outline, about 1.2-1.3 times longer than broad,
median constriction deep, sinus narrow but open outwardly at extremities,
semicells bilobed, polar lobe with truncate apex, only one ornate central
swelling or tumour, each semicell with broad basal lobe, lateral margins
slightly depressed at the middle by shallow sinus, apical lobe with the
truncate apical wall, cell wall punctate, cells 105–121 µm long, 81-91 µm broad
and isthmus 32–35 µm broad.
Site of collection:
Chakoli Beel, Majuli.
Previous
records and distribution in northeastern India: Kaziranga National Park and
Majuli River Island, Adhikary & Jena (2012).
Genus:
Haplotaenium
Haplotaenium minutum (Ralfs)
Bando 1988:176
Basionym: Docidium minutum Ralfs
Cells long,
cylindrical, about 13-15 times longer than broad, median constriction a shallow
notch, sinus open, lateral walls retuse and parallel, apical margins rounded,
cell walls smooth, chloroplast axial with 2–8 pyrenoids in each semicell, cells
120-143 μm long, 8–10.5 μm broad and apex 3-4 μm broad.
Site of
collection: Chandubi Beel, Kamrup; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon.
Previous
records and distribution in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011).
Haplotaenium minutum var. gracile (Wille)
Bando 1988: 176
Basionym: Penium minutum var. gracile Wille
Cells long,
cylindrical, about 16–20 times longer than broad, median constriction a minute
notch, lateral walls parallel but very slightly tapering at the apices, apex
truncate with rounded angles, cell wall punctate and punctae arranged in
oblique series, chloroplast axial, cells 146-188 µm long, 6–9 µm broad and apex
3-4 µm broad.
Site of
collection: Chandubi Beel, Kamrup; Diplai Beel, Kokrajhar.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Genus: Hyalotheca
Hyalotheca dissiliens Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848:
51, pl. I [1]: fig. 1 a–i
Cells small sized, about 1.2
times broader than long, united one another to form long filaments, sinus a
very slight median depression in the lateral walls, semicells
cylindrical-discoidal, the lateral walls slightly convex, the apices broadly
truncate, cylindrical in vertical view, one axial chloroplast in each semicell
with a centrally placed pyrenoid, and several radiating ridges flattened at
extremities, cells 12–15 µm long 15-19 µm broad and isthmus 14–16 µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Hasila Beel, Goalpara.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Dachi Lake, Hajong &
Ramanujam (2018).
Hyalotheca mucosa Ralfs 1848: 53, pl. I [1]:
fig. 2
Basionym: Conferva mucosa Mertens
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, attached end to end to form a short filament, no median depression,
very slightly constricted at the joints; semicells transversely
sub-rectangular, lateral walls almost parallel, convex with broadly rounded apical
angles, apex broad and truncate, cell wall smooth except two series of tiny
granules just beneath the apices, cells 12–16 µm long and 13-15 µm broad.
Site of collection: Haribhanga
Beel, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: South Sikkim, Das & Keshri (2013).
Genus: Micrasterias
Micrasterias alata Wallich 1860: 279, pl. XIII
[12]: fig. 11
Cells large sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, sinus widely open towards extremities, the
upper margin of the upper member extends vertically, parallel to the polar
lobe, and is divided from it by a deep and narrow incision, lateral lobes were
once divided, the lower member was simple, and all divisions were deep, lobules
were swollen at the base before abruptly and narrowly tapering to tridentate
extremities, polar lobe slender with parallel sides, abruptly branching at apex
into 2 slender diverging processes, cell wall smooth, cells 125–157 µm long,
121-134 µm broad and isthmus 18–21 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Moridesang, Sivasagar.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); South Sikkim,
Das & Keshri (2013); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Kokrajhar,
Das (2020).
Micrasterias americana Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848:
xix [Errata and Addenda]
Cells large sized, about 1.1–1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus open, acute towards
apex, semicells semielliptical 5–lobed with conspicuously protruding polar
lobe, retuse apex and angles produced into stout, diverging narrow incision
processes with ends truncate and denticulate, from the base of each process
arise 2 similar accessory processes, one on each side, lateral lobes divided
into 2 lobules single spine or with comparatively shallow incisions dissecting
them, cell wall granulate, granules scattered, cells 110–132 µm long, 92–108 μm
broad and isthmus 23–26 μm broad.
Site of collection: Dhamar Beel,
Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
57).
Micrasterias ceratofera Joshua 1885: 34, pl. 254:
fig. 4
Cells large sized, about 1.4–1.5
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus widely open,
acute-angled, semicells pyramidal-hexagonal, basal lobes broad, once divided,
furnished with single long and blunt spine on each angle, spines oppositely
directed, upper lobe elongate, lateral walls very slight attenuate, apex retuse
with two long and diverging blunt spines, cell wall smooth, cells 182–215 µm
long with spines, 126–140 µm broad with spines and isthmus 22–25 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Dagaon Pond, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Micrasterias foliacea Bailey ex Ralfs 1848: 210,
pl. XXXV [35]: fig. 3
Cells medium-sized, sometimes
occur singly or united with one another to form filaments, cells rectangular,
about 1.4 times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus linear,
lateral lobes divided to the second and third order, different, the lower
lobules horizontal, the upper lobules diverging, its upper part reduced to a
conical projection, polar lobe very distinctive, basal part narrow with erect
parallel margins, the middle of the apex features a very broad, deep
subrectangular excavation, with the upper three-quarters of the lobe
significantly extended, angles stout, ending in 2 widely divergent teeth, a
depressed portion of the apex bearing two unequal stout spines on each side,
cells 50–56 µm long, 71–80 µm broad and
isthmus 13–15 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Katara Beel Paikarkuchi, Nalbari; Kapla Beel, Barpeta; Urpad
Beel, Goalpara; Pond near Tangla College, Udalguri; Bogibil Ghat,
Dibrugarh; Panpoor Ghat, Sonitpur; Naitara Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Dheer Beel,
Dhubri; Gauhati University Pond, Kamrup (M); Dhamar Beel, Goalpara; Kumri Beel,
Goalpara; Dudhnoi College Pond, Goalpara; Kusumfula Beel, Goalpara; Jor Beel,
Jorhat; Bheriki Beel, Jorhat; Dighali Beel, Nagaon; Jaysagar Pukhuri,
Sivasagar; Jogorahabi Beel, Sivasagar; Lakhimpur pukhuri, Darrang; Hazarapar
Pukhuri, Sonitpur; Daphlong Beel, Golaghat; Chakoli Beel, Majuli; Maguri
Motapung Beel, Tinsukia; Himatichuk Pond, Dhemaji; Radhapukhuri,
Lakhimpur; Duminichowki Pond, Kamrup; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon; Morakolong,
Nagaon; Rawmari Beel, Nagaon; Kachodhora Beel, Morigaon; Diplai
Beel, Kokrajhar; Konuri Beel, Dhubri; Laokhoa Beel, Dhubri; Dolani Beel,
Bongaigaon; Tamranga Beel, Bongaigaon; Akhara Beel, Barpeta; Sorbhog
Beel, Barpeta; Borpukhri Ghagrapar, Nalbari; Jiyeni Beel, Kamrup; Deepor
Beel, Kamrup (M)
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); Urpad Beel,
Deka et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012); Khanajan, Baruah &
Baruah (2013); South Sikkim, Das & Keshri (2013); Chandubi Beel, Nath &
Baruah (2020); Kokrajhar, Das (2020); Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah
(2021).
Micrasterias lux Joshua 1886: 636, pl. XXII
[22]: fig. 12
Cells large sized, spherical or
subspherical shaped, almost as long as broad, median constriction very deep,
sinus closed inside and open towards extremities, semicell 3-lobed, each of 2
main lateral lobes further divided into 4 lateral lobelets, each lobelet into
2-lobules having emarginated apices or spines (total 8 lobules in each side of
semicell), lobules long and stout, apical lobe with a shallow and broad median
notch, 2 lobules having spiny tips, cell wall punctate, cells 173–191 µm long, 159–170 µm broad and
isthmus 23–26 µm broad.
Site of collection: Maguri
Motapung Beel, Tinsukia.
New to northeastern India (Image
58).
Micrasterias mahabuleshwarensis J. Hobson 1863: 169, first
fig. (as ‘Mahabuleshwarensis’)
Cells large sized, about 1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction very deep, sinus widely open,
polar lobe in lower half quadrate, above widely expanding into narrow diverging
processes at the angles, with more nearly erect accessory processes at their
base, arising asymmetrically, one at the front and one at the back of the apex,
apex nearly straight, lateral lobes once divided into narrow and tapering
processes, processes with serrated walls, ends tri-denticulate, semicells with
a row of acute intra-marginal granules along the inner part of the major
incisions, with a small granulate central protuberance above the isthmus, cells
140–165 µm long, 118–133 µm broad and isthmus 26–28 µm broad.
Site of collection: Ghunkuchi
Beel, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011).
Micrasterias pinnatifida Ralfs 1848: 77, pl. X [10]:
fig. 3
Cells medium-sized, slightly
broader than long, very deeply constricted at middle, sinus closed inside but
widely open towards extremities, broad basal lobes, undivided, conical,
horizontally extended, somewhat constrict just before the bifid extremity,
apical lobes horizontally spreading, apex very slightly convex, polar extension
smaller than the basal lobes, bifid at the extremities, cell wall smooth,
chloroplast with few pyrenoids, cells 53–59 µm long, 62–67 µm broad and isthmus
10–11 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Urpad Beel, Goalpara; Naitara Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Dheer
Beel, Dhubri; Maguri Motapung Beel, Tinsukia; Kapla Beel, Barpeta; Jiyeni
Beel, Kamrup; Radhapukhuri, Lakhimpur; Kusumfula Beel, Goalpara; Kumri Beel,
Goalpara; Tiplai Pond, Goalpara; Barsola Beel, Jorhat; Buka Beel,
Sivasagar; Jaysagar Pukhuri, Sivasagar; Gohain Pukhuri, Sivasagar;
Rajapukhuri, Darrang; Padumpukhuri, Sonitpur; Koladuwar Beel, Golaghat;
Chakoli Beel, Majuli; Hiloidhari majgao Beel, Dibrugarh; Bhebeli Pond, Dhemaji;
Mohmara Pond, Sonitpur; Dagaon Pond, Nagaon; Haribhanga Beel, Nagaon; Shamaguri
Beel, Nagaon; Rawmari Beel, Nagaon; Charan Beel, Morigaon; Diplai Beel,
Kokrajhar; Goalnani Pond, Dhubri; Deohati Pond, Bongaigaon; Tamranga Beel,
Bongaigaon ; Laokhoa Beel, Dhubri; Sorbhog Beel, Barpeta; Bogol Road Beel,
Nalbari; Digholi Beel, Kamrup; Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M)
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); North Eastern
India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan
& Bora (2012); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Kokrajhar, Das
(2020); Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Micrasterias radians W. B. Turner 1893: 91, pl.
V [5]: fig. 6 a
Cells large sized, about 1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction very deep, sinus open throughout,
lateral lobes evenly twice divided, lobules slightly swollen at the base,
terminating in a pair of divergent teeth, polar lobe slightly exerted, the lower
walls parallel, the upper part diverging and apex deeply concave between the 2
short bi-dentate processes, all incision widely open, cell wall smooth, cells
103–122 µm long, 83–94 µm broad and isthmus 16–18 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dolani Beel,
Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
59).
Micrasterias thomasiana W. Archer 1862: 239, pl.
XII [12]: figs 1–10 (as ‘Thomasiana’)
Cells large sized, slightly
longer than broad, outline sub-circular, median constriction deep, sinus narrow
and linear, semicells 5-lobed with closed liner incisions between lobes, polar
lobe narrow, wedge-shaped with concave lateral margins and with a moderately
deep median notch, on each side is an apiculate, emarginate swelling, outer
angles with 1 or 2 small spines, lateral lobes almost equal with a deep and
closed incision dividing each into 2 equal lobules, each lobule with a less
deep and V-shaped secondary incision and usually with 2 further divisions, the
extremities furnished with tooth-like outgrowth, cells 157–184 µm long, 140–157
µm broad and isthmus 24–26 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dighali Beel,
Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011).
Micrasterias tropica Nordstedt 1870: 219, pl. 2:
fig 15
Cells large sized, about 1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction very deep, sinus widely open,
polar lobe with erect, parallel-sided lower part and a diverging upper part,
the apex flat between the long and spreading processes, lateral lobe undivided,
horizontally extended, strongly tapered; with small stout marginal spines
toward the ends of the lateral lobes and polar processes, and similar spines
within the margins of all but the extremities, spines paired at the depressed
apex, in top view semicells fusiform, marginal and inter-marginal spines
present, cells 101–122 µm long, 85–93 µm
broad and isthmus 17–19 µm broad.
Site of collection: Tamranga
Beel, Bongaigaon; Rawmari Beel, Nagaon; Rajapukhuri, Darrang.
New to northeastern India (Image 60).
Micrasterias zeylanica F. E. Fritsch 1907: 246,
fig. 4 C
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus open at extremities, semicells
3-lobed, lobes separated by incisions, ends of terminal lobe bluntly pointed,
lateral lobes with two blunt processes, separated by a narrow and shallow
depression, the processes next to the sinus being horizontal, the other bent
down toward the sinus, polar lobe widely spreading, slightly drawn out at each
extremity into a horizontal or deflected process, apex flatly convex, cell wall
smooth, cells 49–55 µm long, 50–57 µm broad and isthmus 8–9.5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dighali Beel,
Nagaon; Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Khanajan,
Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel, Baruah et al. (2020); Kokrajhar, Das
(2020).
Genus: Onychonema
Onychonema uncinatum Wallich 1860: 195, pl. VIII
[8]: figs 7–11
Cells small sized, rectangular in
outline, about 1.5 times broader than long, deeply constricted, sinus linear
inside, and open towards extremities, cells attached by a cellular extension
called cornua and form a long filament, a row of minute teeth present between
cornua, cells 12–16 µm long, 18–24 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Deepor Beel, Kamrup (M); Dakra Beel, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); Chandubi Beel,
Nath & Baruah (2020); Deepor Beel, Baruah et al. (2020).
Genus: Pleurotaenium
Pleurotaenium ehrenbergii (Ralfs) De Bary 1858:
index, 75
Basionym: Docidium ehrenbergii Ralfs
Cells straight, long with
truncate apices, about 11 times longer than broad, median constriction a
shallow notch, semicell’s lateral walls slightly tapering to a rounded truncate
apex, cell wall smooth, chloroplast parietal, cells 221–278 µm long, 20–24 µm
broad and apex 14–16 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Dandua Beel, Morigaon; Bharalichuk Pond, Dhemaji.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Sivasagar,
Phukan & Bora (2012); South Sikkim, Das & Keshri (2013); Chandubi Beel,
Nath & Baruah (2020).
Pleurotaenium ehrenbergii var. elongatum (West)
West 1892: 119
Basionym: Docidium ehrenbergii var. elongatum West
Cells straight, very long, about
20 times longer than broad, shallow constriction at the middle, semicells with
prominent basal inflation with 1 or 2 smaller swelling beyond, walls slightly
tapering to a rounded truncate apex, in face view six tubercles visible, cell
wall finely punctate, band like parietal chloroplast with several pyrenoids in
each semicell, cells 397–465 µm long, 20–24 µm broad and apex 13–15 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Katara Beel Paikarkuchi, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Pleurotaenium kayei (W. Archer) Rabenhorst
1868: 439
Basionym: Docidium kayei W.
Archer
Cells cylindrical, about 4.6
times longer than broad, median constriction prominent, sinus widely open, each
semicell broader at the base and gradually tapering towards the apex, lateral
walls undulate up to the base of the apex and furnished with 5-ring-like whorls
of spiny outgrowths from the base of semicell up to below the apex, apex flatly
truncate with a ring of 10–12 short spines, cells 277–318 µm long, 59–68 µm
broad, isthmus 30–32 µm broad and apex 40–44 µm broad with spines.
Site of collection: Dakra Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
61).
Pleurotaenium nodosum (Bailey ex Ralfs) P.Lundell
1871: 90
Basionym: Docidium nodosum Bailey
ex Ralfs
Cells straight, long, crenate in
face view, about 4.7–5 times longer than broad, semicells with nodulose margins
caused by 4 evenly spaced rings of bulbous nodules, semicells tapering very
slightly towards the slightly dilated apex, apex furnished with a crown of 6
conical teeth like projections, cell wall smooth, chloroplast with parietal
bands, cells 128–164 µm long, 27–33 µm broad and apex 14–16 µm broad.
Site of collection: Naitara
Choutara Beel, Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
62).
Pleurotaenium trabecula Nägeli 1849: 104
Cells cylindrical, straight and
long, about 10–12 times longer than broad, with slight but definite basal
inflation, lateral walls straight, parallel and slightly narrowing towards the
truncate poles with rounded angles, cell wall with fine punctae, chloroplasts
with 3–4 lateral bands and with several scattered pyrenoids, cells 461–555 µm
long, 31–35 µm broad and apex 19–22 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Sivasagar,
Phukan & Bora (2012); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Pleurotaenium trochiscum West & G. S. West 1896:
235, pl. 13: figs 4, 5
Cells cylindrical, straight and
long, about 7–9.8 times longer than broad, lateral walls undulate and slightly
attenuated towards the apex, the base of semicells flattened, margin incised,
cells 220–354 µm long, 31–36 µm broad and apex 16–18 µm broad.
Site of collection: Raja Beel,
Baksa; Borpukhri Ghagrapar, Nalbari.
New to northeastern India (Image
63).
Genus: Sphaerozosma
Sphaerozosma laeve var. latum (West
& G. S. West) Kurt Förster 1973: 580
Basionym: Onychonema laeve var. latum West
& G. S. West
Cells medium-sized, compressed, subrectangular,
about 1.5–1.6 times broader than long, median constriction very deep and
narrow, sinus open at extremities, the lateral angles furnished with a long
stout converging spine, apical processes about as long as the spines, the apex
slightly raised and undulate, cells joined end to end forming long
pseudofilament, cells 14–17 µm long, 22–28 µm broad and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dheer Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
64).
Sphaerozosma laeve var. micracanthum (Nordstedt)
Thomasson (as ‘micracantha’)
Basionym: Onychonema laeve var. micracanthum Nordstedt
Cells small sized, about 1.2–1.3
times broader than long, with median constriction very deep and narrow, sinus
linear, semicells oblong-reniform, the lateral angles furnished with a very
short spine, apices flat, cells joined end to end forming long pseudo-filament,
cells 12–14 µm long, 15–19 µm broad and isthmus 3–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Jor Beel,
Jorhat.
New to northeastern India (Image
65).
Sphaerozosma vertebratum Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848:
65, pl. VI [6]: fig. 1; pl. XXXII [32]: fig. 2
Cells small sized, compressed,
about 1.5 times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus narrowly
linear and open outwardly, the apical process of the semicells very short,
often tuberculate and does not overlap the adjoining cells, chloroplast with
single pyrenoid in each semicells, cells 10–12 µm long, 13–18 µm broad and
isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Shamaguri
Beel, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011).
Genus: Spondylosium
Spondylosium planum (Wolle) West & G. S.
West 1912: 430, pl. 19: figs 5–8
Basionym: Sphaerozosma pulchrum var. planum Wolle
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, sub-cylindrical in outline with rounded angles, median constriction
deep, sinus widely open, apex flat with rounded angles, cells united to form a
long filament, cell wall smooth, chloroplast parietal with single pyrenoid per
semicell, cells 10–12 µm long, 11–15 µm broad and isthmus 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Himatichuk Pond, Dhemaji; Gandhi Beel, Barpeta.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan &
Bora (2012); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Spondylosium nitens var. triangulare W.
B. Turner 1893: 44, pl. XVII [17]: fig. 17 a, c
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, with deep median constriction, sinus widely open and U-shaped, cells
united to form a long unbranched filament, semicells flatly triangular to
oblong, apical and lateral angles rounded; cell wall smooth; chloroplast axial
with single pyrenoid per semicell, cells 22–25 µm long and 25–28 µm broad,
isthmus 7–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Genus: Staurastrum
Staurastrum acanthocephalum Skuja 1949: 151, pl. XXXIV
[34]: fig. 25
Cells medium-sized, about 1.9–2
times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus widely open, semicells
bi-lobed, broad basal lobe and small apical lobe, two arms in each pole with
distinct spines in arm tip, one longer spine present in the base of each arm,
cells 18–21 µm long, 35–42 µm broad and isthmus 7–9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dosomighat
Pond, Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
66).
Staurastrum alternans Brébisson 1848: 132, pl.
XXI [21]: fig. 7
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, sinus widely open, torsion of the cell in
the region of the isthmus, 3-angled in apical view, concave angles, cell wall
furnished with irregularly arranged granules, cells 20–22 μm long, 20–23 μm
broad and isthmus 8–9 μm broad.
Site of collection: Pachi Gaon
Pond, Sonitpur.
New to northeastern India (Image
67).
Staurastrum bengalense W. B. Turner 1893: 124, no
fig. (as ‘Bengalense’)
Cells medium-sized, compressed,
about 2 times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus widely open,
semicells wedged with converging processes, with a serrate-toothed margin at
the apex of the trifid, base and the apex of the semicells with 3 series of
transversely arranged verrucae, basal part of each side emarginate with 4 or 8
short projections placed vertically (2, 2) decorated, fusiform in top view,
cells 32–36 μm long, 64–75 μm broad and isthmus 9–10 μm broad.
Site of collection: Sorbhog Beel,
Barpeta.
New to northeastern India (Image
68).
Staurastrum bieneanum Rabenhorst 1862: no. 1410
Cells small sized, almost as
broad as long, median constriction deep, sinus slightly open at ends, semicells
transversely elliptic, lateral margins convex and slightly tapering towards the
apex, apical angles are sharply rounded, the apical margin convex, cell wall
punctate, cells 24–27 µm long, 23–25 µm broad and isthmus 7–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Gatanga Beel,
Nagaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
69).
Staurastrum bifidum Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848:
215
Cells medium-sized, about 1.5–1.6
times broader than long, median constriction moderately deep, the sinus widely
open, semicells semielliptical, the basal margins symmetrically convex to
acutely rounded apical angles which bear two long sharp and superimposed
spines, the apical margin broadly convex, cell wall smooth, cells triangular in
top view, the margins concave, the poles bifurcate and furnished with 2 long
and stout spines, cells 30–35 µm long, 48–55 µm broad and isthmus 10–12 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Katara Beel
Paikarkuchi, Nalbari; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon; Dakra Beel, Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
70).
Staurastrum botanense Playfair 1907: 191, pl. IV
[4]: fig. 19
Cells small sized, about 1.2
times broader than long, median constriction deep, the sinus widely open,
semicells triangular, apical lobes produced and bearing two superimposed
spines, the lower bifid, the basal margin convex and diverging, the apical
margin truncate and straight, cells triangular in top view, the margins
slightly concave, the poles rounded and bearing 2 superimposed spines, cells
15–18 μm long, 18–22 μm broad and isthmus 6–7 μm broad.
Site of collection: Konuri Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
71).
Staurastrum brevispina Brébisson 1848: 124, pl.
XXXIV [34]: fig. 7
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, sinus ‘V’ shaped and widely open, semicells
broadly elliptic with a short spine at each rounded corner, cells in top view
triangular with rounded angles and concave sides, cell wall punctate, cells
21–25 µm long, 23–28 µm broad and isthmus 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Tamranga
Beel, Bongaigaon; Gauhati University Pond, Kamrup (M).
New to northeastern India (Image
72).
Staurastrum coroniferum W. B. Turner 1893: 114, pl.
XIII [13]: fig. 21
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, sinus open, semicells spindle shaped, regularly and greatly
inflated from the base, with small quadrangular warts at the truncated apex, a
6-star view from the top, corners in thick straight processes 6 transversely
granulate-striated produced, the central part of a hexagon, with rounded
corners, tips of the processes are granuliferous, cells 42–46 µm long, 45–50 µm
broad and isthmus 10–12 µm.
Site of collection: Jiyeni Beel,
Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
73).
Staurastrum crenulatum (Nägeli) Delponte 1877: 68
[reprint p. 164], pl. 12: figs 1–11
Basionym: Phycastrum crenulatum Nägeli
Cells medium-sized, slightly
longer than broad, sinus open, processes with short spine at the extremities,
apex flat with spines at the angles, cells 25–31 µm long, 27–36 µm broad, and
isthmus 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Diplai Beel, Kokrajhar.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan &
Bora (2012); Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel, Baruah et al.
(2020); Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Staurastrum duplex Wolle 1883: 29, pl. XXVII:
fig. 10, 10a
Cells small sized, about 1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction moderately deep, sinus open,
semicells transversely rectangular, the vertical margin convex and then concave
into lower, bi-spinate basal processes, lateral walls parallel to the upper
angles which are similarly extended into short, truncate, bi-spinate processes,
the apical margin broadly convex, cell wall smooth, cells triangular in top
view, the margins broadly concave, the angles protracted into bifurcate and
bi-spinate processes, cells 24–28 µm long, 20–23 µm broad and isthmus 9–10 µm
broad.
Site of collection: Dakra Beel,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
74).
Staurastrum elegans var. bidentatum (R.
Gutwinski) Thomasson 1986: 347
Basionym: Staurastrum sexangulare var. bidentatum Gutwinski
Cells medium-sized, almost as
broad as long, median constriction moderately deep, sinus open, semicells
depressed and globose shaped, furnished with long paired processes arranged in
2 whorls, divergent upper whorl and lower horizontal, not overlapping each
other, walls of processes with 3–4 denticulations, end of processes with 3–4
spines, cells 53–59 µm along with processes, 58–66 µm broad with processes and
isthmus 11–13 µm broad.
Site of collection: Bhebeli Pond,
Dhemaji.
New to northeastern India (Image
75).
Staurastrum freemanii West & G. S. West
Cells medium-sized, subfusiform,
about 1.6–1.7 times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus acute
and widely open, lateral angles produced to form moderately long, stout and
tapering divergent processes furnished with 2 stout spines at the end, apex
slightly convex, rarely flat, cell wall granulated, a pair of additional spines
alternately located on each semicell, cells 38–45 µm long, 65–76 µm broad and
isthmus 12–13 µm broad.
Site of collection: Akhara Beel,
Barpeta.
New to northeastern India (Image
76).
Staurastrum furcatum Brébisson 1856: 136
Cells medium-sized, almost as
broad as long, median constriction deep, sinus widely open, semicells
transversally oval to subglobose, apical margin broadly convex and angles
furnished with a pair of stout, bi-spinate processes, dorsal as well as ventral
walls almost equally convex, basal margins convex towards lateral angles and
each with a stout bi-spinate process , cell wall smooth, cells 25–29 µm long, 27–33
µm broad and isthmus 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Barpeta Beel,
Nagaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
77).
Staurastrum gracile Ralfs ex Ralfs 1848: 136,
pl. XXII [22]: fig. 12 a-d
Cells medium-sized, about 1.3
times broader than long, sinus open, semicells slightly broadening towards the
faintly convex apex, angles produced to form long processes, processes
furnished with several concentric series of denticulations and three small
spines at the tip, triangular in top view, chloroplast axial, one pyrenoid per
semicell, cells 28-34 µm long, 39-45 µm broad and isthmus 7-8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Dheer Beel, Dhubri; Shamaguri Beel, Nagaon.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Arunachal Pradesh, Das & Adhikary (2012); Khanajan,
Baruah & Baruah (2013); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Staurastrum gracile var. coronulatum Boldt
1885: 116, pl. V [5]: fig. 28
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2–1.3
times broader than long, median constriction shallow, sinus with an acute
notch, semicells gradually broadened towards the apices, apical margin convex
and undulate, having emarginate
processes, triangular in top view, processes furnished with 2–3 minute spines
at the tip and showing dentations within lateral walls, cells 60–65 µm long and
74–85 µm broad, and isthmus 11–12 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Dandua Beel, Morigaon; Konuri Beel, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020)
Staurastrum johnsonii West & G. S. West 1896:
266, pl. 17: fig. 16
Cells medium-sized, about 1.5
times broader than long, median constriction shallow, sinus a notch and open,
semicells gradually broadened towards the apices, apical margins slightly
convex and undulate, each undulation with 2 very small spines at the tip,
triangular in top view, lateral margins undulate too, lateral processes
furnished with 3-minute spines at the tip, cells 33–38 µm long and 51–57 µm
broad and isthmus 10–11 µm broad.
Site of collection: Raja Beel,
Baksa.
New to northeastern India (Image
78).
Staurastrum longibrachiatum (Borge) Gutwinski 1902
Basionym: Staurastrum bicorne var. longebrachiatum O.
Borge
Cells medium-sized, about 1.7
times broader than long, median constriction shallow, sinus a notch and open
widely, semicells bowl shaped, margins gradually diverging into apical
processes, processes with two bi-spinate protrusions at the base, also furnished
with a series of denticulations on ventral margin and series of incisions and
verrucae at the margins of semicell, apical angles protracted into horizontally
directed long and slender processes with 2 small spines at the tip, apical
margins truncate and furnished with a series of verrucae, cells 35–40 µm long
and 61–69 µm broad and isthmus 7–9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kumri Beel,
Goalpara; Chandubi Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Staurastrum margaritaceum Meneghini ex Ralfs 1848:
134, pl. XXI [21]: fig. 9 a–e
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, shallow median constriction, sinus widely open, semicells
cup-shaped, convex apical and basal margins with horizontally directed truncate
lateral projections, projections furnished with vertical series of granules,
appear five rayed in vertical view, margins strongly concave, transverse series
of granules distributed all over the body excluding the mid-region, cells 38–42
µm long, 40–46 µm broad and isthmus 10–12 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Urpad Beel, Goalpara; Maguri Motapung Beel, Tinsukia; Sripani
Pond, Dhemaji.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Dachi Lake,
Hajong & Ramanujam (2018); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020);
Arunachal Himalayas, Nath & Baruah (2021).
Staurastrum polytrichum (Perty) Rabenhorst 1868:
214
Basionym: Phycastrum polytrichum Perty
Cells medium-sized, slightly
longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus acute and open, semicells
elliptical, margins broadly oval and furnished with moderately long, acute
spines arranged in concentric circles around the angles and gradually becoming
shorter towards the apex, cells triangular in vertical view with slightly
concave lateral sides, cell wall punctate, cells 33–40 µm long, 26–32 µm broad
and isthmus 8–9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Tiplai Pond,
Goalpara; Rajapukhuri Ghagrapar, Nalbari; Gauhati University Pond, Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: North Eastern India, Yasmin et al. (2011).
Staurastrum punctulatum Brébisson 1848: 133, pl.
XXII [22]: fig. 1
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, sinus acute and broadly open, semicells
angularly elliptic with dorsal as well as ventral walls equally convex, angles
acutely rounded, triangular in top view, cell wall granulate, granules
flattened and arranged in uniform series encircling the angles, cells 25–29 µm
long, 26–31 µm broad and isthmus 8–9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Barsola Beel, Jorhat.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Meghalaya, Siangbood
& Ramanujam (2014).
Staurastrum pseudotetracerum (Nordstedt) West &
G.S.West 1895: 79, pl. 8: fig 39
Basionym: Staurastrum contortum var. pseudotetracerum Nordstedt
Cells small sized, slightly
broader than long, with deep median constriction, sinus triangular in outline
and widely open towards extremities, semicells cuneate, apex slightly convex,
lateral angles emarginated to form strongly deviating processes with three very
small spines at the tip, triangular in vertical view with slightly concave
margins, cells 23–26 µm long, 25–29 µm broad and isthmus 6–7 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Staurastrum recurvatum W. B. Turner 1893: 128, pl.
XVI [16]: fig. 16
Cells small sized, about 1.2
times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus broadly open towards
extremities, semicells fusiform shaped, angles produced into short and strong
processes ornamented with 5–6 concentric series of denticulations, chloroplast
axial, one pyrenoid per semicell, cells 23–26 µm long, 28–32 µm broad and
isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Goalnani Pond, Dhubri; Daphlong Beel, Golaghat.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Staurastrum saltans W. Joshua 1882: 641, pl.
XXIII [23]: fig. 21
Cells medium-sized, about 1.7–1.8
times broader than long, median constriction shallow, sinus widely open,
semicells nearly circular with angles produced into long processes, the entire
margin of processes with continuous small undulations and tips with 2 stout,
unequal, divergent spines, apex flat and with another 2 pairs of oppositely
directed spines in each semicell, cells 25–31 µm long, 46–54 µm broad and isthmus
7–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kachodhora
Beel, Morigaon; Bogol Road Beel, Nalbari.
New to northeastern India (Image
79).
Staurastrum simonyi Heimerl 1891: 67, pl. V
[5]: fig. 23
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction deep, sinus acute and widely open, semicells
sub-fusiform or sub semi-circular,
dorsal and ventral margins equally convex, lateral angles truncate and provided
with 2–4 small spines, apical margin with a series of 4 spines between each
pair of consecutive angles, the two median ones being the largest and
projecting conspicuously from the apex, further with an occasional series of 4
smaller spines beneath the first series, triangular in top view, lateral walls
straight or slightly concave or convex, angles obtusely rounded and furnished
with 2–4 small spines, angles occasionally with traces of about 2 or 3
concentric series of minute distant denticulations, cells 24–28 µm long, 23–26
µm broad and isthmus 8–9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Rajapukhuri,
Nahira Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
80).
Staurastrum striolatum f. brasiliense W.
B. Turner 1893: 109, pl. XIII [13]: fig. 15 (as ‘brasiliensis’)
Cells small sized, almost
identical in length and breadth, median constriction shallow, sinus widely opened
towards extremities, semicells sub elliptic, 4radiated in top view, margins
greatly convex, processes parallel, with blunt ends and rounded angles, lateral
margins of processes equipped with series of granules, apex truncate, cell wall
smooth, cells 21–24 µm long, 22–25 µm broad and isthmus 11–12 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Dheer Beel, Dhubri.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Staurastrum talisheekense A. M. Scott & Grönblad
1957: 47, pl. 28: figs 16–18
Cells medium-sized, nearly as
long as broad, median constriction shallow, sinus a notch and open widely
towards extremities, semicells bowl shaped, with six short radiating processes,
processes slightly tapering towards the apex, apices with 4-5 small spines,
margins concave between processes, lateral processes furnished with three rows
of granules, apical margins slightly convex, cell wall smooth, cells 35–41 µm
long 37–44 µm broad and isthmus 12–13 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Staurastrum teliferum var. gladiosum (W.
B. Turner) Coesel & Meesters 2013: 157, pl. 44: figs 1–9
Basionym: Staurastrum gladiosum W.
B. Turner
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, median constriction deep, sinus acute and open widely, semicells
broadly elliptic, entire cell wall irregularly furnished with short and stout
spines, chloroplast axial, single pyrenoid in each semicell, cells 46–53 µm
long, 45–51 µm broad and isthmus 18–20 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Naitara Choutara Beel, Goalpara.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Kokrajhar, Das
(2020).
Staurastrum tetracerum Ralfs ex Ralfs 1848: 137,
pl. XXIII [23]: fig. 7 a–f
Cells small sized, almost as long
as broad, median constriction shallow, sinus a small notch and open outwardly,
semicells triangular, angles produced into processes, processes tapering
towards the tip, margins of processes furnished with granules, cells 18–21 µm
long, 20–22 µm broad and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M).
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Khanajan, Baruah & Baruah (2013); Deepor Beel,
Baruah et al. (2020).
Staurastrum tohopekaligense Wolle 1885: 128, pl. LI
[51]: figs 4, 5
Cells medium-sized, about 1.4–1.6
times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus widely open towards
extremities, semicells oval, lateral angles produced into long slender
processes, 9 in each semicell, a pair of short and divergent spines at the tip
of processes, cells 39–47 µm long, 63–70 µm broad and isthmus 17–19 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Urpad Beel, Goalpara; Kapla Beel, Barpeta.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); Urpad Beel,
Deka et al. (2011); Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Staurastrum willsii W. B. Turner
Cells medium-sized, almost as
long as broad, median constriction shallow, sinus a small notch and open
widely, semicells broadly wedge-shaped, angular straight bases, lateral angles
produce into moderately long processes, 6 seen in top view, margins between
processes slightly concave, process substriated-granulated, apex truncate,
furnished with warts in pairs at the base, cell wall in the lower part of the
semicells smooth, from the top center of a hexagon, with bi-emarginate-rounded
corners, furnished with 3 small warts arranged hexagonally, cells 43–49 µm
long, 46–53 µm broad and isthmus 15–17 µm broad.
Site of collection: Ulabari Pond,
Nalbari.
New to northeastern India (Image
81).
Staurastrum zahlbruckneri Lütkemüller 1900: 125, pl.
6: figs 41–43
Cells medium-sized, about 1.1–1.2
times longer than broad, elliptical in outline, median constriction moderately
deep, sinus narrowly linear inside and widely open at ends, semicells
semicircular, angles subtended, lateral margins subparallel and converging to a
broadly rounded apex, triangular in top view with gently convex margins with
rounded angles, bilobed from the base or obliquely viewed at the corners, cell
wall thick and punctate, parietal chloroplast, cells 65–75 µm long, 56–62 µm
broad and isthmus 24–26 µm broad.
Site of collection: Digholi Beel,
Kamrup.
New to northeastern India (Image
82).
Genus: Staurodesmus
Staurodesmus convergens (Ehrenberg ex Ralfs)
S.Lillieroth 1950: 264
Basionym: Arthrodesmus convergens Ehrenberg
ex Ralfs
Cells medium-sized, slightly
broader than long, median constriction very deep, sinus open widely at
extremities, semicells transversely elliptic, apical as well as basal margins
convex, lateral angles furnished with the downwardly directed stout spine, cell
wall smooth, chloroplast axial with single pyrenoid per semicell, cells 47–54
µm long, 50–58 µm broad and isthmus 16–18 µm broad.
Site of collection: Urpad Beel,
Goalpara; Pachi Gaon Pond, Sonitpur; Majkuchi Pond, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Sivasagar, Phukan &
Bora (2012); Dachi Lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018); Chandubi Beel, Nath
& Baruah (2020).
Staurodesmus cuspidatus (Brébisson) Teiling 1967:
534, pl. 9: figs 10, 11, 13–15, 19
Basionym: Staurastrum
cuspidatum Brébisson
Cells small sized, slightly
broader than long, median constriction deep, isthmus elongated, sinus widely
open outwardly, semicells elliptic and projected into one long spine in each
angle, glabrous, apical margins slightly convex, median portion of cell wall
granulated, cells 20–23 µm long, 22–26 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kusumfula
Beel, Goalpara; Keotkuchi Pond, Barpeta.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011).
Staurodesmus cuspidicurvatus Coesel & Meesters 2013:
22, pl. 12: figs 1–7
Cell medium-sized, about 1.4
times broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus open widely, lateral
angles produced into processes with a long, stout, and inwardly bent spine at
tips, apical margins convex, chloroplast axial with pyrenoids, cell wall
smooth, cells 30–34 µm long, 43–50 µm broad and isthmus 9–10 µm broad.
Site of collection: Moridesang,
Sivasagar.
New to northeastern India (Image
83).
Staurodesmus dejectus (Brébisson) Teiling 1954:
128
Basionym: Staurastrum dejectum Brébisson
Cells small sized, triradiate in
top view, almost as broad as long, median constriction deep, sinus widely open
and V-shaped, isthmus slightly elongated, semicells cup-shaped, lateral angles
furnished with a very short and divergent spine, cell wall smooth, cells 20-23
µm long, 22–25 µm broad and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Hasila Beel,
Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
84).
Staurodesmus dejectus var. apiculatus (Brébisson)
Croasdale 1957: 128
Basionym: Staurastrum apiculatum Brébisson
Cells small sized, triradiate in
top view, slightly broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus widely
open, isthmus prominently elongated, semicells cup-shaped, apical margins flat,
lateral angles furnished with a moderately long and vertically directed spine,
cell wall smooth, cells 16–19 µm long, 19–23 µm broad and isthmus 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kusumfula
Beel, Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
85).
Staurodesmus dickiei Hinode 1971: 123, fig. XI
[11]: 1; pl. V [5]: fig. 9
Cells medium-sized, about 1.4
times broader than long, triradiate in top view, median constriction deep,
sinus V-shaped and widely open outwardly, semicells elliptical, both upper and
lower margins equally convex, lateral angles with short, convergent and
incurved spines, cell wall smooth, cells 50–58 µm long, 70–81 µm broad and
isthmus 11–12 µm broad.
Site of collection: Koya Kujia
Beel, Bongaigaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
86).
Staurodesmus megacanthus (P.Lundell) Thunmark 1948:
686
Basionym: Staurastrum megacanthum P.Lundell
Cells small sized, tri-radiate in
top view, slightly broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus widely
open, semicells transverse spindle shaped, apical and basal margins convex,
lateral angles furnished with a short, parallel or divergent spine, chloroplast
axial, cells 25–29 µm long, 28–33 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Goalnani Pond,
Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
87).
Staurodesmus octocornis (Ehrenberg ex Ralfs)
Stastny, Skaloud & Neustupa 2013: 414
Basionym: Xanthidium octocorne Ehrenberg
ex Ralfs
Cells small sized, slightly
broader than long, median constriction deep, sinus widely open, isthmus
elongated, lateral walls and apices of semicells concave with rounded upper and
lower angles furnished with a long spine, cell wall smooth, cells 17–20 µm
long, 21–23 µm broad and isthmus 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Rajapukhuri
Ghagrapar, Nalbari; Hasila Beel, Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
88).
Staurodesmus unicornis var. gracilis (M.
O. P. Iyengar & Vimala) Teiling 1967: 540, pl. 11: figs 3, 5, 9, 10
Basionym: Staurastrum unicorne var. gracile M.
O. P. Iyengar & Vimala Bai
Cells small sized, about 1.4
times broader than long, median constriction very deep, isthmus elongated,
sinus widely open, semicells triangular, apical margins slightly curved, each
apical angle furnished with a long, stout, and incurved spine, cells 18–20 µm
long, 26–29 µm broad and isthmus 4–5 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Panpoor Ghat, Sonitpur.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Staurodesmus unicornis (W. B. Turner) Coesel &
Van Geest 2016: 104, figs 1 H, 3 C
Basionym: Staurastrum unicorne W.
B. Turner.
Cells small sized, almost twice
as long as broad, median constriction very deep, sinus widely open, isthmus
elongated, semicells triangular, apical margins slightly concave, each apical
angle furnished with a long, stout, and slightly incurved spine, cells 14–17 µm
long, 25–29 µm broad with spines and isthmus 2–3 µm broad.
Site of collection: Jaysagar
Pukhuri, Sivasagar; Dudhnoi College Pond, Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image
89).
Genus: Streptonema
Streptonema trilobatum Wallich 1860: 196, pl. VIII
[8]: figs 1–6
Cells medium-sized, about 1.7
times broader than long, united one another to form a long filament, median
constriction deep, angles rounded, semicells with 3 inflamed lobes in vertical
view, cells 23–27 µm long, 41–47 µm broad and isthmus 8–10 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); Chandubi Beel,
Nath & Baruah (2020).
Genus: Teilingia
Teilingia excavata (Ralfs ex Ralfs) Bourrelly
1964: 190, fig. 10
Basionym: Sphaerozosma excavatum Ralfs
ex Ralfs
Cells very small sized, almost as
broad as long, cells joined end to end loosely by connecting processes forming
a short pseudo-filament, shallow median constriction, sinus openly wide with
obtuse-angle, semicells oval-elliptic, oval in face view, apex flattened with 4
very small granule like connecting processes, cell wall smooth, cells 9–11 µm
long, 8–10 µm broad and isthmus 5–6 µm broad.
Site of collection: Pond near
Tangla College, Udalguri.
New to northeastern India (Image
90).
Teilingia granulata (J. Roy & Bisset)
Bourrelly 1964: 190, fig. 9
Basionym: Sphaerozosma granulatum J.
Roy & Bisset
Cells very small sized, almost as
broad as long, cells attached one another to form a long filament,
sub-cylindrical with rounded angles, median constriction deep, sinus widely
open, apex flatly rounded and furnished with four granules, semicells oblong,
lateral walls rounded, furnished with three marginal granules, cell wall smooth
otherwise, cells 8–11 µm long, 10–13 µm broad and isthmus 3–4 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Naitara Choutara Beel, Goalpara; Maguri Motapung Beel, Tinsukia.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Genus: Triploceras
Triploceras gracile Bailey 1851: 38, pl. 1:
fig. 10
Cells elongate, about 11 times
longer than broad, semicells gradually tapering towards apices, with 9 whorls
of 13 short, mammilate spine, spines in upper few whorls upwardly directed, in
lower whorls outward or straight, apex divided into 3 short protuberances each
furnished with paired short spines at the tip, usually a pair of blunt spines
between the primary splits, cells 304-332 µm long and 26–29 µm broad and apex
13–14 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Diplai Beel, Kokrajhar; Konuri Beel, Dhubri; Ulabari Pond,
Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020); Kokrajhar, Das
(2020).
Genus: Xanthidium
Xanthidium acanthophorum Nordstedt 1880: 11, pl. I
[1]: fig. 20
Cells medium-sized, slightly
longer than broad, semicells oval, deep median constriction, sinus open and
acute-angled, lateral walls convex and somewhat attenuated at the apex,
equipped with two pairs of long, blunt, slightly curved spines on each side,
apical margin flat and furnished with four straight long blunt spines, cell
wall with scattered punctae, two chloroplasts per semicell, cells 49–55 µm
long, 45–49 µm broad and isthmus 9–10 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Dheer Beel, Dhubri; Urpad Beel, Goalpara; Tinkonia Pukhuri,
Jorhat.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Xanthidium antilopaeum Kützing 1849: 177
Cells medium-sized, almost as long as broad, median
constriction deep, sinus linear and slightly dilated outwardly, semicells
subelliptic-hexagonal with slightly rounded angles, each angle furnished with
two straight and long spines, cell wall smooth, cells 55–62 µm long, 62–67 µm
broad and isthmus 20–22 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Ghunkuchi Beel, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Sivasagar, Phukan & Bora (2012); Chandubi Beel, Nath
& Baruah (2020).
Xanthidium antilopaeum f. javanicum (Nordstedt)
Coesel 2007: 12, fig. 28 (as ‘var. hebridarum f. javanicum’)
Basionym: Xanthidium antilopaeum var. javanicum Nordstedt
Cells medium-sized, about 1.2
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus V-shaped and widely
open, semicells subelliptic-hexagonal, apical margin straight or slightly
convex, lateral margins concave, a pair
of long and stout spines of equal size located at apical angles, basal margins
concave, angles furnished with two identical, long and strong spines, arranged
horizontally, cell wall hyaline and punctate, chloroplasts axial, cells 42–47
µm long, 54–60 µm broad and isthmus 11–13 µm.
Site of collection: Diplai Beel,
Kokrajhar.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Xanthidium pulchrum W. B. Turner 1993: 102, pl.
XIII [13]: fig. 10
Cells medium-sized, cosmariform,
almost as long as broad, median constriction moderately deep, sinus open,
semi-cells oval, apical as well as lateral margins furnished with 3 short and
thick spines, towards the base equipped with similar 10 spines irregularly
arranged, the central region near the isthmus glabrous, and above isthmus
furnished with 12–14 transversely arranged small scribbles, ovate ellipsoidal
in top view, cells 50–54 µm long, 51–55 µm broad and isthmus 30–32 µm.
Site of collection: Goalnani
Pond, Dhubri.
New to northeastern India (Image
91).
Xanthidium superbum var. centricorne Prowse
ex Levanets & Guiry, nom. inval. 2021: 2
Cells large sized, about 1.2–1.3
times longer than broad, median constriction deep, sinus slender and open at
extremities, semicells oval, cell wall furnished with numerous firm spines,
single chloroplast in each semicell with many pyrenoids, cells 90–103 µm long,
71–77 µm broad and isthmus 32–35 µm.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Borpukhri Ghagrapar, Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Family: Gonatozygaceae
Genus: Gonatozygon
Gonatozygon aculeatum W. N. Hastings 1892: 29
Cells elongated, cylindrical,
about 15 times longer than broad, lateral sides straight and parallel but very
slightly diverging towards the poles, apices truncate with slightly rounded
apical angles, cell wall ornamented with small, straight spines but poles
smooth, chloroplast axial with seven pyrenoids, cells 163–195 µm long, 11–13 µm
broad and apex 12–15 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Koya Kujia Beel, Bongaigaon; Bheriki Beel, Jorhat; Majkuchi Pond,
Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Gonatozygon brebissonii De Bary 1858: 28, 77, pl.
IV [4]: figs 26, 27
Cells elongate, narrow, spindle
shaped, about 19–22 times longer than broad, margins tapering to slightly
swollen capitate apices, margins densely granulate, apex dilated, truncate,
apical angles slightly rounded, chloroplast axial and ribbonlike with series of
8–12 pyrenoids, cells 110–132 µm long, 5–7 µm broad and apex 6–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Charan Beel,
Morigaon; Ulabari Pond, Nalbari.
New to northeastern India (Image
92).
Gonatozygon brebissonii var. minutum (West)
West & G.S.West 1900: 39, pl. I: figs 15, 16
Basionym: Gonatozygon minutum West
Cells elongate, very narrow,
spindle-shaped, about 15.6–16.2 times longer than broad, margins tapering
towards slightly swollen capitate apices, cell wall densely granulate, apex
dilated, truncate, apical angles slightly rounded, chloroplast axial and
ribbon-like with series pyrenoids, cells 65–78 µm long, 4–5 µm broad and apex
2–3 µm broad.
Site of collection: Haribhanga
Beel, Nagaon.
New to northeastern India (Image
93).
Gonatozygon monotaenium De Bary 1856: 106
Cell elongated, cylindrical,
about 16.3–18.7 times longer than broad, lateral sides parallel to slightly
concave, apices slightly dilated with truncate ends, ribbonlike chloroplast
with series of evenly arranged 6–16 pyrenoids, cell wall granulate, granules
closely arranged, cells 98–150 µm long, 6–8 µm broad and apex 7–8 µm broad.
Site of collection: Narpara Pond,
Nalbari.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Dachi Lake, Hajong & Ramanujam (2018).
Order: Zygnematales
Family: Mesotaeniaceae
Genus: Netrium
Netrium digitus (Brébisson ex Ralfs)
Itzigsohn & Rothe 1856: no. 508
Basionym: Penium digitus Brébisson
ex Ralfs
Cells are large, solitary,
broadly fusiform, about 2.7–3 times longer than broad, lateral walls convex,
gradually tapering from the middle to broadly rounded-truncated poles, cell
wall smooth, single chloroplast in each semicell with many pyrenoids, cells
96–130 µm long, 35-–41 µm broad and apex 15–16 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Urpad Beel, Goalpara; Dheer Beel, Dhubri; Dighali Beel, Nagaon;
Bheriki Beel, Jorhat; Daphlong Beel, Golaghat.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011); North Eastern
India, Yasmin et al. (2011); Urpad Beel, Deka et al. (2011); Dachi Lake, Hajong
& Ramanujam (2018); Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Netrium oblongum var. acuminatum Irénée-Marie
1954: 111
Cells medium-sized, solitary, elongated, fusiform, about 4.6–5
times longer than broad, lateral margins convex, gradually tapering from the
middle towards the rounded poles, slightly retuse near the apex, single chloroplast
in each semicell with numerous pyrenoids, cell wall smooth, cells 172–205 µm
long, 37–41 µm broad and apex 16–18 µm broad.
Site of collection: Chandubi
Beel, Kamrup; Jogorahabi Beel, Sivasagar; Rajapukhuri, Nahira Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Chandubi Beel, Nath & Baruah (2020).
Genus: Spirotaenia
Spirotaenia condensata Brébisson 1848: 179, pl.
XXXIV [34]: fig. 1
Cells cylindrical, solitary,
elongated with broadly rounded poles, about 8.7–9.2 times longer than broad,
lateral sides slightly convex but almost parallel, cell wall smooth,
chloroplast parietal, ribbon-like having 7 close turns, cells 123–158 µm long,
14–17 µm broad and apex 8–9 µm broad.
Site of collection: Raja Beel,
Baksa; Digholi Beel, Kamrup.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Kokrajhar, Das (2020).
Family: Zygnemataceae
Genus: Cylindrocystis
Cylindrocystis brebissonii (Ralfs) De Bary 1858: 35,
74
Basionym: Penium brebissonii Ralfs
Cells small sized, cylindrical,
straight, cells about 2.2 times longer than broad, lateral margins parallel
with rounded apex, devoid of median constriction, cell wall smooth or sometimes
granulated, chloroplasts ridged, cells 27–32 µm long and 12–14 µm broad.
Site of collection: Dhamar Beel,
Goalpara.
Previous records and distribution
in northeastern India: Loktak Lake, Jena & Adhikary (2011).
Genus: Mesotaenium
Mesotaenium chlamydosporum De Bary 1858: 75, pl. VII
D: figs 1–29
Cells small sized, oblong, about
1.5–1.6 times longer than broad, poles broadly rounded, with small apical
nodules, chloroplast parietal and plate-like, cell wall smooth, cells 20–24 µm
long and 13–15 µm broad.
Site of collection: Kusumfula Beel, Goalpara.
New to northeastern India (Image 94).
DISCUSSION
The outcome of the present
endeavour is the comprehensive account of desmid flora from the Brahmaputra
valley of the northeastern region of India. Altogether 231 desmids under two
orders, five families, and 25 genera were recorded during the study period
which is slightly higher than the number of desmids reported by Islam &
Haroon (1980); Islam & Akter (2005); Islam & Irfanullah (2006); Ekhator
et al. (2013); Ramos et al. (2021); Coesel & Geest (2008); Stamenkovic
& Cvijan (2008) in different parts of the world excluding Das & Keshri
(2016); Verma et al. (2021).
Results also revealed that the
Desmidiaceae was the dominant family with the highest representation of 19
genera and 195 species followed by Closteriaceae (1 genus and 27 species),
Gonatozygaceae (1 genus and 4 species), Mesotaeniaceae (2 genera and 3
species), and Zygnemataceae (2 genera and 2 species). Amongst the genera, Cosmarium
was the dominant one with 69 species followed by Euastrum (33 species), Staurastrum
(31 species), and Closterium (27 species) respectively. An inclusive
account of desmid flora from various parts of the Indian subcontinent reported
dominancy of Cosmarium in other river basins of the Indian subcontinent
(Table 2). It was noted that the Cosmarium showed overall dominance in
the majority of waterbodies in Bangladesh also (Islam & Haroon 1980; Islam
& Irfanullah 2006).
The results further showed that
the number of desmids (231) recorded during the present exploration suppresses
the earlier records of desmids from northeastern India (Bordoloi 1983; Deka et
al. 2011; Yasmin et al. 2011; Phukan & Bora 2012; Baruah & Baruah 2013;
Das 2020) and it was found that out of the 231 reported species, a total of 94
species were reported for the first time from the northeastern region of India.
As the Brahmaputra River basin
harbours a higher number of desmids (231), the region could be considered a
suitable habitat for the desmids diversity and could be explored for
bio-prospection in a phased manner. Another interesting fact that emerged in
the present study is that Cosmarium forceps, Micrasterias foliacea,
and Micrasterias pinnatifida were universally present in a
majority of the water bodies located in the entire stretch of Brahmaputra River
which invites an in-depth ecological study.
Table 1. Desmids
collection sites of Brahmaputra valley.
|
Site no. |
Latitude |
Longitude
|
Name of
collection site |
|
S1 |
26.253°N |
89.757°E
|
Goalnani Pond,
Dhubri |
|
S2 |
26.124°N |
89.789°E
|
Konuri Beel,
Dhubri |
|
S3 |
26.094°N |
89.958°E
|
Laokhoa Beel,
Dhubri |
|
S4 |
26.244°N |
90.311°E
|
Gaurangtari
Pond, Dhubri |
|
S5 |
26.279°N |
90.315°E |
Diplai Beel,
Kokrajhar |
|
S6 |
26.026°N |
90.322°E |
Dhamar Beel,
Goalpara |
|
S7 |
26.256°N |
90.353°E |
Dakra Beel,
Dhubri |
|
S8 |
26.270°N |
90.387°E |
Dheer Beel,
Dhubri |
|
S9 |
26.448°N |
90.390°E |
Kursakati
Pond, Kokrajhar |
|
S10 |
26.272°N |
90.531°E |
Dolani Beel,
Bongaigaon |
|
S11 |
26.482°N |
90.543°E |
Dosomighat
Pond, Bongaigaon |
|
S12 |
26.177°N
|
90.550°E |
Kumri Beel,
Goalpara |
|
S13 |
26.320°N
|
90.569°E |
Tamranga Beel,
Bongaigaon |
|
S14 |
26.099°N
|
90.588°E |
Urpad Beel,
Goalpara |
|
S15 |
26.170°N
|
90.609°E |
Hasila Beel,
Goalpara |
|
S16 |
26.348°N
|
90.651°E |
Deohati Pond,
Bongaigaon |
|
S17 |
26.309°N
|
90.652°E |
Koya Kujia
Beel, Bongaigaon |
|
S18 |
25.988°N
|
90.785°E |
Dudhnoi
College Pond, Goalpara |
|
S19 |
25.975°N
|
90.802°E |
Kusumfula
Beel, Goalpara |
|
S20 |
26.477°N
|
90.857°E |
Sorbhog Pond,
Barpeta |
|
S21 |
26.514°N
|
90.887°E |
Sorbhog Beel,
Barpeta |
|
S22 |
26.045°N
|
90.980°E |
Tiplai Pond,
Goalpara |
|
S23 |
26.053°N
|
90.997°E |
Naitara
Choutara Beel, Goalpara |
|
S24 |
26.327°N
|
91.001°E |
Madhab
Choudhury College Pond, Barpeta |
|
S25 |
26.282°N
|
91.014°E |
Gandhi Beel,
Barpeta |
|
S26 |
26.308°N
|
91.058°E |
Keotkuchi
Pond, Barpeta |
|
S27 |
26.675°N
|
91.093°E |
Raja Beel,
Baksa |
|
S28 |
26.270°N
|
91.116°E |
Akhara Beel,
Barpeta |
|
S29 |
26.132°N |
91.165°E
|
Bejorsuti
Pond, Kamrup |
|
S30 |
26.036°N |
91.198°E |
Jiyeni Beel,
Kamrup |
|
S31 |
25.881°N |
91.421°E
|
Chandubi Beel,
Kamrup |
|
S32 |
26.334°N |
91.220°E
|
Kapla Beel,
Barpeta |
|
S33 |
26.328°N |
91.475°E |
Ulabari Pond,
Nalbari |
|
S34 |
26.439°N |
91.485°E |
Ghunkuchi
Beel, Nalbari |
|
S35 |
26.100°N |
91.483°E |
Rajapukhuri,
Nahira Kamrup |
|
S36 |
26.481°N |
91.484°E |
Katara Beel
Paikarkuchi, Nalbari |
|
S37 |
26.376°N |
91.502°E |
Bogol Road
Beel, Nalbari |
|
S38 |
26.443°N |
91.508°E |
Rajapukhuri
Ghagrapar, Nalbari |
|
S39 |
26.043°N |
91.516°E |
Majkuchi Pond,
Kamrup |
|
S40 |
26.424°N |
91.530°E |
Narpara Pond,
Nalbari |
|
S41 |
26.406°N |
91.535°E |
Borpukhri
Ghagrapar, Nalbari |
|
S42 |
26.153°N |
91.657°E |
Gauhati
University Pond, Kamrup (M) |
|
S43 |
26.114°N |
91.657°E |
Deepor Beel,
Kamrup (M) |
|
S44 |
26.218°N |
91.658°E |
Digholi Beel,
Kamrup |
|
S45 |
26.341°N |
91.669°E |
Borphukhuri,
Kamalpur Kamrup |
|
S46 |
26.240°N |
91.730°E |
Bornijora
Pond, Jalah Kamrup |
|
S47 |
26.186°N |
91.751°E |
Dighalipukhuri,
Kamrup (M) |
|
S48 |
26.349°N |
91.835°E |
Duminichowki
Pond, Kamrup |
|
S49 |
26.539°N |
91.906°E |
Lakhimpur
pukhuri, Darrang |
|
S50 |
26.662°N |
91.919°E |
Pond near
Tangla College, Udalguri |
|
S51 |
26.576°N |
92.054°E |
Rajapukhuri,
Darrang |
|
S52 |
26.226°N |
92.288°E |
Charan Beel,
Morigaon |
|
S53 |
26.237°N |
92.352°E |
Morakolong,
Nagaon |
|
S54 |
26.235°N |
92.362°E |
Dandua Beel,
Morigaon |
|
S55 |
26.269°N |
92.452°E |
Kachodhora
Beel, Morigaon |
|
S56 |
26.446°N |
92.622°E |
Dagaon Pond,
Nagaon |
|
S57 |
26.404°N |
92.703°E |
Barpeta Beel,
Nagaon |
|
S58 |
26.418°N |
92.719°E |
Rawmari Beel,
Nagaon |
|
S59 |
26.631°N |
92.780°E |
Hazarapar
Pukhuri, Sonitpur |
|
S60 |
26.623°N |
92.792°E |
Padumpukhuri,
Sonitpur |
|
S61 |
26.520°N |
92.806°E |
Haribhanga
Beel, Nagaon |
|
S62 |
26.514°N |
92.841°E |
Bhomoraguri
Pond, Nagaon |
|
S63 |
26.424°N |
92.863°E |
Shamaguri
Beel, Nagaon |
|
S64 |
26.432°N |
92.871° E |
Gatanga Beel,
Nagaon |
|
S65 |
26.492°N |
92.872°E |
Sibasthan-Potakollong,
Nagaon |
|
S66 |
26.723°N |
92.931°E |
Pachi Gaon
Pond, Sonitpur |
|
S67 |
26.728°N |
92.934°E |
Mohmara Pond,
Sonitpur |
|
S68 |
26.710°N |
92.943°E |
Panpoor Ghat,
Sonitpur |
|
S69 |
26.599°N |
93.201°E |
Daphlong Beel,
Golaghat |
|
S70 |
26.891°N |
94.405°E |
Dighali Beel,
Nagaon |
|
S71 |
26.675°N |
93.558°E |
Koladuwar
Beel, Golaghat |
|
S72 |
26.940°N |
93.851°E |
Radhapukhuri,
Lakhimpur |
|
S73 |
26.552°N |
93.949°E |
Jugi Beel,
Golaghat |
|
S74 |
26.931°N |
94.139°E |
Bheriki Beel,
Jorhat |
|
S75 |
26.945°N |
94.145°E |
Chakoli Beel,
Majuli |
|
S76 |
26.750°N |
94.210°E |
Tinkonia
Pukhuri, Jorhat |
|
S77 |
26.846°N |
94.219°E |
Barsola Beel,
Jorhat |
|
S78 |
26.981°N |
94.250°E |
Jor Beel,
Jorhat |
|
S79 |
27.425°N |
94.367°E |
Bhebeli Pond,
Dhemaji |
|
S80 |
26.891°N |
94.405°E |
Dighali Beel,
Sivasagar |
|
S81 |
27.000°N |
94.502°E |
Jogorahabi
Beel, Sivasagar |
|
S82 |
26.971°N |
94.517°E |
Buka Beel,
Sivasagar |
|
S83 |
27.465°N |
94.551°E |
Bharalichuk
Pond, Dhemaji |
|
S84 |
27.479°N |
94.566°E |
Himatichuk
Pond, Dhemaji |
|
S85 |
27.081°N |
94.615°E |
Moridesang,
Sivasagar |
|
S86 |
26.954°N |
94.621°E |
Jaysagar
Pukhuri, Sivasagar |
|
S87 |
27.569°N |
94.658°E |
Sripani Pond,
Dhemaji |
|
S88 |
27.235°N |
94.720°E |
Gohain
Pukhuri, Sivasagar |
|
S89 |
27.376°N |
94.791°E
|
Bogibil Ghat,
Dibrugarh |
|
S90 |
27.481°N |
94.964°E
|
Hiloidhari
majgao Beel, Dibrugarh |
|
S91 |
27.573°N |
95.376°E
|
Maguri
Motapung Beel, Tinsukia |
Table 2. Region-wise accounts of
desmid flora in water bodies of different river basins of the Indian
subcontinent.
|
Region of Indian subcontinent |
Algologists |
Total number of desmid species |
Most speciose genus |
Number of species of the most
speciose genus |
|
Eastern India |
Jena et al. (2006) |
45 |
Cosmarium |
19 |
|
Suseela & Toppo (2007) |
40 |
Cosmarium |
31 |
|
|
Mallick & Keshri (2011) |
7 |
Cylindrocystis |
07 |
|
|
Das & Keshri (2016) |
272 |
Cosmarium |
81 |
|
|
Nandi et al. (2019) |
34 |
Cosmarium |
34 |
|
|
Western India |
Patil & Jawale (2014) |
36 |
Cosmarium |
21 |
|
Shahare (2016) |
21 |
Cosmarium |
09 |
|
|
Reddy & Chaturvedi (2017) |
45 |
Cosmarium |
26 |
|
|
Mhaske & Talwankar (2018) |
12 |
Cosmarium |
12 |
|
|
Valvi & Gautam (2020) |
18 |
Cosmarium |
10 |
|
|
Northern India |
Pandey & Pandey (1980) |
10 |
Cosmarium |
07 |
|
Prakash et al. (2005) |
10 |
Cosmarium Euastrum Micrasterias Pleurotaenium |
02 02 02 02 |
|
|
Shukla et al. (2008) |
48 |
Cosmarium |
29 |
|
|
Dwivedi et al. (2009) |
39 |
Cosmarium |
28 |
|
|
Verma et al. (2021) |
338 |
Cosmarium |
163 |
|
|
Komal et al. (2021) |
21 |
Cosmarium |
11 |
|
|
Sarma et al. (2022) |
51 |
Cosmarium |
29 |
|
|
Southern India |
Kiran (2016) |
46 |
Cosmarium |
25 |
|
Babu & Vasanthakumar (2020) |
35 |
Cosmarium |
35 |
|
|
Central India |
Singh et al. (2011) |
49 |
Cosmarium |
29 |
|
Agarker & Agarkar (1977) |
68 |
Cosmarium |
30 |
|
|
Agrawal (2016) |
36 |
Cosmarium |
18 |
|
|
Northeastern India |
Dickie (1882) |
13 |
Cosmarium |
06 |
|
Rao (1963) |
01 |
Cosmarium |
01 |
|
|
Prasad & Misra (1987) |
18 |
Cosmarium |
10 |
|
|
Gupta (2002) |
16 |
Closterium |
04 |
|
|
Kumar & Rai (2005) |
07 |
Closterium |
04 |
|
|
Das et al. (2009) |
13 |
Cosmarium |
09 |
|
|
Bhakta et al. (2010) |
05 |
Cosmarium |
04 |
|
|
Deka et al. (2011) |
91 |
Cosmarium |
41 |
|
|
Yasmin et al. (2011) |
38 |
Cosmarium |
10 |
|
|
Phukan & Bora (2012) |
73 |
Closterium Cosmarium |
16 16 |
|
|
Das & Keshri (2012) |
15 |
Closterium |
06 |
|
|
Das & Keshri (2012) |
12 |
Closterium |
05 |
|
|
Das & Keshri (2013) |
12 |
Micrasterias Pleurotaenium Staurastrum |
03 03 03 |
|
|
Das & Keshri (2013) |
16 |
Cosmarium |
6 |
|
|
Baruah & Baruah (2013) |
22 |
Cosmarium |
09 |
|
|
Das (2020) |
71 |
Cosmarium |
16 |
|
|
Kuotsu & Chaturvedi (2020) |
20 |
Cosmarium |
07 |
|
|
Brahmaputra River Basin |
Present Study |
231 |
Cosmarium |
69 |
For
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