Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2022 | 14(11): 22058–22079
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8119.14.11.22058-22079
#8119 | Received 27
July 2022 | Final received 05 September 2022 | Finally accepted 11 November
2022
Some threatened woody plant
species recorded from forests over limestone of the Philippines
Inocencio E. Buot Jr. 1,
Marne G. Origenes 2, Ren Divien R. Obeña 3, Elaine Loreen
C. Villanueva 4 & Marjorie D. delos Angeles 5
1–5 Institute of Biological Sciences,
College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los
Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
1 iebuot@up.edu.ph (corresponding
author), 2 mgorigenes@up.edu.ph, 3 rdobena@up.edu.ph, 4
ecvillanueva4@alum.up.edu.ph,
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of
publication: 26 November 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Buot Jr. I.E., M.G. Origenes,
R.D.R. Obeña, E.L.C. Villanueva & M.D. delos Angeles (2022). Some threatened woody plant
species recorded from forests over limestone of the Philippines. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(11): 22058–22079. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8119.14.11.22058-22079
Copyright: © Buot Jr. et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Department of Science and Technology
-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development (DOST-PCAARRD).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Inocencio E. Buot, Jr. is the
Program Leader of CONserve-KAIGANGAN research and is a Professor of botany,
ecology, and systematics at the Plant Biology Division, Institute of Biological
Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños
(PBD-IBS-CAS-UPLB). He studies tropical vegetation and curates the Plant
Biology Division Herbarium. Marne G. Origenes is a Career Incentive Program
Fellow of Department of Science and Technology – Science Education Institute
(DOST-SEI), assigned to the CONserve-KAIGANGAN program, IBS-CAS, UPLB. Ren
Divien R. Obeña is a University Research Associate of the CONserve-KAIGANGAN
program at IBS-CAS, UPLB. Elaine Loreen C. Villanueva, the previous Senior
Science Research Specialist of the CONserve-KAIGANGAN program at the IBS-CAS,
UPLB. Marjorie D. delos Angeles is an Assistant Professor of PBD-IBS-CAS-UPLB.
She is currently a PhD student at the University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China and a member of the Macroevolution Group, Center for
Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese
Academy of Sciences.
Author contributions: Inocencio E. Buot, Jr., the paper’s
main author, led the study, conceptualized the paper, formulated the
objectives, providing direction on the flow of the manuscript discussion and
was overseeing the revision and review of the paper until publication. Marne G.
Origenes contributed to the discussion of results, conservation framework,
conclusion, and drafted the paper after the reviews for comments by everyone.
Ren Divien R. Obena assisted in the fieldwork, collection and analysis of data,
and contributed to the paper discussion. Elaine Loreen C. Villanueva tabulated
the data and provided feedback to help improve the discussion. Marjorie D.
delos Angeles assisted in the field work, data collection, and provided
comments to improve discussion.
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to
express their heartfelt gratitude to the following: Department of Science and
Technology – Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources
Research and Development (DOST-PCAARRD) for funding the CONserve-KAIGANGAN
program (Fund codes: N9A6323 & N926423), Protected Area Management Board of
Samar Island Natural Park (SINP), PAMB and Guiuan Marine Reserve Protected
Landscapes and Seascapes (GMRPLS) under the DENR Region 8 for issuing a
Gratuitous Permit (DENR-GP No. 2019-16 & 2020-10), Samar State University
(SSU), Local governments of Paranas, Taft, and Guiuan as well as the Peoples
organization such as the Basaranan nga Organisasyon han San Isidro Samar
(BOSIS) and Tourguide and Boat Operators for River Protection and Environmental
Development Organization (TORPEDO) for assisting the program team in conducting
the study and DOST-SEI for allowing the second and fourth authors to take part
in this research program through Career Incentive Program. Also, thanks to the
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños
(IBS-UPLB), for allowing the program to use the Plant Systematics Laboratory
facilities.
Abstract: This study was conducted to
determine threatened woody plants in forests over limestone in Samar Natural
Park (SINP), Guiuan Marine Resource Protected Landscapes and Seascapes
(GMRPLS), and other areas in the Philippines, in order to design a strategic framework
for sustainable conservation of threatened species. Combined fieldwork using
standard vegetation techniques and comparative literature review were done.
Results revealed a total of 196 woody plant species belonging to 48 families,
with 60 (DAO 2017-11) and 182 (IUCN) threatened woody plant species in the
forests over limestone. The top 10 important species noted include three
Critically Endangered: Diospyros longiciliata Merr., Cynometra
cebuensis Seidenschwarz, F., and Shorea astylosa Foxw; three Endangered:
Cinnamomum cebuense Kosterm., Tectona philippinensis Benth. &
Hook.f. and Vitex parviflora Juss.; and four Vulnerable species: Agathis
philippinensis Warb., Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne) Ridley, Dipterocarpus
gracilis Blume, and Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. A framework for
sustainable conservation has been designed to prevent the loss of these
threatened botanical treasures.
Keywords: Karst forest, native plants,
Philippine teak, Samar Island, Verde Island Passage.
Introduction
Forests over limestone (karst
forests) have unique geomorphological features that result from the dissolution
of soluble bedrock, usually carbonates (Day & Urich 2000). Tropical forests
over limestone occur in southern Mexico, central America, the Caribbean, and
southeastern Asia including the Philippines, which have roughly 35,000 km2
of karst forests (Piccini & Rossi 1994). Generally, plants experience more
stress in this type of forest due to shallow soil substrates, high temperature,
and other limiting factors. Hence, unique plants abound and are expected to
possess secondary metabolites with high potential against stressors. Plants in
forests over limestone are valuable sources of wood and non-wood products for
nearby village communities. They also serve as food, medicine, shade plants and
perching materials for local fauna and forest pollinators, sustaining life
cycles, and ecosystem dynamics. Anthropogenic pressures can result in
overharvesting, deforestation, and biodiversity loss.
Karst forests in the Philippines
harbor rich biodiversity, but some are also threatened due to human pressures.
These include Mount Lantoy in Cebu Island, one of the 117 terrestrial areas
designated as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) based on vulnerability and
irreplaceability criteria (Lillo et al. 2019, 2020, 2021). The area has two
Critically Endangered, two Endangered, four Vulnerable, and 16 restricted-range
species (CI/DENR-PAWB/Haribon 2006). In another site Cadiz & Buot (2009,
2010) assessed the native trees and woody plants in Cantipla and Tabunan
forests in Cebu City. The Cantipla forest clusters were once a continuous
forest cover that was part of the Central Cebu National Park (CCNP) and the
Kotkot-Lusaran Watershed. On the other hand, the Tabunan forest covers at least
40 ha and is the only large patch of natural virgin forest left in Metro Cebu
Watershed and the home to the endemic but threatened Cinnamomum cebuense
(Quimio 2006). Another unique forest
over limestone is found along Verde Island Passage, Batangas, Luzon Island
where the endemic Philippine teak, Tectona philippinensis Benth. &
Hook.f., is a dominant component (Caringal et al. 2019, 2021).
One of the most extensive forests
over limestone in the Philippines is in Samar Island Natural Park (SINP) and
Guiuan Marine Resource Protected Landscapes and Seascapes (GMRPLS). A number of
studies have shown that these areas are rich in biodiversity (Fernandez et al.
2020; Tolentino et al. 2020; Madera et al. 2021; Obeña et al. 2021; Villanueva
et al. 2021a,b; Delos Angeles et al. 2022; Tandang et al. 2022). In a series of
biodiversity assessments conducted in various municipalities of Samar Island,
it was revealed that the municipality of Paranas has been recorded to have 99
plant species from 63 genera and 44 families (Villanueva et al. 2021a).
Furthermore, the municipality of Basey has a total of 67 plant species
representing 54 genera and 38 families (Villanueva et al. 2021b), and 30 floral
species representing 22 genera and 18 families were recorded in Taft, Eastern
Samar (Obeña et al. 2021). Fernandez et al. (2020) recorded 41 floral species
belonging to 17 families and 24 genera from Calicoan Island in Guiuan, eastern
Samar.
Samar Island, specifically the
SINP and the GMRPLS, have been severely degraded despite enforced protective
policies such as the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of
1992. In the last 70 years, there has been significant logging and forest
clearing for agricultural purposes in the area (UNDP-GEF 2014). Other threats
(SEARCA 2004), include coal and chromite mining, unregulated limestone
quarrying, charcoal production, over-harvesting of non-timber forest products
(including rattans), pollution from industries, alien species invasion, and the
proliferation of small-scale illegal logging. These activities contribute to
forest destruction and pose a significant threat to the biodiversity of the
island’s forests over limestone ecosystem. If current trends continue, these
activities could have serious consequences for both plant populations and the
livelihoods of the people who rely on forest resources. Unfortunately, species
decline from various locations throughout the country has not yet been
documented for inclusion in the Philippine red list or the IUCN. Hence, the
need to investigate the threatened woody plants in forests over limestone and
their conservation status and catalyze additional actions and potentially save
a species from extinction (Zahler & Rosen 2013), particularly in areas
where future plant species endangerment is expected to be high (Giam et al.
2010). The study specifically aims to: 1) determine the threatened woody plants
species in forests over limestone in Samar Island and in other parts of the
Philippines and 2) design a strategic framework for sustainable conservation of
forests over limestone threatened species.
Information on threatened woody
species in limestone forests in the Philippines is critical because it can have
a direct impact on human well-being and will help decision makers and
stakeholders in better understanding the significance of this study in
achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, specifically, SDG 1
(no poverty), SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation), SDG 8 (decent work and economic
growth), SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities), SDG 12
(responsible consumption and production), SDG 13 (climate action), and SDG 17
(partnership to achieve the goal).
Materials
and Methods
The study sites
The primary study area
inventoried. Samar Island is the third-largest island in the Philippines
archipelago, covering an area of 13,107 km2 and extending between
10.75-12.75 °N & 124.25-124.75 °E (PhilGIS 2016). The island is considered
a botanical diversity hotspot in both the country and the Malesian region
(Madulid 2000).
SINP (Figure 1) contains 333,300
ha of the protected area and 125,400 ha of buffer zone, making it the
Philippines’ largest terrestrial protected area (UNDP-GEF 2014). The park was
designated as a forest reserve in 1996, but it was elevated to the status of a
natural park in 2003 by Presidential Proclamation No. 442 in accordance with
Republic Act No. 7586 (NIPAS Act of 1992). The SINP is situated in Samar
island’s low rugged central mountain range, which is shared by all three
provinces on the island. SINP is made up of 13 municipalities and one city in
the province of Samar, 19 municipalities in the province of Eastern Samar, and
five municipalities in northern Samar. The interior natural habitats of Samar
Island are dominated by lowland evergreen rainforests and limestone forests
(UNDP 2007; Taylor et al. 2015). It also has an interior highland with distinct
accordant peaks and a surrounding limestone or karst terrain. The landscape in
the southern part is made up of jungle-covered limestone ridges. Its geology is
predominantly Miocene and Holocene, with a sedimentary formation composed of
basement rocks and overlying clastic rocks or limestone (Patindol 2016). It has
high biodiversity and is a center of plant and animal diversity and endemism in
the Philippines, home to several threatened species from the Eastern Visayas
and Mindanao biogeographic regions (Madulid 2000).
GMRPLS (Figure 1), is a protected
area located off the coast of the municipality of Guiuan situated in
the Province of Eastern Samar, Philippines. It was designated as a protected
area by virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 469 in 1994 and consists of the
following islands: Calicoan, Manicani, Suluaan, Tubabao,
Victory, Homonhon, and other smaller islands and their surrounding
reefs. It also includes the coastal area of mainland Guiuan, which totals
60,448 ha. The land that is now part of the conservation area was previously
designated as a Marine Reserve and Tourist Zone in 1978, and it was placed
under the administration and control of the Philippine Tourism Authority. It was re-proclaimed and re-classified as a
protected landscape/seascape in 1994 under the National Integrated Protected
Areas System Act of 1992.
Based on Modified Corona’s
Climate Classification, Samar Island is divided into two regions. The
northeastern part manifests the Type II climate which has no dry season and has
a pronounced rain period, particularly during December and January. The
southeastern region has a Type IV climate, with rainfall distributed fairly
evenly throughout the year. Throughout the year, the island has a humid climate
(Kintanar 1984).
Other forests over limestone
cited. Other forests over limestone were cited in available literature and
included in the analysis (Figure 2). These are Cantipla forest (Cadiz &
Buot 2009) and Mount Tabunan (Cadiz & Buot 2010) of Cebu City, Mount Lantoy
of southern Cebu (Lillo et al. 2019, 2020, 2021), and the coastal landscapes
and seascapes of the Verde Island Passage, Batangas, southern Luzon (Caringal
et al. 2019, 2021).
Like the SINP and the GMRPLS,
these other forests over limestone were threatened. Mount Lantoy forests
declined significantly during the Spanish colonial period to provide lumber for
the construction of Spanish galleons (Asia Magazine 1984). Recently, Bensel
(2008) reported that agricultural expansion and fuelwood gathering are still
increasing – putting pressure on this Cebu’s last remaining forests.
Respondents also reported illegal logging, hunting, and widespread conversion
of forests to agriculture. Despite these, Mount Lantoy KBA is rated moderately
disturbed according to the Beynen & Townsend (2005) scoring system. This
means that the recorded disturbances and threats in the area do not have
critical effects yet on species diversity for the time being. It could not, however, deny the deterioration
of native trees that affects the biodiversity, the ecosystem, and the community
surrounding Mount Lantoy KBA.
Similarly, even though Cantipla
forest was part of the CCNP and Tabunan forest is in the strict protection
zone, their forest resources are still being exploited by the local residents.
On its first botanical survey in May 1970, most of the dipterocarp forests in
Cantipla had already been destroyed (Colina & Jumalon 1974), and the
destruction was accelerated due to the widespread practice of swidden
agriculture. Similarly, there is occasional tree cutting and rattan harvesting
within the Tabunan forest, and its forest exterior is dominated by agricultural
activities of the local residents. In fact, these activities contributed significantly
to the reduction of the forested area by approximately 0.3% of its original
forest cover (SSC 1988), which is mostly confined to rocky limestone cliffs.
Tectona philippinensis in the forests over limestone
along Verde Island Passage, Batangas is an endangered species that has long
been regarded as one of the most important floristic elements of this coastal
forests over limestone (Madulid & Agoo 1990; DENR-UNEP 1997; Cordon et al.
2004). The tree is also an iconic species, a living witness to the Filipino
people’s economic and political history, as its wood was once used to repair
galleon ships that plied the Manila-Acapulco route during the Spanish colonial
era (ERDB 1998). Meanwhile, the number of remaining Philippine teak populations
is decreasing due to rapid and continuous destructive human disturbances in the
area. Land conversion (from forest to sugar apple plantation and coastal area
to resorts), habitat destruction, ecotourism projects, quarry operation,
development of road networks and lateral expansion of urban settlements,
kaingin (slash and burn farming), accidental fire during summer months, and
natural threats such as prolonged droughts caused by the El Nino phenomenon and
pests and diseases are threats documented by Caringal (2004) and RDC-CALABARZON
(2006).
Inventory of the woody species
composition
The study was carried out through
a combination of fieldwork using standard vegetation techniques in Samar
Island, and extensive literature review of papers in forests over limestone in
the Philippines. Two sets of field sampling methods were used to determine the
plant composition. The quadrat or plot method (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg
1974) was used to assess trees (≤1 m) while the line intercept technique was
used for understory species. The plots were purposely selected based on the
heterogeneity of the plants and the presence and absence of human-related
disturbances in the area. To assess the woody plant species, 27 20 x 20 m plots
were established in SINP and GMRPLS last October 2019. Generally, 20 m is the
longest distance that can be accurately surveyed in a dense forest (Dallmeier
1992). Two line transects, 5 m in length and subdivided with 1 m intervals,
were established inside each sampling plot. Altitude and geographic location of
each plot and plant species were determined using a geographic positioning
system (GPS) device.
Besides fieldwork using standard
vegetation techniques in Samar Island, extensive literature review was
conducted, on papers related to forests over limestone in the Philippines.
These include papers about the Cantipla forest, Cebu (Cadiz & Buot 2009),
Mount Tabunan, Cebu (Cadiz & Buot 2010), Mount Lantoy, Cebu (Lillo et al.
2019, 2020, 2021), Verde Island Passage, Batangas (Caringal et al. 2021) and
Basey, Samar (Villanueva et al. 2021b).
Experts were consulted to
ascertain tree species identification. Nomenclature follows that of Dictionary
of Philippine plant names (Madulid 2001, 2001a), Co’s Digital Flora (Pelser et
al. 2011 onwards), IPNI (2020), and POWO (2022).
Determining threatened taxa
The conservation status of woody
plant species was determined using the list of threatened species identified by
the Philippines’ DENR Administrative Order No. 11 series of 2017 (DAO 2017) and
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (IUCN 2022). DAO No.
2017-11 (DAO 2017) is the national reference for threatened species of the
Philippines. This is being used by researchers and planners as basis in
decision-making related to forest management and conservation. IUCN (IUCN
2022), on the other hand, is the global reference for threatened species of
various countries. So, in this study, we made use of these two relevant
documents as bases in determining the threatened status of the woody species in
forests over limestone.
Designing a framework for
conservation
The study proposes a framework
for sustainable conservation of threatened species to put a stop to the current
and continuing loss of woody plant species in the country. The framework was
developed in response to conservation gaps identified in scientific
publications, existing policies, reports, and measures that must be taken
seriously towards protection and conservation of floral species in forests over
limestone. It highlights the practicality and locally doable in situ and ex
situ strategies and the extent and dedicated engagement of the government and
the community as well as the stakeholders towards the conservation of the
threatened woody taxa.
Results
and Discussion
Threatened woody plant species in
forests over limestone
The study found 196 woody plant
species belonging to 48 families in the forest over limestone in the
Philippines (Table 1). About half (40%) of the recorded species are endemic to
the Philippines (DAO 2017-11; Pelser et al. 2011 onwards). Additionally,
Moraceae family is the most represented family, having 16 documented species,
followed by Fabaceae (16 species), Euphorbiaceae and Dipterocarpaceae, having
15 species each, and Rubiaceae and Sapindaceae, with 10 species each.
Meanwhile, for SINP and GMRPLS
alone, a total of 85 (out of 196) woody plant species, including 37 families,
were recorded, including the flora checklist in the municipality of Basey,
Samar.
As shown in Table 1, 60 woody
plant species in Philippine forests over limestone have conservation status
recorded in DAO 2017-11, Philippines as follows: 11 Critically Endangered (CR),
nine Endangered (EN), 30 Vulnerable (VU), and 10 other threatened species
(OTS). The 37 (out of 60) species are endemic to the Philippines. On the other
hand, IUCN classified 182 woody plant species in the Philippine forests over
limestone with seven Critically Endangered (CR), 23 Endangered (EN), 26
Vulnerable (VU), 15 Near Threatened (NT), 110 Least Concern (LC), and one Data
Deficient (DD) (Table 1). The 75 of the 182 woody species determined by IUCN
are Philippine endemics. In addition, it was noticed that among the woody plant
species in the Philippines, there are only five Endangered species, and seven
Vulnerable species have the same conservation status in DAO 2017-11 and the
IUCN.
Figures 3 and 4 show a comparison
of the conservation status of threatened species found on Samar Island, Cebu,
and Batangas based on DAO 2017-11 and IUCN. In contrast to the DAO 2017-11
assessment, many of the species found in limestone forests were classified in
the IUCN conservation status assessment, as shown in Figure 3. Samar Island has
43 species classified by DAO 2017-11, with seven CR, five EN, 22 VU, and nine
OTS, and 80 species classified by IUCN, with six CR, 13 EN, 17 VU, nine NT, and
35 LC. Mt. Tabunan has four species classified by DAO 2017-11 (one CR and three
VU), and 41 species classified by IUCN (one CR, two EN, one VU, three NT, 33
LC, and one DD). Mangifera altissima Blanco is the only DD species found
on Mt. Tabunan. This species was, however, classified as vulnerable in DAO
2017-11. Additionally, Mt. Cantipla has three species classified by DAO 2017-11
(two CR and one EN), while 23 species classified by IUCN (seven EN, three VU,
two NT, and 11 LC). Mt. Lantoy has 17 species classified by DAO 2017-11 (two
CR, three EN, nine VU, and three OTS), and 12 species classified by IUCN (two
EN, three VU, one NT and six LC). Verde Island Passage has three species
classified by DAO 2017-11, with two EN and one VU, and 50 species classified by
IUCN, with two EN, three VU, and 45 LC, respectively (see Table 1; Figure 3,
4). Based on DAO 2017-11 and IUCN assessments, Samar Island has the highest
number of CR, EN, VU, OTS, and NT species, while Verde Island Passage in
Batangas has the highest number of Least Concern (LC) species (see Figure 2,3).
The low number of species classified by DAO 2017-11 could be attributed to the
fact that the Philippine red list was out of date, as the listing was made in 2017.
This figure may change if the assessment and listing of threatened species in
the Philippines are completely updated based on recent activities since the
previous assessment.
The island of Samar, where SINP
and GMRPLS are located, has been subjected to anthropogenic pressures such as
timber cutting due to extensive logging, rattan extraction, and kaingin
extraction (clearing of land through slash-and-burn agriculture) (Fernandez et
al. 2020; Obeña et al. 2021; Villanueva et al. 2021a). Mount Cantipla (Cadiz
& Buot 2009), Mount Tabunan (Cadiz & Buot 2010), Mount Lantoy (Lillo et
al. 2019, 2021) forest in Cebu and Verde Island Passage in Batangas (Caringal
et al. 2021) have been harmed by illegal logging and land use change
activities. This is indeed true as also reported in several studies (Dirzo
& Raven 2003; Rodrigues et al. 2006; Wright 2010; Croteau & Mott 2011).
A variety of human activities, including habitat destruction, logging
operations, shifting cultivation, fragmentation and degradation, pollution, the
introduction of non-native species, and over-exploitation resulting from the
conversion of natural vegetation such as forests into other uses amidst
aggravating climate change issues, contribute to species endangerment and
eventual local plant extinctions in the tropics. Many dipterocarp species, for
instance, are particularly vulnerable in Southeast Asia because they play a
unique role in forest ecology and are highly valued for their timber (Ashton
& Kettle 2012; Maycock et al. 2012), and hence, are prone to exploitation
through overharvesting (Sodhi et al. 2004; Fernando et al. 2015; McKinney
1997). If these anthropogenic threats are not mitigated and prevented, the
number of woody plant species will decline and likely become extinct in the future.
In fact, Koh et al. (2004) predicted that 6,300 species would become endangered
if their host species become extinct. This is critical in the context of our
forests over limestone not only those in Samar Island and the entire
Philippines, but throughout the tropics. The ecosystem is already in severe
stress due to microhabitat agroclimatic challenges, thus, if other
anthropogenic disturbances occur, growth and survival of indigenous and endemic
flora as well as fauna will be negatively affected. Also, these activities
could have serious consequences on the livelihood of the local people who rely
on them.
Unfortunately, the decline in
number of some threatened woody plant species from various locations throughout
the country has not yet been documented for inclusion in the Philippine red
list or the IUCN. With 95% of plant species yet to be assessed on a global
scale, new approaches to conservation assessment are urgently needed (Lughadha
et al. 2005; Krupnick et al. 2009; Schatz 2009; Miller et al. 2012).
Notes on some threatened species
in forests over limestone with economic importance
Agathis philippinensis Warb.
Agathis philippinensis, commonly known as almaciga, can
be found in the Philippines, Moluccas and Sulawesi. It is tapped and produces
high quality of resin commercially known as Manila copal, which is used as raw
material for varnish, lacquer, paper paint driers, linoleum, and ink, among
others (Brown 1921; Samiano & Ella 2014). Due to the current high market
demand for resin, sustained pressure from logging and resin collection, as well
as unsustainable tapping methods, has contributed to declining populations of A.
philippinensis in the Philippines (Jose 2018).
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11).
Antirhea livida Elmer
Antirhea livida is an endemic found in Luzon and
Mindanao. Based on the IUCN (2022) assessment, this species will continue to
decline due to the habitat-threatening effects of commodity-driven
deforestation, shifting agriculture, urbanization, and losses from forest
plantations and natural forest harvesting. Despite having a relatively large
distribution, the species is still classified as Vulnerable due to its limited
number of locations, small area of occupancy (AOO) value, and current threats
to population and habitat quality. As such, immediate and active conservation
measures must be considered to prevent the species from being pushed into a
more threatened category in the future (IUCN 2022).
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Ridl.
Aquilaria cumingiana is a shrub or small tree
which is found in the Philippines and Indonesia. A. cumingiana most
famous product is agarwood, a resin containing heartwood produced from old and
diseased trees (Tawan 2003) that is used for ornamentation, perfume and
aromatic purposes (Swee 2008). Anthropogenic pressure on lowland primary forest
within the range is reducing the amount of available habitat across its range
(Lemmens & Bunyapraphatsara 2003).
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Camptostemon philippinensis
According to the IUCN (2022)
assessment, this species is extremely rare and has a limited and patchy
distribution in Indonesia and the Philippines. Throughout its range, it is
severely threatened by the removal of mangrove areas for fish and shrimp
aquaculture, as well as coastal development. It is estimated that there are
less than 2,500 mature individuals left and there has been a least 30% decline
in mangrove area within this species range since 1980 (one generation
length).
Conservation status: Endangered
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Cinnamomum cebuense Kosterm.
Cinnamomum cebuense is an endemic tree species in the
Philippines. Based on the assessment of IUCN (2022), the population of this
species is expected to continuing declining due to the habitat threatening
effects of commodity-driven deforestation, urbanization, unsustainable farming
practices, and large-scale forestry operations. The species occurs naturally in
Cebu Protected Landscape, providing some passive conservation. However, more
proactive measures (e.g., artificial propagation, reintroduction to
various arboreta in the country) should be implemented to prevent the species
from becoming more threatened in the future.
Conservation status: Endangered
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume
Dipterocarpus gracilisis is native to the Philippines. The
wood of this species is used for general building construction, particularly
for house posts and frames, planking in lighters and ships, flooring, piling,
bridge construction, wharves, and railroad ties (NRMC 1986). Due to continued
deforestation and overexploitation, the DAO 2017-11 and IUCN (2022) classified
this species as Vulnerable. The IUCN (2022) recommended that species harvest
and trade be monitored, that remaining habitat be protected, and that research
into the genetic diversity of the species be conducted.
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe
Dracontomelon dao species according to NRMC (1986),
is used for sliced and rotary veneers, furniture making, cabinet work, tables,
panels, boxes, and matches. Because of logging, kaingin making, and conversion
of low elevation forest to agricultural lands, its ecological status has
depleted.
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11) / Least Concern (IUCN).
Goniothalamus lancifolius Merr.
Goniothalamus lancifolius is an endemic tree. The
species is assessed as endangered in IUCN due to population declines caused by
illegal logging, shifting cultivation and land conversion. It is expected to
decline as a result of these threats (IUCN 2022).
Conservation
status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Guioa discolor Radlk.
Guioa discolor is an endemic tree. Based
on the assessment of IUCN (2022), this species will continue to decline due to
the habitat-threatening effects of commodity-driven deforestation, shifting
agriculture, urbanization, and losses from forest plantation and natural forest
harvesting. Immediate and active conservation measures are needed to keep the
species from becoming more threatened in the future.
Conservation
status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Hopea foxworthyi Elmer
Hopea foxworthyi is endemic. Its wood is used for
general house construction, posts, bridge timber, and other wood applications
that require strength and durability (NRMC 1986).
Conservation status: Critically
Endangered (DAO 2017-11) / Endangered (IUCN).
Hopea philippinensis Dyer
Hopea philippinensis is endemic to the Philippines.
Based on NRMC (1986), this species is used locally for house posts and
temporary railroad ties, but it is not widely used in construction due to its
small size. However, H. philippinensis is depleted as a result of
logging and kaingin making.
Conservation status: Critically
Endangered (DAO 2017-11) / Endangered (IUCN).
Kibatalia puberula Merr.
Kibatalia puberula is endemic to the
Philippines. Based on IUCN (2022) information, K. puberla is restricted
only in Samar and Leyte where it is known from dipterocarp forests or
riverbanks, at elevation ranging from 100 to 250 meters asl. The species has a
small area of occupancy and extent of occurrence, and it is declining due to
threats to its habitat such as unlawful logging, poaching, charcoal making and
firewood collection in Mt. Nacolod. These factors contribute to population
decline of this species.
Conservation status: Endangered
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Litchi chinensis Sonn.
Litchi chinensis is native to the Philippines and
New Guinea. According to Pareek (2016), this species is cultivated commercially
in more than 20 countries. It is a high-value tropical fruit on the
international fruit market (Miranda-Castro 2016). Because it is the best source
of gutta-percha in the Philippines, destructive harvesting of the trees for
gutta-percha in the past has severely eroded population levels (Brown 1920).
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Palaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Villar) S. Vidal
Palaquium luzoniense is a native species in the
Philippines and Sulawesi. The timber constitutes the majority of red nato in
the Philippines. It is used to make furniture and cabinets, cigar boxes, and ship
planking, as well as veneer and plywood. The latex of this species is used to
make gutta-percha (Lemmens 1993).
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Shorea almon Foxw.
Shorea almon is native to the Philippines and
Borneo. The wood of S. almon is used for furniture and interior work of
all kinds, boat planking and decking patterns, and for uses requiring a
moderately hard and comparatively light wood with a beautiful ribbon figure.
This species is in great demand for plywood both of rotary and sliced veneer.
However, S. almon is now depleted due to logging and kaingin making
(NRMC 1986).
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11) / Near Threatened (IUCN).
Shorea astylosa Foxw.
Shorea
astylosa is a
Philippine endemic. It is used for high-grade construction, bridges and
wharves, mine timber and other installations requiring high strength and
durability. However, due to logging and kaingin making, S. astylosa is
now threatened (NRMC 1986).
Conservation status: Critically
Endangered (DAO 2017-11) / Endangered (IUCN).
Shorea contorta Vidal
Shorea contorta is a Philippine endemic.
According to NRMC (1986), the wood of this species is used for general
construction, veneer, hardboard and plywood making, and cabinet and furniture
making. S. contorta is now depleted due to logging and kaingin making.
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11) / Least Concern (IUCN).
Shorea malibato Foxw.
Shorea malibato is endemic to the Philippines.
This species as stated in NRMC (1986), this species is primarily used in
permanent and general construction, ship framing, wharves, railroad ties, and
other applications requiring strength and durability. S. malibato is now
under threat due to logging and kaingin making.
Conservation status: Critically
Endangered (DAO 2017-11) / Vulnerable (IUCN).
Shorea negrosensis Foxw.
Shorea negrosensis is an endemic tree. It is
commonly used for furniture and cabinet work of all kinds, veneer, hardboard
and plywood, sash and millwork, boat planking and decking, and general building
construction. However, the ecological status of this species is depleted due to
logging and kaingin making (NRMC 1986).
Conservation status: Vulnerable
(DAO 2017-11) / Least Concern (IUCN).
Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook.f.
Tectona philippinensis is endemic to the
Philippines. It is restricted only in coastal forests, littoral cliffs, and
inland limestone ridges. This species is highly threatened due to its habitat
preference, which is vulnerable to land conversion and development. It is also
harvested for its timber and used to make fuelwood and charcoal (IUCN 2022).
Conservation status: Endangered
(DAO 2017-11 & IUCN).
Vitex parviflora Juss.
Vitex parviflora can be found throughout the
Philippines. This wood of this species is used for construction work that
requires strength and durability, such as railroad ties, bridge posts, etc. Its
ecological status is depleted due to logging and kaingin making (NRMC 1986).
Conservation status: Endangered
(DAO 2017-11) / Least Concern (IUCN).
Framework for sustainable
conservation of threatened taxa
We developed and are proposing a
framework for sustainable conservation of forests over limestone threatened
species (Figure 5) to arrest their continuous decline. The framework
illustrates an integrated practice of in situ and ex situ conservation
strategies supportive of enhanced onsite protection and plant reintroduction
(Buot 2008a,b,c; Kawelo et al. 2012; Miller et al. 2016; Tobias et al. 2021).
If implemented with the aid of community participation, localized and national
policy implementation, this could help save the species from extinction.
The framework emphasizes the
enhancement of the ecosystem structure, function, and processes through
practical and locally doable in situ and ex situ strategies. The integrity of
the ecosystems rests in having a rich species composition and diversity
(structure) and stable and dynamic ecosystem function and processes
(Sulistiyowati & Buot 2013, 2016, 2020; Sulistiyowati et al. 2017). In situ
strategy via the protected area systems, remain the country’s best hope for
preserving plant biodiversity and genetic resources onsite (Fernando et al.
2015), such as those found in some areas in Samar Island forests over limestone
and many other types of forests in the country (e.g., Cebu’s Mounts Tabunan,
Cantipla, Lantoy) and in other parts of the world. There are still large tracts
of forests over limestone which are not yet covered by national or even local
protection (e.g., in GMRPLS).
Ex situ strategy, on the other
hand, can be used to preserve groups of species that have experienced rapid
declines as a result of anthropogenic activities, especially land use
conversion. This conservation strategy can take the form of cultivation in
botanic gardens and gene banks, nursery propagation, backyard gardening (Tobias
et al. 2021), and establishment of forest groves and patches, to name a few.
These forms of ex situ strategy will ensure the preservation of the species
gene pool and can be used in reforestation and reintroduction in the natural
habitat.
Some enabling mechanisms are
critical for the framework to be a success. In Figure 8, enabling mechanisms
are divided into two columns. The left side enumerates the usual enabling
strategies which have failed in many instances in the past. In this proposed
framework, we included a PLUS (+) sign to illustrate the importance of the
second column. As usual, there should be livelihood opportunities for the
community (DENR-PAWB et al. 2003). The economic currency is of utmost
importance for the community to understand the ecological contexts of
conservation of the forests over limestone. Then, local community motivation is
essential to participate in conservation strategies because success and failure
of any task, is largely dependent on local people (Toit 2002), the empowered
local people (Mathur 1997). Alongside this, there should be sustained forest
conservation advocacy and the availability of appropriate community education
and public awareness (CEPA) materials (Tolentino et al. 2019; Buot 2020; Buot
& Buhay 2022). Additionally, coupled with localized conservation policies
(Villanueva & Buot 2020) and national executive orders (Chanthavong &
Buot 2019; Betts et al. 2020; Buot & Buhay 2022), we are positive to have a
good enabling mechanism for conservation of threatened taxa.
The aforementioned had been done
in the past and yet, we still are struggling to stop escalating depletion of
plant resources leading to extinction. Hence, we thought of adding the second
column of the Enabling Mechanism in Figure 5. We emphasize the PLUS sign (+).
We envision the need for passionate leadership examples, sincere efforts of the
local government units and a highly motivated local community to attain success
in our conservation efforts. The success of these conservation strategies and
initiatives is dependent on the extent and dedicated engagement of the
innovator with the local government unit and the community members, themselves.
The change agent/innovator should have the passion and sincere intentions to
earn community’s trust and attention.
Conclusion
and Recommendation
The findings of the study
revealed that 40.81% of the threatened species found in forests over limestone
in SINP, GMRPLS, Mt. Lantoy, Tabunan, Cantipla forest, and Verde Island Passage
are indigenous and endemic to the Philippines. These species are primarily
threatened by natural (typhoons, landslides, climate change) and anthropogenic
activities such as unlawful logging and land conversion. There is an urgent
need to address the steady increase in the number of these endangered species
in recognition of their critical role in ecosystem structure and processes that
would keep the integrity of the forests over limestone ecosystems in the
country and in the world. A framework has been suggested in this paper to stop
the continued species loss by integrating in situ and ex situ conservation
strategies along with enabling mechanisms like enhancing livelihood, community
awareness and participation to name a few, in order to stabilize species
richness and diversity and hence, ecosystem function, processes, and dynamics.
These will lead to the overall conservation of forests over limestone ecosystems,
and hence, sustaining the life of the community in the vicinities through the
sustained provision of ecosystem services.
The findings of this study will
help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by protecting and
conserving biodiversity, promoting, and sustainably managing resources, and
preventing human pressures in forests over limestone in the Philippines.
Table 1. List of threatened woody
plant species in forests over limestone in the Philippines.
|
|
Family & scientific name |
Common name |
Location |
Endemicity |
Conservation status |
References |
|
|
DAO 2017-11 |
IUCN |
||||||
|
1 |
Achariaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hydnocarpus subfalcatus Merr. |
Damol, Ngeret |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
2 |
Anacardiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr.
& Rolfe |
Dao |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
VU |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Mangifera altissima Blanco |
Paho |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Endemic |
VU |
DD |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Mangifera monandra Merr. |
Malapaho, Malipajo |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
NT |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
3 |
Annonaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annona squamosa L. |
Sugar Apple, Atis |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
- |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Goniothalamus elmeri Merr. |
Lanutan |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Goniothalamus lancifolius Merr. |
Monat |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
EN |
EN |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Orophea cumingiana S. Vidal |
Amúnat, Karasákat, Lobanti |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
OTS |
NT |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
4 |
Apocynaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alstonia macrophylla Wall. Ex DC. |
Batino, Devil Tree |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. |
Dita |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Fernandez et al. (2020) |
|
|
Kibatalia merrilliana Woodson |
Merrill Pasnit |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
EN |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Kibatalia puberula Merr. |
Pasnit-mabolo |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
EN |
EN |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. |
Banana Bush, Pandakaki |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. |
Bayag-usa, Testicle Tree,
Alibutbut |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Wrightia pubescens R. Brown subsp.
Laniti (Vidal) Ngan |
Lanete |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
5 |
Araliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Osmoxylon serratifolium (Elmer) Philipson |
- |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Cadiz & Buot (2009, 2010) |
|
|
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. |
Malapapaya |
Paranas, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
6 |
Araucariaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agathis philippinensis Warb. |
Almaciga |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
VU |
- |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
7 |
Arecaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Caryota rumphiana Mart. |
Pugahan |
Calicoan, Guiuan; Paranas,
Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Fernandez et al. (2020);
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Heterospathe intermedia (Becc.) Fernando |
Banga, Marighoi |
Calicoan, Guiuan; Taft, Eastern
Samar; Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Fernandez et al. (2020); Obeña
et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl. Syn.
Filamentosum Blume. |
Anibong |
Paranas, Samar |
Native |
VU |
- |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume |
Anahaw |
Calicoan, Guiuan; Taft, Eastern
Samar |
Native |
OTS |
- |
Fernandez et al. (2020); Obeña
et al. (2021) |
|
8 |
Bignoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seem. Syn.
R. Quadripinnata |
Banaybanay |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
9 |
Boraginaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cordia dichotoma Forst.f. |
Anonang, Soap Berry |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
10 |
Burseraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Canarium hirsutum Willd. |
Milipili, Dulit |
Cantipla, Cebu; Paranas, Samar;
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz
& Buot (2009); Quimio (2016); Villanueva et al. (2021a, b) |
|
|
Canarium ovatum Engl. |
Pili |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
OTS |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Garuga floribunda Decne var.
Floribunda |
Bogo, Kedondong |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
11 |
Calophyllaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Calophyllum soulattri Burm. F. |
Pamintaogon |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan; Taft, Eastern Samar; Paranas, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Fernandez et al. (2020); Obeña et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
12 |
Cannabaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Celtis philippensis Blanco |
Malaiino; Celtis, Malaikmo,
Magabuyo |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume |
Andrarezina |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
13 |
Capparidaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crateva religiosa Forst. F. |
Balay-lamok |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
14 |
Casuarinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L. Johnson |
Agoho del Monte, Mountain Agoho |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu; Paranas,
Samar |
Native |
OTS |
- |
Lillo et al. (2019), Villanueva
et al. (2021a) |
|
15 |
Clusiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Garcinia rubra Merr. |
Kamandiis |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
NT |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
16 |
Combretaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe |
Malakalumpit |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Terminalia catappa Linn. |
Talisay |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
17 |
Cycadaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cycas riuminiana Regel |
Pitogo, Bayit |
Taft, Eastern Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
EN |
Obeña et al. (2021) |
|
18 |
Dilleniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe |
Katmon |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
NT |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
19 |
Dipterocarpaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume |
Panau |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
VU |
VU |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Hopea foxworthyi Elmer |
Dalingdingan |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
CR |
EN |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Hopea malibato Foxw. |
Yakal-kaliot |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
CR |
VU |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Hopea philippinensis Dyer |
Gisok-gisok, Gisok |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Taft,
Eastern Samar, Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
CR |
EN |
Cadiz & Buot (2010); Obeña
et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Hopea quisumbingiana Gutierrez |
Quisumbing Gisok |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
CR |
EN |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Hopea samarensis Gutierrez |
Samar Gisok |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
CR |
EN |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr. |
Bagtikan |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Shorea almon Foxw. |
Almon |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
VU |
NT |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Shorea astylosa Foxw. |
Yakal |
Calicoan, Guiuan; Taft, Eastern
Samar; Paranas, Samar; Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
CR |
EN |
Quimio (2016); Fernandez et al.
(2020); Obeña et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a, b) |
|
|
Shorea contorta Vidal |
White Lauan, Lawaan na Puti |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Parana,
Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Shorea falciferoides Foxw. [= Shorea
gisok Foxw.] |
Yakal-yamban |
Paranas, Samar |
Native |
VU |
CR |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Shorea malibato Foxw. |
Yakal-malibato |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
CR |
VU |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Shorea negrosensis Foxw. |
Red Lauan, Takuban |
Calicoan, Guiuan; Taft, Eastern
Samar; Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
LC |
Fernandez et al. (2020); Obeña
et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. |
Tanguile |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu; Basey,
Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Lillo et al.
(2019); Villanueva et al. (2021b) |
|
|
Shorea squamata (Turcz.) Dyer ex S.
Vidal |
Mayapis |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
20 |
Ebenaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diospyros bulusanensis Elmer syn. D.
Philippinensis |
Baganito, Oi-oi |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
VU |
NT |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Diospyros discolor Willd. [= D.blancoi
A.DC] |
Kamagong |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Taft,
Eastern Samar, Paranas, Samar |
Native |
VU |
- |
Cadiz & Buot (2010); Obeña
et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. |
Batulinaw |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
VU |
- |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Diospyros longiciliata Merr. |
Itom-itom |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Endemic |
CR |
EN |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
|
Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco |
Bolong-eta |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Native |
VU |
- |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
|
Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. |
Anang |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Native |
VU |
LC |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
21 |
Elaeocarpaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elaeocarpus fulvus Elmer |
Lanauting-dilau |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
22 |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Blumeodendron kurzii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm.
Ex Koord. & Valeton [= Blumeodendron philippinense Merr. &
Rolfe.] |
Salngan |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Basey,
Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010); Quimio
(2016); Villanueva et al. (2021b) |
|
|
Drypetes globosa (Merr.) Pax &
K. Hoffm. |
Kalugkugan, Bato-bato |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C.B. Rob. |
Iba-ibaan |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Hancea cordatifolia (Slik)
S.E.C.Sierra, Kulju & Welzen [=Mallotus cordatifolius Slik] |
- |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
CR |
Slik (1988); Slik and van
Welzen (2001); Villanueva et al. (2021b) |
|
|
Hancea wenzeliana (Slik)
S.E.C.Sierra, Kulju & Welzen |
Apanang |
Calicoan, Guiuan; Paranas,
Samar; Taft, Eastern Samar |
Endemic |
- |
CR |
Fernandez et al. (2020); Obeña
et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a); |
|
|
Macaranga bicolor Müll.Arg. |
Pailig, Amilik, Baranti,
Bagambang |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr. |
Takip-asin |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
VU |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Macaranga hispida (Blume) Müll.Arg. |
Lagapak |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg. |
Minunga, Binunga |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Fernandez et al. (2020) |
|
|
Mallotus cumingii Muell. –Arg |
Apanang |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Basey,
Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010); Quimio
(2016); Villanueva et al. (2021) |
|
|
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell-Ang |
Kamala Tree, Banato |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. Ex. Blume)
Rchb. F. & Zoll. |
Alim |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Verde
Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Neoscortechinia arborea (Elmer) Pax &
K.Hoffm. Syn. N. Nicobarica (Hook.f.) Pax & Hoffm |
Magong |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Neoscortechinia parvifolia (Merr.) Merr. Syn.
N. Philippinensis (Merr.) |
Magon-liitan |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Tritaxis ixoroides (C.B.Rob.) R.Y.Yu
& Welzen |
Agindulong |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
23 |
Fabaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Syn.
Vachellia farnesiana |
Aroma |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
- |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Acacia mangium Willd. |
Mangium |
Cantipla, Cebu |
- |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Adenanthera intermedia Merr. |
Tanglin |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Endemic |
OTS |
VU |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
|
Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vidal |
Tindalo |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Native |
EN |
- |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
|
Albizia philippinensis Nielsen |
Unik |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. |
White Siris |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. |
Salingkugi |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I. C.
Nielsen |
Alobahay, Inep |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. |
Alibangbang |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Cassia spectabilis L. |
Antsoan-dilau |
Cantipla, Cebu |
- |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Cynometra cebuensis F.Seid. |
Nipot-nipot |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Endemic |
CR |
- |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
|
Cynometra copelandii (Elmer) Elmer |
Matolog |
Mount Taburan, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
CR |
Cadiz and Buot (2010) |
|
|
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex
Walp. |
Madre de Cacao |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
- |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze |
Ipil |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Native |
VU |
NT |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
|
Tamarindus indica Linn. |
Tamarind, Sampalok |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
- |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. |
Banuyo, Salonggigi |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan, Taft, Eastern Samar; Paranas, Samar |
Native |
VU |
- |
Lillo et al. (2019); Fernandez
et al. (2020); Obeña et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
24 |
Fagaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lithocarpus celebicus (Miq.) Rehder [= Lithocarpus
llanosii (A.DC.) Rehder] |
Ulaian |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
25 |
Gesneriaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh. |
Tikoko |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
26 |
Gnetaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gnetum gnemon L. |
Bago |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan; Taft, Eastern Samar; Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010); Quimio
(2016); Fernandez et al. (2020); Obeña et al. (2021); Villanueva et al.
(2021b) |
|
27 |
Hypericaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume subsp.
Sumatranum |
Kansilay, Guyong-guyong |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
28 |
Icacinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stemonurus gitingensis (Elmer) Sleumer |
Tugbak |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
29 |
Lamiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Callicarpa erioclona Schauer |
Tambalabasi |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Gmelina arborea Roxb. |
Gmelina |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
- |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Premna congesta Merr. Syn. P.serratifolia
L. |
Alakaag |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl |
Jamaica Vervain |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
- |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Tectona philippinensis Benth. &
Hook.f. |
Philippine Teak |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Endemic |
EN |
EN |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Vitex parviflora Juss. |
Molave |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu; Verde
Island, Batangas |
Native |
EN |
LC |
Lillo et al. (2019); Caringal
et al. (2021) |
|
|
Vitex quinata (Lour.) F.N.
Williams |
Kalipapa Sau, kulipapa,
Hamulawen |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Vitex turczaninowii Merr. Syn. Viticipremna
philippinensis (Turcz.) H.J. Lam. |
Lingo-lingo |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Parana,
Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
30 |
Lauraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alseodaphne malabonga (Blanco) Kosterm.
Syn. Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Blume) |
Malabunga, Yaban |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Cinnamomum cebuense Kosterm. |
Kaningag, Cebu Kalingag |
Cantipla, Cebu; Mount Lantoy,
Cebu |
Endemic |
EN |
EN |
Cadiz & Buot (2009); Lillo
et al. (2019) |
|
|
Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal |
Mercadoi, Kalingag |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu; Basey,
Samar |
Endemic |
OTS |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Lillo et al.
(2019); Villanueva et al. (2021b) |
|
|
Cryptocarya ampla Merr. |
Bagarilau |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Endemic |
VU |
LC |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
|
Dehaasia triandra Merr. Syn. D.
Incrassata (Jack) Nees |
Makuhay |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Litsea tomentosa Blume |
Bakan-mabolo |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
31 |
Malvaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bombax ceiba DC. |
Malabulak, Red Silk Cottontree |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Camptostemon philippinensis (S. Vidal) Becc. |
Gapas-gapas, Dandulit |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
EN |
EN |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Colona serratifolia Cav. |
Anilao |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Kleinhovia hospita Linn. |
Tan-ag |
Paranas, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. |
Taluto |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume |
Bayo, Bayok |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Thespesia populnea (Linn.) Soland. Ex
Correa |
Banalo, Portia Tree |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Urena lobata L. |
Dalupang, Kulotan, Caesar Weed |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
- |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
32 |
Marantaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phrynium minutiflorum Suksathan &
Borchs. |
Hagikhik (Bicol-Catanduanes) |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
- |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
33 |
Meliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aglaia lawii (Wight) Saldanha
& Ramamoorty |
Talisayan, Aglaia |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. |
Balubar, Bayanti |
Paranas, Samar |
Native |
OTS |
NT |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Chisocheton cumingianus Harms |
Balukang, Balukanag |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Melia azedarach Linn. |
Bagalunga, Chinaberry |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Sandoricum vidalii Merr. |
Malasantol |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
34 |
Moraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Artocarpus blancoi (Elm.) Merr. |
Antipolo |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Fernandez et al. (2020) |
|
|
Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco |
Marang |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
- |
- |
NT |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb. |
Tugop, Kalulot |
Calicoan, Guiuan; Taft, Eastern
Samar; Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
OTS |
- |
Fernandez et al. (2020); Obeña
et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Ficus ampelas Burm.f. |
Upling-gubat |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan; Paranas, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Fernandez et al. (2020); Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Ficus congesta Roxb. |
Malatibig |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Ficus drupacea Thunb. Var.
Drupacea |
Payapa, Nonok, Brown Woolly Fig |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Ficus linearifolia Elmer |
Tabog |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Ficus minahassae (De Vriese &
Teijsm.) Miq. |
Hagimit |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Cadiz and Buot (2010);
Fernandez et al. (2020) |
|
|
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. |
Tibig |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. |
Pakiling |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Ficus septica Burm. F. |
Hawili, Labnog |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Ficus stipulosa Miq. Syn. F.
Caulocarpa (Miq.) |
Dalakit |
Calicoan, Guiuan |
Native |
- |
LC |
Fernandez et al. (2020) |
|
|
Ficus sumatrana Mig. Var. Microsyce
Corner |
Baleteng-ibon, Baleteng-liitan |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Ficus ulmifolia Lam |
Is-is |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Ficus variegata Blume |
Tangisang Bayawak |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010);
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Streblus asper Lour. |
Kalios |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Streblus ilicifolius (Vid.) Corner
syn. Taxotrophis ilicifolia |
Kuyos-kuyos |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
35 |
Myricaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Morella javanica (Blume) I.M.Turner
[=Myrica javanica Blume] |
Hindang |
Basey, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
36 |
Myristicaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Horsfieldia ardisiifolia (A.DC.) Warb. |
Dagoan, Tigan-tigan |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Horsfieldia samarensis W.J.de Wilde |
Samar Yabnob |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
CR |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Knema stellata ssp. Stellata |
Durogo, Panigan |
Paranas, Samar |
Native |
- |
VU |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Myristica agusanensis Elmer |
Agusan Duguan |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
NT |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Myristica laevis subsp. Laevis de
Wilde |
- |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
de Wilde (1997); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Myristica philippinensis Gand. |
Duguan |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
OTS |
- |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Myristica pilosigemma W.J.de Wilde |
- |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
OTS |
CR |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
37 |
Myrsinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Discocalyx euphlebia Merr. |
Dikai-dikaian |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
38 |
Myrtaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eugenia tulanan Merr. [= Jossinia
tulanan (Merr.) Merr.] |
Tulanan |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Psidium guajava L. |
Guava |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
- |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Syzygium mindorense (C.B.Rob.) Merr |
Butor |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Syzygium hutchinsonii (C.B. Robinson)
Merr. |
Malatambis |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
CR |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Syzygium striatulum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. |
Malaruhat Sapa |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Syzygium trianthum (Merr.) Merr. |
Tubal |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Tristania micrantha Merr. |
Tiga |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wilson
& Waterhouse |
Malabayabas |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Endemic |
VU |
LC |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
39 |
Opiliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Champereia manillana Blume |
Garimo, Liyong-liyong |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
40 |
Phyllanthaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Var. Ghaesembilla |
Binayuyo |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.
Syn. A. Montanum Blume |
Bignai-pogo |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Breynia cernua (Poir.)
Muell.-Arg. |
Matang-ulang |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. F.) |
Matang-hipon |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Bridelia glauca Blume |
Anislag |
Calicoan, Samar; Paranas, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Fernandez et al. (2020);
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
41 |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Antherostele grandistipula |
Kurudan |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
EN |
VU |
Obico & Alejandro (2013);
Villanueva et al. (2021b) |
|
|
Antherostele samarensis Obico &
Alejandro |
|
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
CR |
- |
Obico & Alejandro (2013);
Villanueva et al. (2021b) |
|
|
Antirhea livida Elmer |
Lumangog |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
VU |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
|
Atractocarpus obscurinervius (Merr.) Puttock |
Kalanigi |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
CR |
VU |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Dolicholobium philippinense Trenteuse |
- |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
NT |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Guettarda speciosa Linn. |
Banaro |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Mussaenda philippica A. Rich |
Kahoy-dalaga |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Neonauclea formicaria Elm. |
Hambabalud, Ambabalod |
Calicoan, Guiuan; Paranas,
Samar; Taft, Eastern Samar; Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Quimio (2016); Fernandez et al.
(2020); Obeña et al. (2021); Villanueva et al. (2021a, b) |
|
|
Tarenna littoralis Merr. Syn. Coptosperma
littorale |
Bosiling-dagat |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Endemic |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Timonius appendiculatus Merr. |
Upong-upong, Pututan |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
VU |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
42 |
Rutaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lunasia amara Blanco |
Lunas |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
43 |
Sapindaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dimocarpus foveolatus (Radlk.) Leenh |
Mahugis,Pamirigin |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Dimocarpus longan Lour. Ssp.
Longan var. Malesianus |
Alupag Lalaki, Longan Tree |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
- |
- |
NT |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacquin |
Kalapinay |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Elattostachys verrucosa (Blume) Radlk. |
Baniwi |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Gloeocarpus patentivalvis (Radlk.) Radlk. |
Tamaho, Igiw |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
EN |
NT |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Guioa discolor Radlk. |
Alahan-puti |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
VU |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. |
Puwas, Uwas |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
|
Litchi chinensis Sonn. Subsp. Philippinensis
(Radlk.) Leenh |
Alupag |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu |
Native |
VU |
VU |
Lillo et al. (2019) |
|
|
Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh. |
Linawnaw |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
|
Pometia pinnata Forst. |
Malugay-liitan |
Mount Tabunan, Cebu |
Native |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2010) |
|
44 |
Sapotaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Manilkara fasciculata (Warb.)
H.J.Lam & Maas Geest. |
Patsaragon |
Taft, Eastern Samar; Paranas,
Eastern Samar |
Native |
- |
VU |
Obeña et al. (2021); Villanueva
et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Mimusops parvifolia R. Br. Syn. M.
Elengi L. |
Bansalagin |
Cantipla, Cebu |
- |
- |
LC |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. |
Alakaak-tilos |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Palaquium elongatum Merr. |
Long-leaved Nato |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
EN |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Palaquium gigantifolium Merr. |
Alakaak, Alaka |
Cantipla, Cebu |
Endemic |
- |
NT |
Cadiz & Buot (2009) |
|
|
Palaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Villar) S.
Vidal |
Nato |
Mount Lantoy, Cebu; Calicoan,
Guiuan; Basey, Samar |
Native |
VU |
VU |
Quimo (2016); Lillo et al.
(2019); Fernandez et al. (2020); Villanueva et al. (2021b) |
|
|
Planchonella velutina (Elmer) H.J.Lam [=
Pouteria velutina (Elmer) Baehni] |
Amahit, Wakatan |
Basey, Samar |
Endemic |
- |
NT |
Quimio (2016); Villanueva et
al. (2021b) |
|
45 |
Simaroubaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Harrisonia perforata (Blco.) Merr. |
Mamikil, Laiya |
Verde Island Passage, Batangas |
Native |
- |
LC |
Caringal et al. (2021) |
|
46 |
Stemonuraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gomphandra fernandoi Schori &
Utteridge |
Fernando Mabunot |
Paranas, Samar |
Endemic |
VU |
VU |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
|
Gomphandra mappioides Valeton |
- |
Paranas, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
47 |
Thymelaeaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Ridl. |
Butlo, Lapnisan, Agar |
Calicoan, Samar; Paranas, Samar |
Native |
VU |
VU |
Fernandez et al. (2020);
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
|
48 |
Urticaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oreocnide rubescens (Blume) Miq. |
Lingatong, Kalulit |
Paranas, Samar |
Native |
- |
LC |
Villanueva et al. (2021a) |
Conservation status:
CD—Conservation Dependent | DD—Data Deficient | OT—Other Threatened Species |
LC—Least Concern | VU—Vulnerable | EN-—Endangered | CR—Critically Endangered |
NT—Near Threatened).
For figures &
images - - click here for full PDF
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