Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2023 | 15(5): 23248–23256
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8111.15.5.23248-23256
#8111 | Received 22 July 2022 | Final
received 30 March 2023 | Finally accepted 12 April 2023
New distribution records of polyporoid fungi (Agaricomycetes:
Basidiomycota) from India
Avneet Kaur 1, Avneet Pal Singh 2, Saroj Arora 3, Ellu Ram 4, Harpreet Kaur 5 & Gurpaul
Singh Dhingra 6
1,2,4,5,6 Department of
Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
3 Department of
Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar,
Punjab 143005, India.
1 avneetmakkar95@gmail.com,
2 avneetbot@gmail.com (corresponding author), 3 sarojarora.gndu@gmail.com,
4 ellukashyap665@gmail.com, 5 harpreetkaur153@gmail.com 6
dhingragurpaul@gmail.com
Editor: Kiran Ramchandra Ranadive, Annasaheb Magar Mahavidyalaya,
Hadapsar, India. Date of
publication: 26 May 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Kaur, A., A.P. Singh, S. Arora, E. Ram, H. Kaur &
G.S. Dhingra (2023).
New distribution records of polyporoid fungi
(Agaricomycetes: Basidiomycota) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(5): 23248–23256. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8111.15.5.23248-23256
Copyright: © Kaur et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: University Grants Commission, New Delhi financial assistance under SAP
DSA Level-1 programme and SERB, DST under FIST Level -1 programme.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Ms. Avneet Kaur is currently
pursuing her PhD degree in the Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab). She has been working on the diversity of polyporoid fungi from Punjab. She has special
interest in antioxidant and anticancer
activity of medicinally
important polyporoid fungi. She
has described more than 50
taxa of polyporoid fungi from
different parts of India. Dr. Avneet Pal Singh
is working as assistant
professor in the Department
of Botany, Punjabi
University, Patiala. His area of specialization
is taxonomy, histo-pathology
and evaluation of wood rotting corticioid and poroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) and has described nearly 300 taxa of these fungi based
on morphological and DNA sequence based molecular phylogenetic studies.
He has described 2 new genera and
22 new species of corticioid and
poroid fungi. Dr. Saroj Arora is working as
professor in Department of Botanical
and Environmental Sciences,
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
(Punjab). She has more than
30 years of experience in
research and development. She
has special interest in metabolomics of medicinal plants, herbal formulations, isolation of natural compounds and their
pharmacological activities against cancer of breast and liver,
diabetes, diabetic wound, hungtington disease, skin diseases, etc. Mr. Ellu Ram
has recently submitted his
PhD thesis on the topic “Mycofloristic
studies o corticioid and poroid fungi of district Kullu (Himachal Pradesh) in Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala
(Punjab). He has thoroughly surveyed
district Kullu for the collections of these fungi described 136 taxa of corticioid and poroid fungi from the study
area including 36 new records for
India. Dr. Harpreet Kaur
has worked on the diversity of pileare poroid fungi from Himachal Pradesh in Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala
(Punjab). She has conducted
exhaustive fungal forays in various districts of Himachal Pradesh and has described 160 taxa of poroid
fungi. She has described a
large of new records for India and
study area. Dr.
Gurpaul Singh Dhingra retired as
professor from Department
of Botany, Punjabi University,
Patiala (Punjab) and has
more than 32 years of
teaching and research experience.
His area of specialization is mycology
and plant pathology with special interest in corticioid
and poroid fungi. He and has described large number of new genera and species
of these fungi form different parts of India. He has worked on the antidiabetic,
CNS and anticancer activity of medicinally important
poroid fungi.
Author contributions: AK has collected and worked out macro and micro-morphological details of poyporoid specimens from different parts of Punjab. She has compiled the technical description and line diagrams of the specimens studied. APS has explored the taxonomic literature for identity of the worked out specimens. He has also contributed to the draft of manuscript and photography of the specimens described presently. SA has contributed to the draft and vetting of the manuscript. ER has worked out and described the polypore specimens collected from Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh based on macro and micro-morphological characters. He has prepared the technical description and plates for identification. HK has collected the described poyporoid specimens from different parts of Himachal Pradesh. She has compiled the morphological characters and line diagrams of the specimens worked out. GSD has vetted the manuscript and confirmed the identification of specimens studied during the course of present studies.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
thankful to Head, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala for
providing necessary laboratory facilities; University Grants Commission, New
Delhi and SERB, DST, New Delhi financial assistance under SAP DSA Level-1 and
FIST Level -1 programme respectively. Mr. Ellu Ram is
thankful to UGC for SRF (UGC ref. no. 2679/CSIR-UGC NET Dec. 2018).
Abstract: A descriptive
account of four polypore species collected from Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and
Union Territory of Chandigarh has been provided. Among these, Fomes dahlii Henn.,
Ganoderma tsunodae
(Yasuda ex Lloyd) Sacc., and Xanthoperenniporia
maackiae (Bondartsev
& Ljub.) B.K.Cui &
Xing, Ji are described as new to India and Ganoderma
tropicum (Jungh.) Bres., as new to Himachal Pradesh and Union Territory of
Chandigarh.
Keywords: Basidiocarp, basidiospores,
clamp connection, Himachal Pradesh, hyphal system, medicinal mushrooms, pileus,
pore, Punjab, white rot.
INTRODUCTION
Polypores or polyporoid fungi represent an artificial assemblage of wood
decaying fungi classified under various orders of Agaricomycetes of Basidiomycota
(Kirk et al. 2008; Mycobank 2023). These fungi are
characteristic in having annual to perennial, resupinate to effused-reflexed to
pileate basidiocarps with gymnocarpic hymenium and poroid hymenophore. Polypores
show remarkable variation with respect to micromorphological features such as
hyphal system, ancillary structures, basidia and basidiospores. These fungi
play vital role in the recycling of carbon due to their ability to degrade
lingo-cellulosic substances of the wood. There are reports in literature about
the use of fructifications of these fungi for curing many diseases (Dai et al.
2007; Song et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2016; Singh et al. 2016).
Keeping in mind the
diverse vegetation and climatic conditions exhaustive fungal forays were
conducted in the different parts of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Union
Territory of Chandigarh. During these forays some interesting polypore
fructifications were collected. Based on details pertaining to macro and
micro-morphological characters and comparison with published literature (Singh
& Bakshi 1961; Singh 1966; Bakshi
1971; Ryvarden & Johansen 1980; Ding 1989; Roy
& De 1996; Leelavathy & Ganesh 2000; Foroutan & Vaidya 2007; Bhosle et al. 2010; Ranadive et
al. 2011; Sharma 2012; Ryvarden & Melo 2014;
Ranadive & Jagtap 2016; Kaur et al. 2017; Brar et
al. 2018; Manoharachary et al. 2022, Vinjusha & Kumar 2022, Index Fungorum
2023; Mycobank 2023) these were identified as Fomes dahlii Henn.,
Ganoderma tropicum
(Jungh.) Bres., G.
tsunodae (Yasuda ex Lloyd) Sacc.
and Xanthoperenniporia maackiae
(Bondartsev & Ljub.)
B.K.Cui & Xing. It is pertinent to mention here
that Fomes dahlii,
Ganoderma tsunodae
and Xanthoperenniporia maackiae are recorded as new to India and Ganoderma tropicum as
new to Himachal Pradesh and Union Territory of Chandigarh.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The polypore
fructifications were collected during the fungal forays executed in various
localities of Himachal Pradesh (28–30 July 2011, 20–23 August 2011, & 02–05
April 2016), Union Territory of Chandigarh (25–28 September 2019 & 07–10
October 2019), and Punjab (15–18 December 2018) (Image 1). The details
pertaining to the type and nature of the fruiting body, colour,
and appearance of abhymenial and hymenial
surface and margins were noted down. The collected specimens were dried in an
electric drier at temperature range of 40–45°C and preserved using
1,4-dichlorobenzene in zip lock bags.
For microscopic details, crush mount and free
hand section preparations were made using 3%, 5%, & 10% KOH solutions,
Congo red (1% in distilled water), Phloxine (1% in
distilled water), Cotton blue (1% in lactophenol), Melzer’s reagent (0.5 g
iodine + 1.5 g KI + 20 g chloral hydrate + 20 ml distilled water), and water.
The outline of different microscopic structures was drawn using compound
microscope at 100x, 400x, and 1000x with the help of camera lucida. The colour
standards are cited as per Kornerup & Wanscher (1978). The identified specimens were submitted to
the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala (PUN).
RESULTS
Fomes dahlii
Henn., Aoshima,
Bull. Tokyo Sci.
Mus., n.s.: 429 (1971). (Image 2)
Macroscopic
characteristics: Fruiting body annual, pileate, pileus up to 16.5 × 13.2 × 1.8
cm, sub-stipitate, solitary, flabelliform; abhymenial
surface laccate, concentrically zonate, rugose,
greyish-brown to reddish-brown to dark brown when fresh, not changing much on
drying; pilear crust very thin, covered with spore
dust; hymenial surface poroid,
whitish when fresh, greyish-white to yellowish-white on drying; pores
suborbicular, 5–7 per mm; dissepiments up to 80 µm wide, entire; context
homogenous, zonate, reddish-brown, up to 10 mm wide; tubes light brown, up to 8
mm in depth; stipe lateral, up to 5 cm long, and 4 cm wide, reddish-brown;
margins acute, reddish-brown on both abhymenial and hymenial side, sterile up to 2.3 mm on hymenial
side.
Microscopic
characteristics: Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, septate,
with clamps, up to 4 µm in width, branched, thin-walled; skeleto-binding hyphae
yellowish-brown to brown, aseptate, up to 6.2 µm in width, branched,
thick-walled, with very narrow lumen; binding hyphae sub hyaline, aseptate, up
to 3.4 µm in width, frequently branched, thick–walled, with wide lumen. Pilear crust irregular hymenioderm;
cuticular elements sub clavate, thick-walled, yellowish-brown to brown, 42.6–60
× 9.6–10.2 µm, sometimes lobate. Basidia
clavate to sub clavate, 14.2–15.3 × 5.1–5.7 µm, with basal clamp, tetrasterigmate; sterigmata up to 3.4 µm long.
Basidiospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 9.0–13.6 × 6.2–9.6 µm, uniguttulate, truncate at non apiculate end, bitunicate,
exospore thin, subhyaline, smooth, endospore thick, brownish, echinulate,
tunics connected by inter-wall pillars, inamyloid, acyanophilous.
Collection examined.
India, Union Territory of Chandigarh, Lake Reserve Forest, on an angiospermous
stump, Avneet 11171 (PUN), 08 October 2019.
Remarks: This species
is peculiar in having laccate fruiting body,
homogenous context and irregular hymenioderm and
causes white rot of angiospermous wood (Ryvarden
& Melo 2014). Ding (1989) described it as Ganoderma
dahlii from China, Philippines and other parts of
tropical and subtropical Asia. Presently it is described as Fomes
dahlii following Mycobank
(2023) and is a new record for India.
Ganoderma tropicum (Jungh.)
Bres.,
Annales Mycologici 8(6): 586 (1910) – Polyporus
tropicus Jungh., Praemissa in floram cryptogamicam Javae insulae: 63
(1838). (Image 3)
Macroscopic
characteristics: Fruiting body annual, pileate, pileus up to 5.8 × 6 × 1 cm,
stipitate, solitary, sub-reniform, sub-flabelliform; abhymenial
surface weakly laccate, more or less non laccate towards the margins, faintly zonate,
yellowish-brown to reddish-brown when fresh, brownish-orange to violet brown on
drying; pilear crust very thin; hymenial
surface poroid, whitish when fresh, greyish-white to
pale grey on drying; pores round to angular, 4–6 per mm; dissepiments up to 90
µm wide, entire; context homogenous, zonate, brown, up to 6 mm wide; tubes
light brown to brown, up to 3 mm in depth; stipe lateral, up to 3.2 cm long,
and 2.2 cm wide, violet brown; margins obtuse, brownish orange on abhymenial side and pale grey on hymenial
side, sterile up to 3 mm on hymenial side.
Microscopic
characteristics: Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, septate,
with clamps, up to 3.4 µm in width, branched, thin-walled; skeleto-binding
hyphae yellowish-brown to brown, aseptate, up to 4.5 µm in width, branched,
thick-walled, with very narrow lumen; binding hyphae subhyaline, aseptate, up
to 3.1 µm in width, frequently branched, thick-walled, with wide lumen. Pilear crust regular hymenioderm;
cuticular elements sub clavate, thick–walled, yellowish-brown to brown, 35.5–53
× 7.9–8.6 µm. Basidia not seen. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 7.3–9.6 × 4.5–6.8 µm,
truncate at non apiculate end, bitunicate, exospore thin, subhyaline, smooth,
endospore thick, brownish, echinulate, tunics connected by inter–wall pillars,
inamyloid, acyanophilous.
Collections examined:
India, Himachal Pradesh: Bilaspur, Bassi, on
angiospermous stump, Harpreet 5283 (PUN), 30 July 2011; Union Territory of
Chandigarh, Lake Reserve Forest, on angiospermous stump, Avneet
11172 (PUN), 08 October 2019.
Remarks: This species
is characteristic in having weakly laccate fruiting
body, regular hymenioderm and smaller basidiospores.
It is also reported to cause white rot of hard woods (Ryvarden
& Melo 2014). Previously, Vinjusha & Kumar
(2022) described it from different localities of Kerala. However, it being
described for the first time from Himachal Pradesh and Union Territory of
Chandigarh.
Ganoderma tsunodae (Yasuda ex Lloyd) Sacc.,
Sylloge Fungorum
23: 139 (1925) – Polyporus tsunodae
Yasuda ex Lloyd, Mycological Writings 5(55): 792 (1918). (Image 4)
Macroscopic
characteristics: Fruiting body annual, pileate, pileus up to 10 × 7.5 × 4.5 cm,
sessile, solitary, somewhat fleshy, applanate; abhymenial
surface non-laccate, pale yellow to light orange when
fresh, not changing much on drying; hymenial surface poroid, greyish-brown to light brown when fresh, not
changing much on drying; pores suborbicular, 3–4 per mm; dissepiments up to 100
µm wide, lacerate; context homogenous, yellowish-white, up to 3 mm wide; tubes
greyish-brown, up to 1.4 mm in depth; margins obtuse, pale yellow on both abhymenial on hymenial side,
sterile up to 1 mm on hymenial side.
Microscopic
characteristics: Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, septate,
with clamps, up to 3.4 µm in width, branched, thin-walled; skeleto-binding
hyphae yellowish-brown to brown, aseptate, up to 5 µm in width, branched,
thick-walled, with very narrow lumen; binding hyphae sub hyaline, aseptate, up
to 4 µm in width, frequently branched, thick-walled, with wide lumen. Pilear surface composed of agglutinated generative and
skeletal hyphae. Basidia not seen. Basidiospores ovoid to broadly ellipsoid,
12.2–18.2 × 7.9–11.1 µm, uniguttulate, truncate at
non apiculate end, bitunicate, exospore thin, subhyaline, smooth, endospore
thick, brownish, echinulate, tunics connected by inter-wall pillars, inamyloid,
acyanophilous.
Collections examined:
India, Himachal Pradesh: Bilaspur, Manjari, on dried
tree of Dalbergia sissoo,
Harpreet 5566 (PUN), 22 August 2011; Punjab: Hoshiarpur, Dasuya
Forest Division, on Mangifera indica, Avneet 11173 (PUN),
18 December 2018.
Remarks: It is
characteristic in having non laccate fruiting body
and comparatively larger basidiospores. It is reported to cause white rot of
dead and living hardwoods and conifers (Ryvarden
& Melo 2014). The former reports of this species are from China, Japan, and
Taiwan (Ding 1989; Mycobank 2023).
Xanthoperenniporia maackiae (Bondartsev
& Ljub.) B.K.Cui &
Xing, Ji,
J. Fungi 9(2): 173
(2023) – Fomitopsis maackiae
Bondartsev & Ljub., Botanicheskie Materialy Otdela Sporovyh Rastenij Botanicheskogo Instituti Imeni V.L. Komarova 15: 103 (1962). (Image 5)
Macroscopic
characteristics: Fruiting body perennial, resupinate to effused-reflexed to
pileate, pileus up to 1.7 × 1.2 × 2 cm, sessile, imbricate; abhymenial
surface concentrically zonate, radially sulcate, light brown to brown when
fresh, not changing much on drying; hymenial surface poroid, yellowish-white to orange white when fresh, not
changing much on drying; pores round, 5–6 per mm; dissepiments up to 85 µm
wide, entire; context homogenous, yellowish-white, up to 0.8 mm wide; tubes
yellowish-white to orange white, indistinctly stratified, composed of two
layers, each layer up to 0.6 mm in depth; margins acute, light brown on abhymenial side, yellowish white on hymenial
side, sterile up to 1 mm on hymenial side.
Microscopic
characteristics: Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, septate,
with clamps, up to 3.7 µm in width, branched, thin-walled; skeletal hyphae
yellowish-brown, aseptate, up to 8.1 µm in width, thick-walled, with very
narrow lumen. Cystidia absent. Basidia subclavate,
9.3–15.3 × 5.3–7.8 µm, with basal clamp, tetrasterigmate;
sterigmata up to 2.5 µm long. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 5.6–7.2 × 4.3–5 µm,
truncate at non apiculate end, thick-walled, subhyaline, smooth, dextrinoid, cyanophilous.
Collections examined:
India, Himachal Pradesh: Kullu, Banjar, 3 km from Jalori towards Shoja, on
coniferous log, Ellu 11175 (PUN), 04 April 2016;
Punjab: Rupnagar, Forest Rest House, on Dalbergia
sissoo Avneet and Avneet 11174 (PUN), 28 September 2019.
Remarks: This species
is peculiar in having resupinate to effused-reflexed fructifications with
dimitic hyphal system and smaller, truncate basidiospores. It was earlier
placed in genus Perenniporia and has
been reported to cause white rot (Ryvarden & Melo
2014). As per Mycobank (2023) this species is
distributed in China and Russia.
Discussion
Among polyporoid genera being described presently the genera Ganoderma and Fomes
have received greater attention of the mycologists due to their medicinal
importance (Lee 2005; Joseph et al. 2009). The genus Ganoderma
has been documented with 58 taxa while Fomes
sensu stricto has been
reported with only two taxa across India (Ranadive et al. 2011; Sharma 2012;
Ranadive & Jagtap 2016; Manoharachary
et al. 2022; www.fungifromindia.com). As far as the genus Xanthoperenniporia
is concerned, one of the species, i.e., X. tenuis has earlier been
described under genus Perenniporia from India.
The review of literature indicated account of 27 taxa of genus Ganoderma and one taxon
each of genus Fomes and Xathoperenniporia
from Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Union Territory of Chandigarh. The
present studies have added one species each to the list of Indian records of
the genus Ganoderma, Fomes,
and Xanthoperenniporia while Ganoderma tropicum has
been described as new to Himachal Pradesh and Union Territory of Chandigarh.
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