Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2023 | 15(1): 22479–22493
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8068.15.1.22479-22493
#8068 | Received 19 June 2022 | Final received
15 August 2022 | Finally accepted 14 December 2022
Floristic
diversity of native wild ornamental plants of Aravalli Hill Range: a case study
from district Rewari, Haryana, India
Pradeep Bansal 1,
Amrender Singh Rao 2, Surender Singh Yadav 3, M.S.
Bhandoria 4 & S.S. Dash 5
1 Department of Botany,
Kishan Lal Public College, Rewari, Haryana 123401, India.
2,3 Department of Botany,
Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India.
4 Department of Botany,
Government College for Women, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123029, India.
5 Botanical Survey of
India, Sector 1, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India.
1 bansalklprewari@gmail.com,
2 amrenderrao@gmail.com, 3 ssyadavindia@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 4 msbhandoria@rediffmail.com, 5 ssdash2002@gmail.com
Editor: V. Sampath Kumar,
Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, India. Date
of publication: 26 January 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Bansal, P., A.S. Rao,
S.S. Yadav, M.S. Bhandoria & S.S. Dash (2023). Floristic diversity
of native wild ornamental plants of Aravalli Hill Range: a case study from
district Rewari, Haryana, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(1): 22479–22493. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8068.15.1.22479-22493
Copyright: © Bansal et al. 2023. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this
article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the
source of publication.
Funding: Science and Engineering
Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India and DST-FIST
and Haryana State Council for Science and Technology, Panchkula.
Competing interests: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Author details: Mr Pradeep Bansal is working as assistant professor
in the Department of Botany, Kishan Lal Public College, Rewari, Haryana, India since 2008. He is engaged in field studies of
Aravalli Hills of southern Haryana for taxonomic, ethnomedicinal and ornamental
point of view. Presently, he is studying the role of wild ornamental flora in
urban planning and beautification of our surrounding to minimize the
adverse affects of exotic ornamental plants.
Dr Surender Singh Yadav is working as an associate
professor in Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak
(Haryana) India. His research interests span across the
disciplines of biodiversity conservation, ecology, floristics, plant taxonomy,
climate change, biological invasion, ethnobotany and bioprospection of
medicinal flora. He is the elected member of the Executive Council;
coordinator, University Outreach Programme; and deputy director,
Campus Forestry at M.D. University Rohtak. He is also actively engaged in
science popularisation, tree plantation and environment awareness campaigns in
different parts of India. Mr. Amrender Singh Rao is a research scholar at the Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak
(Haryana) India. He is also working as regional coordinator at Haryana State
Biodiversity Board, India. His research interests include bio-prospection of
medicinal flora, biodiversity conservation and preparation of people’s
biodiversity register. Dr Makhan Singh is working as associate professor
of Botany at Government College for Women, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India since
last 17 years. His area of research includes taxonomy of higher plants and ethnobotany. He is also working for the popularization of science
among the school children. Dr Sudhansu Sekhar Dash is working as scientist E &
head of Technical Division, Botanical Survey of India since past 25 years. His
expertise includes biodiversity & climate change
assessment, revisionary studies, phytogeographical analysis. He has explored
extensively surveyed in different parts of India and has discovered one new
family, three new genera, 30 species new to science and reported more than 100 plants new to Indian states and flora. He is the recipient of ‘V.V.
Sivarajan Gold Medal’, ‘S.K. Jain Gold Medal’ and Brandis Prize.
Author contributions: PB and SSY conceptualized and
designed the study. PB and ASR surveyed the area, collected data and written the first draft of the manuscript. PB, MSB and SSD helped in
identification of the plant material. SSY supervised the whole study. All
authors were actively involved in manuscript preparation, reviewing and
editing.
Acknowledgements: The authors would
like to thank the DST-SERB and DST-FIST, New Delhi for providing the financial
assistance. Authors are thankful to the owners and workers of nurseries, elder
people including women of District Rewari for sharing their valuable knowledge,
and cooperation during the course of study.
Authors are thankful to Mr. Pankaj Nain, public relation officer of
Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak (Haryana) India for typing the
abstract in Hindi.
Abstract: Ornamental plants are important constituent of
floristic diversity which beautify and glorify our surroundings. They add a
positive attitude to life, intensify the feeling of happiness, and enhance the
economic value of the estate. There has been a growing trend promoted by
environmentalists, ecologists, and horticulturalists toward the inclusion of
new wild ornamental plants (WOPs) for minimising their maintenance costs and
enhancing their survival rate. The current study inventorised the floristic
diversity of native WOPs of the Aravalli Hill Range of Haryana State.
Researchers recorded 88 native WOPs species belonging to 40 plant families.
Asteraceae and Poaceae are the most dominant families, contributing seven
species each followed by Fabaceae and Malvaceae with six species each. The
habit wise distribution of native WOPs from the Aravalli hill ranges depicted
that herbaceous types of plants are dominant with 53.4 % followed by trees
(18.2 %), climbers (14.8 %), and shrubs (11.4%). These native WOPs were found
suitable for various ornamental purposes which ranges from the garden, potted,
medicinal, lawn cover, avenue tree, hedge/fencing, edible, religious/
ceremonial, road dividers, cacti, succulent, and indoor foliage. The current
study documented four plants, viz., Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl.,
Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr., Pulicaria wightiana (DC.)
C.B.Clarke, and Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy. endemic
to the Indian subcontinent. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC., Cleome
viscosa L., Saccharum spontaneum L., and Triumfetta rhomboidea
Jacq. were reported to have somewhat invasive potential in this region.
Further, it is also suggested to introduce some potential native WOPs into
domestication by florists, horticulturists, nurserymen, and municipal
authorities for the protection, conservation, and perpetuation of these plants
to minimize the use of foreign floral species to control the further spread of
alien plants.
Keywords: Asteraceae, Avenue
trees, ceremonial plants, Fabaceae, florists, garden and indoor plants,
horticulturists, Malvaceae, Poaceae.
Introduction
Wild plants are
natural gene banks containing exceptionally rich hereditary information, as
well as humankind’s important resources and the groundwork of present day
garden plants (Dulloo & Maxted 2019; Cong & Han 2022). The constructive
developments in the utilization of wild plant assets not just enhance the
beauty of metropolitan greening and beautification yet additionally increase
the urban biodiversity index and diminish the serious misfortunes brought about
by the introduction of ornamental plants that are not appropriate for the local
environment (Gong et al. 2019). Wild plants also constitute an integral part of
urban green packages as part of nature based solutions for climate change
adaptation mitigation strategies in rapidly growing cities (Nassary et al.
2022).
Plant species which
are primarily utilized for aesthetic and decorative purposes are popularly
known as ornamental plants (OPs). All plant species suitable for indoor or
outdoor beautification and decorations are categorized as ornamental plants
(Lecomte et al. 2016; Chowdhuri & Deka 2019). Shape & size of the
plant, color, texture, line & form, lush foliage, and showy flowers are
considered as important ornamental attributes of plant species (Vabrit 2002;
Zucchi et al. 2020; Khaleghi & Khadivi 2022). Transportation durability,
resistance to extreme of cold & hot conditions, quality & uniqueness,
maintenance cost, trend in market, and other specific requirements such as
medicinal, cultural, spiritual, or ritual are some of the other attributes of
OPs. A large variety of herbs, shrubs, avenue plants, hedges, ground covers,
cacti, succulents, bonsai, palms, bulbs, cones, hanging plants, epiphytes,
decorative foliage, showy floral plants, sweet scented, and grasses fall under
the category of OPs and are grown by individuals (Gajendrudu 2014).
OPs intensify and
glorify our surroundings, they add positive attitude to life, intensify the
feeling of happiness, and enhance economic importance of the estate (Harris
1992; Rocha et al. 2021). Owing to the beauty they bring, OPs spare an
element of satisfaction, relaxation, and delight to human beings. OPs additionally play
a significant role in metropolitan and rural environmental planning, fallow
land improvement, afforestation, and finishing of open air & indoor spaces.
Interior plants also improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless
environment (Lohr et al. 1996; Yeo 2021; Berger et al. 2022).
It is accepted worldwide that all plants used in
ornamental and amenity horticulture and the diversity of cultivars derived
through selection and breeding, originally came from wild plants or their
relatives (Heywood 2001). The wild plants have owned a reviving knowledge on
the link between wild nature and human wellbeing (Friedman et al. 2022). The
majority of the decorative plants are obtained from wild resources.
Missionaries, globetrotter, rambler, emissary, sea captains, and tourists have
a significant contribution in introducing and naturalizing a large number of
OPs from different continents. The transformation of these introductions of
wild growing species into potential commercial cultivars was largely undertaken
by highly skilled, observant, and entrepreneurial nurserymen, many of whom were
very talented plant men who initiated plant improvement programmes themselves
by selection and breeding. Wild ornamental plants (WOPs) are more resilient to
water scarcity, extremes of temperature, and require less attention &
care. WOPs are also well adapted to
local soil conditions and their cultivation requires very less pesticides &
fertilizers. Moreover, WOPs also provide shelter and food to native insects,
birds, and other life forms. WOPs further influence the phenology of flowering
plants by influencing health and number of pollinators (Stout & Dicks
2022).
There is a rich
plethora of wild plants which are often used for ornamental and aesthetic
purposes. WOPs are having striking feature and are easily distinguishable on
the land surfaces. Some WOPs show high variability in different ornamental
attributes as compared to cultivated plants. Rao et al. (2006) identified and
documented 61 potential wild ornamental species of Convolvulaceae from Eastern
Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. Babu et al. (2017) explored and documented the
153 wild ornamental flowering plants species belonging to 112 genera and 48
families from Palakonda hills of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Haridasan & Rao (1985) conducted floristic exploration in Meghalaya they
identified a number of ornamentally useful important wild species. All these
researchers documented great ornamental potentialities of WOPs due to their attractive
foliage and good-looking flowers. According to their findings, there are lot of
opportunities for exploring the meaning of both indoor and outdoor gardening
and landscape techniques.
The diversity of WOPs found in the Aravalli Hill
Ranges in India are facing high rate of depletion primarily due to increase in
the illegal mining, urbanization rate, industrialization, pollution,
over-exploitation, and heavy infestation by alien plant species like Prosopis
juliflora (Sw.) DC., Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. &
Hook.f. ex A. Gray, Parthenium hysterophorus L. and many other plant
species (Sharma et al. 2013). Though many floristic studies have been conducted
in this region but no concerted efforts have been made to explore and document
the diversity of ornamental plants of this region. Therefore, it seems to be an
urgent requirement to carry out methodical floristic identification and studies
of ornamental plants of wild genera from this region to formulate appropriate
conservation and management strategies. Efforts have been made to explore the
nativity of WOPs growing in different parts of the district. Hence, the present
study was done to explore the types of
ornamental plants from Aravalli Hill Ranges of Rewari district of Haryana.
Materials and Methods
Study site
description
The Rewari district
is situated in the southern part of Haryana 80 km from New Delhi. It covers the
geographical area of approximately 1,559 km2, and lies between
27°86’–28°28’ N & 76°15’–76°51’ E. It is bounded by Jhajjar district in the
north, Mahendergarh district in the west, Gurugram district in the east, Mewat
district in north-east directions. Alwar district of Rajasthan touches Rewari
in the south-east direction (Figure 1) (https://rewari.gov.in/about-district/location/).
The temperature may be more than 45° C in summer months. The Rewari district is
a part of the Indian arid zone having low rainfall of 569 mm annually. The
region also receives low annual rainfall restricted to a few months of monsoon.
Collection and
preservation of Plant Specimens
An intensive field
survey was conducted from July 2016–September 2021 in different parts of the
Rewari district. List of places visited for survey and documentation of
ornamental plants are mentioned in Table 1. Coloured photographs were
taken in their natural habitat before the collection of plant specimen for
identification purposes. Every effort was made to collect specimens in their
reproductive stages, i.e., flowering or fruiting stages. Small herbs were
collected as whole plants while, reproductive twigs were collected for large
plants. Voucher specimen number was given to collected specimen alongside field
labels. The collected specimens were treated with 10% formaldehyde solution,
kept in air-tight polythene bags, and were pressed in between the
blotting/filter papers in the field press. The collected specimens were brought
to the laboratory for long-term storage. In the laboratory the blotting papers
of the specimens were replaced with new ones at a regular interval of 3–4 days
until complete drying and were poisoned with 0.2% mercuric chloride.
Identification of
plant specimens
The collected
specimens were identified with the help of available standard floras published
by various taxonomists (Hooker 1872–1897; Duthie 1903–1922; Maheshwari 1963).
Photographs of the plants were taken in their natural habit and field notes
were prepared for identification. Further, online literature and search engines
were used for validating botanical names of the plants under study, viz., http://www.theplantlist.org/,
https://powo.science.kew.org/, and http://www.flowersofindia.net/. The voucher
specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Department of Botany, Maharshi
Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana) India for future reference.
Determination of
Nativity of Plants:
Knowing whether a
plant species is native or introduced is less clear-cut than it might appear.
For determination of nativity of plant species, methods of Webb (1985), Usher
(2000), Pysek et al. (2004), Willis & Birks (2006), Bean (2007), Fertig
(2011), Hughes & Convey (2012), & eflora of India (2022) have been
consulted and for finalization of nativity the website https://powo.science.kew.org/
was taken as final distribution.
Data Analysis
Common names, habit,
important ornamental attributes, and potential uses by the community of
identified WOPs are mentioned in Table 2. The data were analysed though MS
Excel package 2007.
Results
In the present study,
88 plants belonging to 40 families have been documented from different parts of
Rewari district, Haryana (Table 1). Out of 88 plant species, 78
dicot plant species belonging to 36 families and eight monocot plant species
belonging to two families, fern & gymnosperm, viz., Actiniopteris
radiata (Sw.) Link and Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A. Mey.
are represented by single family each. A comparison of monocots and dicots in
terms of families and species is shown in Figure 2.
Dominant Families
Among the documented
families, Asteraceae and Poaceae are the most dominating (Figure 3). The
remaining plants are fairly distributed in various families. In the present
study, 22 families are represented by one species each. Out of these, 18
families are of dicots, one family from monocots, two families belonged to
ferns, and one family belonged to gymnosperms. Some of the prominent WOPs
plants from the region have been shown in Images 1,2(A–R). Families
having single wild ornamental species in this region are Aizoaceae,
Aristolochiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Celastraceae,
Commelinaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ephedraceae, Meliaceae, Menispermaceae,
Moringaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Padaliaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Portulacaceae,
Pteridaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Tamaricaceae, Verbenaceae, and Vitaceae.
Habit-wise
distribution
Herbaceous WOPs
dominated in this region with 47 species followed by 16 species of trees, 13
species of climbers, and 10 species of shrubs (Figure 4).
Potential use of wild ornamental plants
In the present
study a total 88 native wild ornamental plants have been reported from
different parts of Aravalli Hill Ranges. Out of 88 plants, majority of them are
used as garden plants which tops the list with 60 plants followed by 36
medicinal, 34 potted plants, 16 avenue tree, lawn cover, and hedge/fencing with
14 species each. Nearly a dozen native WOPS are used for edible and religious/
ceremonial purposes. Eight plants are planted as road dividers, four cultivated
as cacti & succulent, and two as wild ornamentals grown in indoor foliage
(Figure 5). According to the present study, one plant species, i.e., Ficus benghalensis L. is being used for
five different purposes—avenue plants, road side divider, hedge/fencing,
religious/ceremonial, and medicinal. It was also reported that 16 plants are
found to have four multiple uses, 25 plants have three multiple uses, 28 plants
two uses, and 20 plants have single use (Figure 6).
Ethnomedicinal Uses
Some native wild ornamental plants are also used for
primary health care purposes and treating their routine maladies in this
region. For example, dried fruit powder of Acacia nilotica (Roxb.) Willd
is helpful in curing diabetes and arthritis. Root extract of Boerhavia
diffusa L. helps in curing jaundice. Capparis decidua (Forssk.)
edgew fruits powder is helpful in indigestion and diabetes while root boiled
with mustered oil applied externally for curing skin diseases. Fresh and dried
fruits of Ficus racemosa L. cures diabetes. Salvadora persica L.
fruits decoction mixed with sugar taken orally cures typhoid. Paste of fresh
leaves of Withania somnifera (L.) dunal kills head louse when applied
with buttermilk on scalp. Fresh leaves of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.)
roberty are refreshing and remove tiredness.
Discussion
Nature has bestowed us with abundance of WOPs and they
exhibit high degree of variety & variability in contrast to cultivated
ornamental plants. Wild plants are having striking features in terms of floral,
foliage, fragrant, and form (Shape, Size, Colour, and Life form) attributes.
They are vital considering their positive incentives for individuals and
society. The majority of current day OPs can be traced to their wild relatives,
many of which still exist in their natural habitats. OPs assume a significant
role in preparation and modification of urban and rural landscapes, fallow land
development, afforestation, and managing of open air & indoor spaces. Wild
vegetation of Aravalli Hill Range of Rewari district of Haryana is blessed with
huge number of inquisitive, taxonomically fascinating, economically
significant, and endemic plants (Yadav et al. 2021).
The Aravalli Hill Range is among the most distinct and
primeval mountain chain. These hill ranges are economically and ecologically
very crucial as they check the desert extending along Indo-Gangetic plains and
pose influence over regional climate (Thapar 2015). Extreme environment and
exceptional ecological niches provide perfect habitat for plants which is a unique
distinctiveness of the range for survival. It has a wide range of climatic and
geographical diversity, including tropical evergreen, subtropical, desert,
temperate (Khanna 2011). Many plant species have been imported beyond their
natural ranges as a result of increased globalization, and some of them have
established and sustained persistent populations without human intervention
(Seebens et al. 2022). These hill ranges are rich reservoir of wild medicinal
and ornamental plants (Yadav & Bhandoria 2012). These hill ranges are a
unique amphitheatre of biological diversity. These WOPs species contribute to
available extensive genetic resources available to for varietal improvement and
genetic modification. Bansal et al. (2022a) explored the Rewari region of
Aravalli hill ranges and documented 42 wild exotic plants of ornamental
potential. They recommended the utilization of wild exotic ornamental plants as
an important strategy for restoration of degraded ecosystems. They also opined
that wild ornamental plants may also help in increasing genetic diversity.
Total 88 native WOPs species belonging to 41 families
have been reported from different parts of Aravalli Hill Ranges. These native
WOPs have a great potential of use for different purposes. Azadirachta indica
A.Juss., Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew, Crateva religiosa G.Forst.,
Salvadora oleoides Decne., and Salvadora persica L. have
delicious, nutritive edible fruits. Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem
is a valuable native timber yielding tree growing wild in different parts of
southern Haryana. The wood of this plant is used for making high quality
furniture. B. serrata Roxb. ex Colebr., Commiphora wightii (Arn.)
Bhandari, Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. and Wrightia
tinctoria R.Br. are important medicinal plant. Ephedra foliata is
the only naturally occurring gymnosperm species which have good medicinal
properties. Globally efforts are taken to explore and document the multipurpose
ornamental plants. In Rewari region of Aravalli Hill Ranges, 42 wild exotic wild
ornamental plants were reported by Bansal et al. (2022).
Many ornamental plants are also used for
ethnomedicinal purposes by poor and marginal people living in rural and remote
areas in different countries. Rao et al. (2021) explored the traditional medicinal
uses of wild flora from Charkhi Dadri district of Haryana state. In this study,
researchers mentioned that many ethnomedicinal ornamental plants, viz., Boerhavia
diffusa, Salvadora persica, Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera and
many other plants.. Some of these may be used as soil binder, fencing, and
field protectors like Caesalpinia bonduc, Capparis decidua,
Clerodendrum phlomidis, Grewia tenax, Barleria prionitis, and Leptadenia
pyrotechnica. These wild plants are naturally growing on the walls of the
buildings, in crop fields, foot hill areas, and their flowers and appearances
easily attract the interested people. These plants can easily be domesticated
and maintained at a very low cost.
The appealing characteristics of WOPs reflect their
high ornamental and aesthetic potential. In recent years, many such WOPs have
gained a lot of importance in the exploitation of many sorts and in the
generation of revenue among the poor (Olsen 1998). Many plant species have been
imported and domesticated beyond their natural ranges as a result of increased
globalization, and some of them have established and sustained persistent
populations without human intervention. The floriculture sector is always on the
lookout for new goods, technology, and market gaps to fill. In comparison, the
price of domestication and maintenance of WOPs species is likewise relatively
low (Negrelle et al. 2012; Maroyi 2022).
WOPs may play a significant role in environmental
planning for pollution abatement, wasteland development, afforestation, social
& rural forestry, and open-air & interior landscaping (Ciftcioglu et
al. 2019). The attractive WOPs can be grown in pots inside house, banks,
hospitals, malls, institutions, and offices. These wild ornamental plants may
play a valuable role in planning of environmental issues, landscaping of urban
housing, waste land development, house designing, and afforestation (Bansal et
al. 2022).
WOPs are intricately intertwined with our culture,
literature, socioeconomic life, romance, and poetry (Rahnema et al. 2019).
Incorporating such WOPs in daily use may be a fascinating but risky endeavor.
OPs have become quite popular inside houses, workplaces, banks, hospitals,
guesthouses, hotels, and other buildings. Cultivation of these plants could be
useful commercially as well as for the conservation of rare, vulnerable, and
endangered endemic plant species. Wild plants of the Aravalli hills have
potential uses like the gum resin is collection performed since ever by the
tribal populace utilizing conventional tapping method (Soni 2010). The
significant position of ornamentals has been studied for ‘habitat formation’
and ‘wildlife attraction’ making it potentially useful (Ciftcioglu et al.
2019). Landscape gardening and bio-aesthetic planning have been popular in
recent years as a way to create environmentally friendly human habitats.
Botanic Gardens are the primary site of introduction
and domestication of WOPs as they effectively manage the interchange of
ornamental seeds and plant materials both within and outside the country
(Niazian & Nalousi 2020). Organized expeditions by individual botanists,
gardeners, and connoisseurs, should help in collection of these plants which
are not commercially explored and only found in wild (van Kleunen et al. 2018).
These plants can be collected in the wild, introduced, acclimatized to various
altitudinal zones, multiplied, made accessible to nursery men for sale, and
distribution to potential marketable places. These plants will benefit greatly
from research into their phenology and numerous floricultural characteristics.
The origin of potential uses of ornamentals has deep roots association to the
animal empire. Several ornamental plants act as source of foodstuff, fiber,
fuel, lumber, and medication. WOPs have an essential part in urban and rural
environmental planning for pollution abatement, social & rural forestry,
wasteland development, afforestation, and outdoor & indoor landscaping
(Babu et al. 2017; Sangma & Chaurasiya 2021).
It is universally accepted that the remarkable
potential of novel ornamentals from wild sources exists throughout the globe
(Janakiram et al. 2021; Bansal et al. 2022). In spite of having a rich and
diverse plant wealth in many countries, especially in India majority of the
exotic plants are given due weightage in floricultural trades as compared to
the indigenous wild plant species. There is a need to take-up R&D work by
interlacing the fraternity of botanists, floriculturists, and agriculturists.
In our country, an enormous variety of wild plants from varied habitats can be
grown in the botanical gardens and used in landscaping. Such wild plant species
are awaiting the attention of garden lovers, specialists, nurserymen, town
planners, florists, and experts from different industries for their
popularization. Further, the introduction of such plant species in botanical
gardens, regional stations and nurseries is highly recommended for their
conservation, propagation, and dissemination (Cong & Han 2020). WOPs wealth
will be also helpful in the improvement and evolution of new ornamental
cultivars and will play pivotal role in the floriculture industry. Hence,
domestication and concerted breeding efforts of WOPs of Aravalli hills may provide
many useful ornamental plants for posterity.
Table 1. List of places
visited for survey and documentation of ornamental plants.
|
Community block |
Places visited |
Place |
|
Bawal |
Amit Vatika
Nursery, Jai Singh Pura, Khera Bawal |
Nursery |
|
Baba Devnarayan
mandir, Gujar Majri |
Temple |
|
|
Bala Ji Mandir,
Rajgarh |
Temple |
|
|
CCS, HAU Regional
Research center, Bawal |
Research center |
|
|
Gujar majri |
Village |
|
|
Harley Davidson
motorcycles |
Factory |
|
|
Kanuka |
Village |
|
|
Minda Furukawa
electric Pvt. Ltd. |
Factory |
|
|
Mohanpur |
Village |
|
|
Nechana |
Village |
|
|
Ompal Garden
Services, Bagthala, Banipur |
Nursery |
|
|
Rajgarh |
Village |
|
|
Tankri |
Village |
|
|
Rewari |
Ahir college |
College |
|
Baba Bhairav
Temple, Dehlawas |
Temple |
|
|
Baba Udhodas
mandir, Saharanwas |
Temple |
|
|
Bikaner |
Village |
|
|
BMG Mall |
Shopping mall |
|
|
Canal Valley Public
School, Berli Kalan |
School |
|
|
Chillar |
Village |
|
|
District Court,
Subash nagar |
Judicial complex |
|
|
Hanuman Mandir lake
, Jadra Village |
Temple |
|
|
Hanuman Temple,
Kundal |
Temple |
|
|
Holy child public
school, Madhu vihar |
School |
|
|
I G University,
Meerpur |
University |
|
|
Jain Public School |
School |
|
|
Kakoria |
Village |
|
|
KLP college |
College |
|
|
Lavishka
Plants Nursery, Lisana |
Nursery |
|
|
M2K Country Park,
Dharuhera |
Public park |
|
|
Madhu Sudan public
school, Mahavir nagar |
School |
|
|
Majra Sheoraj |
Village |
|
|
Muradpuri |
Village |
|
|
Nai Wali Bagachi
and mandir |
Temple |
|
|
Naichana |
Village |
|
|
Nursery Berli,
Berli Kalan |
Nursery |
|
|
Nursery Hut Shri
Ganga Ram Nursery, Zainabad |
Nursery |
|
|
Old Saini Nursery,
Kayasthwara Mohalla |
Nursery |
|
|
Old Shiv Mandir,
Bodia Kamalpur |
Temple |
|
|
Plants Nursery,
Dharuhera |
Nursery |
|
|
Rewari |
Pushpanjali
hospital |
Hospital |
|
Ramgarh |
Village |
|
|
Saini Nursery,
Kayasthwara Mohalla |
Nursery |
|
|
Sanatan park,
Dharuhera |
Public park |
|
|
Shanti devi college
of law and Management, Saharanwas |
College |
|
|
Shiv Temple, Asiaki
Gorawas |
Temple |
|
|
Shri Gangaram
Nursery, Jainabad |
Nursery |
|
|
Shri Shyam Nursery,
Dahina |
Nursery |
|
|
Tagore Public
School, Jadra |
School |
|
|
Thakur Ji Mandir,
Lilodh |
Temple |
|
|
Vedanta hospitals |
Hospital |
|
|
Nahar |
Bhakli |
Village |
|
DAV Girls College,
Kosli |
College |
|
|
Government College,
Kosli |
College |
|
|
Gudiani |
Village |
|
|
Jhal |
Village |
|
|
Jhal Nahar forest,
Nahar |
Wildlife century |
|
|
Lilodh |
Village |
|
|
Lukhi |
Village |
|
|
Lula Ahir |
Village |
|
|
Mata Mandir, Nahar |
Temple |
|
|
Shiv Mandir,
Kosli |
Temple |
|
|
Vandana Nursery,
Bhakli, Kosli |
Nursery |
|
|
We for nature
Nursery, Palhawas |
Nursery |
|
|
Jatusana |
Baldhan Khurd |
Village |
|
Bodia Kamalpur |
Village |
|
|
Jatusana |
Village |
|
|
Mastapur |
Village |
|
|
Musepur |
Village |
|
|
Rajawas |
Village |
|
|
Khol |
Baba Gopal Das
mandir, Nandha |
Temple |
|
Baba Nimriwala
Temple, Pali |
Temple |
|
|
Khori |
Village |
|
|
Kund |
Village |
|
|
Manethi |
Village |
|
|
Nandha |
Village |
|
|
Near Hanuman
Mandir, Manethi |
Temple |
|
|
Pali |
Village |
|
|
Pali Herbal park,
Pali |
Public park |
|
|
Pithrawas |
Village |
|
|
Sonam Nursery,
Pithrawas |
Nursery |
Table 2. List of native
wild ornamental plants of district Rewari, Haryana.
|
|
Name of species |
Vernacular name |
Family |
Habit |
Nativity |
Ornamental |
Ornamental purpose |
|
1 |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Rati |
Fabaceae/Leguminosae |
Climber |
India |
S, Fr |
Garden plant |
|
2 |
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet |
Kanghi |
Malvaceae |
Shrub |
India |
Fl, Fr |
Potted, Garden
plant |
|
3 |
Acacia nilotica (Roxb.) Willd. |
Kikar |
Fabaceae/Leguminosae |
Tree |
India subcontinent,
Africa, Saudi Arabia Zimbabwe, |
Infl, Fr, Fol |
Avenue, Medicinal, |
|
4 |
Acalypha indica L. |
Kupi |
Euphorbiaceae |
Shrub |
India |
Fol, P.f. |
Potted, Garden
plant |
|
5 |
Achyranthes aspera L. |
Ultakanta, |
Amaranthaceae |
Herb |
India |
Infl, P.f. |
Hedge/Fencing,
Potted, |
|
6 |
Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl. |
Purple convolvulus |
Convolvulaceae |
Climber |
India |
Fl, Fol |
Garden plant |
|
7 |
Aristolochia indica
L. |
Duck Flower |
Aristolochiaceae |
Climber |
India |
Fl,Fol |
Garden plant |
|
8 |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Neem, Margosa |
Meliaceae |
Tree |
Assam to Indo-China |
Fol, Fr |
Avenue, Road
divider, |
|
9 |
Barleria prionitis L. |
Pila bansa |
Acanthaceae |
Shrub |
India, Bangladesh, |
Fl |
Hedge/fencing, |
|
10 |
Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. |
Gandhi |
Asteraceae |
Herb |
Tropical and
Subtropical Asia, Australia |
Infl, Head |
Garden plant |
|
11 |
Boerhavia diffusa L. |
Punarnava, |
Nyctaginaceae |
Herb |
Tropical and
Subtropical world |
Fol, Fl |
Garden plant,
Medicinal, Edible |
|
12 |
Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. |
Salai Guggul |
Burseraceae |
Tree |
India |
Fl,Fr, P.f. |
Avenue, Medicinal |
|
13 |
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. |
Fever Nut |
Fabaceae
/Leguminosae |
Climber |
Tropics &
Subtropics |
Fr |
Garden plant |
|
14 |
Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew |
Kair. Teent |
Capparaceae |
Shrub |
Mauritania to
Andaman & Nicobar Islands India |
Fl, P.f. |
Hedge/ fencing, |
|
15 |
Capparis sepiaria L. |
Wild Caper, Hins |
Capparaceae |
Shrub |
India, China, N.
Australia |
Fl,fol |
Hedge |
|
16 |
Cenchrus ciliaris L. |
Buffalo grass |
Poaceae |
Herb |
India, Greece,
Africa, Arabian Peninsula |
Infl |
Garden plant |
|
17 |
Chrysopogon
zizanioides (L.) Roberty VSN; Bansal:267 |
Vativeria |
Poacaea |
Herb |
Indo-China, Malesia |
Infl, P.f. |
Garden Plant,
Potted, |
|
18 |
Cissus
quadrangularis L. |
Hadjod |
Vitaceae |
Shrub |
India, Sri Lanka,
W. & C Malaysia |
St |
Potted,
Hedge/Fencing, Garden plant, Medicinal |
|
19 |
Cleome gynandra L. |
Kukar Bhangra |
Cleomaceae |
Herb |
Tropical and Sub
tropical Asia, Australia, Africa, |
Fl, Fol |
Potted, Garden
plant |
|
20 |
Cleome viscosa L. VSN; Bansal:106 |
Hulhul |
Cleomaceae |
Herb |
Tropical and
Subtropical old world |
Fl, Fr |
Potted, Medicinal |
|
21 |
Clerodendrum
phlomidis L.f. |
Arno |
Lamiaceae |
Shrub |
India, Java |
Fol, Fl |
Hedge/Fencing |
|
22 |
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt |
Kundru |
Cucurbitaceae |
Climber |
Tropical Africa, |
Fl, Fol, Fr |
Garden plant,
Edible |
|
23 |
Commelina
benghalensis L. |
Widow's tear |
Commelinaceae |
Herb |
India, South
Africa, |
Fl |
Lawn cover, Garden
plant |
|
24 |
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari |
Gugal |
Burseraceae |
Tree |
India, Oman,
Pakistan |
P.f., Fr |
Hedge/Fencing,
Medicinal, Garden plant |
|
25 |
Crateva religiosa G.Forst. |
Sacred Burna |
Capparaceae |
Tree |
India, China,
Myanmar, Thailand |
Fl |
Avenue, Road
divider |
|
26 |
Crotalaria burhia Benth. VSN; Bansal: 331 |
Kharsana |
Fabaceae |
Herb |
Iran, India |
Fl, P.f. |
Hedge/fencing |
|
27 |
Cyanthillium
cinereum (L.) H.Rob. |
Sahadevi |
Asteraceae |
Herb |
India, China,
Japan, Zimbabwe, |
Fl |
Potted, Garden
plant |
|
28 |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
Doob grass |
Poaceae |
Herb |
Asia, Africa,
Australia |
Lf |
Lawn cover, |
|
29 |
Desmostachya
bipinnata (L.) Stapf |
Kusha |
Poaceae |
Herb |
Sahara, Tanzania, |
Infl |
Garden plant, |
|
30 |
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. |
Hopbush |
Sapindaceae |
Shrub |
Asia, Africa, S.
and C. America, |
Fl,Fr,Fol,P.f. |
Hedge/ fencing,
Garden plant, Road divider, Potted |
|
31 |
Echinops echinatus Roxb. |
Oont kanteli |
Asteraceae |
Herb |
India, Myanmar |
Infl |
Garden plant,
Hedge/fencing, |
|
32 |
Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau |
Indian Scaly
stem |
Acanthaceae |
Herb |
India, Sri Lanka, Tropical& S.
Africa |
Fl,Infl |
Lawn cover, Potted |
|
33 |
Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A. Mey. |
Joint fir |
Ephedraceae |
Gynmos-perm |
India, Pakistan N.
Africa |
P.f., Fol |
Potted, Medicinal |
|
34 |
Euphorbia granulata
Forssk. |
Jangali Dudhi |
Euphorbiaceae |
Herb |
India, Central
Asia, N. & E. Africa, |
Fol |
Lawn cover,
Succulent |
|
35 |
Evolvulus
alsinoides Kunyze |
Dwarf morning Glory |
Convolvulaceae |
Herb |
Tropics &
Subtropics |
Fl |
Garden plant |
|
36 |
Ficus benghalensis L. |
Banyan Tree |
Moraecae |
Tree |
India, South East
Asia, |
P.f., Fol, |
Avenue, Medicinal,
Potted, |
|
37 |
Ficus racemosa L. |
Gular |
Moraecae |
Tree |
India, Pakistan, |
Fol, Fr |
Avenue, Medicinal,
Edible, Religious/Ceremonial |
|
38 |
Ficus religiosa L. |
Peepal |
Moraecae |
Tree |
India |
Fol |
Avenue, Potted |
|
39 |
Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori |
Phalsa Cherry |
Malvaceae |
Shrub |
India, S. Africa,
Peninsula |
Fl,Fr |
Hedge/fencing |
|
40 |
Gymnosporia
emarginata (Willd.) Thwaites VSN; Bansal:250 |
Spike thorn |
Celastraceae |
Tree |
India, Sri Lanka,
Malaya |
Fl, Fr, Fol |
Avenue, Medicinal, |
|
41 |
Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br.ex Schult. |
Annantmool |
Apocynaceae |
Climber |
India, Indo-China
and |
Fol, Fl |
Lawn cover, Garden
plant, Medicinal, Indoor foliage |
|
42 |
Indigofera
linifolia (L.f.) Retz. |
Indigo |
Fabaceae/Leguminosae |
Herb |
India, Europe,
Mediterranean |
Fol, Color |
Garden plant |
|
43 |
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet |
Morming Glory |
Convolvulaceae |
Climber |
India, Arabian
Peninsula Africa, |
Fl, Fol |
Garden plant |
|
44 |
Ipomoea
pes-tigridis L. |
Bili keladoo |
Convolvulaceae |
Climber |
India, Srilanka,
Tropical East Africa |
Fol, Fl, Frs |
Garden plant,
Medicinal, |
|
45 |
Justicia adhatoda L. |
Basaka |
Acanthaceae |
Herb |
Afghanistan to |
Fl, Fol |
Potted, Hedge,
Medicinal |
|
46 |
Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f. |
Jungligobhi |
Asteraceae |
Herb |
India, Canary
Islands, Peninsula, Mediterranean. |
Infl |
Garden plant |
|
47 |
Leptadenia
pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. VSN; Bansal:282 |
Kheep |
Apocynaceae |
Herb |
India, Sahara, Iran |
Fl, P.f. |
Hedge/fencing |
|
48 |
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link |
Drona Pushpi |
Lamiaceae |
Herb |
India, Mauritius,
Tropical and Subtropical Asia |
Fl, Fol |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
49 |
Maerua oblongifolia
(Forssk.) A.Rich. VSN; Bansal:379 |
Desert caper |
Capparaceae |
Climber |
India, Pakistan,
Saudi Arabia and Africa |
Fl, Fr |
Avenue, Road
divider, |
|
50 |
Mitragyna
parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. |
Desi Kadam, Kaim |
Rubiaceae |
Tree |
India, Myanmar |
Fl, Fr, Fol, P.f. |
Avenue,
Religious/Ceremonial, Medicinal |
|
51 |
Moringa oleifera Lam. |
Sonjana, |
Moringaceae |
Tree |
India, Pakistan,
Maxico, Central America |
Fol,Fl,Fr |
Avenue, Medicinal,
Edible |
|
52 |
Ocimum basilicum L. |
Maurava |
Lamiaceae |
Herb |
India, Africa, |
Fol |
Potted, Garden
plant, Edible, Religious/Ceremonial |
|
53 |
Oxystelma
esculentum (L. f.) Sm |
Rosy milkweed vine |
Apocynaceae |
Climber |
Egypt, Tanzania,
Yemen, S. China, Australia |
Fl,Fol |
Garden plant |
|
54 |
Pedalium murex L. |
Bada Gokhru, |
Padaliaceae |
Herb |
India, Pakistan,
Sri Lanka, Tropical Africa, Madagascar |
Fol, Fl, Fr |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
55 |
Pergularia daemia(Forssk.) Chiov. |
Pergularia |
Asclepiadaceae |
Herb |
Africa, Peninsula,
Iran, Indo-China. |
Fl,Fr,Fol |
Garden plant |
|
56 |
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene |
Jal Buti |
Verbenaceae |
Herb |
Tropics &
Subtropics |
Fl |
Lawn cover, Garden
plant |
|
57 |
Plectranthus
barbatus Andrews |
Patharchoor |
Lamiaceae |
Herb |
Eritrea to
Tanzania, |
Fol, Infl |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
58 |
Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) |
Khar jaal, Rasna |
Asteraceae |
Herb |
Senegal, Chad, |
Infl |
Potted, Garden
plant, Edible |
|
59 |
Plumbago zeylanica L. |
Chitrak |
Plumbaginaceae |
Herb |
Tropics &
Subtropics |
Fl, Fol |
Garden plant,
Medicinal |
|
60 |
Portulaca
quadrifida L. |
Bichubuti, |
Portulacaceae |
Herb |
Tropical America,
Asia, Africa, |
Fl, Fol |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
61 |
Pulicaria wightiana
(DC.) C.B.Clarke VSN; Bansal:377 |
Sonela |
Asteraceae |
Herb |
India |
Fl |
Potted, Garden
plant |
|
62 |
Rhynchosia viscosa (Roth) DC. |
Sticky
Snoutbean |
Fabaceae |
Climber |
India, China,
Tropical Africa |
Fl, Fr |
Garden plant |
|
63 |
Rivea
hypocrateriformis Choisy |
Gawal kakri |
Convolvulaceae |
Climber |
India |
Fl, Fol |
Garden plant |
|
64 |
Saccharum
bengalense Retz. |
Munja |
Poaceae |
Herb |
India, Iran,
Myanmar |
Infl |
Garden plant |
|
65 |
Saccharum
spontaneum L. |
Kaans |
Poaceae |
Herb |
India, Tropical
West Asia |
Infl |
Garden plant,
Medicinal |
|
66 |
Salvadora oleoides Decne. |
PeelaJaal |
Salvadoraceae |
Tree |
India, China
(Southern), Japan |
Fol, Fr, P.f. |
Avenue, Medicinal,
Edible, |
|
67 |
Salvadora persica L. |
Peelu, Jaal |
Salvadoraceae |
Tree |
India, China
(Southern), Japan |
Fol, Fr, P.f. |
Avenue, Medicinal,
Edible, |
|
68 |
Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. |
Chepu |
Poaceae |
Herb |
Old world and
Central & SE. Australia. |
Infl |
Garden plant |
|
69 |
Sida acuta Burm, f. |
Wire weed |
Malvaceae |
Herb |
Tropics and Sub
tropics |
Fl |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
70 |
Sida cordifolia L. |
Heart leaf
Sida |
Malvaceae |
Herb |
Tropical &
Subtropical |
Fol, Fl |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
71 |
Sida rhombifolia L. |
Arrow leaf
Sida |
Malvaceae |
Herb |
Tropical and
Subtropical Old World |
Fol,Fl |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
72 |
Silene conoidea L. |
Catchflies |
Caryophyllaceae |
Herb |
India, America |
Fl, Fr |
Potted, Garden
plant |
|
73 |
Solanum virginianum L. |
Satyanashan, |
Solanaceae |
Herb |
Indo-China,Tropical
Africa, China, |
Fol,Fl |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
74 |
Spergula arvensis L. |
Abrojito |
Caryophyllaceae |
Herb |
India, C &S.
America, |
Fol,Fl |
Lawn cover, Potted, |
|
75 |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill |
Chick weed |
Caryophyllaceae |
Herb |
Eurasia, Africa |
Fol,Fl |
Lawn cover, Potted, |
|
76 |
Suaeda vermiculata Forssk.ex J.F.
Gmel VSN; Bansal:320 |
Seep weed |
Amaranthaceae |
Herb |
Macaronesia, S.
Medit., Sahara and Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka. |
Fol |
Lawn cover, Potted, |
|
77 |
Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst. |
Phras |
Tamaricaceae |
Tree |
Sahara to India |
Fol, P.f. |
Avenue, Garden
plant, |
|
78 |
Taraxacum javanicum Soest |
-- |
Asteraceae |
Herb |
India, Java |
Fl |
Potted, Garden
plant |
|
79 |
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. |
Roheda |
Bignoniaceae |
Tree |
Afghanistan, India,
Iran, Oman, Pakistan |
Fl |
Avenue, Garden
plant Religious/Ceremonial, Road divider |
|
80 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. |
Guduchi, Ghiloye |
Menispermaceae |
Climber |
West Indies, India,
China, Yunnan |
Fol |
Garden plant,
Potted, |
|
81 |
Trianthema
portulacastrum L. |
Saati |
Aizoaceae |
Herb |
Tropical Africa,
Asia, Tropical America |
Fol |
Lawn cover, Garden
plant, Edible, Medicinal |
|
82 |
Tribulus terrestris L. |
Bhakri, |
Zygophyllaceae |
Herb |
Mediterranean
region, |
Fl, P.f. |
Lawn cover, Garden
plant, Medicinal |
|
83 |
Trichodesma indicum
(L.) Lehm. |
Jnglikaronja, |
Boraginaceae |
Herb |
Philippines,
Afghanistan, Thailand |
Fl |
Garden plant, Lawn
cover |
|
84 |
Triumfetta
rhomboidea Jacq. |
Buur Bush, |
Malvaceae |
Shrub |
Tropical America,
Asia, Africa |
P.f., Fl, Fol |
Lawn cover,
edicinal |
|
85 |
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal |
Ashvagandha, |
Solanaceae |
Herb |
S. Europe, China,
Africa, Myanmar |
Fol, Fr |
Potted, Garden
plant, |
|
86 |
Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. |
Indra jao |
Apocynaceae |
Tree |
India, Myanmar |
Fl,Fol |
Avenue, Road
divider, Medicinal, Ceremonial |
|
87 |
Zygophyllum indicum
(Burm.f.) Christenh. & Byng |
Fagonia |
Zygophyllaceae |
Herb |
India, Pakistan,
Afghanistan and Africa |
Fl,Fr |
Garden plant,
Potted |
|
88 |
Actiniopteris
radiata (SW.) Link |
Fern |
Pteridaceae |
Fern |
India, Africa,
Peninsula, Iran, Myanmar. |
Fol |
Potted, Garden
plant |
Fl―Flower |
Fol―Foliage | Fr―Fruit | Infl―Inflorescence | Lf―Leaf | P.f.― Plant form |
S―Seed | St ―Stem.
For
figures & images - - click here for full PDF
References
Babu, M.S., S.R. Reddy & A.M. Reddy (2017). Exploration of Wild
Ornamental Flowering Plants in Palakonda Hills of Eastern Ghats, India. Asian
Journal of Conservation Biology 6(1): 21–30.
Bansal, P., A.S. Rao, S.S. Yadav & M.S.
Bhandoria (2022a). Floristic diversity of Wild Exotic Ornamental
Species from Aravalli hill Ranges of Rewari District of Haryana, India. Nelumbo 64(1):
77–93. https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v64/2022/170744
Bean, A.R. (2007). A new system for
determining which plant species are indigenous in Australia. Australian
Systematic Botany 20(1): 1─43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109151
Berger, J., E. Essah, T. Blanusa & C.P.
Beaman (2022). The appearance of indoor plants and their effect on
people’s perceptions of indoor air quality and subjective well-being. Building
and Environment 219: 109151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109151
Chowdhuri, T.K. & K. Deka (2019). Biodiversity and
conservation of ornamental crops, pp. 139─216. In: Conservation and
Utilization of Horticultural Genetic Resources. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3669-0_6
Ciftcioglu, G.C., S. Ebedi & K. Abak (2019). Evaluation of the
relationship between ornamental plants–based ecosystem services and human
wellbeing: A case study from Lefke Region of North Cyprus. Ecological
Indicators 102: 278─288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.02.048
Cong, L. & D. Han (2020). Ecological
characteristics of high quality wild ornamental plants in South China. Israel
Journal of Ecology and Evolution 67(1–2): 98─105. https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10013
Cong, L. & D. Han (2022). A Rapid Integration
Method of Wild Ornamental Plant Resources Based on Improved Clustering
Algorithm. Journal of Food Quality 2022: 7574406. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7574406
Dulloo, M.E. & N. Maxted (2019). Special issue: plant
genetic resources conservation and utilization–crop wild relatives. Plant
Genetic Resources 17(2): 1─2. htts://doi.org/10.1017/S1479262118000606
Duthie, J.F. (1903─22). Flora of Upper
Gangetic Plain and the Adjacent Shivalik and sub Himalayan Tracts Vols. 1–3.
Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta.
Fertig, W. (2011). Determining the
Nativity of Plant Species. Newsletter of Utah Native Plant Society
34(5): 1─4
Friedman, S., S. Imrie, E. Fink, M. Gedikoglu
& C. Hughes (2022). Understanding changes to children’s connection
to nature during the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for child
well-being. People and Nature 4(1): 155─165. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10270
Gajendrudu, V. (2014). Economics of
floriculture in Chittoor district of A.P. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of
Economics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati (unpublished).
Gong, Y., T. Zhou, P. Wang, Y. Lin, R. Zheng, Y.
Zhao & B. Xu (2019). Fundamentals of ornamental plants in removing
benzene in indoor air. Atmosphere 10(4): 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10040221
Haridasan, K. & R.R. Rao (1985). Forest Flora of
Meghalaya, 2 Volumes. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India.
Harris, R.W. (1992). Arboriculture. Integrated
management of landscape trees, shrubs and vines. 2nd Edition. Regents, Prentice
Hall, New Jersey, 674 pp.
Heywood, V. (2001). Conservation and
sustainable use of wild species as sources of new
ornamentals. International Symposium on Sustainable Use of Plant
Biodiversity to Promote New Opportunities for Horticultural Production
598: 43─53. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.5985
Hooker, J.D. (1872─1897). Flora of British
India Vol. I-VII. L. Reeve & Co, London.
Hughes, K.A. & P. Convey (2012). Determining the
native/non-native status of newly discovered terrestrial and freshwater species
in Antarctica–current knowledge, methodology and management action. Journal
of Environmental Management 93(1): 52─66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.08.017
Janakiram, T., V. Aparna & P. Sunitha
(2021). Recent trends in development and utilization of non-traditional
ornamental plants—a review. Current Horticulture 9(2): 3─8. https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7560.2021.00017.0
Khaleghi, A. & A. Khadivi (2022). Genetic diversity of
wild grape hyacinth (Muscari neglectum Guss ex Ten.) germplasm with ornamental
potential in the central region of Iran. South African Journal of
Botany 148: 307─314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.05.001
Khanna, V. (2011). Indian Biodiversity:
Profile and Conservation Status, pp. 448─482. In: Tyagi, B.K. & V.
Veer (eds.). Entomology Ecology & Biodiversity. Scientific
Publisher, Jodhpur, 522 pp.
Lecomte, C., C. Alabouvette, V. Edel-Hermann, F.
Robert & C. Steinberg (2016). Biological control of ornamental plant diseases
caused by Fusarium oxysporum: A review. Biological Control 101: 17─30. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.06.004
Lohr, V.I., C.H. Pearson-Mims & G.K. Goodwin
(1996). Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a
windowless environment. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14:
97─100.
Maheshwari, J.K. (1963). Flora of Delhi.
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi.
Maroyi, A. (2022). Traditional uses of
wild and tended plants in maintaining ecosystem services in agricultural
landscapes of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Journal of
Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 18(1): 1─20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00512-0
Nassary, E.K., B.H. Msomba, W.E. Masele, P.M.
Ndaki & C.A. Kahangwa (2022). Exploring urban green packages as part of
Nature-based Solutions for climate change adaptation measures in rapidly
growing cities of the Global South. Journal of Environmental Management 310:
114786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114786
Negrelle, R.R.B., D. Mitchell & A. Anacleto
(2012). Bromeliad ornamental species: conservation issues and challenges
related to commercialization. Acta Scientiarum: Biological Sciences
34(1): 91─100. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i1.7314
Niazian, M. & A.M. Nalousi (2020). Artificial
polyploidy induction for improvement of ornamental and medicinal plants. Plant
Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 142(3): 447─469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01888-1
Olsen, C.S. (1998). The trade in
medicinal and aromatic plants from central Nepal to northern India. Economic
Botany 52(3): 279─292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862147
Pysek, P., D.M. Richardson, M. Rejmanek, G.L.
Webster, M. Williamson & J. Kirschner (2004). Alien plants in
checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and
ecologists. Taxon 53(1): 131─143. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135498
Rahnema, S., S. Sedaghathoor, M.S. Allahyari,
C.A. Damalas & El.H. Bilali (2019). Preferences and
emotion perceptions of ornamental plant species for green space designing among
urban park users in Iran. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 39:
98─108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.12.007
Rao, A.S., S.S. Yadav, A. Sheoran, N. Singh, A.
Nandal, M.S. Bhandoria & P. Bansal (2021). An ethnomedicinal
survey of traditionally used medicinal plants from charkhi dadri district,
haryana: An attempt towards documentation and preservation of ethnic knowledge.
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 20: 436–450. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122667
Rao, D.M., U.V.U. Rao & G. Sudharshanam
(2006). Ethno-medico-botanical studies from Rayalaseema region of southern
Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2006(1):
21─26.
Rocha, C.S., D.C. Rocha, L.Y. Kochi, D.N.M.
Carneiro, M.V. Dos Reis & M.P. Gomes (2021). Phytoremediation by
ornamental plants: a beautiful and ecological alternative. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research 29(3): 3336─3354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17307-7
Sangma, L.B. & A.K. Chaurasiya (2021). Indigenous orchids
and zingiberaceous taxa of Garo hills, Meghalaya. The Journal of Indian
Botanical Society 101(1&2): 66─73.
Seebens, H., F. Essl, P.E. Hulme & M. van
Kleunen (2022). Development of Pathways of Global Plant Invasions in
Space and Time, pp. 53─69. In: Global Plant Invasions. Springer,
Cham.
Sharma, B.K., S. Kulshreshtha & A.R. Rahmani
(2013). Unfurling Conservation Strategies, Major Initiatives, and Gaps in
Research: A Vision on the Future of the Fauna of Rajasthan under Current and
Predicted Threats. pp. 433─468. In: Sharma, B., Kulshreshtha, S., Rahmani, A.
(eds) Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India. Springer, New York.
Soni, V. (2010). Conservation of Commiphora
wightii, an endangered medicinal shrub, through propagation and planting,
and education awareness programs in the Aravali Hills of Rajasthan, India. Conservation
Evidence 7(2): 27─31.
Stout, J.C. & L.V. Dicks (2022). From science to
society: implementing effective strategies to improve wild pollinator
health. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: 377(1853)
20210165. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0165
Thapar, R. (2015). The Penguin
history of early India: From the origins to AD 1300. Penguin, UK.
Usher, M.B. (2000). The nativeness and
non-nativeness of species. Watsonia 23: 323─326.
Vabrit, S. (2002). Morphological
aspects for selecting new bedding plants. Acta Horticulturae No. 572,
ISHS 2002. pp. 67–71.
van Kleunen, M., F. Essl, J. Pergl, G. Brundu,
M. Carboni, S. Dullinger & K. Dehnen-Schmutz (2018). The changing role of
ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions. Biological Reviews
93(3): 1421─1437. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12402
Webb, D.A. (1985). What are the
criteria for presuming native status? Watsonia 15: 231─236.
Willis, K.J. & H.J.B. Birks (2006). What is natural? The
need for a long term perspective in biodiversity conservation. Science
314: 1261─1265. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122667
Yeo, L.B. (2021). Psychological and
physiological benefits of plants in the indoor environment: A mini and in-depth
review. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 8(1):
57─67. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v8.n1.597
Zucchi, M.R., Silva,
M.W.D., Sibov, S.T. & L.L. Pires (2020). Ornamental and
landscape potential of a bromeliad native to the Cerrado. Ornamental
Horticulture 25: 425─433. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v25i4.2003