Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2023 | 15(1): 22538–22542
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8024.15.1.22538-22542
#8024 | Received 21 May 2022 | Final received
24 October 2022 | Finally accepted 18 December 2022
Sauromatum horsfieldii
(Araceae): a new addition to the flora of
Manipur, northeastern India
Kazhuhrii Eshuo
1 & Adani Lokho
2
1 Department of Botany, D.M.
College of Science, Dhanamanjuri University, Imphal, Manipur 795001, India.
2 Department of Botany,
Siksha Bhavan, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West
Bengal 731235, India.
1 kazhuhrii@gmail.com, 2
lokhoabba@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Krishna Upadhaya, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India. Date
of publication: 26 January 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Eshuo,
K. & A. Lokho (2023). Sauromatum horsfieldii (Araceae):
a new addition to the flora of Manipur, northeastern
India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(1): 22538–22542. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8024.15.1.22538-22542
Copyright: © Eshuo & Lokho 2023. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The author is
thankful to Mr. N. Eshuo Mao and Mrs. A. Pfoziiro Mao for helping in field collection. The author is
grateful to the principal and the head of department, Botany, D.M. College of
Science, Imphal for their support.
Abstract: The present paper
deals with the taxon Sauromatum horsfieldii Miq. reported for
the first time from Manipur, India. The detailed morphological description and
the photographs are provided along with the artificial key to the Indian
species of Sauromatum.
Keywords: Morpho-Taxonomic
Studies, Extended Distribution.
The genus Sauromatum Schott belongs to the family Araceae, tribe-Areae was
recognized by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott (1832). The generic position of Sauromatum was unstable and differently placed under
Typhonium or Sauromatum
by earlier workers. However, Schott distinguished the genus Sauromatum
from the genus Typhonium based on the
characters of connate spathe tube, ovaries with two (rather than one) ovule,
scattered staminodes, and short peduncle in Sauromatum.
Later, Hetterscheid & Boyce (2000) reduced the
generic status of Sauromatum and merged with Typhonium based on the phylogenetic analyses of
character matrix of all Typhonium & Sauromatum species (62 species and 12 morphological
characters). In contrast, Cusimano et al. (2010)
recognized nine species of Sauromatum,
segregating the genus from Typhonium based on
the study of its chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences; and considered Sauromatum and Typhonium
were not sister groups but had a genetic distinctness among the genera.
The genus Sauromatum Schott is mainly distributed in
southeastern Asia from China─Indonesia through Nepal,
Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia (Talukdar
et al. 2014; Odyuo et al. 2015; Nangkar
& Tag 2018; Sasikala et al. 2019). Nangkar & Tag (2018) described a new species of Sauromatum nangkarense
from Arunachal Pradesh. But, later, (Roy, 2018) had reduced the specific status
and become synonym of S. meghalayense, where
the latter specific epithet had been accepted by Odyuo
et al. (2015). A new species of Sauromatum arunachalense was recently described by Tiwari et al.
(2021) from Arunachal Pradesh. In India, the genus Sauromatum
is represented by six species, viz., S. diversifolium
(Wall. ex Schott) Cusimano & Hett.,
S. brevipes (Hook.f.)
N.E.Brown, S. venosum
(Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth, S. meghalayense D.K.Roy, A.D.Talukdar, B.K.Sinha & M.Dutta
Choudhury, S. arunachalense U.L.Tiwari, R.Maity & S.S.Dash, and S. horsfieldii Miq. (Table 1).
During the field
exploration in Mao area of Manipur, India, the authors came across an
interesting aroid plant at Pudunamei Village, growing
on the soil. On further investigation and critical examination of the specimen
and also from the available literature (Hetterscheid
& Boyce 2000; Cusimano et al. 2010; Talukdar et
al. 2014; Odyuo et al. 2015; Nangkar
& Tag 2018; Tiwari et al. 2021) and further confirmed from N Odyuo 132792, Tiwari 41100, DK Roy 130216, A Nangkar & H Tag 055, and photograph images from https://powo.science.kew.org
(Accessed on 19 September 2021), it has been identified as S. horsfieldii. This species was first reported in India
from the Tuensang District of Nagaland by Odyuo et al. (2015). The occurrence of S. horsfieldii in Manipur
is an extended distribution and a new addition to the flora of Manipur.
A detailed description and taxonomic treatment, habitat photos and an image
(Images 1 & 2) of the morpho-parts have been provided for easy
identification of the species. A key to six species of Sauromatum
reported from India has been given.
Materials and Methods
The collection,
pressing, and preparation of herbarium specimens were done as per the
conventional herbarium techniques (Jain & Rao 1976) and the herbarium
specimen was deposited at Herbarium, Botany Department of D.M. College of
Science, Imphal. The live plants photos were taken
from Sony digital camera cyber-shot DSC-WX200. All the morphological
descriptions and measurements were based on living plant specimen.
Taxonomic treatment
Sauromatum horsfieldii Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 196, 1856 (Image 1–2)
Homotypic Synonyms: Pedatyphonium horsfieldii
(Miq.) J. Murata & Ohi-Toma, Syst.
Bot. 36: 254, 2011. Typhonium horsfieldii (Miq.) Steenis, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 17: 403,
1948.
Heterotypic Synonyms:
Arisaema submonoicum
Gagnep., Notul. Syst.
(Paris) 9: 128, 1941., Heterostalis pedata (Schott) Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 278, 1864., Pedatyphonium
calcicola (C.Y.Wu
ex H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng) J.Murata & Ohi-Toma, Syst. Bot. 36: 254, 2011., Pedatyphonium kunmingense (H.Li) J.Murata & Ohi-Toma, Syst. Bot. 36: 254, 2011., Pedatyphonium larsenii (S.Y.Hu)
J.Murata & Ohi-Toma, Syst.
Bot. 36: 254, 2011., Pedatyphonium omeiense (H.Li) J.Murata & Ohi-Toma, Syst.
Bot. 36: 254, 2011., Typhonium calcicola C.Y.Wu ex H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng, Acta Phytotax.
Sin. 15(2): 104, 1977., Typhonium fallax N.E.Br., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 260,
1880., Typhonium hongyanense Z.Y.Zhu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5: 277, 1983., Typhonium kerrii Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 89: 11, 1942. Typhonium kunmingense H.Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
15(2): 104, 1977., Typhonium kunmingense var. alatum H.Li ex H.Peng & S.Z.He, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 19: 40, 1997. Typhonium kunmingense var. cerebriforme H.Li ex H.Peng & S.Z.He, Acta
Bot. Yunnan. 19: 40, 1997., Typhonium larsenii S.Y.Hu, Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 448,
1968. Typhonium omeiense H.Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
15(2): 105, 1977., Typhonium pedatum Schott, Oesterr.
Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 262, 1857.
Morphological
description
Herbs, 35–40 cm tall,
tuber depressed globose, 2–3 cm high and 3–3.5 cm in diameter; roots numerous,
surrounding the tuber, creamy white in colour.
Petiole glabrous, with a white stripe, dark brownish green to green, 25–30 cm
long and c. 1 cm in diameter. Leaf blade 9-pedatified, green, lobes
elliptic to lanceolate, margin entire, apex acuminate, central lobe 12 cm × 2.6
cm, lateral lobes gradually smaller, 4–9 × 1.3–2.5 cm. Inflorescence appears
after the leaf formation, 1–2 per tuber, c. 17 cm long; peduncle
subterranean, whitish-green, c. 5 × 0.3 cm. Spathe convolute at base,
outside brown to dark green at basal part, light whitish-brown upper part with
brown spot, upper mid-part light brown with brown spots, inside white at base,
upper part light brown with brownish-purple spots, c. 12 cm long, c. 5.8
cm in diameter at base, apex pointed. Spadix shorter than spathe, c. 6.5 cm
long; female zone cylindrical, 0.6 × 0.5 cm; ovary ovoid to oblong-ovoid,
1-loculate, creamy white, stigma sessile. Sterile zone 2.8 × 0.25 cm, sterile
staminodes at base c. 0.4 cm long, bent upward, clavate to aristate, clavate
part yellowish white, gradually reduced, become shorter, and finally become
smooth. Male zone c. 0.6 × 0.3–0.4 cm wide, creamy white. Fruit zone at the
spathe base, berries whitish green, 0.4–0.6 × 0.3–0.4 cm, crowded, obovoid to
ellipsoid (Image 1,2).
Flowering &
Fruiting: May–July.
Ecology: The plants
grow in the open forests and in the kitchen garden along with many herbaceous
plants like Eupatorium sp., Fagopyrum
sp., Persicaria sp., and Galinsoga
parviflora Cav. at an elevation of 1,800 m at Pudunamei, Mao, Manipur.
Specimen examined:
India: Manipur: Senapati District, Pudunamei, 1,800
m, 25.3170N & 94.9360E, KE100021. N Odyuo 132792 (ASSAM), Tiwari 41100 (ASSAM), DK Roy 130216
(ASSAM), A Nangkar & H Tag 055 (ASSAM).
Distribution: India
(Kashmir, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Assam, and Manipur), Assam to southern China and Indo-China, Sumatra
to Lesser Sunda Is. (Bali), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos, and Indonesia (Table 1).
Key to the Indian species of Sauromatum
(Six
species of Sauromatum are reported from India)
1a. Plant pedatifid;
leaflets (1) 3--–7 ………………………………………… ………………………..…
2
1b. Plant pedatisect;
leaflets 7–12 (–17) ……………………………………………………………....……
3
2a. Leaf blade diversified (often in one plant)
from simple to pedatisect ………………………………………………………..… S.
diversifolium
2b. Leaf blade oblanceolate, pedatisect,
5–7 leaflets ………………………… ……………………………………. S. arunachalense
3a. Spathe tube connate; one type of staminode
present …………………………………… …………………………………… 4
3b. Spathe tube convolute; two types of staminode
present …………………………………… …………………………… 5
4a. Inflorescence appears before leaves; spathe
tube dark purple inside …………………………………………………………....…. S. venosum
4b. Inflorescence appears alongside first
developing leaf; spathe tube greenish to white ….………………………………………… S. brevipes
5a. Peduncle greenish white; spathe tube
brownish-green outside, inside with white at the basal region; upper light
brown with deep brown spots ……… ………………………………… … …..………… S. horsfieldii
5b. Peduncle purplish brown; spathe tube
purplish-brown to dark brown outside; inside purple but creamy to white on
margin and toward the limp inside …………………………………...…
S. meghalayense
Table 1. Distribution
of Sauromatum species in India (Sasikala et al. 2019).
|
Name of the species |
Distribution |
1 |
S. diversifolium |
Himachal Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh. |
2 |
S. brevipes |
Sikkim, Uttar
Pradesh, and West Bengal |
3 |
S. venosum |
Bihar, Goa,
Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. |
4 |
S. meghalayense |
Meghalaya,
Arunachal Pradesh |
5 |
S. arunachalense |
Arunachal Pradesh |
6 |
S. horsfieldii |
Kashmir,
Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Assam,
and Manipur |
For images –
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References
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