Ecology and population
structure of a terrestrial mycoheterotrophic orchid, Aphyllorchis montana Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) in Soppinabettaforests of the Western Ghats, India
Palatty Allesh Sinu 1,2, Neethu Sinu 3 & Kruthik Chandrashekara 4
1Department of Animal Science, Central University of Kerala, PadennakadP.O., Kasaragod, Kerala 671328, India
2 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment,
Royal Enclave, Jakkur Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka,
India
3 Palatty House, PuthenvelikaraP.O., Ernakulam, Kerala 683594, India
4 Krushikoota, Begar post, Sringeri, Chikmagalur, Karnataka
577139, India
Email: 1 sinupa@gmail.com (corresponding author), 3 neethu_punneli@yahoo.co.in, 4krushikoota@yahoo.com
Date of
publication (online): 26 August 2012
Date of
publication (print): 26 August 2012
ISSN
0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor:Pankaj Kumar
Manuscript
details:
Ms # o2743
Received
01 April 2011
Final
received 05 July 2012
Finally
accepted 22 July 2012
Citation: Sinu, P.A., N. Sinu & K. Chandrashekara (2012). Ecology and population structure of
a terrestrial mycoheterotrophic orchid, Aphyllorchis montana Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) in Soppinabettaforests of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 4(9): 2915–2919.
Copyright: © Palatty Allesh Sinu, Neethu Sinu & Kruthik Chandrashekara 2012. Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium
for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements: The
study was supported by a DST Young Scientist grant of the Department of Science
and Technology, New Delhi & Conservation, Research and Exploration grant of
the National Geographic Society, USA to PAS and an ATREE (Bangalore) small
grant program to KC. We thank the anonymous reviewers for the constructive
comments that helped us to improve the manuscript.
For
figures, images, tables -- click here
The
Western Ghats is a mega-biodiversity hotspot in India, and one among the 34
global Biodiversity Hotspots (Mittermeieret al. 2004). The 1,60,000km2hill stretch inhabits at least 1,500 endemic plant species that includes many
rare, endangered and threatened plants (Ahamedullah& Nayar 1986). During our ongoing research in an
unprotected, farmer-managed Soppinabetta forest (Sinu et al. 2011, 2012) of Western Ghats, we came across
several populations of a data-deficient mycoheterotrophicterrestrial orchid species, Aphyllorchis montana Rchb. f.. Here we
report the population structure and ecology of the species, and discuss the
possible reasons for the locally rare status of the species in the Western
Ghats.
Aphyllorchis montana is a terrestrial mycoheterotrophic(McKendrick et al. 2002) orchid species that grows in
low and midland broadleaved forests of India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Borneo, the
Philippines, southern Japan, southern China, Vietnam and Taiwan (Boufford et al. 2003). Aphyllorchis montana is categorized
as a data deficient orchid of conservation concern in India, and is enlisted in
the RET plant list of India (Mohanan et al. 1982; Santhan & Rajasekaran 1993; Nayar et al. 2006). A total of 30 species (Xinqi & Gale 2009)
belonging to the genus Aphyllorchis Blume are known to exist in various parts of the world of
which three species have been reported from India, namely, Aphyllorchis alpina King & Pantl., Aphyllorchis gollanii Duthie and Aphyllorchis montana Rchb.f. The ecology and breeding system of the species and the possible causes
for its rarity are not known. The
non-chlorophyllous, non-leafy single erect orchid
shoot grows to a height of 20–60 cm, and bears laxly arranged flowers in
raceme (Image 1).
Materials and Methods
The
study was conducted in Soppinabetta forests of Sringeri area 12055’–13054’N
and 75001’–75022’E, average 725m above sea level)
of central Western Ghats in Karnataka State of India. The sparsely populated Sringeri Taluk is largely under
the forest cover of two types, reserve forests (owned by the forest department)
and Soppinabetta forests (leased to local farmers by
the forest department as a source of organic manure; hereafter, “SBF”) (Sinu et al. 2012). The forests of Sringeri adjoin pristine
evergreen forests of Kudremukh National Park and Agumbe rain forests. The mean annual rainfall at Sringeri varies
between 4,000 and 6,500 mm (Pascal 1988). Most of the rainfall happens during the
southwest monsoon (June–September). Mean daily maximum temperatures vary between 22.80C (July)
and 35.10C (April). However, the mean daily minimum temperature varies between 13.20C
(January) and 19.80C (May).
SBF
are managed semi-evergreen forest patches (area ca. 1–4 ha) and can be
ascribed as Hopea ponga-Memecylon umbellatum-Dimocarpus longan-Vateria indica-Syzigiumspp. type (P.A. Sinu pers. obs.
2006–2007). However, the
dominance of the tree species varies between forest patches. Vateria indica L., Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. and Hopea parviflora Bedd. (Dipterocarpaceae) are some of the canopy tree species that
have clear dominance in some SBFs.
Fourteen
different SBFs were surveyed to study the distribution and population structure
of A. montana (Table
1). The study was undertaken in the
monsoon months (July–September) of 2007 and 2008. All the selected forest fragments were
less than 4ha in size; hence, the survey was conducted on the entire forest
floor. Vegetation structure and tree composition, however, was estimated using
two belt transects of 100×10 m in each forest
patch. Once the orchid was
detected, a fine-scale leaf litter study was made in the vicinity of the
orchids. Leaf litter of 30×30 cm2 quadrate that surrounds the
orchid clump was studied; the number of leaves (fresh and old) in the litter
bed was checked by inserting a fine knife; litter depth was checked using a
measuring gradient scale; and the tree species of the leaves was recorded. Canopy cover was visually ranked from six
random points in each of the forest patches. The clump size, length of the shoots,
number of flowers, and number of fruit capsules were recorded for every
recorded orchid clump. The distance
between two orchid clumps was measured in each of the forest fragments.
The
differences in the number of orchid clumps between years and forest fragments
were compared using Mann-Whitney U test and KruskalWallis rank ANOVA test, respectively.
Results
The
flowering A. montanashoots were seen by the onset of southwest monsoon in June. The flowering of the orchid continued
until mid September. Fruit
development occurred until mid October. Although the orchid was found growing with a single shoot in some
fragments, most of them were found in clumps (Image 1) of up to 13 shoots
(average 3.83 shoots/clump (± 3.21 SD; N=70). The length of the erect shoots varied
between 16cm and 78cm (av. 40.86±12.70 SD; N=268). The number of flowers
per shoot varied between five and 24 (av. 11.47±3.65 SD; N=149). The fruit set ranged between 0% and
64.7% per shoot (N=214) of the flowers set fruits. Orchid distribution tends to be
cluttered; the inter-clump distance ranged between four and 21 m in a forest
fragment (av. 9.8±3.9 m SD; N=30). The voucher specimens are deposited in the Sringerifield station of ATREE (17.viii.2007, 4 nos, Soppinabetta Kumbarakodu:
SRINGERI, Collection no. 315).
The
orchid clumps were located only in five SBF fragments that were
separated by 6–20 km. The
SBFs having the orchid populations were dipterocarpspecies dominated (H. ponga, H. parviflora and V. indica). The orchid clumps were seen under the
thick canopy (>80% canopy cover) of forests. Overall, 286 orchid shoots of 72 clumps
were recorded in both the years. Most of these clumps were present during 2007 and 2008. However, two additional clumps were
located, and some of the previously located clumps were
enriched by additional shoots in 2008 survey (Fig. 1). The difference in the number of orchid
shoots between years was not significant (Mann-Whitney U test: U=463.5, P=0.08;
Fig. 1). The difference in the
number of orchid shoots between five SBFs was also not significant (Kruskal-Wallis test: H=3.99, d.f.=4, P=0.40; Fig. 1).
Discussion
Terrestrial
orchids are in need of species-specific fungi for seed germination and growth (Warcup 1973; Clements et al. 1986); however,
the relationship is obligate in mycoheterotrophicorchids (McCormick et al. 2004). As
the vegetative growth of the terrestrial mycoheterotrophicorchid is absolutely an underground mechanism, it is a challenge to locate them
in vegetative conditions (Rasmussen & Whigham1998). Although the present study
does not go in depth to identify the ectomycorrhizalfungi associated with the A. montana, the
study assumes that the fungi is also associated with dipterocarpplants (Tho et al. 2007).
The
study initiated with the assumption that A. montana occurs in dipterocarpplant dominated forests. Tho et al. (2007) reported A. montana populations in Shorea guiso and Vatica odorata (Dipterocarpaceae)
dominated forests in Vietnam. The
results supported our assumption as we found four A. montana populations in the H. ponga dominated SBFs, and the fifth population in a V.indica dominated SBF. It is also previously reported that leaf
litter quantity and quality has an effect on some symbiotic associations, such
as mycorrhiza-plant associations in tropical forests
(Rasmussen & Whigham 1998; Batty et al. 2001;
Bergman et al. 2006). Meanwhile,
some SBFs having H. ponga as a co-dominant species
had no A. montana in it (Table 1), indicates
the effects of other environmental features on the population ecology of A. montana.
A. montana distributed in a cluttered manner in
forest fragments indicates that the germination happens in the vicinity of
fruiting orchids (Bergman et al. 2006). In some fragments, the overall orchid distribution was limited within a
30m radius. The study also showed
that the orchid grows in clumps of 2–13 shoots. Both these findings indicate that the
patchy distribution of associated fungi primarily determines the terrestrial mycoheterotrophic orchid growth and colonization. The reports that germination
in terrestrial orchids increases in the vicinity of the adult orchid (Rasmussen
& Whigham 1998) also would have been a reason
behind the clumpy growth of the species, but this is required to be studied in
more detail. Large numbers of fruit
capsules indicate that there are no reproductive barriers in the species. However, it is worth undertaking a study
on the pollination system in the species. Although we did not extend our
study further, we could collect 42 muscid flies (Muscidae: Diptera) from a fruit
capsule. This indicates that the
seed predation by some agents, either the muscid fly
itself or some lepidopteran caterpillar that was
parasitized by the fly, exists in the species. This may be a reason why seeds do not
disperse to a great distance.
The
data deficiency status of the species in India might be due to the sampling
artifact (Rao 1998). Like many other mycoheterotrophicterrestrial orchids, the above ground stage of the orchid is visible only in a
narrow window of time during peak monsoon in India, a period of few botanical
expeditions. The present inventory
of A. montana populations in SBFs of Sringeri point out that unprotected human-influenced
forests of Western Ghats are also significant in the conservation of rare and
endangered flora and fauna (Sinu et al. 2011). Based on the present and some previous
studies, it is imperative that conservation practitioners identify various
‘potentially-unprotected forests’ in the Western Ghats, while designating
ecologically sensitive areas (Gadgil et al. 2011).
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