Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2022 | 14(6): 21213–21226
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN
0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7885.14.6.21213-21226
#7885 | Received 17 February 2022
| Final received 01 June 2022 | Finally accepted 15 June 2022
The dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta:
Odonata) of Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, southern
Western Ghats, India
Kalesh Sadasivan 1 ,Vinayan
P. Nair 2 & K. Abraham Samuel 3
1 Greeshmam, BN439, Bapuji Nagar,
Medical College Post, Trivandrum, Kerala 695011, India.
2 XV/446 A1, Nethaji Housing Colony, Trichambaram,
Taliparamba P.O, Kannur, Kerala 670141, India.
3 Tropical Institute of
Ecological Sciences (TIES), Ecological Research Campus, K.K Road, Velloor P.O., Kottayam, Kerala 686501, India.
1–3 TNHS Odonate Research Group (TORG), Travancore Nature History
Society (TNHS), MBRRA, Mathrubhumi Road, Vanchiyoor, Trivandrum, Kerala 695035, India.
1 kaleshs2002in@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 vinayanpnair@gmail.com, 3 abrahamcms@gmail.com
Abstract: The odonate diversity of Shendurney
Wildlife Sanctuary, southern Western Ghats (WG) of Kerala state, is discussed
in this paper. A total of 181 species belonging to 87 genera and 14 families
have been compiled for Kerala and this includes 68 Western Ghats endemics. A
total of 116 species of odonates including 33
endemics were recorded for the region. A total of 41 damselflies (Zygoptera)
and 75 dragonflies (Anisoptera) were recorded for the sanctuary. Shendurney thus harbours 56.04 % of WG and 64.08 % of the odonate diversity of Kerala. In addition, this includes
48.52% of Kerala and 41.25 % of endemic odonates of
Western Ghats. About 29% of all the species recorded for the Shendurney are endemic to WG. With respect to IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species, one species is ‘Endangered’, three ‘Vulnerable’, two
‘Near Threatened’, 84 ‘Least Concern’, 20 ‘Data Deficient’, and six species
whose IUCN Red List status was not assessed. Family Libellulidae
(41 species) dominated the odonate diversity,
followed by Coenagrionidae (15 species) and Gomphidae (13 species). Regarding the occurrence status,
we found that 11 species were Very Common, 42 species were found to be Common,
34 species Not Rare, 10 species were Rare, and 19 species were Very Rare inside
the sanctuary. None of the species listed is protected under the Indian
Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
Keywords: Anisoptera,
checklist, endemicity, IUCN Red List, Kerala, Zygoptera.
Abbreviations:
IUCN—The International Union for Conservation of Nature | RF—Reserve Forest
| TIES—Tropical Institute of Ecological Sciences | TNHS—Travancore Nature
History Society | TORG—TNHS Odonate Research Group |
TR—Tiger Reserve | WG—Western Ghats | WS—Wildlife Sanctuary.
Editor: K.A. Subramanian,
Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, India. Date
of publication: 26 June 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Sadasivan,
K., V.P. Nair & K.A. Samuel (2022). The dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta:
Odonata) of Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, southern
Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(6): 21213–21226. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7885.14.6.21213-21226
Copyright: © Sadasivan et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Kalesh Sadasivan—A
Plastic Surgeon by profession and a naturalist by passion, from Kerala. Founder
member and research associate of Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), an
NGO based in Trivandrum since 2010. A wildlife photographer and a taxonomist
with specific interest in invertebrates.
Vinayan P Nair—Zoology teacher at Government
Vocational Higher Secondary School, Payyoli,
Kozhikode and Research Associate at Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), Trivandrum , Kerala. Currently involved in studying taxonomy
of odonates of Western Ghats. Apart from odonates he has specific interests in moths, butterflies,
ants, mantids and wasps. Abraham Samuel—Retired Zoology
Professor, Research Associate of Travancore Nature History Society
(TNHS) working on odonates of Kerala. Founder
member of TIES, Research Institute, Kottayam.
Author contributions: KS planned and executed the fieldwork and surveys,
laid the concept and wrote the manuscript. VPN edited the drafts and did
fieldwork. AS helped with the drafts and fieldwork.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank Shendurney
WS, Kerala Forest Department for the permission for the surveys and research
permits. We thank Manoj V. Nair, K.A. Subramanian, and M. Jafer
Palot for their encouragement to publish data from
long years of fieldwork. The authors would like to thank members of TNHS,
Trivandrum, for their field assistance and support for the work. The
authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their
constructive feedback. AS wishes to thank the TIES Kottayam and TNHS Trivandrum
for their help during the surveys for odonates.
Introduction
The Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary (8.80–8.95
N, 77.07–77.27 E), with an area of 171 km2 is located in the
northern aspect of the Agasthyamalai hills of the
southern Western Ghats and lies in the catchment of the Parappar
Dam (Thenmalai) constructed across the west-flowing Kallada River (Image 1). The Achankovil
gap separates this region from the Pandalam hills,
which is the southernmost extension of the Annamalai Hills Complex. The Kuttalam (Courtallam) reserve
forest lies to the north-east of the sanctuary. The state boundary of Kerala
with Tamil Nadu delineates its eastern border. On the southeastern
side lies the Papanasam RF and Mundanthurai
region of the Kalakkad-Mundanthurai TR in Tamil Nadu.
The southern boundary lies along the border of the Thiruvananthapuram Forest
Division where Kulathupuzha and Yerur
RFs lie in contiguity with the sanctuary. A narrow stretch of reserved forest
tract of the Paruthipally range separates it from Peppara WS in the south (Nair 1991). Much of the terrain of
the region is undulating, with valleys and high hills. The altitude ranges from
100 m at the base of the hill to 1,550 m on top of Alwarkurichi,
the highest peak. The weather is hot and humid with 2,500–5,000 mm of rainfall
received during both the monsoons (Nair 1991). The temperature varies from 16 °C
to 35 °C (Mathew et al. 2004). Most of the region is accessible from
strategically located base camps for biodiversity assessments. The Shendurney WS has good floral diversity (Subramanian 1995).
The vegetation types found here are the west-coast tropical evergreen, southern
hilltop tropical evergreen, west-coast tropical semi-evergreen, and southern
subtropical hill forests, southern moist mixed deciduous forests, Ochlandra reed brakes, myristica
swamp forest, and grasslands (Chandrashekaran 1962). Shendurney was relatively unexplored as far as odonates were concerned. There are no published papers on
the odonate fauna of the sanctuary and the only
available literature are the survey reports submitted by the TNHS to Shendurney WS from 2011 to 2021.
Materials and Methods
Eight basecamps at different elevations and habitats were used to assess
the odonate diversity of the 171 km2
sanctuary (Image 1). The entire sanctuary was systematically covered by using
six base camps; located at Darbhakulam, Idimuzhangan, Kallar, Kattalapara, Pandimotta,
Rockwood, Rosemala, and Umayar.
Transects were laid considering the location of water bodies at the basecamps.
A standard transect length of 3 km, 3 m wide was
covered in 3 hours and odonates were documented by a
three-member team. Each station was covered using 30 such transects that were
analysed for presence or absence data. The paper is based majorly on the field
data from monthly visits to Shendurney WS since the
year 2000. In addition, the consolidated report of systematic surveys done
twice a year (May and December) in the sanctuary from 2010 to 2022 by TNHS,
Trivandrum submitted to Shendurney WS, Kerala Forest
Department (Sadasivan et al. 2021), was also
consulted.
The odonates were field-observed and
photographed as far as possible with special consideration to the prothorax and
anal appendages. With a valid research permit, few of the confusing species
were caught, field-observed under loupe magnification (ZEISS EyeMag Pro 5x450 mm Carl Zeiss Meditec
Inc.) and released. Photographs of interesting odonates
and dead specimens in the field were taken with Canon EOS 70D DSLR fitted with
a 180 mm macro lens and MPE 65 f 2.8 1–5x Lens (Canon Inc., Japan). Photographs
of interesting odonates are included (Images 3–6).
The basic taxonomy of odonates follows Fraser
(1933, 1934, 1936) and is updated as per Kalkman et
al. (2020). The current Odonata checklist and distribution for Kerala
follows Subramanian & Babu (2017), Subramanian et al. (2018), Paulson et
al. (2021), and Nair et al. (2021). The occurrence status is based on
transect data with status as Very Common (VC) if seen in >75% transects,
Common (C) if seen in 50–75%, Not Rare (NR) is seen in 25–25% transects, Rare
(R) in a case seen in 5–25%, and Very Rare (VR) is seen in <5% of the
transects. The conservation status as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species is derived from the IUCN site http://www.iucnredlist.org (IUCN 2021).
We define the occurrence status of a species as ‘Locally Common’ when it is
commonly seen only in a particular location, habitat, station or elevation, but
is rare when the transect or distribution data from the whole sanctuary is
considered.
Results and Discussion
A total of 116 species of odonates including
32 endemics were recorded for the Shendurney region,
while the current checklist of odonates of WG is at 207
species with 80 endemics and that of Kerala state is 181 species (87 genera, 14
families) and 68 WG (Nair et al. 2021) (see Appendix 1). A total of 116 species
of odonates including 32 endemics were recorded from Shendurney WS. Rao & Lahiri
(1982) recorded 23 species from Silent Valley and New Amarambalam
RF; Emiliyamma & Radhakrishnan (2000, 2014)
reported 39 species from Parambikukam WS, Mathavan & Miller (1989) had reported 36 species from Periyar TR, Gnanakumar et al.
(2012) had reported 55 species from Chimmony WS;
Adarsh et al. (2015) gave a checklist of 48 species from Chinnar, and 82 species were observed from Thattaekkad bird sanctuary and its environs by Varghese et
al. (2014). Palot & Kiran (2016) reported
93 species from Aaralam WS. Thus, it is to be noted
that Shendurney WS has the highest species diversity
of odonates amongst protected areas in Kerala state
known as of present.
We observed 41 damselflies (Zygoptera) and 75 dragonflies (Anisoptera)
from the sanctuary (Figure 1B). Family Libellulidae
dominated the odonate diversity with 41 species, it
was followed by Coenagrionidae (15 species) and Gomphidae (13 species) (Figure 1B).
The species diversity was highest at Kattalapara
(88 species), followed by Darbhakulam (72) and then Umayar (69 species) (Figure 2A). The lowest numbers were at
Pandimotta (35 species), but this station had some
rare and endemic species (see Appendix I). The sanctuary has a good number of
interesting records as stated below. Elattoneura
tetrica (Laidlaw, 1917) was recorded from Kattalapara. Vestalis submontana Fraser, 1934, was locally common in the
higher reaches of the mountains above 800 m (Image 3A). Euphaea
cardinalis (Fraser, 1924) was usually seen confined to small streams of the
hills (Image 3F), and Euphaea fraseri (Laidlaw, 1920) was generally restricted to low
elevations (Image 3E); though they are occasionally found together after
monsoons in low altitudes. Chlorogomphus xanthoptera (Fraser, 1919) is the sole member of Chlorogomphidae and was recorded only at high elevations at
Pandimotta (Image 5B). The notable gomphids that were
seen in the high elevations were Asiagomphus
nilgiricus Laidlaw, 1922 (Image 5F), and Heliogomphus promelas
(Selys, 1873), while Acrogomphus
fraseri Laidlaw, 1925 (Image 5D), Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922, Burmagomphus laidlawi Fraser,
1924 (Image 5E), and Melligomphus acinaces (Laidlaw, 1922) (Image 5C) were
generally seen in mid-elevations (500–1,000 m). Orthetrum
triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878) is a locally Common species above 800 m. Three
species, Calocypha laidlawi
(Fraser, 1924) (Image 3B). Epithemis mariae (Laidlaw, 1915) (Image 6D), and Lyriothemis tricolor Ris, 1919 (Image 6B) were seen in lower elevations. Epithemis mariae and
Lyriothemis tricolor were
mostly seen around Myristica swamps while the latter was a tree-hole breeder.
Lyriothemis males were seen guarding the
water-filled tree holes at Kattalapara, Umayar, and Rosemala. Cyclogomphus flavoannulatus
Rangnekar, Dharwadkar, Kalesh & Subramanian, 2019 (Image 5H), and Cyclogomphus heterostylus Selys, 1854 were generally seen in the foothills. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) was the commonest migratory species, while
Anax ephippiger (Burmeister,
1839) was not uncommon at Umayar during the first
half of the year, before the south-west monsoon. We observed that the species
in the genera Macromia and Idionyx
found in Shendurney WS were forest insects. While the
former preferred large streams, the latter and Macromidia
were confined to smaller streams and rocky edges of large streams. Macromia was represented by M. cingulata Rambur, 1842, M. ellisoni
Fraser, 1924 (Image 6F), M. flavocolorata Fraser,
1924 (Image 6E), and M. irata Fraser,
1924 (Image 6C). The distribution of M. irata was
interesting in the fact that it was observed foraging on the edges of Myristica
swamps, while others were riverine insects preferring open waters. Six species
of Idionyx are seen in the sanctuary. Of them,
I. saffronata Fraser, 1924 and I. travancorensis Fraser, 1931, are the commonest and seen
in huge swarms in clearings on hills hawking insects at dusk. I. galeata Fraser, 1924, I. corona Fraser, 1921
(Image 6G), and I. minima Fraser, 1931 are much rarer compared to the
others in our observation. I. gomantakensis Subramanian
et al., 2013 (Image 6H), was seen in the vicinity of Myristica swamps at Kattalapara. Macromidia
donaldi donaldi (Fraser,
1924) is a low to mid-elevation species seen at the edges of large streams. Lestes concinnus
Hagen in Selys, 1862 is occasionally seen in the low
elevations of Umayar and Kattalapara.
Protosticta cyanofemora
Joshi et al., 2020 (Image 4E), and Protosticta
rufostigma Kimmins,
1958 (Image 4C) were recorded above 800 m from Pandimotta.
Indosticta deccanensis Laidlaw,
1915 (Image 4B), was recorded from Darbhakulam and
Rockwood.
Occurrence Status
Regarding the occurrence status, we found that according to our
working definition, 11 species were Very Common, 42 species were found to be
Common, 34 species Not Rare, 10 species were Rare and 19 species were Very Rare
(Figure 2A). The most common species seen in the region with respect to numbers
were Pantala flavescens
(Fabricius, 1798), Brachythemis
contaminata (Fabricius,
1793), Ceriagrion coromandelianum
(Fabricius, 1798), and Diplacodes
trivialis (Rambur, 1842). The rarest of the
species were Idionyx galeata,
Protosticta cyanofemora,
Cyclogomphus flavoannulatus,
Epophthalmia frontalis binocellata
Fraser, 1936, and Idionyx gomantakensis.
Endemic Status
We found 33 species from the Shendurney region
which were strictly endemic to Western Ghats (Table 2). Thus, about 29 percent
of the odonates of the Shendurney
are Western Ghats endemics (Figure 12C).
Status as per IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
With respect to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, there was one
‘Endangered’ species, three ‘Vulnerable’, two ‘Near Threatened’, 84 ‘Least
Concern’, 20 ‘Data Deficient’, and six species whose IUCN status was not
available (Figure 2C). Idionyx galeata, reported from Pandimotta
is an Endangered and very rare dragonfly. Heliogomphus
promelas is a Near Threatened and rare gomphid
that was recorded in the montane swamps of subtropical jungles at 1,200 m from Pandimotta. Indothemis carnatica another Near Threatened species was seen at Kattalapara. Three species are under the Vulnerable
category – Indosticta deccanensis,
Protosticta sanguinostigma Fraser,
1922 (Image 4F), and Chlorogomphus xanthoptera. Six species whose status needs to be
assessed are Protosticta cyanofemora,
Paplopleura sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787), Idionyx gomantakensis, Vestalis
submontana, Cyclogomphus flavoannulatus, and Merogomphus
tamaracherriensis Fraser, 1931 (Image 5G).
Conclusion
Shendurney WS has the highest number of
species reported for any protected area in Kerala especially considering the
small area of 171 km2. The odonate fauna
of Shendurney is rich and harbours 56.04% of WG and
64.08% of the odonate diversity of Kerala. In
addition, this includes 48.52% of Kerala and 41.25% of endemic odonates of Western Ghats. About 29% of all the odonates recorded from Shendurney
are endemic to WG. None of the species is protected under the Indian Wildlife
Protection Act 1972. Myristica swamps of Kattalapara
and Umayar and the subtropical hill forests of Pandimotta are unique habitats harbouring endemic and rare odonates. Seasonal changes in odonate
diversity and population dynamics with respect to the monsoons need to be
elucidated with further studies.
Table 1. Details of
base camps selected for the assessment in Shendurney
Wildlife Sanctuary.
|
|
Station |
Elevation (m) |
Major
habitat/forest types |
|
1 |
Darbhakulam |
200–800 |
West-coast tropical
evergreen, tropical semi-evergreen, Ochlandra reed
patches, riparian forests, secondary forests, and cultivation |
|
2 |
Idimuzhangan |
100–250 |
West-coast tropical
evergreen, southern moist mixed deciduous, Ochlandrareed
patches, riparian vegetation, Myristica swamps, secondary forests, Ochlandrareed patches, and plantations |
|
3 |
Kattalapara |
100–500 |
West-coast tropical
evergreen forest, west-coast semi-evergreen forest, moist mixed deciduous
forest, Myristica swamp, Ochlandra patches |
|
4 |
Kallar |
500–1000 |
West-coast tropical
evergreen forest, west-coast semi-evergreen forest, monoculture plantation,
southern hilltop tropical evergreen forest, Ochlandra
patches |
|
5 |
Pandimotta |
1000–1500 |
Southern hilltop
tropical evergreen forest, southern sub-tropical hill forest, Ochlandra brakes |
|
6 |
Rockwood |
250–600 |
West-coast tropical
evergreen, tropical semi-evergreen, and abandoned plantations |
|
7 |
Rosemala |
100–600 |
West-coast tropical
evergreen, tropical semi-evergreen, Ochlandra reed
patches, riparian forests, secondary forests, and cultivation |
|
8 |
Umayar |
100–500 |
West-coast tropical
evergreen, tropical semi-evergreen, secondary forests, Ochlandra
reed patches, and riparian patches |
Table 2. Endemic odonates of the Western Ghats, reported from Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary.
|
|
Family |
Scientific name |
|
1 |
Chlorocyphidae |
Calocypha laidlawi (Fraser, 1924) |
|
2 |
Coenagrionidae |
Aciagrion approximans krishna Fraser, 1921* |
|
3 |
Coenagrionidae |
Agriocnemis keralensis Peters, 1981 |
|
4 |
Coenagrionidae |
Pseudagrion indicum Fraser, 1924 |
|
5 |
Euphaeidae |
Euphaea cardinalis (Fraser, 1924) |
|
6 |
Euphaeidae |
Euphaea fraseri (Laidlaw, 1920) |
|
7 |
Platycnemididae |
Caconeura risi (Fraser, 1931) |
|
8 |
Platycnemididae |
Elattoneura tetrica (Laidlaw, 1917) |
|
9 |
Platycnemididae |
Esme mudiensis Fraser, 1931 |
|
10 |
Platystictidae |
Indosticta deccanensis Laidlaw, 1915 |
|
11 |
Platystictidae |
Protosticta cyanofemora Joshi, Subramanian,
Babu & Kunte, 2020 |
|
12 |
Platystictidae |
Protosticta gravelyi Laidlaw, 1915 |
|
13 |
Platystictidae |
Protosticta rufostigma Kimmins, 1958 |
|
14 |
Platystictidae |
Protosticta sanguinostigma Fraser, 1922 |
|
15 |
Chlorogomphidae |
Chlorogomphus xanthoptera (Fraser, 1919) |
|
16 |
Gomphidae |
Acrogomphus fraseri Laidlaw, 1925 |
|
17 |
Gomphidae |
Asiagomphus nilgiricus Laidlaw, 1922 |
|
18 |
Gomphidae |
Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922 |
|
19 |
Gomphidae |
Cyclogomphus flavoannulatus Rangnekar, Dharwadkar, Kalesh &
Subramanian, 2019 |
|
20 |
Gomphidae |
Gomphidia kodaguensis Fraser, 1923 |
|
21 |
Gomphidae |
Macrogomphus wynaadicus Fraser, 1924 |
|
22 |
Gomphidae |
Merogomphus tamaracherriensis Fraser, 1931 |
|
23 |
Gomphidae |
Melligomphus acinaces (Laidlaw, 1922) |
|
24 |
Libellulidae |
Epithemis mariae (Laidlaw, 1915) |
|
25 |
Macromiidae |
Macromia ellisoni Fraser, 1924 |
|
26 |
Macromiidae |
Macromia irata Fraser, 1924 |
|
27 |
Genera insertae sedis |
Idionyx corona Fraser, 1921 |
|
28 |
Genera insertae sedis |
Idionyx galeata Fraser, 1924 |
|
29 |
Genera insertae sedis |
Idionyx minima Fraser, 1931 |
|
30 |
Genera insertae sedis |
Idionyx saffronata Fraser, 1924 |
|
31 |
Genera insertae sedis |
Idionyx travancorensis Fraser, 1931 |
|
32 |
Genera insertae sedis |
Idionyx gomantakensis Subramanian, Rangnekar & Nayak, 2013 |
|
33 |
Genera insertae sedis |
Macromidia donaldi donaldi (Fraser, 1924) |
*subspecies is endemic
to WG (Kalkman et al. 2020).
For images and
figure –click here for PDF
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