Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2022 | 14(6): 21199–21212
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN
0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7840.14.6.21199-21212
#7840 | Received 21 January 2022
| Final received 27 March 2022 | Finally accepted 19 May 2022
Butterflies of Eravikulam National Park and
its environs in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India
Kalesh Sadasivan
1 ,Toms Augustine 2 ,
Edayillam Kunhikrishnan
3 & Baiju
Kochunarayanan 4
1,4 TNHS
Lepidoptera Research Group (TLRG), Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), Mathrubhumi Road, Vanchiyoor,
Trivandrum,
Kerala 695035, India.
1 Greeshmam, BN439, Bapuji
Nagar, Medical College Post, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India.
2 Pathippallil House, Poovarani
PO, Kottayam, Kerala 686577, India.
3 TC1/2021, Jayamanju, Edassery
Nagar, Kumarapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
695011, India.
4 Sreerangam, Puravoorkonam,
Karakulam Post, Kerala 695564, India.
1 kaleshs2002in@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2 tomsaugustine@gmail.com,
3 ekunhi@gmail.com, 4 baijupaluvally@gmail.com
Abstract: The Eravikulam National Park (ENP) holds the largest remaining
pristine patches of southern montane wet temperate forests and southern montane
wet temperate grasslands of peninsular India. The study shows that ENP harbours
198 species of butterflies, constituting 60.73% of the butterflies recorded
from Kerala and 59.10% of butterflies observed in Western Ghats (WG). Thirty-five
species of butterflies seen in ENP have some level of endemicity associated
with them and 22 of them (52.38%) are strictly endemic to WG. Twenty-seven
species are under the schedules of Indian Wildlife Act 1972 (WPA) and its
amendments. This National Park has montane grassland-Shola dependent
super-endemics like Neptis palnica and Telinga
davisoni. ENP also holds Parantica
nilgiriensis a Near Threatened species and
another 11 Western Ghats endemics, namely, Telinga
davisoni, T. oculus, Ypthima
chenu, Y. ypthimoides, Arnetta
mercara, Baracus
hampsoni, B. subditus,
Thoressa astigmata,
T. evershedi, Oriens
concinna, and Caltoris
canaraica, which are primary grass feeders. Eravikulam, on the Anamalai–High
Range–Palni landscape, lies on a major path of the
return migration of butterflies to Western Ghats before the north-east
monsoons. Although well-protected, the ENP has anthropogenic pressures from tea
estates surrounding it, mammal-oriented management practices like controlled
burning of primary grasslands, and natural forest fires, that can significantly
affect the invertebrate fauna especially montane grassland shola-dependent
butterflies.
Keywords: Checklist, Endemic, grasslands, IUCN, Lepidoptera, shola, WPA.
Abbreviations: ENP—Eravikulam National Park | KFD—Kerala Forest Department |
MWD—Munnar Wildlife Division | TNHS—Travancore Nature History Society |
IUCN—The International Union for Conservation of Nature | WG—Western Ghats
| WPA—Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
Editor: George Mathew,
Emeritus Scientist, Kerala Forest Research Institute (Retd.), Peechi, India. Date
of publication: 26 June 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Sadasivan, K., T. Augustine,
E. Kunhikrishnan & B. Kochunarayanan
(2022).
Butterflies of Eravikulam National Park and its
environs in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(6): 21199–21212. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7840.14.6.21199-21212
Copyright: © Sadasivan et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Kalesh Sadasivan works on natural history of
Western Ghats, and is primarily interested in the ecology, taxonomy and
distribution of butterflies, odonates, cicadas and
ants. Toms Augustine is a
naturalist interested in birds, butterflies and odonates
of Western Ghats especially their distribution patterns. E. Kunhikrishnan
is a retired faculty of Zoology, who has worked extensively on natural history
and conservation of Western Ghats, and is a pioneer in butterfly research in
Kerala. Baiju, K. is a research associate in TNHS
working on butterflies of Kerala and their lifecycles.
Author contributions: KS worked on the primary concept of this paper, did
field surveys and drafted the Manuscript. TA helped with field surveys and
editing of MS. EK shared filed data and made comments on the MS. BK helped with
field surveys and made edits on the MS.
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the Kerala Forest
Department for permissions for surveys and the members of Travancore Nature
History Society (TNHS), Trivandrum, for their field assistance and support for
the work.
Introduction
The Eravikulam National Park
(ENP), was established in 1978. ENP with an area of 97 km2, is
located in the High Ranges (Kannan Devan Hills) of the Munnar landscape of
southern Western Ghats (WG) in the Devikulam Taluk of
Idukki district, Kerala State (Image 1) between 10.08–10.33 °N &
77.00–77.16 °E. The elevation ranges from 1,200 m on the slopes to
2,695 m at the summit of Anamudi, the highest point
in peninsular India. The boundaries of the park extend into Anamalai
Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu, Chinnar Wildlife
Sanctuary, and Marayur forest division in the north
& east, Mankulam & Munnar forest divisions in
the south, and the Anamudi reserve forest under
Munnar Forest Division in the west (Anonymous 2012). The terrain is undulating
with vegetation mainly of montane wet temperate forests (sholas) and primary
grasslands. Annual rainfall varies from 2,000 mm to 5,000 mm, with a short
three-month dry season. The major fraction (up to 60%) of precipitation is
received from the south-west monsoons. The temperature varies from 10.88±6.55 0C
to 23.42±1.3 0C. Frost is a common phenomenon in winter
(December–February). ENP is regionally important as a perennial catchment area
for east-flowing tributaries of River Pambar,
west-flowing tributaries of rivers Periyar and Chalakkudy (Nair 1991; Anonymous 2012). The ENP has good
biodiversity with 132 species of birds, 20 species of amphibians, 13 species of
reptiles, four species of fish, and 101 species of butterflies (Anonymous
2012). The major vegetation types of the ENP are the southern montane wet
temperate forests, southern montane wet temperate grasslands, southern
sub-tropical broad-leaved hill forest, southern west coast evergreen forest,
and southern tropical moist deciduous forests (Image 2) (Anonymous 2012). The last
two forest types are seen along the western and eastern boundaries respectively
(Anonymous 2012). The ENP holds the last remaining undisturbed patches of
southern montane wet temperate forests and southern montane wet temperate
grasslands of Peninsular India (Nair 1991).
Previous works on butterfly diversity of ENP are very
few. Ferguson (1891), was probably the first naturalist to work on butterflies
of Munnar and the adjoining Pirmed (Peermedu) Plateau. The records from High Range of Munnar of
the following species may be seen in his work on butterflies of Travancore: ‘Rohana cambia Moore’ [Rohana
parisatis atacinus Fruhstorfer, 1913, Black Prince], ‘Argynnis
niphe Linnaeus’ [Argynnis
castetsi (Oberthür,
1891), Palni Fritillary], ‘Colias
nilagiriensis Felder’ [Colias
nilagiriensis Felder & Felder, 1859, Nilgiri Clouded Yellow], ‘Catophaga
galena Felder’ [Appias wardii (Moore, 1884), Sahyadri /Lesser/ Ward’s
Albatross], and ‘Ismene jaina Moore’ [Burara jaina fergusonii (de Nicéville,
[1893]), Sahyadri Orange Awlet]. G.F. Hampson (1888)
paid occasional visits to Anamalais, Mudis Hills, and Nelliampathies
during his stay in Wayanad-Nilgiris but his major work was on the northern
slopes of Nilgiris. No other historical works are specifically available for ENP,
though some works are traceable from the adjoining landscapes bordering it.
Evans (1910),
compiled the first-ever checklist for Palnis and Kodaikanal on the eastern side of the High Range and listed
191 species. In Evans (1910), J. Evershed added a note
in on the migration of butterflies in the Palnis
landscape. Ugarte & Rodricks (1960) added 54
species to Evans (1910) list, and later Ghorpadé
& Kunte (2010), updated the Palni
checklist with a compilation of records from 1910 to 1960 and mentioned 310 species.
Mathew et al. (2001) though worked on sholas of Idukki, namely, the Mannavan Shola (Anamudi Shola
National Park) of the High Range landscape, with 66 species, no mention of the
ENP was found. Palot (2012) reported migration of the
Indian Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782])
from ENP. Sreekumar et al. (2018), based on a 4-month study provided a
preliminary checklist of ENP with 85 species. The management plan of ENP
published by the Kerala Forest Department has 101 species mentioned (Anonymous
2012). However, recent systematic surveys by Travancore Nature History Society
(TNHS), Munnar Wildlife Division (MWD), and Kerala Forest Department (KFD) have
revealed 88 species with some additions (Kalesh
2019). In this paper, we critically evaluate all the available published
peer-reviewed records of butterflies from ENP including survey reports. A final
checklist of butterflies from ENP is provided in light of our fieldwork since
the year 2000.
Materials and Methods
This paper is a critical compilation of the field data
of the authors including distribution, larval host and migration, recorded over
the last two decades from ENP. The previous literature on butterflies of the
region and the adjoining landscapes Ferguson (1891), Hampson (1888), Evans
(1910), Ugarte & Rodricks (1960), Ghorpadé & Kunte (2010), Palot (2012), Sreekumar et al. (2018), and (Kalesh 2019) were reviewed. The data logged in the
management plan published by the KFD (Anonymous 2012) was also consulted, as
well as the reports submitted by TNHS to MWD, KFD on faunal survey of MWD done
in 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2021. In addition, the field data of the authors from
previous visits to the region was also added. The standard transect methodology
(3 km in 3 hours) was employed in field surveys with strategically placed
basecamps covering all habitats and elevational gradients of ENP. The core
region was assessed in Anamudi, Eravikulam,
Poovar, Varattukulam, Rajamalai, Kolukkan, Meenthotty, and Bhadrakali Shola.
The boundaries were assessed by visiting Njandala, Pothumala, Chinna-Poovar, Vaguvarai, Lakkam, and Pettimudi. Occasional visits were done to wetter evergreen Edamalayar & Valparai slopes
on the western and northern side and eastern dry slopes of Marayur
& Chinnar. For all calculation purposes, the
butterflies recorded inside the ENP only were considered. The general taxonomic
placement and checklists follow Evans (1932 & 1949), Wynter-Blyth (1957),
Larsen (1987–88), Gaonkar (1996), Nitin et al.
(2018), Kunte et al. (2022), and Sadasivan
& Sengupta (2022, in press). Geographical divisions and landscapes follow
Sankar (2013) with necessary modifications. The population status was
determined in the ENP based on transect data with status as Very Common (VC) if
seen in >75% transects, Common (C) if seen in 50–75%, Not Rare (NR) if is
seen in 25–50% transects, Rare (R) in case seen in 5–25%, and Very Rare (VR) if
seen in <5% of the transects. Doubtful records and stragglers are mentioned
in the discussion part of each family. Detailed analysis of transects with
biodiversity indices and conservation values shall be published elsewhere. The
Red List status is derived from the IUCN site http://www.iucnredlist.org (IUCN
2021), based on global population assessments. Species with distribution
restricted to habitats and subunits of a single landscape are referred to as
super-endemics. The Palani Sailor Neptis palnica Eliot, 1969 from High Ranges of southern
Western Ghats and Palini Bushbrown
Telinga davisoni
(Moore, [1891]) from Anjanad valley-Palani region of
southern Western Ghats are known only from specific subregions inside the of
the Munnar landscape and hence are examples of super-endemics (Image 3).
Results and Discussion
Based on our field work we found 198 valid species
records for ENP from our work. Western Ghats has 335 species and Kerala state
has 326 species as per the latest estimates (Sadasivan
& Sengupta, in press 2022).
Thus, ENP harbours 60.73% of butterflies of Kerala and 59.10% species of
butterflies seen in the WG.
Fourteen species of family Papilionidae
were recorded out of the 19 (73.69%) species seen in Kerala and WG. The
commonest of them was Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865). None of the
endemic papilionids were recorded during the present study. The largest
butterfly and the south Indian endemic Troides minos (Cramer, [1779]) was occasionally seen in the
western boundaries. Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880, and Pachliopta
pandiyana (Moore, 1881) are mentioned in the
management plan, but we have no records of this WG endemic, which may be seen
in the wetter western slopes. Papilio paris tamilana Moore, 1881 is
occasionally seen in the sholas and sub-tropical forests on the west, while Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793 was a very rare straggler from the eastern
slopes.
Twenty-five species of Pierids were observed inside
the ENP out of the 32 (78.13%) species in Kerala and 34 (73.53%)species in WG. Colias nilagiriensis Felder & Felder, 1859, and Appias wardii (Moore, 1884)
were the WG endemics seen in the ENP. Catopsilia
pomona pomona (Fabricius, 1775) and Appias
(Catophaga) albina
swinhoei (Moore, 1905) were the commonest species
followed by Eurema laeta
laeta (Boisduval, 1836)
and Eurema brigitta
rubella (Wallace, 1867) in our observation. Eurema
(Terias) nilgiriensis
(Yata, 1990), Prioneris
sita (Felder & Felder, 1865), Appias libythea (Fabricius, 1775), and Pareronia
hippia (Fabricius,
1787) are possible stragglers from the low evergreen side on the west
(<1,000 m), while Colotis fausta fulvia (Wallace, 1867)
is occasionally encountered on the western slopes, and Pareronia
hippia (Fabricius,
1787) on the eastern slopes. However, there are no confirmed records of these
species inside the ENP.
Nymphalidae had the highest
number of butterflies in ENP with 70 species recorded of the 97 (72.16%) in
Kerala and 100 (70%) in WG. Amongst the subfamilies of Nymphalidae,
Satyrinae topped the numbers with 20 species followed
by Limenitidinae (14 species) and Nymphalinae
10 (species). This is not surprising as the major part of the landscape is
covered in grass (Poaceae), the larval hostplant of
most Satyrines. Ypthima
ypthimoides (Moore, 1881), Lethe rohria neelgheriensis (Guérin-Méneville, 1843), Ypthima
baldus baldus (Fabricius, 1775), and Ypthima
huebneri Kirby, 1871 were the most common Satyrines encountered. Ochlandra
sp. dependent species like Zipaetis
saitis Hewitson, 1863
and Parantirrhoea marshalli
Wood-Mason, 1881 are yet to be found in the ENP but may be seen in the lower
western slopes, while the dry species Ypthima
ceylonica Hewitson,
1865, may occur on the eastern slopes. Telinga
davisoni (Moore, [1891]) Telinga
oculus Marshall, 1881, Ypthima ypthimoides (Moore, 1881), and Ypthima
chenu (Guérin-Méneville,
1843) are grassland depended endemic Satyrines. Of
these, Telinga davisoni
(Moore, [1891]) is endemic to the landscape and Palnis.
Argynnis castetsi
(Oberthür, 1891), Neptis
palnica Eliot, 1969 and Parantica
nilgiriensis (Moore, 1877) are montane temperate
shola Nymphalid endemics. Charaxes psaphon imna Butler, 1870, Charaxes schreiber wardii (Moore, 1896), Idea malabarica
(Moore, 1877), Kallima horsfieldii
Kollar, [1844], Cethosia
mahratta Moore, 1872, and Dophla
evelina laudabilis Swinhoe, 1890, are reported on the western lower slopes,
but not inside the ENP, while Byblia ilithyia (Drury, [1773]) and Symphaedra
nais (Forster, 1771) are rare stragglers of the
eastern dry Chinnar slopes.
Of the two species of Riodinidae seen in Kerala and WG, only one species—Abisara echerius prunosa Moore, 1879—has been recorded from ENP.
Of the 100 species of Lycaenidae in WG and 97 in Kerala, 42 species have been
reported from ENP. Celatoxia albidisca (Moore, [1884]) is the only endemic
species of lycaenid recorded here. Polyommatinae
subfamily had 31 taxa, the maximum number of species, Theclinae
had only nine, Miletinae had one species, while Curetinae was unrepresented. Interestingly none of the
three dependent species from tribe Arhopalini
were recorded. Azanus jesous gamra (Lederer, 1855)
and Azanus ubaldus
(Stoll, [1782]) are dryland species seen on the eastern slopes, but till
now not recorded inside ENP. Freyeria putli (Kollar,
[1844]) was a common species. Creon cleobis cleobis (Godart, [1824]), the
sole representative of tribe Iolaini -was not rare on
the shola edges.
Forty-six species of Hesperiidae were noted inside ENP, out of the 82 species
seen in Kerala (56.09%) and WG (56.09%). Eight endemics were noted, they were
primary grass feeders like Arnetta mercara
Evans, 1932, Baracus hampsoni
Elwes & Edwards, 1897, Baracus
subditus Moore, [1884], and Oriens
concinna (Elwes &
Edwards, 1897). Some Bamboo and Calamus sp. feeding butterflies like Thoressa evershedi (Evans,
1910), Caltoris canaraica
(Moore, [1884]), Thoressa astigmata
(Swinhoe, 1890), and Quedara
basiflava (de Nicéville,
[1889]), were recorded occasionally from the western slopes. Sreekumar et al.
(2018) reported Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa Möschler, 1878, and Gerosis
bhagava bhagava (Moore,
[1866]), both low-midland species from ENP. But, based on our field data these
records are doubtful, and are possibly stragglers to high elevations, hence
records of these are highly unlikely inside ENP, although these may be found on
the western and eastern slopes at lower elevations.
Endemicity
Thirty-five species of
butterflies from ENP had some kind of endemicity associated with them (Table
2). Twenty-two (52.38%) were strictly endemic to WG. Two papilionids, three
pierids, eight nymphalids, one lycaenid, and eight hesperiids
of ENP are endemic to the WG.
IUCN Red List
Eighteen species are under the Red List of IUCN, in
accordance with the global population status. Except for Parantica
nilgiriensis in the Near Threatened category, all
others are under Least Concern. In addition Pachliopta pandiyana
(Moore, 1881) and Byblia ilithyia
(Drury, [1773]) are stragglers to the ENP under the Least Concern category
(Table 3).
WPA 1972
Twenty-seven species from ENP were under the schedules
of WPA and its amendments. Two species are in schedule I, one in both schedule
I&II, 17 under schedule II, and four under schedule IV (Table 4). Of them Charaxes schreiber wardii (Moore, 1896), Dophla
evelina laudabilis Swinhoe, 1890, Prioneris
sita (Felder & Felder, 1865), and Appias libythea (Fabricius, 1775) were stragglers.
Butterfly Migration in ENP
Eravikulam falls in the main
migration path of Anamalai–High Range–Palni landscape. The major passage is the return migration
before the northeast monsoons towards the Western Ghats. The major family of
this migration is the nymphalids, though the process starts with the pierids.
There are two paths followed by the migrants, one is from the Amaravati Valley
through Marayur gap and the other is from Palnis. The butterflies ascend into the ENP plateau through
the Olikudi, and similar valleys on the eastern
slopes of Marayur and Chinnar,
passing through Poovar and descend into Valparai and Edamalayar valleys,
finally dispersing into the lower Periyar landscape.
Major component of the migration are danaines like Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899, Euploea
core core (Cramer, [1780]), Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmelin, 1790), Danaus chrysippus
chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758), and Euploea sylvester coreta (Godart, 1819). The
pierid component is Catopsilia pomona pomona (Fabricius, 1775), Appias
(Catophaga) albina swinhoei (Moore, 1905), and Appias
wardii (Moore, 1884). Lycaenids like Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782]) & Lampides
boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) and hesperiids
like Pelopidas agna agna
(Moore, [1866]) & Pelopidas mathias mathias (Fabricius, 1798)
also migrate. The onward migration from Western Ghats to Tamil Nadu plains and
the Eastern Ghats is less striking and obvious. List of migrating butterflies
is given in Table 5.
Conclusions
This paper critically summarises the butterfly fauna
of ENP. A total of 198 species of butterflies were recorded from ENP including
point endemics like Neptis palnica Eliot, 1969, and Telinga
davisoni (Moore, [1891]) found only in this
landscape. These are montane grassland-shola depended species. Moreover, ENP
also holds Parantica nilgiriensis
(Moore, 1877) a Near Threatened species, and another 11 Western Ghat endemics
namely: Palni Bushbrown Telinga davisoni
(Moore, [1891]), Red-disc Bushbrown Telinga oculus Marshall, 1881, Nilgiri Four-ring Ypthima
chenu (Guérin-Méneville,
1843), Palni Four-ring Ypthima
ypthimoides (Moore, 1881), Coorg Forest
Bob Arnetta mercara Evans, 1932, Malabar
Hedge Hopper Baracus hampsoni
Elwes & Edwards, 1897, Yellow-striped
Hedge Hopper Baracus subditus
Moore, [1884], Unbranded Ace Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe, 1890),
Travancore Tawny Ace Thoressa evershedi (Evans, 1910), Sahyadri Dartlet Oriens concinna (Elwes &
Edwards, 1897), and Karwar Swift Caltoris canaraica (Moore, [1884]), which are primary grass (Poaceae) feeders.
During the field work we observed that even though
well-protected, the ENP is facing pressures from forest/grassland fires,
anthropogenic effects like use of pesticides and invasive flora from tea
estates on its borders. Invasive alien species from tea estates like Eucalyptus
and Wattle colonise the fringes of ENP, must be systematically removed. The
tourism zone is highly vulnerable due to the constant human and vehicular
movement during the dry season. There is marginal grazing in and around the
boundary of the National Park. Fire is the most alarming threat to the shola
grassland ecosystem (Anonymous 2012).
In addition, the Nilgiri Tahr, Nilgiritragus hylocrius (Ogilby, 1838) (the
flagship-mammal) oriented forest management practices, like controlled burning
of primary grasslands, significantly affect the invertebrate fauna like
grasshoppers (Bhaskar et al. 2019), and hence herb/grass feeding butterflies.
ENP being the last patch of undisturbed montane shola-grasslands of peninsular
India, needs urgent changes in management practices for survival of grassland
and shola-dependent endemic invertebrate species.
Table 1. Summary of comparison of
Western Ghats (WG), Kerala, and Eravikulam National
Park (ENP) with respect to butterfly families, endemic status, IUCN Red List
status, and legal protection under Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
|
Family-wise statistics |
|||
|
Family |
WG |
Kerala |
ENP |
|
Papilionidae |
19 |
19 |
14 |
|
Pieridae |
34 |
32 |
25 |
|
Nymphalidae |
100 |
97 |
70 |
|
Riodinidae |
2 |
2 |
1 |
|
Lycaenidae |
98 |
94 |
42 |
|
Hesperiidae |
82 |
82 |
46 |
|
Total |
335 |
326 |
198 |
|
Endemic species |
|||
|
Family |
WG |
Kerala |
ENP |
|
Papilionidae |
4 |
4 |
2 |
|
Pieridae |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
Nymphalidae |
18 |
18 |
8 |
|
Riodinidae |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Lycaenidae |
5 |
5 |
1 |
|
Hesperiidae |
12 |
12 |
8 |
|
Total |
42 |
42 |
22 |
|
IUCN Red List status |
|||
|
Red List Category |
WG |
Kerala |
ENP |
|
Least Concern |
20 |
20 |
17 |
|
Lower Risk/Near Threatened |
2 |
2 |
1 |
|
Total |
22 |
22 |
18 |
|
WPA 1972 legal status |
|||
|
Schedules |
WG |
Kerala |
ENP |
|
Schedule I |
6 |
6 |
3 |
|
Schedule I,II |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Schedule II |
45 |
44 |
18 |
|
Schedule IV |
11 |
11 |
5 |
|
Total |
63 |
62 |
27 |
Table 2. Family-wise list of endemic species and their
known distribution.
|
|
Scientific name — Common name |
Endemicity |
|
1 |
Troides minos (Cramer, [1779]) — Sahyadri Birdwing |
WG and SI |
|
2 |
Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) — Malabar Rose |
WG |
|
3 |
Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Crimson Rose |
PI and SL |
|
4 |
Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865) — Narrow-banded
Bluebottle |
SI |
|
5 |
Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880 — Malabar Raven |
WG |
|
6 |
Eurema (Terias) nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990) — Sahyadri Grass Yellow |
WG |
|
7 |
Colias nilagiriensis Felder &
Felder, 1859 — Nilgiri Clouded Yellow |
WG |
|
8 |
Prioneris sita (Felder & Felder, 1865) — Painted Sawtooth |
SI and SL |
|
9 |
Appias wardii (Moore, 1884) — Sahyadri Albatross / Ward’s
Albatross |
WG |
|
10 |
Lethe drypetis todara Moore, 1881 — Dakhan Treebrown |
SI and SL |
|
11 |
Mycalesis patnia junonia Butler, 1868 —
Malabar Glad-eye Bushbrown |
SI |
|
12 |
Mycalesis subdita Moore, 1892 — Tamil Bushbrown |
SI and SL |
|
13 |
Telinga davisoni (Moore, [1891]) — Palni Bushbrown |
WG |
|
14 |
Telinga oculus Marshall, 1881 —
Red-disc Bushbrown |
WG |
|
15 |
Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson, 1865 — White
Four-ring |
PI and SL |
|
16 |
Ypthima chenu (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)
— Nilgiri Four-ring |
WG |
|
17 |
Ypthima ypthimoides (Moore, 1881) — Palni
Four-ring |
WG |
|
18 |
Cethosia mahratta Moore, 1872 — Sahyadri
Lacewing |
WG |
|
19 |
Argynnis castetsi (Oberthür, 1891) — Palni Fritillary |
WG |
|
20 |
Cirrochroa thais thais (Fabricius, 1787) — Sahyadri Yeoman |
SI and SL |
|
21 |
Neptis palnica Eliot, 1969 — Palni/
Creamy Sailer |
WG |
|
22 |
Parantica nilgiriensis (Moore, 1877) — Nilgiri
Tiger |
WG |
|
23 |
Celatoxia albidisca (Moore, [1884]) — White-disc Hedge Blue |
WG |
|
24 |
Ionolyce helicon viola (Moore,
1877) — Sri Lankan Pointed Lineblue |
WG and SL |
|
25 |
Cigaritis schistacea (Moore, [1881]) — Plumbeous Silverline |
PI and SL |
|
26 |
Celaenorrhinus fusca (Hampson, 1888) — Dusky Spotted Flat |
PI |
|
27 |
Arnetta mercara Evans, 1932 — Coorg
Forest Bob |
WG |
|
28 |
Baracus hampsoni Elwes & Edwards, 1897
— Malabar Hedge Hopper |
WG |
|
29 |
Baracus subditus Moore, [1884] — Yellow-striped Hedge Hopper |
WG |
|
30 |
Quedara basiflava (de Nicéville, [1889]) —
Yellow-base Flitter |
WG |
|
31 |
Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe, 1890) —
Unbranded Ace |
WG |
|
32 |
Thoressa evershedi (Evans, 1910) — Travancore Tawny Ace |
WG |
|
33 |
Oriens concinna (Elwes & Edwards,
1897) — Sahyadri Dartlet |
WG |
|
34 |
Potanthus diana (Evans, 1932) — Chinese Dart |
PI |
|
35 |
Caltoris canaraica (Moore, [1884]) — Karwar Swift |
WG |
Table 3. List of
species in ENP under Red List of IUCN.
|
|
Scientific name — Common name |
IUCN Red List status* |
|
1 |
Troides minos (Cramer, [1779]) — Sahyadri Birdwing |
LC |
|
2 |
Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) — Malabar Rose |
LC |
|
3 |
Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) — Indian Common Rose |
LC |
|
4 |
Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Crimson Rose |
LC |
|
5 |
Eurema (Terias) andersoni shimai Yata & Gaonkar, 1999 — Sahyadri One-spot Grass Yellow |
LC |
|
6 |
Eurema brigitta rubella (Wallace, 1867) —
Small Grass Yellow |
LC |
|
7 |
Belenois aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793) — Indian Pioneer |
LC |
|
8 |
Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Oriental Common Evening Brown |
LC |
|
9 |
Rohana parisatis atacinus Fruhstorfer, 1913 — Sahyadri Black Prince |
LC |
|
10 |
Byblia ilithyia (Drury, [1773]) — Joker |
LC |
|
11 |
Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Oriental Peacock Pansy |
LC |
|
12 |
Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) — Oriental Yellow Pansy |
LC |
|
13 |
Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Painted Lady |
LC |
|
14 |
Euploea core core (Cramer, [1780]) — Indian Common Crow |
LC |
|
15 |
Parantica nilgiriensis (Moore, 1877) — Nilgiri
Tiger |
NT |
|
16 |
Zizula hylax hylax (Fabricius, 1775) — Indian Tiny Grass Blue |
LC |
|
17 |
Cheritra freja butleri Cowan, 1965 —
Sahyadri Common Imperial |
LC |
|
18 |
Pelopidas mathias mathias (Fabricius, 1798) — Dakhan Small
Branded Swift |
LC |
Table 4. List of species in ENP
under WPA 1972.
|
|
Scientific name — Common name |
WPA 1972 Schedule |
|
1 |
Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Crimson Rose |
I |
|
2 |
Eurema (Terias) andersoni shimai Yata & Gaonkar, 1999 — Sahyadri One-spot Grass Yellow |
II |
|
3 |
Prioneris sita (Felder & Felder, 1865) — Painted Sawtooth |
IV |
|
4 |
Cepora nadina remba (Moore, [1858]) —
Sahyadri Lesser Gull |
II |
|
5 |
Appias (Hiposcritia) indra
shiva (Swinhoe, 1885) — Sahyadri Plain Puffin |
II |
|
6 |
Appias libythea (Fabricius, 1775) —
Western Striped Albatross |
IV |
|
7 |
Appias wardii (Moore, 1884) — Sahyadri Albatross / Ward's
Albatross |
II |
|
8 |
Melanitis zitenius gokala Moore, 1857 —
Sahyadri Great Evening Brown |
II |
|
9 |
Mycalesis anaxias anaxias Hewitson, 1862 — Sahyadri White-bar Bushbrown |
II |
|
10 |
Charaxes schreiber wardii (Moore, 1896) —
Sahyadri Blue Nawab |
I |
|
11 |
Libythea laius lepitoides Moore, 1903 —
Sahyadri Lobed Beak |
II |
|
12 |
Dophla evelina laudabilis Swinhoe, 1890 — Sahyadri Redspot
Duke |
II |
|
13 |
Tanaecia lepidea miyana (Fruhstorfer, 1913) — Peninsular Grey Count |
II |
|
14 |
Athyma ranga karwara (Fruhstorfer, 1906) — Karwar Blackvein
Sergeant |
II |
|
15 |
Neptis nata hampsoni Moore, 1899 — Sahyadri Clear Sailer
|
II |
|
16 |
Neptis palnica Eliot, 1969 — Palni/
Creamy Sailer |
II |
|
17 |
Parthenos sylvia virens Moore, 1877 — Sahyadri Clipper |
II |
|
18 |
Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) — Danaid Eggfly |
I,II |
|
19 |
Euchrysops cnejus cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) — Oriental Gram Blue |
II |
|
20 |
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) — Pea Blue |
II |
|
21 |
Nacaduba pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1916 — Continental Large Four-Lineblue |
II |
|
22 |
Prosotas noreia hampsonii (de Nicéville, 1885) — Indian White-tipped Lineblue |
I |
|
23 |
Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville,
[1883]) — Dark Pierrot |
IV |
|
24 |
Cigaritis lohita lazularia (Moore,
1881) — Tamil Long-banded Silverline |
II |
|
25 |
Catapaecilma major callone (Fruhstorfer, 1915) —
Sahyadri Common Tinsel |
II |
|
26 |
Oriens concinna (Elwes & Edwards,
1897) — Sahyadri Dartlet |
IV |
|
27 |
Pelopidas subochracea subochracea (Moore, 1878) —
Bengal Large Branded Swift |
IV |
Table 5. List of migratory
butterflies of Eravikulam National Park.
|
|
Family |
Tribe |
Taxon |
|
1 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
2 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
3 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 |
|
4 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, [1775] |
|
5 |
Pieridae |
Coliadinae |
Catopsilia pomona pomona (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
6 |
Pieridae |
Coliadinae |
Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
7 |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Cepora nerissa phryne (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
8 |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Belenois aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793) |
|
9 |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Appias (Catophaga) albina swinhoei (Moore, 1905) |
|
10 |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Appias (Hiposcritia) indra
shiva (Swinhoe, 1885) |
|
11 |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Appias wardii (Moore, 1884) |
|
12 |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Hypolimnas bolina jacintha (Drury, 1773) |
|
13 |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) |
|
14 |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
15 |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) |
|
16 |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junonia lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
17 |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junonia orithya Butler, 1885 |
|
18 |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
19 |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
20 |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaus genutia genutia (Cramer, [1779]) |
|
21 |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Euploea core core (Cramer, [1780]) |
|
22 |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Euploea sylvester coreta (Godart, 1819) |
|
23 |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Parantica aglea aglea (Stoll, [1782]) |
|
24 |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmelin, 1790) |
|
25 |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899 |
|
26 |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782]) |
|
27 |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) |
|
28 |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Pelopidas agna agna (Moore, [1866]) |
|
29 |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Pelopidas mathias mathias (Fabricius, 1798) |
Appendix I. Checklist
of Butterflies of Eravikulam National Park and Its
Environs, Kerala (*POP-Population status as VC–Very Common,
C–Common, NR–Not Rare, R– Rare, VR–Very Rare and S–Stragglers, **END–
Endemicity as WG–Western Ghats, PI–Peninsular India, SL– Sri Lanka, SI–South
India, +IUCN –IUCN Red List Status, #WPA–Indian Wildlife
Protection Act Schedule as Sch.)
|
|
Scientific name — Common name |
Pop* |
End** |
IUCN+ |
WPA# |
||
|
Papilionidae |
|||||||
|
1 |
Troides minos (Cramer, [1779]) — Sahyadri Birdwing |
R |
WG & SI |
LC |
|
||
|
2 |
Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) — Malabar Rose |
VR |
WG |
LC |
|
||
|
3 |
Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) — Indian Common Rose |
R |
|
LC |
|
||
|
4 |
Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Crimson Rose |
C |
PI & SL |
LC |
Sch I |
||
|
5 |
Graphium agamemnon menides (Fruhstorfer, 1904) — Dakhan
Tailed Jay |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
6 |
Graphium doson eleius (Felder &
Felder, 1864) — Dakhan Common Jay |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
7 |
Graphium nomius nomius (Esper, 1799)–
Indian Spot Swordtail |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
8 |
Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865) — Narrow-banded
Bluebottle |
C |
SI |
|
|
||
|
9 |
Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 —
Northern Lime Swallowtail |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
10 |
Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880 — Malabar Raven |
VR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
11 |
Papilio helenus daksha Hampson, 1888 —
Sahyadri Red Helen |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
12 |
Papilio polymnestor polymnestor Cramer, [1775] —
Indian Blue Mormon |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
13 |
Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, [1775] —
Indian Common Mormon |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
14 |
Papilio paris tamilana Moore, 1881 —
Sahyadri Paris Peacock |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
Pieridae |
|||||||
|
15 |
Catopsilia pomonapomona (Fabricius, 1775) —
Oriental Lemon Emigrant |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
16 |
Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Oriental Mottled Emigrant |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
17 |
Eurema andersoni shimai Yata & Gaonkar, 1999 — Sahyadri One-spot Grass Yellow |
VR |
|
LC |
Sch II |
||
|
18 |
Eurema nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990) — Sahyadri Grass Yellow |
VR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
19 |
Eurema blanda silhetana (Wallace, 1867) —
Sylhet Three-spot Grass Yellow |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
20 |
Euremahecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) — Oriental Common Grass Yellow |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
21 |
Eurema laeta laeta (Boisduval, 1836) — Indian Spotless Grass Yellow |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
22 |
Eurema brigitta rubella (Wallace, 1867) —
Small Grass Yellow |
C |
|
LC |
|
||
|
23 |
Colias nilagiriensis Felder &
Felder, 1859 — Nilgiri Clouded Yellow |
NR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
24 |
Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) —
Indian Jezebel |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
25 |
Prioneris sita (Felder & Felder, 1865) — Painted Sawtooth |
VR |
SI & SL |
|
Sch IV |
||
|
26 |
Pieris canidia canis Evans, 1912 —
Sahyadri Cabbage White |
VC |
|
|
|
||
|
27 |
Cepora nadina remba (Moore, [1858]) —
Sahyadri Lesser Gull |
VR |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
28 |
Cepora nerissa phryne (Fabricius, 1775) — Dakhan
Common Gull |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
29 |
Belenois aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793) — Indian Pioneer |
R |
|
LC |
|
||
|
30 |
Appias (Catophaga) albina swinhoei (Moore, 1905) — Sahyadri Common Albatross |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
31 |
Appias (Hiposcritia) indra
shiva (Swinhoe, 1885) — Sahyadri Plain Puffin |
NR |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
32 |
Appias lalage lalage (Doubleday, 1842)
— Himalayan Spot Puffin |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
33 |
Appias libythea (Fabricius, 1775) —
Western Striped Albatross |
R |
|
|
Sch IV |
||
|
34 |
Appias wardii (Moore, 1884) — Sahyadri Albatross / Ward's
Albatross |
R |
WG |
|
Sch II |
||
|
35 |
Leptosia nina nina (Fabricius, 1793) — Oriental Psyche |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
36 |
Colotis fausta fulvia (Wallace, 1867) — Dakhan Large Salmon Arab |
S |
|
|
|
||
|
37 |
Ixias pyrene sesia (Fabricius, 1777) — Dakhan
Yellow Orange-tip |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
38 |
Pareronia hippia (Fabricius, 1787) — Common
Wanderer |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
39 |
Hebomoia glaucippe australis Butler, 1898 —
Sahyadri Great Orange-tip |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
Nymphalidae |
|||||||
|
40 |
Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Oriental Common Evening Brown |
C |
|
LC |
|
||
|
41 |
Melanitis phedima varaha Moore, 1857 —
Sahyadri Dark Evening Brown |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
42 |
Melanitis zitenius gokala Moore, 1857 —
Sahyadri Great Evening Brown |
R |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
43 |
Lethe drypetis todara Moore, 1881 — Dakhan Treebrown |
R |
SI & SL |
|
|
||
|
44 |
Lethe europa europa
(Fabricius, 1775) — Dakhan
Bamboo Treebrown |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
45 |
Lethe rohria neelgheriensis (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) — Common Treebrown |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
46 |
Mycalesis anaxias anaxias Hewitson, 1862 — Sahyadri White-bar Bushbrown |
NR |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
47 |
Mycalesis patnia junonia Butler, 1868 —
Malabar Glad-eye Bushbrown |
C |
SI |
|
|
||
|
48 |
Mycalesis mineus polydecta (Cramer, [1777]) —Dakhan Dark-branded Bushbrown |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
49 |
Mycalesis perseus tabitha (Fabricius, 1793) — Dakhan
Common Bushbrown |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
50 |
Mycalesis subdita Moore, 1892 — Tamil Bushbrown |
NR |
SI & SL |
|
|
||
|
51 |
Mycalesis visala visala Moore, [1858] —
Indian Long-branded Bushbrown |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
52 |
Orsotriaena medus mandata (Moore, 1857) —
Sahyadri Medus Brown |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
53 |
Telinga davisoni (Moore, [1891]) — Palni Bushbrown |
R |
WG |
|
|
||
|
54 |
Telinga oculus Marshall, 1881 —
Red-disc Bushbrown |
NR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
55 |
Ypthima baldus baldus (Fabricius, 1775) — Common Five-ring |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
56 |
Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson, 1865 — White
Four-ring |
S |
PI & SL |
|
|
||
|
57 |
Ypthima chenu (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)
— Nilgiri Four-ring |
NR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
58 |
Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871 — Common Four-ring |
VC |
|
|
|
||
|
59 |
Ypthima ypthimoides (Moore, 1881) — Palni
Four-ring |
C |
WG |
|
|
||
|
60 |
Rohana parisatis atacinus Fruhstorfer, 1913 — Sahyadri Black Prince |
NR |
|
LC |
|
||
|
61 |
Ariadne ariadne indica (Moore, 1884) —
Indian Angled Castor |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
62 |
Ariadne merione merione (Cramer, [1777]) —
Dakhan Common Castor |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
63 |
Byblia ilithyia (Drury, [1773]) — Joker |
S |
|
LC |
|
||
|
64 |
Charaxes bharata Felder & Felder, [1867] — Indian Nawab |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
65 |
Charaxes psaphon imna Butler, 1870 —
Indian Plain Tawny Rajah |
S |
|
|
|
||
|
66 |
Charaxes schreiber wardii (Moore, 1896) —
Sahyadri Blue Nawab |
S |
|
|
Sch I |
||
|
67 |
Cyrestis thyodamas indica Evans, 1924 —
Common Map |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
68 |
Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Tawny Coster |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
69 |
Cethosia mahratta Moore, 1872 — Sahyadri Lacewing |
VR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
70 |
Argynnis castetsi (Oberthür, 1891) — Palni Fritillary |
C |
WG |
|
|
||
|
71 |
Cirrochroa thais thais (Fabricius, 1787) — Sahyadri Yeoman |
NR |
SI & SL |
|
|
||
|
72 |
Cupha erymanthis maja Fruhstorfer, 1898 — Sahyadri Rustic |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
73 |
Phalanta phalantha phalantha (Drury, [1773]) —
Oriental Common Leopard |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
74 |
Vindula erota saloma de Nicéville, 1886 — Sahyadri Cruiser |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
75 |
Libythea laius lepitoides Moore, 1903 —
Sahyadri Lobed Beak |
R |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
76 |
Libythea myrrha rama Moore, 1872 — Sri
Lankan Club Beak |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
77 |
Dophla evelina laudabilis Swinhoe, 1890 — Sahyadri Redspot
Duke |
S |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
78 |
Symphaedra nais (Forster, 1771) — Baronet |
S |
|
|
|
||
|
79 |
Tanaecia lepidea miyana (Fruhstorfer, 1913) — Peninsular Grey Count |
R |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
80 |
Athyma inara Westwood, 1850 — Color
Sergeant |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
81 |
Athyma perius perius (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Oriental Common Sergeant |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
82 |
Athyma ranga karwara (Fruhstorfer, 1906) — Karwar Blackvein
Sergeant |
R |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
83 |
Athyma selenophora kanara (Evans, 1924) —
Staff Sergeant |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
84 |
Moduza procris procris Fruhstorfer, 1906 — Sahyadri
Commander |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
85 |
Neptis clinia kallaura Moore, 1881 —
Sahyadri Sullied Sailer |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
86 |
Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 —
Indian Common Sailer |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
87 |
Neptis jumbah nalanda Fruhstorfer, 1908 — Nalanda
Chestnut-streaked Sailer |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
88 |
Neptis nata hampsoni Moore, 1899 — Sahyadri Clear Sailer
|
VR |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
89 |
Neptis palnica Eliot, 1969 — Palni/Creamy
Sailer |
R |
WG |
|
Sch II |
||
|
90 |
Parthenos sylvia virens Moore, 1877 — Sahyadri Clipper |
R |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
91 |
Hypolimnas bolina jacintha (Drury, 1773) —
Oriental Great Eggfly |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
92 |
Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) — Danaid Eggfly |
NR |
|
|
Sch I,II |
||
|
93 |
Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Oriental Peacock Pansy |
R |
|
LC |
|
||
|
94 |
Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) — Oriental Yellow Pansy |
C |
|
LC |
|
||
|
95 |
Junonia iphita iphita (Cramer, [1779]) —
Chocolate Pansy |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
96 |
Junonia lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Chinese Lemon Pansy |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
97 |
Junonia orithya Butler, 1885 — Pale Blue Pansy |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
98 |
Kaniska canace viridis Evans, 1924 —
Sahyadri Blue Admiral |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
99 |
Vanessa indica pholoe (Fruhstorfer, 1912) — Sahyadri Red Admiral |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
100 |
Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Painted Lady |
NR |
|
LC |
|
||
|
101 |
Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) —
Oriental Plain Tiger |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
102 |
Danaus genutia genutia (Cramer, [1779]) —
Oriental Striped Tiger |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
103 |
Euploea core core (Cramer, [1780]) — Indian Common Crow |
C |
|
LC |
|
||
|
104 |
Euploea klugii kollari Felder &
Felder, [1865] — Brown King Crow |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
105 |
Euploea sylvester coreta (Godart, 1819) — Double-branded Black Crow |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
106 |
Parantica aglea aglea (Stoll, [1782]) —
Coromandel Glassy Tiger |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
107 |
Parantica nilgiriensis (Moore, 1877) — Nilgiri
Tiger |
R |
WG |
NT |
|
||
|
108 |
Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmelin, 1790) — Oriental Blue Tiger |
VC |
|
|
|
||
|
109 |
Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899 — Dakhan Dark
Blue Tiger |
VC |
|
|
|
||
|
Riodinidae |
|||||||
|
110 |
Abisara echerius prunosa Moore, 1879 —
Lankan Plum Judy |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
Lycaenidae |
|||||||
|
111 |
Spalgis epius epius (Westwood, 1852) —
Oriental Apefly |
E |
|
|
|
||
|
112 |
Anthene lycaenina lycaenina (Felder, 1868) — Dakhan Pointed Ciliate Blue |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
113 |
Acytolepis puspa felderi Toxopeus, 1927 — Malabar Common Hedge Blue |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
114 |
Caleta decidia (Hewitson, 1876) — Angled Pierrot |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
115 |
Castalius rosimon rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) — Continental Common Pierrot |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
116 |
Catochrysops strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793) — Oriental Forget-me-not |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
117 |
Celatoxia albidisca (Moore, [1884]) — White-disc Hedge Blue |
NR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
118 |
Celastrina lavendularis lavenduris (Moore,
1877) — Sri Lankan Plain Hedge Blue |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
119 |
Chilades lajus lajus (Stoll,
[1780]) — Indian Lime Blue |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
120 |
Chilades pandava pandava (Horsfield, [1829])
— Oriental Plains Cupid |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
121 |
Euchrysops cnejus cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) — Oriental Gram Blue |
C |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
122 |
Everes lacturnus syntala Cantlie,
1963 — Dakhan Cupid |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
123 |
Freyeria putli (Kollar, [1844]) —
Oriental Grass Jewel |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
124 |
Ionolyce helicon viola (Moore,
1877) — Sri Lankan Pointed Lineblue |
VR |
WG & SL |
|
|
||
|
125 |
Jamides alectoeurysaces (Fruhstorfer, 1916) — Himalayan Metallic Cerulean |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
126 |
Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782])
— Indian Dark Cerulean |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
127 |
Jamides celeno celeno (Cramer,
[1775]) — Oriental Common Cerulean |
VC |
|
|
|
||
|
128 |
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) — Pea Blue |
C |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
129 |
Leptotes plinius plinius (Fabricius, 1793) — Asian Zebra Blue |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
130 |
Megisba malaya thwaitesi (Moore,
[1881]) — Tailless Malayan |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
131 |
Nacaduba kurava canaraica Toxopeus, 1927 — Karwar Transparent 6-Lineblue |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
132 |
Nacaduba Pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1916 — Continental Large 4-Lineblue |
VR |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
133 |
Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, [1884]) — Dingy Lineblue |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
134 |
Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, [1925])
— Indian Tailless Lineblue |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
135 |
Prosotas nora ardates (Moore,
[1875]) — Indian Common Lineblue |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
136 |
Prosotas noreia hampsonii (de Nicéville, 1885) — Indian White-tipped Lineblue |
R |
|
|
Sch I |
||
|
137 |
Pseudozizeeria maha ossa (Swinhoe, 1885) — Dakhan Pale Grass Blue |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
138 |
Talicada nyseus nyseus (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) — Indian Red Pierrot |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
139 |
Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville,
[1883]) — Dark Pierrot |
R |
|
|
Sch IV |
||
|
140 |
Udara akasa mavisa (Fruhstorfer, 1917) — Sahyadri White Hedge Blue |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
141 |
Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) — Dark Grass Blue |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
142 |
Zizina otis indica (Murray, 1874) — Indian Lesser Grass Blue |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
143 |
Zizula hylax hylax (Fabricius, 1775) — Indian Tiny Grass Blue |
VC |
|
LC |
|
||
|
144 |
Iraota timoleon arsaces Fruhstorfer, 1907 — Dakhan
Silverstreak Blue |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
145 |
Cigaritis lohita lazularia (Moore,
1881) — Tamil Long-banded Silverline |
NR |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
146 |
Cigaritis schistacea (Moore, [1881]) — Plumbeous Silverline |
NR |
PI & SL |
|
|
||
|
147 |
Cigaritis vulcanus (Fabricius,
1775) — Common Silverline |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
148 |
Catapaecilma major callone (Fruhstorfer, 1915) —
Sahyadri Common Tinsel |
R |
|
|
Sch II |
||
|
149 |
Cheritra freja butleri Cowan, 1965 —
Sahyadri Common Imperial |
R |
|
LC |
|
||
|
150 |
Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas (Moore, 1857) —
Oriental Cornelian |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
151 |
Rapala iarbus sorya (Kollar, [1844]) — Indian Red Flash |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
152 |
Creon cleobis cleobis (Godart, [1824]) — Bengal Broad-tail Royal |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
Hesperiidae |
|||||||
|
153 |
Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) — Brown Awl |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
154 |
Burara gomata kanara (Evans, 1926) —
Sahyadri Pale Green Awlet |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
155 |
Burara jaina fergusonii (de Nicéville, [1893]) — Sahyadri Orange Awlet |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
156 |
Choaspes benjaminii benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) — Sahyadri Indian Awlking |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
157 |
Hasora chromus chromus (Cramer, [1780]) —
Oriental Common Banded Awl |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
158 |
Hasora taminatus taminatus (Hübner, 1818) — Lankan White-banded Awl |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
159 |
Celaenorrhinus fusca (Hampson, 1888) — Dusky Spotted Flat |
C |
PI |
|
|
||
|
160 |
Pseudocoladenia dan dan (Fabricius, 1787) —
Sahyadri Fulvous Pied Flat |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
161 |
Coladenia indrani indra Evans, 1926 — Dakhan Tricolor Pied Flat |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
162 |
Gerosis bhagava bhagava (Moore, [1866]) —
Bengal Yellow-breasted Flat |
S |
|
|
|
||
|
163 |
Tagiades gana silvia Evans, 1934 — Dakhan Suffused Snow Flat |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
164 |
Tagiades japetus obscurus Mabille, 1877 — Dravidian Common Snow Flat |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
165 |
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa Möschler, 1878 — Sylhet Water Snow Flat |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
166 |
Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) —
Indian Grizzled Skipper |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
167 |
Aeromachus dubius dubius Elwes & Edwards, 1897 — Sahyadri Dingy Scrub Hopper |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
168 |
Aeromachus pygmaeus (Fabricius, 1775) — Pygmy Scrub Hopper |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
169 |
Arnetta mercara Evans, 1932 — Coorg
Forest Bob |
NR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
170 |
Baracus hampsoni Elwes & Edwards, 1897
— Malabar Hedge Hopper |
NR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
171 |
Baracus subditus Moore, [1884] — Yellow-striped Hedge Hopper |
C |
WG |
|
|
||
|
172 |
Erionota torus Evans, 1941 —
Rounded Palm-Redeye |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
173 |
Iambrix salsala luteipalpis (Plötz, 1886) — Southern Chestnut Bob |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
174 |
Notocrypta paralysos mangla Evans, 1949 —
Sahyadri Common Banded Demon |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
175 |
Quedara basiflava (de Nicéville, [1889]) —
Yellow-base Flitter |
VR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
176 |
Salanoemia sala (Hewitson, [1866]) —
Maculate Lancer |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
177 |
Suastus gremius gremius (Fabricius, 1798) — Indian Palm Bob |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
178 |
Suastus minuta bipunctus Swinhoe, 1894 — Sahyadri Small Palm Bob |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
179 |
Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe, 1890) —
Unbranded Ace |
VR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
180 |
Thoressa evershedi (Evans, 1910) — Travancore Tawny Ace |
NR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
181 |
Udaspes folus (Cramer, [1775]) — Grass Demon |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
182 |
Cephrenes acalle oceanica (Mabille, 1904) — Variable Plain Palm-Dart |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
183 |
Oriens concinna (Elwes & Edwards,
1897) — Sahyadri Dartlet |
NR |
WG |
|
Sch IV |
||
|
184 |
Oriens goloides (Moore, [1881]) — Smaller Dartlet |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
185 |
Potanthus diana (Evans, 1932) — Chinese Dart |
NR |
PI |
|
|
||
|
186 |
Potanthus pallidus (Evans, 1932) —
Pale Dart |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
187 |
Potanthus palnia palnia (Evans, 1914) — Palni Dart |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
188 |
Potanthus pava pava (Fruhstorfer, 1911) — Yellow Dart |
VR |
|
|
|
||
|
189 |
Taractrocera ceramas (Hewitson, 1868) —
Incomplete Tawny-spotted Grass Dart |
C |
|
|
|
||
|
190 |
Telicota bambusae bambusae (Moore, 1878) —
Oriental Dark Palm-Dart |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
191 |
Telicota colon colon (Fabricius, 1775) —
Indian Pale Palm-Dart |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
192 |
Borbo bevani (Moore, 1878) — Lesser Rice Swift |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
193 |
Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) — Rice Swift |
R |
|
|
|
||
|
194 |
Caltoris canaraica (Moore, [1884]) — Karwar Swift |
NR |
WG |
|
|
||
|
195 |
Caltoris kumara kumara (Moore, 1878) — Sahyadri Blank Swift |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
196 |
Pelopidas agna agna (Moore, [1866]) —
Bengal Obscure Branded Swift |
NR |
|
|
|
||
|
197 |
Pelopidas mathias mathias (Fabricius, 1798) — Dakhan Small
Branded Swift |
R |
|
LC |
|
||
|
198 |
Pelopidas subochracea subochracea (Moore, 1878) —
Bengal Large Branded Swift |
C |
|
|
Sch IV |
||
For images and
figures – click here for PDF
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