Key Biodiversity Area Special Series
Using important plant areas and
important bird areas to identify Key Biodiversity Areas in the Republic of
Macedonia
Ljupcho Melovski 1, Metodija Velevski 2, Vlado Matevski 3, Vasko Avukatov 4 &Aleksandar Sarov 5
1,3Institute
of Biology, University of St. Cyril and Methodius, Blvd. Krste Petkov Misirkov bb, 1000
Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
1,2,4,5Macedonian
Ecological Society, Blvd “Kuzman Josifovski Pitu” 28/3-7, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Email:1 melovski@pmf.ukim.mk (corresponding author), 2velevski@mes.org.mk, 3 vladom@pmf.ukim.mk,4 avukatov@mes.org.mk, 5 sarov@mes.org.mk
Date of publication (online): 06 August 2012
Date of publication (print): 06 August 2012
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Manuscript details:
Ms # o2997
Received
08 November 2011
Final
revised received 18 January 2012
Finally
accepted 01 June 2012
Citation: Melovski, Lj.,
M. Velevski, V. Matevski,
V. Avukatov & A. Sarov(2012). Using important plant areas and important bird areas to identify Key
Biodiversity Areas in the Republic of Macedonia. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 4(8): 2766–2778.
Copyright: © Ljupcho Melovski,Metodija Velevski, Vlado Matevski, Vasko Avukatov& Aleksandar Sarov2012. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 UnportedLicense. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by
providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Author Details: Ljupco Melovski is professor at the Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Mathematics, and President of the Macedonian Ecological Society.
His field of expertise is forest ecology and plant conservation. He was leader
of the project for identification of the Important Plant Areas in Macedonia.
Metodija Velevski is an ornithologist at the Macedonian Ecological Society, where
he works on vulture conservation and has led the initiative for identification
of Important Bird Areas in Macedonia.
Vlado Matevski is professor at the Institure of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and
Mathematics and member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. His field of expertise include plant taxonomy and plant
communities.
Vasko Avukatov and Aleksandar Sarov are GIS specialists in the
Macedonian Ecological Society.
Author Contribution: LjM responsible for background IPA
identification and writing the paper; MV responsible for background IBA
identification and writing the paper; VM responsible for background IPA
identification; VA mapping of species in the IPAs and IBAs and developing
respective background shapefile layers; AS performing
KBA GIS analyses.
Acknowledgements: The authors are deeply
grateful to the financial support provided by both the MAVA foundation, for the
identification and delineation of IPAs in Macedonia, and the Frankfurt
Zoological Society, Black Vulture Conservation Foundation and the Vulture
Conservation Foundation, for the long-term study and monitoring of Macedonia’s
raptors’ populations. In addition, we thank PlantlifeInternational and BirdLife International for their
support in the identification and delineation of IPAs and IBAs respectively,
and for proof reading the English manuscript. We are also grateful to
Macedonian Ecological Society for providing all necessary shape-file layers to
compile this paper.
Abstract: An attempt is made to identify Key Biodiversity Areas in the
Republic of Macedonia through the identification of internationally recognized
important areas for biodiversity: Important Plant Areas (IPAs) and Important
Bird Areas (IBAs). Forty two IPAs covering 6,495km2 and 24 IBAs
covering 6,907km2 have been identified in Macedonia. Thirty sevenIPAs (6,152km2 or 24% of the country’s territory) and 15 IBAs
(4,821km2 or 18.75% of the national territory), meet KBA criteria,
between them yielding 42 KBAs. The
remaining five IPAs and nine IBAs do not meet KBA criteria although have
international significance. Together IPAs and IBAs total 10,698km2; those meeting
the KBA criteria total 9,670km2. In total, 73% and 65% of the entire
national protected areas (PAs) surface overlaps with IPAs and IBAs
respectively. This proportion is
81% for the 42 KBAs. However, only
25% of the total size of protected areas overlaps with IPAs, only 21% overlap
with IBAs, and only 19% with the combined 42 KBAs. This means that Macedonia’s protected
areas system is not yet representative and comprehensive for safeguarding its
botanical and avian diversity.
Keywords: Important Bird Areas, Important Plant Areas,
Key Biodiversity Areas, Macedonia.
The Key
Biodiversity Area series documents the application of the concept and showcases
the results from various parts of the world. The series is edited
under the auspices of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas/Species
Survival Commission Joint Task Force on ‘Biodiversity and Protected Areas’,
with the editors supported by BirdLife International,
Conservation International, IUCN, National Fish & Wildlife Foundation, NatureServe, Parks Canada, and PlantlifeInternational.
For images, tables -- click here
INTRODUCTION
Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are defined as sites of
global significance for biodiversity conservation, and thus are intended to
capture the world’s most important natural heritage. They are identified and delineated
through a defined methodology (Langhammer et al.
2007), which includes to an extent, that used to identify
Important Birds Areas (Heath & Evans 2000) and Important Plant Areas(Anderson 2002).
The Republic of Macedonia covers an area of
25,713km² characterized by mountainous terrain in the west and east, and
lowland habitats in the centre. It occupies a central position on Balkan
Peninsula (Fig. 1) and contains alpine, continental sub-mediterraneanand pontic steppe biogeographic zones. The valleys located in the continental
biogeographic zone have a strong Mediterranean influence.
Despite its small size Macedonia has a comparatively high
level of floral endemicity, and relict species in the
mountains, forests and “steppes” of the lowlands. Four percent of the national flora is
endemic—114 vascular plant species (including one fern) out of a total
flora of over 3,200 species. However, the number of near-endemic species (e.g. those confined to one
mountain top but which occur across borders with neighbouringcountries) is much greater (Kuzmanov 1979; Micevski 1985, 1993; Strid &
Tan 1991, 1997; Matevski 2010), and the percentage of
near-national endemic species (defined here as having a range limited to less
than 5,000km2 within the Balkan Peninsula) is greater still. Although the flora is well studied (Micevski 1985, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2005; Matevski 2010), species new to Macedonia (even new to
science) are frequently recorded. Many species reach the borders of their range in the country; the
southern border for boreal and alpine species, the northern for Mediterranean
species and the western border for Ponto-Caspian and Asia Minor elements. The habitat diversity is also very high,
as shown by the diversity of plant communities.
Endemism is high among other groups of animals
(especially fish and invertebrates). For example, Lake Ohrid is the centre of freshwater endemism in Europe (Levkov et al. 2007; Albrecht & Wilke2008; Levkov 2009).
The bird fauna is insufficiently studied, with 318
species recorded so far (Micevski 2002/2003; Velevski et al. 2010). However, significant populations of some species, particularly Egyptian
Vulture, Imperial Eagle and Dalmatian Pelican are found.
Although Macedonia has ratified almost all conventions on
biodiversity protection1 the conservation status of plants,
habitats, birds and other animal species is often not favourable. Wetlands of all types are especially
threatened (Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning 2004).
The main goal of this study is to identify the most
important sites for biodiversity in Macedonia, using a combination of Important
Plant Areas (IPAs) and Important Bird Areas (IBAs) that have already been
identified. The work also seeks to
compare the criteria used for designation of IPAs and IBAs with the KBA
methodology and to show the representativeness and comprehensiveness of the
national protected areas system.
METHODS
This analysis of KBAs in Macedonia integrates the
findings of two previous analyses of important sites for biodiversity in
Macedonia; IPAs (Radford & Odé2009; Melovski et al. 2010) and IBAs (Velevski et al. 2010).
IPAs
IPAs were identified using European IPA criteria as
developed by Plantlife International in collaboration
with various international plant conservation networks (Anderson 2002). Sites containing following criteria were
categorized under (i) criteria A based on threatened
species; (ii) criteria B based on species-richness and endemism; and (iii)
criterion C those containing threatened habitats. The IPA criteria overlap to an extent
with those used to identify KBAs sensu Langhammer et al. (2007) and the current analysis
has focused on these areas of overlap—particularly on the species
criterion (IPA criterion A and the Key Biodiversity Area vulnerability
criterion). The IPA criteria B and C
could be used for application of the biomes criterion for KBAs, but this
criterion has not yet been widely used in the KBA context, therefore we did not
further analyze the five IPAs which met these criteria
alone.
In Macedonia, the national site selection strategy focused initially on selecting larger sites, as these, on
average, contain a high number of qualifying species and a complex of
habitat types. The distribution and
shape of protected areas (PAs) was also considered and where possible, the IPA
boundaries were delineated based on the PA boundary.
The KBA vulnerability criterion is not applicable to
plants in this study as the four red listed species from Macedonia previously
considered threatened at global level using pre-2001 IUCN criteria (Walter
& Gillett 1998) have not been reassessed using current criteria and
therefore do not appear on the current IUCN Global Red List (IUCN 2010). However, these and 73 other species (of
the 102 species used as trigger species in the frame of IPA criteria) match the
KBA irreplaceability criterion and so were used as trigger species for
selecting KBAs. Of these, 57
species possess a restricted range which is here defined as less than 5,000km2,
(KBA sub-criterion a), and 20 species have a clumped distribution
(sub-criterion b) present only at a few localities over a large range2. Out of these 57 restricted-range
species, 36 species, with very limited distributions (here defined as less than
500km2) were also considered separately as we believe that, when
assessed by the red listing process, they are likely to qualify as globally
threatened, in which case they could be used as trigger species under the
vulnerability criterion. The other
21 restricted-range species occupy larger ranges but all are less than 5,000km2. However, according to the KBA
methodology the definition of “restricted range” is set to 50,000km2 (Langhammer et al. 2007). We consider that the latter is more
suitable for large animals than for plants, and so preferred to use a smaller
threshold of 5,000km2. Five of the IPA sites were excluded (comprising two sites which did not
qualify under the vulnerability criterion, as they had been identified as IPAs
using criterion C (threatened habitats), and three sites because they were
designated as IPAs on the basis of European threat status – criterion Aii: Bern Convention and Habitat Directive lists).
Fungi, though not plants, are considered alongside plants
within the IPA analysis. The above
situation applies to fungal species i.e. they are threatened on a European
level but they have not been globally assessed using IUCN criteria. There are no known restricted range
fungal species in Macedonia, so fungi were omitted from these KBA analyses .
IBAs
Identification of IBAs started in 2007 and, by 2011 24
IBAs had been identified (Velevski et al. 2010). Twenty two of
them have been confirmed by BirdLife International,
and two more are in the proposal stage. All IBAs were checked against KBA criteria, resulting in the selection
of 15 sites that meet the thresholds set by Langhammeret al. (2007) for identification of KBAs. These include 11 sites holding
Endangered (EN) species (the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus), one site of importance for the
Egyptian Vulture and the Vulnerable Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, two for the Vulnerable Dalmatian
Pelican Pelecanus crispus,
and one site meeting the irreplaceability criterion for Lesser Kestrel Falconaumanni (>1% of global population in the
breeding period).
Of those IBAs that do not meet the KBA criteria, three
were identified under IBA criterion A1. At one of these sites, the trigger species is Near-threatenedand such species are not used for identification of KBAs, and in the other two
the population of the trigger species concerned (Eastern Imperial Eagle) does
not exceed the threshold of 10 pairs set in Langhammeret al. (2007). Three further
excluded IBAs meet the IBA criterion A3 (assemblages characteristic of the
Eurasian High-montane biome), but the population
sizes of the trigger species have not been estimated, so we have excluded them
as KBAs. At the remaining IBA of
global importance, Lake Ohrid, none of the species
triggers IBA criterion A4i (1% of the global population), while A4iii is not
used for KBA identification. The two remaining proposed IBAs are of European
importance only (IBA criterion B2).
Delineation of KBAs
All qualifying individual IPAs and IBAs automatically
became KBAs with the same boundary
- KBAs
that result from overlapping IPAs and IBAs were delineated on the bases of the
union of their surfaces
- In
more complex cases (two or three KBAs had to be delineated from several
overlapping IPAs and/or IBAs) the boundaries of either IPAs or IBAs were used
to delineate KBAs.
RESULTS
The KBA identification methodology was applied to 42 IPAs
(6,496km2 total surface area) and 24 IBAs (6,907km2 total
surface area, Fig. 2), from which 42 KBAs have been identified for Macedonia
– 28 for plants only, six for birds only and eight for both plants and
birds (Appendix 1). Of these eight
KBAs triggered for both plants and birds: one (Babuna,Topolka and lower Bregalnica)
combines three IPAs with one IBA into a single KBA; a second (Tikvesh-Raec) combines one IPA with two IBAs; and the
remaining six sites each combine a single IPA with a single IBA. Five IPAs and nine IBAs did not meet
KBAs criteria.
Those IPAs and IBAs that meet KBA criteria overlap by
1,302km2 (5% of the country territory), or 19% of all IPAs or 20% of
all IBAs. The combined surface area of the 42 KBAs delineated based on IPAs and
IBAs is 9,671km2 (38% of the area of the country).
The size of the identified KBAs (Appendix 1, Fig. 3)
ranges from 8.72km2 to 1131.64km2 (KBA Monospitovo and KBA Pelagoniarespectively).
The numbers of species of birds and plants that trigger
the KBA criteria and sub-criteria is shown in Table 1, while the summary of the
numbers of KBAs triggered by each of the criteria and sub-criteria for birds
and plants is given in Table 2.
A more detailed analysis of the relationships between
trigger species and KBAs is given in Table 3. It can be seen that most sites contain
more than one trigger species while one particular site holds as many as 15
trigger species (Table 3 and Appendix 1).
Out of the 81 species used to trigger KBAs, 36 plant
species are found in only one site exclusively and two bird species meet the
criteria at only one site each, resulting with 38 sites triggered by one
species only. Each of 20 other
species can be found in two sites only (Table 3), clearly showing the high
endemism among the plants.
Fifteen KBAs harbour narrowly
endemic species (Appendix 1), which after official assessment are expected to
be given some of the unfavorable conservation categories (VU, EN or CR), and
some in the future might qualify as Alliance for Zero Extinction sites.
Analysis of the relationship of KBAs with the protected
area network in Macedonia (total coverage of all protected area is 2,248km2or 8.7% of the country’s territory, these figures are more precise than those
given earlier by Melovski et al. 2011) was performed
in order to assess their conservation status. This showed that 73% of the total
area of IPAs and 65% of IBAs overlap with national protected areas; in total,
81% of the area of KBAs overlap with protected
areas. However, only 25% of the
protected area network overlaps with IPAs and only 21% with IBAs; overall, only
19 % of the area of Macedonia’s PAs overlaps with KBAs (Fig. 3).
The proposed representative national protected area
network (5206.4km2, Melovski et al. 2011),
includes 4174.4km2 of the identified KBAs (43%), conversely, 80% of
the proposed representative protected area network is covered by KBAs.
DISCUSSION
Identification of KBAs in the Republic of Macedonia on
the basis of existing, recognized, globally important areas for biodiversity
(in this case IBAs and IPAs) was meant to compensate for the lack of
distribution range data for different taxonomic groups, lack of population data
for the most of the species and lack of national red lists. However, it was not possible to
automatically designate IPAs and IBAs as KBAs due to the stricter criteria for
identification of KBAs.
Additionally, initial implementation of IPA criteria in
Macedonia was very challenging. The
main obstacle to full implementation of the IPA methodology in Macedonia was
lack of sufficient data, or the existence of only old data on plants and fungi,
lack of assessment of the threat status of the flora at global level and the
absence of a national Red List (Radford & Odé2009; Melovski et al. 2010). The IUCN Global Red List is currently an
inadequate indicator of the levels of globally threatened plant species in
Macedonia (and elsewhere in the Balkans). IPA methodology recognizes this and compensates by considering
regionally threatened species (on European conventions, IPA criterion Aii,), threatened national and sub-regional endemics and
species richness and habitats; all of which are irrelevant for KBA
identification. The KBA methodology
has not yet been applied in ways that harness such alternative measures so
there is a potential for IPAs to be omitted from KBAs list (in Macedonia this
applies at five sites: Negorci Spa, Ohrid Lake, Pehchevo-Judovi Livadi, Plachkovica and Prespa Lake). Practically IPA methodology compensates for the incompleteness of IUCN
Red List as well as the present lack of IUCN Global Red List data for plants.
It is therefore not possible to apply “vulnerability” criterion in case of
Macedonia. The KBA methodology by-passes this by the introduction of the “irreplaceability”
criterion with several sub-criteria (Langhammer et
al. 2007). In Macedonia the
“restricted range species” sub-criterion (sub-criterion a) was the most
appropriate due to limited knowledge on the exact distribution of many plant
species. It corresponds to IPA
criterion Aiii (threatened narrow endemics) and to a
certain extent to IPA criterion Aiv (threatened near
endemics). Most of the IPA qualifying species fallinto this KBA criterion (Appendix 1). Very few Aiii plant species and some Aiv species fall into sub-criterion (b) (species with large
but clumped distributions). More
knowledge is needed to better assess many other IPA species and other plant species which were not included in the original IPA list.
As an example, only five IPAs in Macedonia have been
identified for globally threatened species using IPA criterion Ai, which draws
on the 1997 IUCN Red List (Walter & Gillett 1998). They were also identified as KBAs
because these species were restricted-range species in the same time, but they
do not have the same KBA status since the four Ai species do not appear in the
current IUCN Red List (IUCN 2010). (These species are Astragalus physocalyx Fisch., Ranunculus degenii Kummerle & Jav, Ranunculuscacuminis Strid & Papan and Thymus oehmianus Ronninger & Soška). This is important because it may lead to
underestimation of priority level if KBAs are subsequently further prioritized
using the level of threat to the trigger species, for example to prioritize
conservation action or investment. This has happened in some of the prioritization exercises during the
development of the CEPF Mediterranean Ecosystem Profile (CEPF 2011). Many endemic and near-endemic species in
Macedonia have yet to be properly assessed and the flora may prove to be more
threatened than current lists suggest (Table 2 and Appendix 1).
Ideally, comprehensive IUCN species assessments should be
undertaken but this will require considerable time, capacity and resources, and
in the meantime we recommend the use of an additional sub-criterion (a “highly
restricted-range species”) under the “irreplaceabillity”
criterion, sub-criterion (a). This
does not refer to any of the IUCN threat categories (Vulnerable, Endangered or
Critically Endangered), but captures species with extremely limited
distributions (such as the 36 Macedonian species with a range of less than
500km2 in Table 2). This
would begin to address the limitations in KBA identification resulting from
lack of data on threat status for plants.
On the other hand, the 50,000km2 threshold of
distribution range for “restricted-range species” as proposed in KBA
methodology (Langhammer et al. 2007) is too large for
plants, although a well established threshold among
ornithologists and mammologists (e.g. Stattersfield et al. 1998). A large proportion of
Macedonian plant species (and indeed those of the Balkan Peninsula as a whole)
have smaller ranges than this and would consequently fall within with
the “irreplaceabillity – restricted range
species” criterion. However, most of these species are not considered
threatened, even if properly assessed. Thus, we suggest that 5,000km2 is used instead, as the
threshold to define “restricted-range species” for plants generally. In this
way it is possible to overcome, at least in part, the lack of national Red
Lists for plants and so to include in the KBAs system the majority of species
that are most likely to be threatened due to their very limited distributions,
among other reasons.
“Irreplaceability sub-criterion (b) was used only for
species for which we have data about their range in neighbouringcountries. It can however be
assumed that some other species will meet this criterion. It is particularly difficult to
implement the KBA threshold for this criterion; 5% of
the global population at the site. In applying the irreplaceability criterion we mostly used the IPA
threshold that is used in cases where comprehensive population data is
unavailable i.e. that the site is ‘one of the five best known sites’ for the
species.
Finally, we were not able to use “irreplaceability”
sub-criterion (e) (bio-regionally restricted assemblages) due to the lack of
sufficiently precise data. Thus,
for the time being it is not possible to compensate for the lack of a criterion
in the KBA methodology that reflects IPA criterion B (species richness) and
especially criterion C (threatened habitats).
Although criteria for designation of IBAs with global
significance and KBAs are compatible, seven globally important IBAs were
excluded from KBA list in Macedonia. However, three of these sites (Shar Planina, river Radika catchment
and Jakupica, all qualifying under A3 criterion) were
covered by Macedonian KBAs network to a significant proportion due to their
overlap with qualifying IPAs. The
fourth one (Preod - Gjugjance)
was covered only to a small extent. Similarly, one of the excluded IPA sites (Lake Prespa)
is still part of the proposed KBAs network since it entirely overlaps with
respective IBA of global importance. Lake Ohrid is a unique case; although
identified as IPA of global importance (based on criterion C) and IBA of global
importance (criteria A4i, A4iii and A4iv), this approach (combination of IPAs
and IBAs only) failed to include this site of remarkable endemism in the KBA
network.
In conclusion, the identification of KBAs by using IPAs
and IBAs is a good tool to identify the most important sites for biodiversity
in Macedonia and probably elsewhere. There are however, some exceptions (e.g. Lake Ohrid). In order to overcome this, one should
take some freshwater taxonomic groups into analyses (in Macedonia fishes are
the most appropriate since there are considerable data available for this group).
The analysis of the protection status of the proposed
KBAs in Macedonia shows that extensive areas harboring important and threatened
biodiversity components are not currently protected. Only 19% of current protected areas
surface overlaps with KBAs. This
means that the national protected area system does not adequately cover the
country’s most important biodiversity and neither is it comprehensive.
The oldest and largest protected areas in Macedonia were
designated mainly on the basis of their forest cover, beautiful appearance and
the presence of game species. Most
of the recently designated protected areas are very small and unevenly
distributed throughout the country. They do not cover the whole range of important habitats as well. The PA system in Macedonia is currently
under revision, in compliance with the Law on Nature Protection of 2004, a
project supported by GEF and implemented by UNDP. If the proposed revisions to
the protected area network are implemented (Melovskiet al. 2011) the situation will be much improved with 80% of the proposed
network covered by KBAs, including 43% of the surface of KBAs identified during
this study.
Since KBAs (and IPAs and IBAs individually) follow strict
and rigorous criteria for the identification as internationally important
sites, they should be used to contribute to the building of a more
comprehensive PA system in Macedonia, in addition to increasing the country’s
compliance with international targets for biodiversity approved by the
Convention on Biological Diversity.
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1 Convention on the protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural
Heritage, Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Convention on the
Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Convention on
Biological Diversity, Convention on International Trade in endangered Species
of Wild Fauna andFlora, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,
Agreement on the Conservation of Bats in Europe, Agreement on the Conservation
of African-Eurasian Migratory Birds
2 Langhammer et
al. (2007) refer to ‘clumped distributions’, which we interpret as those
species with a large range but only known from a few localities within that
range. The populations are widely
scattered within that range.