Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2022 | 14(10): 22008–22015
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7740.14.10.22008-22015
#7740 | Received 05 November 2021 | Final
received 15 June 2022 | Finally accepted 05 September 2022
Contribution to the moss flora of northern Sikkim, India
Himani Yadav 1,
Anshul Dhyani 2 & Prem Lal Uniyal 3
1,2,3 Department of Botany,
University of Delhi, South Moti Bagh, Delhi 110007, India.
1 himani382@gmail.com, 2
anshuld42@gmail.com, 3 uniyalpl@rediffmail.com (corresponding
author)
Abstract: Study of species
composition and community structure is an essential requirement for maintaining
the ecosystem functions, conservation, and sustainable use. Bryophytes are
integral components of biodiversity and resilient during perturbation. The
present investigation was, therefore, a survey in North Sikkim district (India)
to study the diversity and distribution of mosses resulting in a total of 113
species in 74 genera and 28 families as new records to the study area. Of
these, 14 species are considered rare based on their frequency of occurrence.
The family Meteoriaceae which consists of mainly
epiphytic taxa is found to be dominant and widely spread in the study area
followed by Pottiaceae, Leucobryaceae,
and Dicranaceae families. Sixteen species are found
to be remarkable in contributing major biomass to the forest floors and as
epiphytes. Five species are recorded to be endemic to this area. Most of the
epiphytic species are found to be abundant in the area, indicating the good
health of ecosystem. The data would be useful in the planning of conservation
and management of biodiversity.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Bryophyta,
ecosystem, endemicity, Hylocomium himalayanum, Meteoriaceae,
northeastern India.
Editor: Afroz Alam, Banasthali Vidyapith,
Rajasthan, India. Date of
publication: 26 October 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Yadav, H., A. Dhyani &
P.L. Uniyal (2022). Contribution to the moss flora of northern
Sikkim, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 14(10): 22008–22015. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7740.14.10.22008-22015
Copyright: © Yadav et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: Partial funding for this study was provided by the Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, and the University Grants Commission, New Delhi.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Himani Yadav is currently
pursuing her PhD from Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi. Her
research interest includes the taxonomy of bryophytes and pteridophytes, and
tissue culture studies. Anshul Dhyani is a PhD research scholar at Department of
Botany, University of Delhi. His research focuses on the taxonomy, ecology, and
molecular phylogeny studies of bryophytes. He has also worked in a DST-SERB
project as junior research fellow and senior research fellow. Prem Lal Uniyal is
a senior professor at Department of Botany, University of Delhi. He has
published more than 100 research papers. He is specialized in biosystematics of
bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
Author contributions:
HY and AD studied the detailed morphological
characters for the identification and also prepared the herbarium of the
samples. PLU surveyed the area and made the collection the of plant material
and established the identity of the specimens.
Acknowledgements: Authors are highly
grateful to The Directorate of Forest, Government of Sikkim for providing the
necessary permission for the survey of the sites in North Sikkim [PR (REE)
FEWMD/GOS/2012; Memo No. - 43-45, dated 30.12.2012]. Authors are thankful to
the University Grants Commission and the Institute of Eminence, University of
Delhi (IOE/FRP/LS/2020/27), for providing financial assistance.
Introduction
Ecosystem
functioning and stability is dependent on the richness of biodiversity (Noble
& Dirzo 1997). Forest composition, species
richness, diversity pattern, and spatial or temporal distribution are important
ecological attributes significantly correlated with prevailing environmental as
well as anthropogenic variables (Gairola et al.
2014). Bryophytes are abundant in some
ecosystems and play an important role in providing resilience to environmental
changes (Muscolo et al. 2014). Understanding species
diversity and distribution patterns is crucial for evaluating the roles of
plant groups in the ecosystem at a micro-level.
Regular surveys for species occurrence are required for developing
models for biodiversity management and ecological restoration. Variations in
species composition cover at spatial and temporal scales reflect the
heterogeneity of the environmental conditions (Whitmore 1984), which is the
basis for the complexity and diversity of any ecosystem. Climatic conditions
and developmental activities have led to an unusual loss of biodiversity and
ecosystem services (Dierick & Hölscher
2009).
Bryophytes also play
an important role in nutrient cycling, water retention, succession, and
providing microhabitat for many plants and animals. Despite their small size,
they comprise major components of biomass and photosynthetic production. The
gap dynamics in the forest is influenced by the bryophyte diversity and micro-
communities (Levin 1992; Kimmerer & Young 1996). Bryophyte diversity also
adds to the aesthetic value and integrity of the environment. They are
considered as bioindicators of air and water quality and can be used in
developing an “Index of Atmospheric Purity” (IAP) (Larsen 2007). In recent
years, bryophytes have been widely used for bioremediation and pollution
monitoring as well as in molecular biology studies. The factors controlling the
distribution of species and population dynamic of bryophytes is unfortunately
poorly understood. Such studies can provide a model for the management of
biodiversity.
Sikkim is situated
within the Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot and is rich in affluent flora and
fauna diversity (Rahman 2012). It harbours tremendous
biodiversity, though it just covers 0.2% of the geographical area of India.
Currently, many species are subjected to various threats, including the
biological, natural, and anthropogenic activities, which limit the regeneration
of species. These concerns should be addressed with strategic methods.
Pradhan & Badola
(2008) reported the use of Sphagnum squarrosum (peat
moss) in dressing and bandaging cuts and wounds and as an important resource
for fuel in the Dzongu Valley of Sikkim. Singh &
Singh (2013) studied the liverworts of a part of Sikkim. Gangulee
(1969–80) described the mosses of a few areas in Sikkim. The area of northern
Sikkim is unexplored in terms of bryodiversity
assessment and is home to many endemic and monotypic taxa. We wanted to check
the influence of moss diversity on the community composition of the area. The
present study is, therefore, planned to document the mosses of the North Sikkim
district.
Area of Study
Sikkim State (27°31’58.699”N &
88°30’43.985”E) is located on the northeastern side
of India bordered by Bhutan, Tibet, and Nepal. It has an altitudinal range
varying from 300–4,000 m, representing tropical, temperate, sub-tropical, and
alpine regions, and a small portion of cold desert. Approximately 80% of its
geographical area is under forest cover (Sikkim Biodiversity Action Plan 2012).
Present surveys were made in the North Sikkim District, especially in Lachung-Yumthang Valley and Lachen-Thangu
Valley (Figure 1).
Lachung and Yumthang (27°49’33.3336’’N
& 88°41’44.9916’’E) is a mountain valley
situated at an altitude of 2,900 m. The valley is filled with temperate
vegetation, especially Rhododendrons and conifers, and is rich in myriad
waterfalls and streams which maintain the moisture in the valley. The Lachen and Thangu (27°43’59.99”N & 88°32’59.99”E
and 27°53’31.94”N & 88°32’11.33”E) valley is situated at an
altitude of 2,750 m, consisting of Rhododendrons, conifers, and alpine
vegetation.
Materials and Methods
During March 2013, mosses were collected from
various areas of the North Sikkim District, particularly the Lachung-Yumthang and Lachen-Thangu
Vallies. The moss patches were peeled off with a
knife and collected in small polythene bags. To keep the sample pure, each
population was kept separate. The moss samples were air-dried and some related
data such as date of collection, locality, and habitat along with the
substratum type were marked on the
packets. Voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of Department of
Botany, University of Delhi (DUH), Delhi (India). For identification of the
samples, the dried materials were soaked in water for a few minutes.
Morphologically, different speciemens were separated
on the basis of microscopic observations. Different parts of each sample were
observed under the microscope and identified with the help of various Floras (Gangulee 1969 ̶ 1980; Chopra 1975; Flora of North America
Editorial Committee 2007; Flora of China 2008; Koponen & Sun 2017).
Results and Discussion
The study is based on the species diversity
of mosses recorded during the survey undertaken in various sites of North
Sikkim District. The present study reveals 113 species of mosses belonging to
74 genera and 28 families (Table 1).
Most frequently encountered species in the
study area were Brachythecium kamounense, Rhynchostegiella
humillima, Ptychostomum
capillare, Bryum cellulare, Campylopus richardii, Dicranum scoparium, Entodon nepalensis, Hylocomium
himalayanum, Hypnum sikkimense,
Barbella pendula, Floribundaria
sparsa, Trachypodopsis
serrulata, Pogonatum
microstomum, Barbula
angustifolia, Hyophila rosea,
and Thuidium sparsifolium.
Few investigated sites act as refugia for native bryophyte species. These sites
provide specific microhabitat and should be protected from any disturbance.
Some of the photographs of mosses are presented in Image 1 and Image 2. Present
study highlights the relationship between variability of habitat and the
species diversity, which can be used as a model. These species are recorded
from more than five distant locations of the study area found on variety of
substrata. Seventeen species are of frequent occurrence which appear to be
highly tolerant and possess adaptability and high regeneration potential.
Epiphytic species were found in abundance and their occurrence in large number
indicate congenial environment provided by associated vegetation. Species
richness in the communities was found to be considerably higher. The family Meteoriaceae was found to be the most prevalent with the
highest diversity and species richness in the study area, with 13 species,
followed by Pottiaceae with 10 species, and Leucobryaceae and Dicranaceae
with nine species each. Meteoriaceae was found on tree bark and hanging from tree
branches. Members of these families are ecologically important as they retain
large amounts of water. The wide occurrence of these families is due to their
habitat adaptation and favourable environmental conditions. Diverse tree and
shrub species play a major role in the wide occurrence of epiphytic mosses.
A few species such as Hygrohypnum
choprae, Oxyrrhynchium
vagans, Climacium
americanum, Ochrobryum
kurzianum, Chaetomitriopsis
glaucocarpa, Myurium
rufescens, Dixonia
orientalis, Polytrichastrum
formosum, Oncophorus
virens, and Oncophorus
wahlenbergii are found only in very few locations
(only one or two samples) and considered to be rare and highly specific to the
habitats in the study area. Acrocarpous mosses are
generally considered as more drought tolerant than pleurocarpous
taxa. Most of the taxa are found growing on exposed sites with hard substrata
like stones and rocks. Bryum cellulare and Hyophila
rosea are observed to be common invader of every
type of substrate such as rocks, cement floor, bricks, mortar, small rocks, and
boulders. They are presumed to be highly tolerant to drought, disturbance,
pollution etc. They have a high reproductive potential and found with capsules
as well as gemmae. However, many of the taxa are
found in sterile conditions which indicate their reproduction by vegetative
means only.
Growing on calcium and magnesium rich
substrata, Brachymenium longicolle,
Fissidens geppi,
F. grandifrons, Gymnostomum
calcareum, Hydrogonium
arcuatum, and H. pseudoehrenbergii
can occupy exposed surfaces of rocks and boulders with no trace of vegetation.
Members of Thuidiaceae are widely found and
observed under shady conditions, specifically on the thick litter. Turf growth
form is considered as dominant in the study area and their distribution can be
correlated with local climate. Some green algae are also found to be associated
with moss colonies of the collected taxa.
The
taxa reported as new from the Sikkim region are: Barbella
spiculata, Campylopus
milleri, Fissidens geppii, and Mielichhoferia
assamica. Earlier, they were recorded to be
restricted to nearby regions such as Meghalaya and Darjeeling only. Extended
distribution of Barbella spiculata
(Mitt.) Broth., Campylopus milleri, Fissidens geppii, Mielichhoferia
assamica, and Zygodon
brevisetus were also recorded in the area. These
species were earlier reported to be endemic to nearby areas of Darjeeling and
Meghalaya also.
Most
preferred colonization substrates were found to be exposed rocks where the
representation was nearly 51% of the recorded taxa. This can be explained by
the fact that in the favorable environment the rocky habitat was free of
competition and thus available for mosses. Living tree trunks were the second
most used substrate occupied by 32% of the recorded taxa. However, the biomass
of the mosses on the living trees was found more usually. The tree trunk
species followed by decaying trunks are reported as the suitable substrates for
bryophytes in tropical forests (Richards 1984).
The study area seems to harbour many new and
unique taxa of mosses. Epiphytic species play an important role in protecting
the host species by providing continuous moisture and retaining nutrients.
Mosses are highly sensitive to the alteration of habitat by recreational
activities, which may alter the distribution pattern of the sensitive species
of their own kind and cause a decrease in their population size, which
consequently may alter the species composition of the associated invertebrate
fauna. Also, there is a need to explore and identify the moss species of the
concerned contrasting sites to prepare a database. A comprehensive report of
the species composition and their role in the functions of the ecosystem and,
subsequently, for the conservation of these species together with their habitats
is also required. Sikkim is typified by its richness, high diversity, and
endemic species of plants (Singh et al. 2008; Singh & Pusalkar
2020). The high richness of species marks the area as a gene bank for many
plant species.
Plant
species composition is considered as a marker of ecosystem health and the
existence of various ecological factors influences species diversity (Sefidkon et al. 2005). The present study area shows diverse
topographic features and microhabitats, which has a great potential for
prospering with a rich biodiversity. The use of such natural diversity can be
related to the interaction among the species. Most of the habitats of the sites
were covered during the present study, and species composition was variable in
different aspects.
Table 1. List of
recorded species of mosses, with their habitat and growth form. Families are
arranged according to Shaw et al. (2009).
|
|
Taxa |
Growth form and
habitat |
|
|
Polytrichaceae |
|||
|
1 |
Atrichum obtusulum (Müll.
Hal.) A. Jaeger ++ |
Turf, shaded soil |
|
|
2 |
Atrichum subserratum (Harv.
& Hook. f.) Mitt. |
Turf, exposed soil |
|
|
3 |
Pogonatum fuscatum Mitt. |
Turf, exposed soil |
|
|
4 |
Pogonatum microstomum (R. Br. ex Schwägr.)
Brid. |
Turf, exposed soil |
|
|
5 |
Pogonatum neesii (Müll. Hal.) Dozy |
Turf, shaded Soil |
|
|
6 |
Pogonatum urnigerum (Hedw.)
P. Beauv. |
Turf, shaded soil |
|
|
7 |
Polytrichastrum formosum (Hedw.)
G.L. Sm. + |
Turf, shaded soil |
|
|
Fissidentaceae |
|||
|
8 |
Fissidens geppii M. Fleisch. |
Turf, termite mound |
|
|
9 |
Fissidens grandifrons Brid. |
Turf, rocks in
streams |
|
|
Bruchiaceae |
|||
|
10 |
Trematodon conformis Mitt. |
Tall turf, shaded
soil |
|
|
Rhabdoweisiaceae |
|||
|
11 |
Oncophorus virens (Hedw.) Brid. + |
Turf, wet rocks |
|
|
12 |
Oncophorus wahlenbergii Brid. + |
Turf, wet rocks |
|
|
13 |
Oreoweisia laxifolia (Hook. f.) Kindb.
|
Turf, shaded rocks |
|
|
14 |
Symblepharis reinwardtii (Dozy & Molk.) Mitt. |
Turf, shaded rocks |
|
|
15 |
Symblepharis vaginata (Hook. ex Harv.)
Wijk & Margad. |
Turf, shaded rocks |
|
|
Dicranaceae |
|||
|
16 |
Ceratodon stenocarpus Bruch & Schimp. |
Turf, exposed rocks |
|
|
17 |
Cynodontium polycarpum (Hedw.) Schimp. + |
Turf, wet rocks |
|
|
18 |
Dicranoloma subreflexifolium (Müll. Hal.) Paris |
Tall Turf, shaded
rocks |
|
|
19 |
Dicranum assamicum Dixon |
Tall Turf, shaded
rocks |
|
|
20 |
Dicranum crispifolium Müll.
Hal. |
Tall Turf, shaded
rocks |
|
|
21 |
Dicranum himalayanum Mitt. |
Tall Turf, tree
base |
|
|
22 |
Dicranum scoparium Hedw. ++ |
Tall Turf, exposed
rocks |
|
|
23 |
Ditrichum flexicaule (Schwägr.)
Hampe |
Turf, exposed rocks |
|
|
24 |
Ditrichum tortipes (Mitt.) Kuntze |
Turf, exposed rocks |
|
|
Leucobryaceae |
|||
|
25 |
Campylopus ericoides (Griff.) A. Jaeger |
Tall Turf, rocks |
|
|
26 |
Campylopus fragilis (Brid.) Bruch
& Schimp.
++ |
Tall Turf, exposed
rocks |
|
|
27 |
Campylopus milleri Renauld & Cardot |
Tall Turf, exposed
rocks |
|
|
28 |
Campylopus richardii Brid. ++ |
Tall Turf, exposed
rocks |
|
|
29 |
Campylopus savannarum (Müll. Hal.) Mitt. |
Tall Turf, exposed
rocks |
|
|
30 |
Campylopus zollingerianus (Müll. Hal.) Bosch & Sande Lac. |
Tall Turf, exposed
rocks |
|
|
31 |
Dicranodontium asperulum (Mitt.) Broth. |
Tall Turf, shaded
rocks |
|
|
32 |
Dicranodontium didictyon (Mitt.) A. Jaeger |
Tall Turf, shaded
rocks |
|
|
33 |
Ochrobryum kurzianum Hampe
+ |
Turf, wet rocks |
|
|
Pottiaceae |
|||
|
34 |
Anoectangium stracheyanum Mitt. |
Turf, wet rocks |
|
|
35 |
Barbula angustifolia Brid. ++ |
Short Turf, exposed
rocks |
|
|
36 |
Didymodon vinealis (Brid.) R.H. Zander |
Short Turf, exposed
rocks |
|
|
37 |
Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch. ++ |
Cushion, wet rocks |
|
|
38 |
Hydrogonium arcuatum (Griff.) Wijk
& Margad.
|
Short Turf, wet
rocks |
|
|
39 |
Hydrogonium pseudoehrenbergii (M. Fleisch.) P.C. Chen |
Turf, wet rocks |
|
|
40 |
Hymenostomum edentulum (Mitt.) Besch. ++ |
Cushion, wet rocks |
|
|
41 |
Hymenostylium recurvirostrum (Hedw.) Dixon ++ |
Cushion, exposed
rocks |
|
|
42 |
Hyophila rosea R.S. Williams ++ |
Turf, exposed rocks |
|
|
43 |
Syntrichia princeps (De Not.) Mitt. |
Turf, exposed rocks |
|
|
Bryaceae |
|||
|
44 |
Brachymenium longicolle Thér. |
Turf, shaded rocks |
|
|
45 |
Bryum bessonii Renauld
& Cardot |
Turf, tree branches |
|
|
46 |
Bryum cellulare Hook. ++ |
Turf, shaded rocks |
|
|
47 |
Bryum recurvulum Mitt. |
Turf, shaded rocks |
|
|
48 |
Bryum badhwarii Ochi |
Turf, soil |
|
|
49 |
Ptychostomum capillare (Hedw.)
D.T. Holyoak & N. Pedersen ++ |
Turf, tree branches |
|
|
Mniaceae |
|||
|
50 |
Epipterygium tozeri (Grev.) Lindb. |
Turf, tree branches |
|
|
51 |
Mielichhoferia assamica Dixon |
Turf, rocks |
|
|
52 |
Plagiomnium confertidens (Lindb.
& Arnell) T.J. Kop. |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
53 |
Plagiomnium cuspidatum (Hedw.)
T.J. Kop. |
Mat, wet soil |
|
|
54 |
Plagiomnium drummondii (Bruch & Schimp.) T.J. Kop. |
Mat, wet soil |
|
|
55 |
Plagiomnium japonicum (Lindb.) T.J. Kop. |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
56 |
Plagiomnium medium (Bruch & Schimp.) T.J. Kop. |
Mat, tree branches |
|
|
57 |
Pseudobryum cinclidioides (Huebener) T.J. Kop. |
Mat, tree bases |
|
|
Climaciaceae |
|||
|
58 |
Climacium americanum Brid. + |
Dendroid, tree base |
|
|
Amblystegiaceae |
|||
|
59 |
Amblystegium serpens (Hedw.) Schimp. |
Mat, aquatic |
|
|
60 |
Hygrohypnum choprae Vohra |
Mat, aquatic |
|
|
Helodiaceae |
|||
|
61 |
Actinothuidium hookeri (Mitt.) Broth. |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
Thuidiaceae |
|||
|
62 |
Pelekium velatum Mitt. |
Mat, moist rocks |
|
|
63 |
Thuidium glaucinum (Mitt.) Bosch & Sande Lac. |
Weft, forest floor |
|
|
64 |
Thuidium pristocalyx (Müll.
Hal.) A. Jaeger |
Weft, forest floor |
|
|
65 |
Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.)
Lindb. |
Weft, shaded rocks |
|
|
66 |
Thuidium sparsifolium (Mitt.) A. Jaeger |
Weft, shaded rocks |
|
|
Brachytheciaceae |
|||
|
67 |
Brachythecium kamounense (Harv.)
A. Jaeger + |
Mat, exposed rocks |
|
|
68 |
Brachythecium longicuspidatum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger |
Mat, exposed rocks |
|
|
69 |
Bryhnia decurvans (Mitt.) Dixon + |
Mat, shaded rocks |
|
|
70 |
Homalothecium nilgheriense (Mont.) H. Rob. |
Mat, tree bark |
|
|
71 |
Oxyrrhynchium vagans (A. Jaeger) Ignatov & Huttunen + |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
72 |
Rhynchostegiella divaricatifolia (Renauld & Cardot) Broth. |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
73 |
Rhynchostegiella humillima (Mitt.) Broth. ++ |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
74 |
Rhynchostegiella menadensis (Sande Lac.) E.B. Bartram |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
Meteoriaceae |
|||
|
75 |
Aerobryidium filamentosum (Hook.) M. Fleisch. |
Pendent, tree
branches |
|
|
76 |
Barbella convolvens (Mitt.) Broth. |
Pendent, tree
branches |
|
|
77 |
Barbella pendula (Sull.) M. Fleisch. ++ |
Pendent, tree
branches |
|
|
78 |
Barbella spiculata (Mitt.) Broth. |
Pendent, tree branches |
|
|
79 |
Chrysocladium flammeum (Mitt.) M. Fleisch. |
Mat, tree branches |
|
|
80 |
Diaphanodon blandus (Harv.) Renauld & Cardot |
Mat, tree bark |
|
|
81 |
Floribundaria sparsa (Mitt.) Broth. |
Pendent, tree
branches |
|
|
82 |
Meteorium polytrichum Dozy & Molk. ++ |
Pendent, tree
branches |
|
|
83 |
Pseudospiridentopsis horrida (Mitt. ex Cardot)
M. Fleisch. |
Mat, tree bark |
|
|
84 |
Trachypodopsis auriculata (Mitt.) M. Fleisch. |
Pendent, tree bark |
|
|
85 |
Trachypodopsis serrulata (P. Beauv.)
M. Fleisch. ++ |
Pendent, tree
branches |
|
|
86 |
Trachypodopsis himantophylla (Müll.
Hal. ex Renauld & Cardot)
M. Fleisch. |
Creeping and
Pendent, tree trunk and branches |
|
|
87 |
Trachypus bicolor Reinw. & Hornsch. |
Creeping, tree
trunk and branches |
|
|
Fabroniaceae |
|||
|
88 |
Levierella neckeroides (Griff.) O'Shea & Matcham |
Mat, fallen logs |
|
|
Hypnaceae |
|||
|
89 |
Ectropothecium dealbatum (Reinw.
& Hornsch.) A. Jaeger |
Mat, shaded forest
floor |
|
|
90 |
Hypnum macrogynum Besch. ++ |
Mat, shaded soil
and rocks |
|
|
91 |
Hypnum sikkimense Ando |
Mat, shaded soil |
|
|
Hylocomiaceae |
|||
|
92 |
Hylocomium himalayanum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger ++ |
Feather, forest
floor |
|
|
93 |
Macrothamnium leptohymenioides Nog. |
Weft, forest floor |
|
|
94 |
Meteoriella soluta (Mitt.) S. Okamura |
Pendent, tree
branches |
|
|
Rhytidiaceae |
|||
|
95 |
Rhytidium rugosum (Ehrh. ex Hedw.) Kindb. |
Mat, forest floor |
|
|
Symphyodontaceae |
|||
|
96 |
Chaetomitriopsis glaucocarpa (Reinw.
ex Schwägr.) M. Fleisch. |
Mat, tree |
|
|
Plagiotheciaceae |
|||
|
97 |
Plagiothecium neckeroideum Schimp. |
Mat, tree base |
|
|
98 |
Plagiothecium nemorale (Mitt.) A. Jaeger |
Mat, tree base |
|
|
Entodontaceae |
|||
|
99 |
Entodon luteonitens Renauld
& Cardot |
Turf, exposed rocks |
|
|
100 |
Entodon nepalensis Mizush.
++ |
Mat, fallen logs |
|
|
Pylaisiadelphaceae |
|||
|
101 |
Brotherella pallida (Renauld & Cardot) M. Fleisch. |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
102 |
Pylaisiadelpha capillacea (Griff.) B.C. Tan & Y. Jia |
Mat, forest floor |
|
|
103 |
Taxithelium nepalense (Schwägr.)
Broth. |
Mat, rocks |
|
|
Sematophyllaceae |
|||
|
104 |
Meiothecium jagorii (Müll. Hal.) Broth. |
Mat, fallen wood |
|
|
105 |
Sematophyllum humile (Mitt.) Broth. |
Mat, tree branches |
|
|
106 |
Sematophyllum
phoeniceum (Müll.
Hal.) M. Fleisch. |
Mat, tree bark |
|
|
Pterobryaceae |
|||
|
107 |
Symphysodontella subulata Broth. |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
Neckeraceae |
|||
|
108 |
Dixonia orientalis (Mitt.) H. Akiy.
& Tsubota + |
Mat, wet rocks |
|
|
109 |
Macrocoma tenuis (Müll. Hal.) Vitt |
Turf, tree branches |
|
|
110 |
Thamnobryum macrocarpum (Brid.) Gangulee |
Feather, wet rocks |
|
|
111 |
Zygodon brevisetus Wilson ex Mitt. + |
Turf, tree branches |
|
|
Myuriaceae |
|||
|
112 |
Myurium rufescens (Reinw.
& Hornsch.) M. Fleisch. + |
Mat, wood pieces |
|
|
Anomodontaceae |
|||
|
113 |
Anomodon acutifolius Mitt. |
Tail, tree trunk |
|
+—Rare | ++—Widely
distributed.
For figure &
images - - click here for full PDF
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