Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2024 | 16(2): 24707–24729

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7699.16.2.24707-24729

#7699 | Received 12 October 2021 | Final received 27 January 2024 | Finally accepted 03 February 2024

Avifauna of four protected areas of Terai-Arc Landscape, India: significant records and a checklist of species

Shariq Safi^1†, Tanveer Ahmed^2†, Junid Nazeer Shah³, Meraj Anwar⁴& Kamlesh K. Maurya⁵

¹Department of Wildlife Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India.

²Department of Landscape Planning and Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India.

³Ajaz Environment Consultants, Sharjah, P.O. Box 48521, UAE.

^{4, 5}WWF-India, 172-B, Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110003, India.

¹shariq4920.ss@gmail.com, ²tanveerwildlife@gmail.com, ³jnshah@aj-env.com, ⁴anwar.meraj@gmail.com,

⁵kamlesh.wii@gmail.com (corresponding author)

? These authors contributed equally to this work.

Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 February 2024 (online & print)

Citation: Safi, S., T. Ahmed, J.N. Shah, M. Anwar & K.K. Maurya (2024). Avifauna of four protected areas of Terai-Arc Landscape, India: significant records and a checklist of species. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(2): 24707–24729. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7699.16.2.24707-24729

Copyright: © Safi et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: The study was funded by WWF-India.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Shariq Safi is presently employed as a technical assistant for field program at the Dept. of Wildlife Sciences, AMU. He has been actively engaged in the tiger conservation program and his research interests extend to studying lesser carnivores and bird populations both within and outside protected areas. Tanveer Ahmed, PhD in landscape ecology from Aligarh Muslim University, is currently working as project coordinator at the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Dr Ahmed possesses extensive experience in studying aquatic and terrestrial birds and mammals of the Indian Trans-Himalaya and Terai-Arc landscape, and impact assessment of developmental projects, and river biodiversity assessment. Junid Nazeer Shah, PhD in wildlife sciences, specializes in biodiversity conservation in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. He is currently heading Ajaz Environment Consultants, carrying out projects across the Middle East. With over 20 years of experience, he has led projects across the Middle East, focusing on ecological compliance, EIA, and Coastal Zone Management. His expertise includes long-term monitoring of breeding bird species of global significance. Meraj Anwar, PhD in wildlife science from Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. His research focused extensively on wildlife corridors and population estimation of tigers and associated species, human-wildlife mitigation, radio-telemetry on tigers and avifaunal assemblage in the Terai Arc landscape. Currently, he is working as Coordinator for Species Conservation at WWF-India and based out in Haldwani, Uttarakhand. Kamlesh K. Maurya, PhD, is landscape coordinator at WWF- India, and involved in field research on carnivores in India since 2005. His research interest includes population dynamic of carnivores and human-wildlife conflict in human dominated landscapes.

Author contributions: SS—Data collection, data analysis & visualization, methodology, writing the original draft. TA—Data collection, writing the original draft. JNS—Data collection, review & editing. MA—Supervision, review & editing. KKM—Data collection, conceptualization, supervision, coordination, manuscript review & comments.

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to the Environment, Forest and Climate Change Department, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and protected area managers for permission and their constant support. We are grateful to Mr. Ravi Singh, Dr. Sejal Worah, Dr. Dipankar Ghose, Mr. Yash Magan Sehtia, Dr. Joydeep Bose, Dr. A.K. Singh, Mr. Joy Dasgupta, Dr. Mudit Gupta and Dr. Pranav Chanchani of WWF-India. SS and KKM are greatly acknowledge the support of Mr. Arif Ahmad, Mr. Ahmed Shane Rehman, Ms. Umme Kulsum, Ms. Maryam Nasir and Mr. Rohit Ravi, whose support was instrumental in data collection. Authors are grateful to Mr. Dabeer Hasan, Mr. Fazlur Rahman and Mr. Naresh Kumar for their valuable information.

Abstract: Protected areas (PAs) in Terai-Arc landscape are relatively poorly explored as far as bird communities are concerned. Here we report a checklist and significant records of birds recorded during opportunistic observations and systematic bird surveys in four PAs: Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (2001–2004, 2006, 2008, and 2015); Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (2014–15); Valmiki Tiger Reserve (2014–17), and Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary (2018). We have compiled a checklist of 424 species that includes 358 species in the Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, 306 species in the Valmiki Tiger Reserve, 236 species in the Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, and 128 species in Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary. Most species belong to the Insectivore guild (190 species, 44.8%), while the nectivorous guild was the least represented (10 species, 2.35%). A total of 9% of species in the region were either globally threatened (6 Critically Endangered, 5 Endangered, and 8 Vulnerable) or Near Threatened (19 species). Sightings of species of conservation importance have been discussed.

Keywords: Bird diversity, Critically Endangered, globally threatened, Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, species richness, Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary, Valmiki Tiger Reserve.

INTRODUCTION

The Terai-Arc landscape is a part of the Terai-Duar Savanna Eco-region, between River Bagmati (Nepal) to the Yamuna (India) spreading over an area of 30,000 km². In India, the region runs parallel to the foothills of the Himalayas encompassing the Shivalik hills, the Bhabar tract, and the Terai plains (Rodgers & Panwar 1988). Once covered with a continuous mosaic of dense forest and tall grassland, the natural vegetation of the region today exists amid human habitation and agricultural land (Johnsingh et al. 2004). The natural vegetation is being conserved and managed under four national parks (NP): Rajaji NP, Corbett NP, Dudhwa NP, and Valmiki NP, along with five wildlife sanctuaries (WS): Sonanadi WS, Kishanpur WS, Katerniaghat WS, Suhelwa WS, and Sohagibarwa WS, which sustain birds and mammals representing Himalayan and Gangetic plain affinities along with many species of national and international importance (Rahmani et al. 1989; Pandey et al. 1994; Chanchani et al. 2014).

Protected areas (PAs) of the Terai-Arc landscape have been explored relatively less as far as bird communities are concerned. Previous research on avifauna was either to assess community structure and status of particular groups or species and has been restricted to limited PAs of this landscape. Pandey et al. (1994) assessed the bird community structure of Rajaji NP. Dhakate et al. (2008) and Kidwai et al. (2013) highlighted the status of water birds and terrestrial birds of Corbett NP respectively. Rahmani et al. (1989) and Javed et al. (1999) determine the status of Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis and Swamp Francolin Francolinus gularis, respectively, in Dudhwa NP. Maheswaran & Rahmani (2005) studied the breeding biology of Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in Dudhwa NP. Kalam (2005) and Sethy & Chauhan (2011) conducted studies to look at avian diversity in Katerniaghat WS. Very few ornithological studies have been carried out in the Valmiki Tiger Reserve (TR) (Sinha 2012; Choudhury 2016). Hence avifaunal composition of many PAs of the Terai-Arc landscape is not known hitherto and it is therefore desirable to understand the avifaunal composition to bridge the knowledge gap.

STUDY AREA

Avifaunal surveys were carried out in Pilibhit TR and Valmiki TR, and Katerniaghat WS, and Udaipur WS. These PAs are situated on the Indo-Nepal border in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (Figure 1).

Katerniaghat WS (KWS) (27.916–28.416 °N, 81.000–81.416 °E) covers an area of 400.09 km² and is located in the Upper Gangetic plain in the Terai of Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh, India (Figure 1). KWS was declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1976. It is connected with Bardia NP in Nepal via the Khata corridor. The Girwa (Karnali) river and a major canal flow through this sanctuary, which is a part of the Dudhwa TR. Other areas of the sanctuary are disturbed because the narrow forest is bisected by a railway line and several roads. The major forest types found here are northern moist deciduous sal forest, northern dry plain sal forest, northern tropical dry deciduous sal forest, tropical seasonal swamp forest, low alluvial savannah, and moist sal savannah forests (WWF-India 2007).

Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) (28.866–28.767 °N, 79.916–82.250 °E) is spread over an area of 730.24 km² and is located in Pilibhit District of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is connected with the Terai-Bhabar forests of the Surai range of Terai East forest division in Uttarakhand in the north-west, Kishanpur WS in the south-east and Shuklaphanta NP in Nepal in the north. PTR supports a mosaic of dry and moist deciduous, scrub savannah and alluvial grasslands (Anwar et al. 2010).

Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) (area 901.2 km², 27.167–27.50 °N, 83.833–84.167 °E) is located in the West Champaran district of Bihar in the eastern part of Terai-Arc landscape and the west by the Gandak River. It is contiguous with Nepal’s Chitwan NP in the north, sharing a boundary of ~100 km along which is forested habitat. VTR’s elevation ranges between 140 m and 874 m. Vegetation is represented by the bhabar dun sal forest, dry Shivalik sal forest, western Gangetic moist mixed deciduous forest, Khair-sissoo forest, cane brakes, eastern wet alluvial grassland, and Barringtonia swamp forest (Champion & Seth 1968; Maurya & Borah 2013) which makes it one of the 16 important bird area (IBA) in Bihar (Rahmani et al. 2016).

Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary (UWS) (26.778–26.820 °N, 84.406–84.454 °E) encompassing an area of 887.35 ha of forest land is situated in the West Champaran district of Bihar, 50–60 km south to VTR. The unique feature of UWS is its being a forested wetland. The sanctuary has ‘Saraiyaman Lake’, an IBA (Rahmani et al. 2016). The vegetation is represented by mixed deciduous forest, riverine forest dominated by Syzygium cumini, plantation, grasslands, and aquatic vegetation.

METHODS

Birds were recorded traversing trail and road transects in PTR (between March and May 2014, February and May 2015); and KWS (during 2001–2004, 2006, 2008, and 2015) (MacKinnon & Phillips 1993). In VTR, birds were recorded randomly during camera traps exercises and while travelling within the forests between 2014 and 2017. Birds of UWS were surveyed between 17 and 19 February 2018 for terrestrial birds (MacKinnon & Phillips 1993) and the total count method for water birds. Species photo-captured in camera traps (used for tiger census) were also included to compile the species list of each protected area.

MacKinnon’s species richness was used for terrestrial species enumeration. One km long linear transects were laid in/along various habitats viz. woodland (sal, sal-mixed, moist riverine, dry riverine, teak plantation), water body (river and streams), grassland, barren land, and scrubland. On each transect, a list of 20 different species in KWS, PTR, and VTR, while a list of 15 species in UWS was generated traversing slowly at a speed of 0.5 km/hr. Once a list was completed, another list was prepared. No species was recorded more than once in each list. A total of 266 lists in KWS, 108 lists in PTR, 58 lists in VTR, and 18 lists in UWS were prepared. Birds were surveyed between 0700 h and 1000 h in the morning and 1600 h to 1900 h in the evening. All the bird species identified by sight or calls were recorded along with their number. Only confirmed identified bird species were included in the study.

The total count method was used to determine the richness of water birds. Species were recorded along with their number from morning hours till noon (0700–1200 h). Since it was not possible to cover the entire ‘Saraiyaman Lake’ from a single point, birds were counted by selecting more than one point. The survey was not conducted during adverse climatic conditions like rain and cloudy days. Bird species recorded were classified into various feeding guilds and migratory status based on the diet descriptions available (Ali & Ripley 1987; Grimmett et al. 2011). Sorenson’s similarity index was used to calculate the similarity between bird species in different study sites using the following formula:

S = 2C/A+B, where,

C—common species between the sites | A—total number of species in site A | B—total number of species in site B.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A checklist of 424 species; 298 terrestrial, 82 water birds, and 44 water-associated ones representing 20 orders and 78 families was compiled from four PAs of the Terai-Arc landscape (Table 1). The diversity of birds might be underestimated because some may have been missed due to their cryptic nature and observer inattention. The total bird species compiled from PAs of Terai-Arc Landscape represents around 30% of the Indian Subcontinent (Praveen et al. 2019) and 47% of the Indian Himalaya (Mandal et al. 2018) indicating that Terai-Arc landscape as among the most avifaunal diverse regions of India. The Terai-Arc landscape is located at the confluence of the Himalaya and Gangetic plains (Rodger & Panwar 1988) and hence supports species of both biogeographic zones.

The richness of species was observed maximum in KWS (n=358), followed by VTR (n = 306), PTR (n = 236), and UWS (n = 128, Table 2). The high richness of birds in KWS may be attributed to the structural complexity and diverse habitat that offer foraging and nesting opportunities to birds (Tews et al. 2004; Ahmed et al. 2019). Moreover, the Terai-Arc landscape is a mosaic of diverse habitat types; sal-forest, sal-mixed forest, dry riverine forest, moist riverine forest, grassland, scrubland, open lands, and wetlands and rivers (Chanchani et al. 2014). Benton et al. (2003) highlighted a heterogeneous landscape is likely to support more species owing to the (a) specialization of various resources and, (b) reduced competition between species (Fahrig et al. 2011) and landscape complementation (Dunning et al. 1992).

The earlier comprehensive study in KWS, conducted by Kalam (2005), reported 154 species, while Sethy & Chauhan (2011) documented 200 species. We report 358 species in KWS, of which 148 species were common with those of Kalam (2005), and 173 species with Sethy & Chauhan (2011). The present study didn’t record six species such as Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris, Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria, and Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula reported earlier by Kalam (2005) and 21 species by Sethy & Chauhan (2011). These include Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus, Common Flameback Dinopium javanense, Red-headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus, Rosy Minivet Pericrocotus roseus, Red-headed Finch Amadina erythrocephala and Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia.

In VTR, an earlier study conducted by Choudhary (2016) has reported 246 species. Of these, 205 were found common with the present study (n = 306). There are 40 bird species such as Amur Falcon Falco amurensis, Vernal Hanging-Parrot Loriculus vernalis, Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri, and Plumbeous Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosa reported by Choudhary (2016) that we didn’t report. We recorded 101 different species which were not observed in the earlier study by Choudhary (2016).

In PTR and UWS, no scientific studies have been carried out so far. However, records in the management plan of UWS report 91 species, of which, 89 were common with the present study (n = 128).

Significant records: Threatened Species

Among the species recorded (n = 424), 19 (CR: 6, EN: 5, VU: 8) species were globally threatened and 19 species were near threatened (Table 2, IUCN 2018). The critically endangered (CR) species recorded during the survey were White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis, Indian Vulture Gyps indicus, Slender-billed Vulture Gyps tenuirostris, Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus, Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis and Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola (IUCN 2018). The sightings of threatened birds are enumerated below:

Vultures

Seven species of vultures: White-rumped Vulture (WRV), Indian Vulture (IV), Slender-billed Vulture (SBV), Red-headed Vulture (RHV), Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (EV), Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis (HV) and Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus (GV) were recorded from the PAs of Terai-Arc Landscape. In KWS, a flock of 155 individuals consisting of WRV (n = 152) and IV (n = 3) was sighted feeding on a cattle carcass near Bichia village in 2001. Besides, 32 active nests of WRV were found along the Girwa River. During March 2016, a mixed flock of HV, WRV, and SBV was sighted feeding on carcasses between Dhakerwa town and Bichia market near Katerniaghat WS. In VTR, a mixed flock of WRV and IV were sighted feeding on carcasses in the Harnatand range (36 individuals), perching on a Bombax ceiba tree in Valmiki Nagar Range (RHV: 1, HV: 2), and flying over Ganauli range (EV: 1).

Pallas’s Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus

Endangered. In KWS, an active nest of Pallas’s Fish Eagle was recorded near Girija Barrage during 2001–2002. An individual was also sighted in February 2016 between Naughat and the watch tower in Katerniaghat range of KWS. And another individual near Koleshwar mandir on the bank of Gandak river in VTR during March 2017.

Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis

Endangered. Steppe eagle was seen regularly during winters in the woodland of Valmiki Nagar and Ganauli ranges of VTR between 2014 and 2017 (Image 1). The species was also sighted twice near the Bhikna thori area in the Manguraha range of VTR during the later part of December 2017.

Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga

Vulnerable. A single bird was observed twice in the winter on the banks of Gandak River in Valmikinagar range of VTR in the last week of December 2016.

Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis

Critically Endangered. In PTR, a male Bengal Florican was sighted in Chaugebi grassland, Mahof range during April 2014. This species is considered as one of the most endangered bustards of the world. In Uttar Pradesh, the recorded estimated population of this species was 22 individuals (Sivakumar et al. 2014). Javed & Rahmani (1998) expected the possible occurrence of this species in KWS, however, no sighting of this species occurred during the survey. The patches of short grasses and mosaic of agriculture field throughout the terai is considered potential habitats for Bengal Florican.

Swamp Francolin Ortygornis gularis

Vulnerable and endemic to the Indian subcontinent, a small population is distributed along the foothills of the Himalayas in tall and swampy grasslands of Terai as well as the floodplains in northern India and Nepal. During the 2001 survey, the bird was sighted frequently on Bund road in Katerniaghat range. A maximum of 12 individuals were sighted in marshy habitats around 4–5 km before Kailaspuri gate in KWS. However, no individual was sighted during 2015. Two individuals of Swamp Francolin were seen on 23 Dec 2016 in the swamp habitat of Madanpur range in VTR.

Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis

Endangered. Seven individuals of Indian Skimmer were observed flying over the Girwa River on 24 April 2015 in Katerniaghat (Image 2). Earlier studies in the KWS have not highlighted the occurrence of this species (Kalam 2005; Sethy & Chauhan 2011; Rahmani et al. 2016). No sightings were reported from PTR, Dudhwa NP, and VTR.

White-eared Night Heron Gorsachius magnificus

Endangered. An immature female of White-eared Night Heron was photo-captured on 24 November 2016 in a camera trap deployed near a slow-flowing perennial rivulet surrounded by moist deciduous forest type in Raghia range of VTR (Image 3). The species was recorded for the first time in Indian subcontinent (Shafi et al. 2018). The species is very rare with only 250–999 mature individuals distributed over southern and eastern China and northeastern Vietnam (BirdLife International 2017).

Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus

Vulnerable. Except for Udaipur WS, Woolly-necked Stork was commonly sighted in groups of one to four individuals in and around the PAs (Image 4). In PTR, a single individual was sighted on 16 February 2014 in the Mala range and on Madhotanda road on 29 March 2016. In Katerniaghat, two individuals were sighted on the bank of Girwa river near watch tower in Katerniaghat range during March 2008 and four individuals in bhainsalot phanta (grassland) in Nishangada range during April 2008. In VTR, an individual of Woolly-necked Stork was sighted in Bhasahwa and Madrahwa ghat in the Madanpur range on 17 and 22 January 2017.

Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus

Vulnerable. A group of 24 individuals was sighted in a crop field around 2 km from Madanpur forest rest house towards Bagaha road in VTR in February 2017. In KWS, three individuals of Lesser Adjutant were sighted on Banda road near Mantri Mod on 28 March 2006. Two individuals were recorded in Sujauli range while deploying camera on 20 April 2015 and five individuals were seen perching on a tree in Mala range of PTR on 16 Feb 2014.

Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis

Near Threatened. Six individuals of Spot-billed Pelican were sighted during the winters of 2001 in Girjapuri barrage in KWS. However, no individual was sighted during 2015–16 surveys in Katerniaghat.

Sarus Crane Antigone antigone

Vulnerable. A flock of six and four individuals was sighted in Garha corridor and near Richola chowki, Mala range respectively during 2014 in PTR. In VTR, a group of seven individuals was seen foraging in a crop field near Rampur check post in Madanpur range on 21 February 2017. Once common in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat, the population of this species is declining across its distribution range (BirdLife International 2016).

Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus pulverulentus

Vulnerable. An individual of Great Slaty Woodpecker was sighted in January 2004 near Gharial centre of Katerniaghat WS. In VTR, the species was sighted on two occasions; a group of three individuals in Gobardhana range during December 2017 and two individuals in Ganauli ranges during March 2017.

White-throated Bushchat Saxicola insignis

Vulnerable. Rare; two male individuals were observed on the railway track in Madanpur range of VTR in first week of February 2016.

Yellow-breasted bunting Emberiza aureola

Critically Endangered. This species was sighted in woody grassland patch of Katerniaghat range of KWS in December 2001. The presence of this species has also been highlighted from Dudhwa NP with uncertain status (Javed & Rahmani 1998), the migratory status of the species was doubtful in KWS too. However, it appears to be winter migrant in southeastern Asia including India (Grimmett et al. 2011).

An analysis of avian species composition between the PAs indicated KWS had a high similarity index value with PTR (S = 0.77) and VTR (S = 0.74, Table 3). PTR shared a high proportion of similar species with VTR (S = 0.69, Table 3). Avian community composition of UWS differ from rest of PAs; PTR (S = 0.58), KWS (S = 0.50), and VTR (S = 0.50). This might be related to the prevalence of similar habitat, i.e., woodland in Valmiki, Pilibhit and Katerniaghat (Chanchani et al. 2014). Since majority of area of UWS is under wetland, hence different bird community structure could be expected.

Majority of the species in the region (187 species; 44.1%) belong to the order Passeriformes (Figure 2). The higher prevalence of Passeriformes in the Terai-Arc landscape is consistent with many other studies conducted in the other part of Terai-Arc landscape and elsewhere in India (Singh et al. 2013; Ahmed et al. 2015, 2019). Family Accipitridae (34 species) dominated the region and it was followed by Muscicapidae (28 species) and Anatidae (20 species). Majority of the species such as Black Francolin, Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea, Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster, Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela, Shikra Accipiter badius, and Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius were residents (n = 258, 60.8%) followed by winter visitors such as Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus, Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea, Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina, and Osprey Pandion haliaetus (n = 135, 31.8%), summer visitors such as Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus, Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus, Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei, and Indian Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi (n = 15, 3.53%) and local migrant such as Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala and Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus (n = 6, 1.41%) and passage migrant like Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis and Rosy Starling Pastor roseus (n = 6, 1.41%). Three species with uncertain status, viz., Pale-chinned Blue Flycatcher Cyornis poliogenys, Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra, and Little Forktail Enicurus scouleri was recorded. One vagrant species viz. Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor was also recorded in the area (Figure 3).

Based on their food preferences, a majority of bird species (190 species, 44.8%) belonged to the insectivorous guild, followed by carnivores (88 species, 20.7%) and omnivores (70 species, 16.5%) (Figure 4). Nectivorous guild was the least represented guild in the region (10 species, 2.35%). The dominancy of insectivores has been observed in various regions of India (Sultana & Khan 2000; Sultana et al. 2007; Aggarwal et al. 2008; Acharya et al. 2010; Joshi & Bhatt 2011; Ahmed et al. 2015). High tree density along with moist conditions favour richness and abundance of insects (Erwin 1982; Chettri et al. 2005). Since the study was carried out in PAs with high tree density (FSI 2019), hence dominancy of insectivorous species in Terai-Arc landscape could be expected.

Terai-Arc landscape is a biologically diverse eco-region and has been listed among the conservation landscapes of global importance for its unique Terai-Duar Savanna and Grassland habitats, which support more than 600 species of birds (Chanchani et al. 2014). Many Critically Endangered species were observed here during the study, showing the potential of the landscape as a good habitat for avifauna. The study will serve as baseline data for better management and conservation of the existing species. Further long-term studies in the landscape in different seasons are required to prepare a holistic checklist of birds found here as our study had limitations of being not continuous in all the mentioned PAs. Since the forest area in the landscape is surrounded by the rapidly increasing human population, which traditionally depends upon forest resources such as fuelwood, fodder, non-timber forest products and grazing, posing a serious threat to the habitats of the PAs (Wikramanayake et al. 2010). The presence of an all-weather road and railway track inside the KWS and VTR is leading to a high level of disturbance (Maurya & Borah 2013; Chanchani et al. 2014). Water bodies in KWS and UWLS are very important for water birds including waders, many winter visitors and local migrant species recorded here. Illegal fishing is one of the threats to water birds observed here (Chanchani et al. 2014). The infestation of grassland by Lantana spp. due to over-grazing and other human-induced disturbances, including fire as management practice, are among the major threats to the grassland ecosystems (Javed & Rahmani 1998). The present study reports nearly 19% species (n = 80) are dependent on grassland and grassland-associated habitats, therefore conservation of grassland with adequate scientific knowledge with proper monitoring plan is needed.

Table 1. Systematic checklist and status of birds in four protected areas of Terai-Arc landscape, India.

Family	Species name	Habitat	Feeding guild	IUCN Red List status	KWS	PTR	VTR	UWS	Status in PAs
Phasianidae	Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus	GL	O	LC	2015	2014, 2015	2016	2018	R
Phasianidae	Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus	GL/AGR	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2017	2018	R
Phasianidae	Swamp Francolin Ortygornis gularis	ML/GL	O	VU	2001	-	2016	-	R
Phasianidae	Common Quail Coturnix coturnix	GL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2015	-	2014, 2016, 2017	-	R
Phasianidae	Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus	GL/AGR	O	LC	-	-	2017	-	R
Phasianidae	Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica	GL	O	LC	2002, 2006, 2015	-	-	2018	R
Phasianidae	Rain Quail Coturnix coromandelica	GL	O	LC	2002, 2003, 2008	-	-	-	WV
Phasianidae	Blue-breasted Quail Synoicus chinensis	GL	O	LC	-	-	2014	-	R
Phasianidae	Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea	SF/MF	O	LC	-	2015	-	-	R
Phasianidae	Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus	SF/MF	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Phasianidae	Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos	SF/MF	O	LC	-	-	2016, 2017	-	R
Phasianidae	Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus	MF	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Anatidae	Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Anatidae	Fulvous Whistling Duck Dendrocygna bicolor	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006	-	-	-	WV
Anatidae	Greylag Goose Anser anser	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2006, 2008	-	-	-	WV
Anatidae	Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2006	2014	2016	-	WV
Anatidae	Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	R
Anatidae	Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	WV
Anatidae	Cotton Teal Nettapus coromandelianus	WL	H	LC	2001, 2003, 2006, 2015	2015	-	2018	R
Anatidae	Gadwall Mareca strepera	WL	H	LC	2001, 2003, 2006	-	-	2018	WV
Anatidae	Eurasian Wigeon Mareca penelope	WL	H	LC	2002, 2003, 2006, 2015	2014	-	2018	WV
Anatidae	Mallard Anas platyrhynchos	WL	H	LC	2002, 2003, 2006	2015	-	2018	WV
Anatidae	Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	WV
Anatidae	Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata	WL	O	LC	2002, 2006, 2015	2015	-	-	WV
Anatidae	Northern Pintail Anas acuta	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2015	-	2016, 2017	2018	WV
Anatidae	Garganey Spatula querquedula	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	WV
Anatidae	Green-winged Teal Anas crecca	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2006, 2008	-	-	2018	WV
Anatidae	Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	WV
Anatidae	Common Pochard Aythya ferina	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	2018	WV
Anatidae	Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca	WL	O	NT	2001, 2002, 2006	2016	-	2018	WV
Anatidae	Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2008	2014	-	-	WV
Anatidae	Common Merganser Mergus merganser	WL	P	LC	2015	-	2017	-	WV
Podicipedidae	Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2017	2018	R
Podicipedidae	Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus	WL	O	LC	2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2016	2018	WV
Ciconiidae	Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala	WL	P	NT	2015	2014, 2016	2017	-	LM
Ciconiidae	Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans	WL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2016	2018	R
Ciconiidae	Black Stork Ciconia nigra	WL	C	LC	-	-	2016, 2017	-	WV
Ciconiidae	Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus	WL	C	VU	2008, 2015	2014, 2016	2017	-	R
Ciconiidae	White Stork Ciconia ciconia	WL	C	LC	2001	2014	-	-	WV
Ciconiidae	Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus	WL	C	NT	2003	2016	2018	-	R
Ciconiidae	Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus	WL	C	VU	2006, 2015	2014	2017	-	R
Threskiornithidae	Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus	WL	C	NT	2008, 2015	2015	-	-	LM
Threskiornithidae	Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa	WL/ML	C	LC	2003, 2006, 2015	-	2015, 2016	-	LM
Threskiornithidae	Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	LM
Ardeidae	Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus	WL/ML	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2006, 2015	2014	-	-	WV
Ardeidae	Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis	WL/ML	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	R
Ardeidae	Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus	WL/ML	C	LC	2002, 2004, 2008	-	2015	-	R
Ardeidae	Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis	WL/ML	C	LC	2015	-	-	2018	R
Ardeidae	Striated Heron Butorides striata	WL/ML	C	LC	2002, 2003, 2008	2015	-	-	R
Ardeidae	Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax	WL	C	LC	2003, 2004	2015	2015	-	R
Ardeidae	Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii	WL/ML	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Ardeidae	Grey Heron Ardea cinerea	WL	P	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014	2015, 2017	2018	WV
Ardeidae	Purple Heron Ardea purpurea	WL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2015	2014, 2015	-	-	R
Ardeidae	White-eared Night Heron Gorsachius magnificus	WL/RF	C	EN	-	-	2016	-	R
Ardeidae	Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis	WL/ML	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Ardeidae	Great Egret Ardea alba	WL	C	LC	2002, 2003, 2008	2014	2016, 2017	-	R
Ardeidae	Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia	WL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Ardeidae	Little Egret Egretta garzetta	WL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Pelecanidae	Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus	WL	P	LC	2001	-	-	-	WV
Pelecanidae	Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis	WL	P	NT	2001	-	-	-	WV
Anhingidae	Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster	WL	P	NT	2002, 2004, 2015, 2016	2016	2016, 2017	-	R
Phalacrocoracidae	Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger	WL	P	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Phalacrocoracidae	Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis	WL	P	LC	2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2016, 2017	-	R
Phalacrocoracidae	Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo	WL	P	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008	2014	2015, 2017	2018	R
Falconidae	Collared Falconet Microhierax caerulescens	SF	C	LC	-	-	2017	-	R
Falconidae	Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus	GL	C	LC	2003, 2006	-	2014, 2017	-	WV
Falconidae	Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera	GL	C	LC	-	-	2014	-	R
Falconidae	Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo	MF/WGL/AGR	C	LC	-	-	2015	-	PM
Falconidae	Laggar Falcon Falco jugger	GL	C	NT	2004	-	2017	-	R
Falconidae	Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus	ML	C	LC	2002, 2006, 2008	2014	2017	-	WV
Pandionidae	Osprey Pandion haliaetus	WL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2016	2018	WV
Accipitridae	Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus	MF/WGL	O	LC	2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Accipitridae	Black Kite Milvus migrans	MF/WGL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008	2014	2015, 2017	2018	R
Accipitridae	Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus	WL	C	LC	2008	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	WV
Accipitridae	White-tailed Sea Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla	WL	C	LC	2003	-	-	-	WV
Accipitridae	Pallas's Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus	WL	C	EN	2001, 2002, 2016	-	2017	-	WV
Accipitridae	Grey-headed Fish Eagle Haliaeetus ichthyaetus	WL/MF	C	NT	2008, 2015	2015	2016	-	R
Accipitridae	Black Eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis	MF	C	LC	-	-	2015, 2016	-	R
Accipitridae	Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus	WGL/MF	C	LC	2004, 2006	2015	2015	-	R
Accipitridae	Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela	MF/WGL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Accipitridae	Oriental Honey-buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus	MF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2015	2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Accipitridae	Himalayan Buzzard Buteo refectus	MF/SF	C	LC	-	-	2015	-	WV
Accipitridae	Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus	GL/MF/RB/AGL	C	EN	2016	2015	2016	2018	R
Accipitridae	White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis	GL/RB/AGL	C	CR	2001, 2002, 2004, 2015, 2016	-	2016	2018	R
Accipitridae	Indian Vulture Gyps indicus	RB/AGL/GL	C	CR	2001	2014	2016	-	LM
Accipitridae	Slender-billed Vulture Gyps tenuirostris	AGL	C	CR	2001-2004, 2008, 2016	-	-	-	R
Accipitridae	Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis	AGL/RB	C	NT	2016	-	2016	-	WV
Accipitridae	Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus	RB/MF	C	LC	2016	-	-	2018	WV
Accipitridae	Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus	GL/AGR/MF	C	CR	2015	-	2016	2018	R
Accipitridae	Eurasian Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus	WL/WGL	C	LC	2001, 2004, 2015	-	2015	2018	WV
Accipitridae	Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus	GL	C	LC	2001, 2004	-	2014	-	WV
Accipitridae	Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus	GL/WGL/AGR	C	NT	2004	-	2016	-	WV
Accipitridae	Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus	MF	C	LC	-	-	2016	-	R
Accipitridae	Shikra Accipiter badius	MF	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Accipitridae	Besra Accipiter virgatus	MF	C	LC	-	-	2015	-	R
Accipitridae	Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus	MF	C	LC	2006	2015	2015	-	R
Accipitridae	White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa	MF/GL	C	LC	2001, 2003, 2006	2015	2015	-	R
Accipitridae	Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus	MF/GL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2008	-	-	-	WV
Accipitridae	Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga	WL	C	VU	2002	-	2016	-	WV
Accipitridae	Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax	MF/WGL	C	LC	2006, 2008	2015	2015	-	R
Accipitridae	Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis	MF/WGL	C	EN	2001, 2002	-	2014, 2015, 2017	-	WV
Accipitridae	Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca	WGL/AGR	C	VU	-	-	2016	-	WV
Accipitridae	Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata	MF	C	LC	2006, 2015	2015	-	-	R
Accipitridae	Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus	MF	C	LC	-	-	2014	-	WV
Accipitridae	Changeable Hawk Eagle Nisaetus limnaeetus	MF	C	LC	2002, 2003, 2008	2015	2015, 2017	-	R
Otididae	Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis	GL	O	CR	-	2014	-	-	R
Rallidae	Ruddy-breasted Crake Zapornia fusca	ML	O	LC	2004	-	-	-	R
Rallidae	White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus	ML	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Rallidae	Brown Crake Zapornia akool	ML	O	LC	2004, 2008	2014	-	-	R
Rallidae	Watercock Gallicrex cinerea	ML	O	LC	2002, 2003	-	-	-	SV
Rallidae	Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio	WL	O	LC	2001, 2003, 2008, 2015	2014	2015, 2016	-	R
Rallidae	Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus	ML	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Rallidae	Eurasian Coot Fulica atra	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2015	2015	-	2018	WV
Gruidae	Sarus Crane Antigone antigone	ML/WL	O	VU	2001, 2004	2014	2017	-	R
Burhinidae	Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus	GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	R
Burhinidae	Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris	GL	I	NT	2006	-	2017	-	R
Jacanidae	Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	2015, 2016	2018	R
Jacanidae	Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus	WL	H	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2015	2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Recurvirostridae	Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus	WL	O	LC	2004, 2006, 2008	2014	2015, 2016, 2017	-	WV
Charadriidae	River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii	WL/ML	I	NT	2001, 2002, 2004, 2015	2016	2016	-	R
Charadriidae	Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus	WL/GL	I	LC	2001, 2006, 2008	-	2015, 2017	2018	R
Charadriidae	Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus	WL/ML	I	LC	2004	2015	2014	2018	WV
Charadriidae	Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus	WL/GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Charadriidae	White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus	WL	I	LC	2001	-	-	-	WV
Charadriidae	Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva	ML/GL	I	LC	2002	-	-	-	WV
Charadriidae	Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius	WL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2015	-	2014, 2015, 2017	-	WV
Rostratulidae	Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	R
Scolopacidae	Ruff Calidris pugnax	WL	I	LC	2001, 2002	-	-	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus	ML	I	LC	2002, 2003	-	-	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago	M	O	LC	2006	2014	-	2018	WV
Scolopacidae	Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa	ML	O	NT	2006	-	-	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata	WL	C	NT	2002	-	2016	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus	WL	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2006, 2015	-	-	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Common Redshank Tringa totanus	WL	I	LC	2006	2015	2015	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis	WL	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2006	-	2014	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia	WL	C	LC	2008, 2015	-	-	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus	WL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola	WL	P	LC	2008	2014	2015	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos	WL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2016	2018	WV
Scolopacidae	Little Stint Calidris minuta	WL	O	LC	2006, 2008	2015	-	-	WV
Scolopacidae	Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii	WL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2008	-	-	-	WV
Glareolidae	Small Pratincole Glareola lactea	GL/WL	I	LC	2001, 2003, 2008	-	2014	-	R
Laridae	Pallas's Gull Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus	WL	C	LC	-	2014	2016, 2017	-	WV
Laridae	Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus	WL	C	LC	2004, 2006	2015	-	-	PM
Laridae	Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus	WL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	PM
Laridae	River Tern Sterna aurantia	WL	C	NT	2003, 2008	2016	-	-	R
Laridae	Little Tern Sternula albifrons	WL	C	LC	2002, 2004, 2006	-	-	-	R
Laridae	Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda	WL	C	NT	2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	R
Laridae	Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida	WL	C	LC	2002	2014	-	-	WV
Laridae	Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis	WL	C	EN	2015	-	-	-	PM
Columbidae	Rock Pigeon Columba livia	SF/MF	G	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Columbidae	Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis	SF	G	LC	2006, 2008, 2015	-	2015, 2017	-	WV
Columbidae	Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto	MF/SF/GL	G	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Columbidae	Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica	GL	G	LC	2003, 2006, 2015	2015	2015, 2016	-	R
Columbidae	Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis	SF/MF	G	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Columbidae	Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis	MF/GL	G	LC	2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2016	-	R
Columbidae	Orange-breasted Green Pigeon Treron bicinctus	SF/MF	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2006	2014, 2015	2014, 2015	-	R
Columbidae	Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicopterus	SF/MF	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Columbidae	Pin-tailed Green Pigeon Treron apicauda	SF/MF	F	LC	2003, 2004, 2006, 2008	-	-	-	R
Columbidae	Ashy-headed Green Pigeon Treron phayrei	SF/MF	F	NT	-	-	2017	-	R
Columbidae	Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica	SF	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Psittacidae	Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria	MF/WGL	F	NT	2015	2015	2017	2018	R
Psittacidae	Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri	MF/WGL	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Psittacidae	Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala	MF/WGL	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Psittacidae	Slaty-headed Parakeet Psittacula himalayana	MF/WGL	F	LC	2002, 2003, 2015	-	-	-	R
Cuculidae	Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus	MF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2004, 2008	-	2015, 2017	-	SV
Cuculidae	Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Clamator coromandus	MF	I	LC	-	-	2015, 2016	-	SV
Cuculidae	Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius	MF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Cuculidae	Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus	MF/SF	I	LC	2002, 2003	2014	2015, 2016	-	SV
Cuculidae	Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus	MF/SF/GL	I	LC	2001, 2002	2015	2015, 2016	-	SV
Cuculidae	Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis sonneratii	MF	I	LC	2002, 2003	-	-	-	R
Cuculidae	Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus	GL/WGL	I	LC	2001	-	-	-	SV
Cuculidae	Asian Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus	MF/SF	I	LC	2002, 2006, 2015	-	-	-	SV
Cuculidae	Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris	MF	I	LC	-	-	2015	-	SV
Cuculidae	Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus	MF/SF	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Cuculidae	Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis	MF	I	LC	2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2016	-	R
Cuculidae	Sirkeer Malkoha Taccocua leschenaultii	MF/GL/WGL	F	LC	2015	-	2015, 2017	-	R
Cuculidae	Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis	MF/WGL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Cuculidae	Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis	GL	O	LC	2006	2014	2015	-	R
Tytonidae	Barn Owl Tyto alba	GL/MF	C	LC	2001, 2008	2015	2014, 2016	-	R
Tytonidae	Eastern Grass Owl Tyto longimembris	GL	C	LC	2001, 2006, 2015	-	-	-	R
Strigidae	Collared Scops Owl Otus lettia	MF/WGL	C	LC	2001, 2003	2015	-	-	R
Strigidae	Oriental Scops Owl Otus sunia	MF/AGR	C	LC	2015	-	2014, 2017	-	R
Strigidae	Indian Scops Owl Otus bakkamoena	MF/SF	C	LC	-	-	2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Strigidae	Asian Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides	SF/MF/GL	C	LC	2002, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2017	-	R
Strigidae	Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum	SF/MF/GL	C	LC	2004, 2006	2014	2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Strigidae	Spotted Owlet Athene brama	WGL/MF	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Strigidae	Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo	SF/MF/GL	C	LC	2001, 2006, 2015	-	-	-	R
Strigidae	Dusky Eagle Owl Bubo coromandus	SF	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2006	-	-	-	R
Strigidae	Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis	WL/MF	C	LC	2001, 2003, 2004, 2015	-	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Strigidae	Brown Wood Owl Strix leptogrammica	SF/MF	C	LC	2001, 2006	-	-	-	R
Strigidae	Brown Hawk Owl Ninox scutulata	MF	C	LC	2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2017	-	R
Caprimulgidae	Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus	SF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2006, 2008	-	2014, 2015, 2017	-	R
Caprimulgidae	Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus	MF/SF	I	LC	-	-	2015	-	R
Caprimulgidae	Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus	MF	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2015	2015	2014	-	R
Caprimulgidae	Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis	MF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2003	-	-	-	R
Hemiprocnidae	Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne coronata	MF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2006	-	-	-	R
Apodidae	Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis	AGR/WGL	I	LC	2015	2015	2014, 2015	-	R
Apodidae	Little Swift Apus affinis	AGR/GL	I	LC	2006, 2008	-	2014, 2016	-	R
Apodidae	White-rumped Needletail Zoonavena sylvatica	MF	I	LC	-	-	2016	-	LM
Upupidae	Common Hoopoe Upupa epops	GL/WGL/AGR	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Coraciidae	Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis	MF/GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Coraciidae	Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2016, 2017	-	R
Alcedinidae	Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis	WL/RF	P	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Alcedinidae	White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis	WL/RF/GL	P	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Alcedinidae	Black-capped Kingfisher Halcyon pileata	WL	P	LC	-	-	2014	-	PM
Alcedinidae	Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis	WL	P	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Alcedinidae	Crested Kingfisher Megaceryle lugubris	WL	P	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006	-	-	-	R
Alcedinidae	Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis	WL	P	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Meropidae	Blue-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni	MF/GL	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015. 2016, 2017	-	R
Meropidae	Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis	MF/GL/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Meropidae	Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus	MF/GL/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	SV
Meropidae	Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti	MF/GL/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	SV
Bucerotidae	Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris	SF/MF/GL	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Bucerotidae	Oriental Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris	SF/MF/WGL	F	LC	2002, 2003, 2006, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Bucerotidae	Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis	SF/MF	F	NT	2015	2016	2017	-	R
Megalaimidae	Brown-headed Barbet Psilopogon zeylanicus	SF/WGL	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Megalaimidae	Lineated Barbet Psilopogon lineatus	MF/AGR/SF	F	LC	-	2014	2014	-	R
Megalaimidae	Blue-throated Barbet Psilopogon asiaticus	SF/WGL	F	LC	2002, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	2017	-	R
Megalaimidae	Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon haemacephalus	SF/MF/WGL	F	LC	2001, 2002, 2015	2014	2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Picidae	Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla	SF/RF/MF	I	LC	2008	-	2015	-	WV
Picidae	Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2015	-	R
Picidae	Rufous Woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus	SF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2006	2015	2014, 2015	-	R
Picidae	Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus pulverulentus	SF	I	VU	2004	2014	2017	-	R
Picidae	Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker Yungipicus nanus	RF/MF/SF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Picidae	Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker Yungipicus canicapillus	RF/MF/SF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2015, 2016	2018	R
Picidae	Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopos macei	SF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2016	2018	R
Picidae	Yellow-crowned Woodpecker Leiopicus mahrattensis	MF/WGL	I	LC	2015	2015	2015, 2016	-	R
Picidae	Lesser Yellownape Picus chlorolophus	SF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	R
Picidae	Greater Yellownape Chrysophlegma flavinucha	SF	I	LC	2001, 2006	-	2015, 2016	-	R
Picidae	Streak-throated Woodpecker Picus xanthopygaeus	SF/WGL	I	LC	2003, 2006, 2015	2014, 2015	-	-	R
Picidae	Scaly-bellied Woodpecker Picus squamatus	SF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2006, 2008	2015	-	-	R
Picidae	Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus	SF	I	LC	2001, 2003, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Picidae	Himalayan Golden-backed Woodpecker Dinopium shorii	SF/MF/RF/WGL	I	LC	2008, 2015	2014	-	2018	R
Picidae	Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker Dinopium benghalense	SF/MF/RF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Picidae	Greater Golden-backed Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes lucidus	SF/WGL	I	LC	2006, 2015	2015	2016, 2017	-	R
Picidae	White-naped Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes festivus	SF/WGL	I	LC	-	2015	-	-	R
Pittidae	Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura	SF	I	LC	2001, 2002	2015	2016, 2017	-	SV
Tephrodornithidae	Large Woodshrike Tephrodornis virgatus	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Tephrodornithidae	Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus	GL/SF/WGL	I	LC	2001	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Artamidae	Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus	SF	I	LC	2003, 2004, 2006	-	-	-	R
Campephagidae	Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei	SF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2003, 2008	2015	2014, 2017	2018	SV
Campephagidae	Black-winged Cuckooshrike Lalage melaschistos	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2015	2018	R
Campephagidae	Black-headed Cuckooshrike Lalage melanoptera	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2015, 2016	-	R
Campephagidae	Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike Hemipus picatus	SF/RF/MF/WGL	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2015, 2017	-	R
Aegithinidae	Common Iora Aegithina tiphia	SF/RF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Campephagidae	Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	2018	R
Campephagidae	Long-tailed Minivet Pericrocotus ethologus	SF/RF	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Campephagidae	Short-billed Minivet Pericrocotus brevirostris	SF	I	LC	2002, 2004	-	2014	-	R
Campephagidae	Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus speciosus	SF/MF	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Laniidae	Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus	MF/AGR	I	LC	2015	-	2014, 2015	-	WV
Laniidae	Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus	WGL	I	LC	2002	2015	2015, 2016	-	R
Laniidae	Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach	WGL	C	LC	2003, 2008	2014	2014, 2015	-	R
Laniidae	Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor	MF/AGR	C	LC	-	-	2015	-	VA
Laniidae	Grey-backed Shrike Lanius tephronotus	AGR/MF	C	LC	2003	2015	-	-	WV
Laniidae	Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus	WGL	C	LC	2015	2015	-	-	WV
Dicruridae	Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus remifer	SF/MF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Dicruridae	Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus	SF/MF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Dicruridae	Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus	SF/MF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Dicruridae	Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Dicruridae	Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus	SF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	WV
Dicruridae	White-bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens	SF/MF/WGL/RF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Dicruridae	Crow-billed Drongo Dicrurus annectans	SF/MF/GL	I	LC	2003, 2015	2014	2015, 2016	-	SV
Oriolidae	Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo	MF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2008, 2015	2014	2015, 2016	-	R
Oriolidae	Black-hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus	SF/MF/WGL/RF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Stenostiridae	Yellow-bellied Fantail Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	WV
Rhipiduridae	White-throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis	WGL/GL	I	LC	2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2016	2018	WV
Rhipiduridae	White-browed Fantail Rhipidura aureola	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2008	2015	2015	-	R
Monarchidae	Indian Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi	SF/RF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	SV
Monarchidae	Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea	SF/RF	I	LC	2006	-	2017	-	WV
Corvidae	Red-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa erythrorhyncha	SF/MF/RF	O	LC	-	-	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Corvidae	Common Green Magpie Cissa chinensis	SF/RF	C	LC	-	-	2016, 2017	-	R
Corvidae	Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda	SF/MF/WGL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Corvidae	Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos	SF/MF/WGL	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2015	-	2014, 2015, 2016	2018	R
Corvidae	House Crow Corvus splendens	MF/AGR	C	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Paridae	Cinereous Tit Parus cinereus	SF/MF/WGL/RF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Paridae	Green-backed Tit Parus monticolus	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2014	-	R
Paridae	Black-lored Tit Machlolophus xanthogenys	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2015	-	R
Paridae	Fire-capped Tit Cephalopyrus flammiceps	MF/RF	I	LC	2002, 2003	-	-	-	WV
Hirundinidae	Plain Martin Riparia paludicola	WL/ML	I	LC	2002, 2004, 2008, 2015	-	2014, 2015, 2016	2018	R
Hirundinidae	Sand Martin Riparia riparia	WL/ML/WGL	I	LC	2003, 2008	2015	-	-	WV
Hirundinidae	Eurasian Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris	ML/WL	I	LC	2001	2014	2015	-	WV
Hirundinidae	Dusky Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne concolor	ML/WL	I	LC	2001, 2004, 2006	-	2015	-	R
Hirundinidae	Streak-throated Swallow Petrochelidon fluvicola	GL/ML	I	LC	2002, 2003	2015	-	-	R
Hirundinidae	Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii	GL/WGL/AGR	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	-	-	R
Hirundinidae	Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica	GL/ML	I	LC	2002, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	-	2018	WV
Hirundinidae	Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica	GL/ML	I	LC	2001, 2004, 2008	2015	-	-	R
Alaudidae	Singing Bushlark Mirafra cantillans	GL	G, I	LC	2006	-	2015	-	R
Alaudidae	Bengal Bushlark Mirafra assamica	GL	G, I	LC	2015	2014	2016	-	R
Alaudidae	Indian Bushlark Mirafra erythroptera	GL/AGR	G, I	LC	2001, 2006, 2008	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Alaudidae	Rufous-tailed Lark Ammomanes phoenicura	GL	G, I	LC	-	-	2015	-	R
Alaudidae	Sand Lark Alaudala raytal	ML/GL	G, I	LC	-	-	2014, 2015	-	R
Alaudidae	Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix griseus	AGR/GL	G, I	LC	-	-	2015	-	R
Alaudidae	Crested Lark Galerida cristata	GL/AGR	G, I	LC	2015	2014	-	-	R
Alaudidae	Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula	GL/AGR	G, I	LC	2004, 2006	-	2015	-	R
Pycnonotidae	Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys	MF/RF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2015	-	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Pycnonotidae	Black-crested Bulbul Rubigula flaviventris	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2015, 2017	-	R
Pycnonotidae	Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus	SF/MF/RF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Pycnonotidae	Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Pycnonotidae	Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2017	-	R
Cisticolidae	Grey-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii	GL/WGL	N	LC	2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2016	-	R
Cisticolidae	Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica	GL	I	LC	2004, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2016	-	R
Cisticolidae	Yellow-bellied Prinia Prinia flaviventris	GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2015	-	2015, 2016	-	R
Cisticolidae	Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis	GL/WGL	N	LC	2001, 2008	2015	2014, 2017	-	R
Cisticolidae	Plain Prinia Prinia inornata	GL/WGL	N	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Cisticolidae	Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis	GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2017	2018	R
Cisticolidae	Golden-headed Cisticola Cisticola exilis	GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003	-	-	-	R
Cisticolidae	Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Locustellidae	Striated Grassbird Megalurus palustris	ML	I	LC	2003	2014	2015	-	R
Scotocercidae	Grey-sided Bush Warbler Cettia brunnifrons	GL	I	LC	2001, 2003	-	-	-	WV
Locustellidae	West Himalayan Bush Warbler Locustella kashmirensis	GL	I	LC	2003, 2004	-	-	-	WV
Locustellidae	Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia	ML	I	LC	2004, 2006	-	-	-	WV
Pellorneidae	Rufous-rumped Grassbird Graminicola bengalensis	GL	I	LC	2001	2014	2015	-	R
Acrocephalidae	Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus	ML	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2008, 2015	-	2015	2018	WV
Acrocephalidae	Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus agricola	ML	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2006	-	2014, 2016	-	WV
Acrocephalidae	Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum	ML	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2004, 2006	-	2014, 2015, 2016	-	WV
Scotocercidae	Grey-bellied Tesia Tesia cyaniventer	SF	I	LC	2002, 2003	-	-	-	WV
Phylloscopidae	Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita	MF/WGL	I	LC	2004, 2006	2015	2014, 2017	2018	WV
Phylloscopidae	Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus	GL	I	LC	-	-	2014	-	WV
Phylloscopidae	Smoky Warbler Phylloscopus fuligiventer	WL	I	LC	2003, 2006	2015	-	-	WV
Phylloscopidae	Tickell's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus affinis	MF/AGR	I	LC	2015	-	2014	-	WV
Phylloscopidae	Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus	SF/MF/RF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2008	-	-	-	WV
Phylloscopidae	Hume's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus humei	MF/SF/RF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2004, 2006	2015	2014, 2016	2018	WV
Phylloscopidae	Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides	SF/MF/RF	I	LC	2001, 2003, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	WV
Phylloscopidae	Blyth's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus reguloides	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2006	2014	2015	-	WV
Phylloscopidae	Western Crowned Warbler Phylloscopus occipitalis	SF/MF/RF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008	-	-	-	WV
Leiothrichidae	Nepal Fulvetta Alcippe nipalensis	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2017	-	R
Sylviidae	Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca	MF/SF	I	LC	2015	-	2014, 2015, 2016	-	WV
Sylviidae	Eastern Orphean Warbler Curruca crassirostris	MF/SCRUB	I	LC	-	-	2014	-	WV
Pellorneidae	Puff-throated Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2015, 2017	-	R
Timaliidae	Pin-striped Tit Babbler Mixornis gularis	MF/WGL	I	LC	2003	2015	2015	-	R
Timaliidae	Chestnut-capped Babbler Timalia pileata	GL	I	LC	2006, 2008, 2015	2015	-	-	R
Timaliidae	Tawny-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra	MF/WGL	I	LC	2004, 2006	-	2014	-	R
Leiothrichidae	Common Babbler Argya caudata	MF	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	-	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Leiothrichidae	Striated Babbler Argya earlei	ML	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2006	2015	-	-	R
Leiothrichidae	Large Grey Babbler Argya malcolmi	MF/WGL	O	LC	2002, 2006	2014, 2015	2016, 2017	-	R
Leiothrichidae	Jungle Babbler Argya striata	MF/WGL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Sylviidae	Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense	GL/WGL	O	LC	2001, 2003, 2008	2014, 2015	2015	-	R
Leiothrichidae	White-throated Laughingthrush Garrulax albogularis	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2016	-	R
Leiothrichidae	Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush Garrulax monileger	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2016, 2017	-	R
Leiothrichidae	Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush Garrulax pectoralis	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2016, 2017	-	R
Zosteropidae	Oriental White-Eye Zosterops palpebrosus	SF/MF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Sittidae	Indian Nuthatch Sitta castanea	SF/MF	I	LC	2003, 2004, 2008	-	2014, 2016	-	R
Sittidae	Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch Sitta cinnamoventris	SF/MF	I	LC	2001, 2003, 2008	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Sittidae	Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis	SF/MF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2015	-	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Certhiidae	Bar-tailed Treecreeper Certhia himalayana	SF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	WV
Sturnidae	Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus	MF/WGL	O	LC	2001, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Sturnidae	Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus	GL/WGL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Sturnidae	Common Myna Acridotheres tristis	GL/WGL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Sturnidae	Hill Myna Gracula religiosa	MF	O	LC	-	-	2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Sturnidae	Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra	WGL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Sturnidae	Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnia malabarica	WGL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2008	2015	2015, 2016	-	R
Sturnidae	Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum	MF/WGL	O	LC	2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	-	2016, 2017	2018	R
Sturnidae	European Starling Sturnus vulgaris	GL/AGR	O	LC	2002, 2003, 2006, 2015	2014, 2015	-	2018	WV
Sturnidae	Rosy Starling Pastor roseus	GL/AGR	F	LC	-	-	2015, 2017	-	PM
Sturnidae	Spot-winged Starling Saroglossa spilopterus	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2015	-	SV
Muscicapidae	Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus	SF	I	LC	2001, 2003, 2006, 2015	2015	2014, 2017	-	WV
Turdidae	Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina	SF/MF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Turdidae	Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma	SF/MF	O	LC	-	-	2016	-	WV
Turdidae	Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul	SF	I	LC	2003, 2006	-	-	-	WV
Turdidae	Tibetan Blackbird Turdus maximus	SF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2016, 2017	-	WV
Turdidae	Tickell's Thrush Turdus unicolor	MF	O	LC	-	-	-	2018	WV
Turdidae	Black-throated Thrush Turdus atrogularis	WGL	I	LC	2008, 2015	2015	2016	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Bluethroat Luscinia svecica	GL/WL	I	LC	2006, 2008, 2015	2015	-	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope	GL/WL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2008, 2015	-	2015, 2016	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Himalayan Rubythroat Calliope pectoralis	GL	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2006	-	-	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis	SF/MF/RF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Muscicapidae	White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus	SF/MF	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Muscicapidae	Indian Robin Copsychus fulicatus	GL/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2015	-	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Muscicapidae	White-capped Redstart Phoenicurus leucocephalus	WL/ML	I	LC	2015	2015	2014, 2016, 2017	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros	RF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015 2016, 2017	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Little Forktail Enicurus scouleri	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2017	-	UC
Muscicapidae	Black-backed Forktail Enicurus immaculatus	SF/MF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Muscicapidae	White-throated Bushchat Saxicola insignis	GL	I	VU	-	-	2016	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus	GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2015	2015	2014, 2017	2018	WV
Muscicapidae	White-tailed Stonechat Saxicola leucurus	GL	I	LC	2002, 2006, 2008	2015	-	-	R
Muscicapidae	Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata	GL	I	LC	2002, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015 2016, 2017	-	R
Muscicapidae	Jerdon's Bushchat Saxicola jerdoni	WGL	I	LC	-	2015	-	-	R
Muscicapidae	Grey Bushchat Saxicola ferreus	WGL	I	LC	2001, 2006, 2008	2015	-	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Brown Rock Chat Oenanthe fusca	GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Muscicapidae	Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius	WGL	I	LC	2008, 2015	2015	-	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica	MF/SF	I	LC	-	-	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Muscicapidae	Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher Ficedula strophiata	RF	I	LC	2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva	SF/MF/RF/WGL	I	LC	2003, 2004, 2008	2015	2014, 2017	2018	WV
Muscicapidae	Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla	MF/SCRUB	I	LC	-	-	-	2018	WV
Muscicapidae	Little Pied Flycatcher Ficedula westermanni	SF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2006, 2008	-	2014	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Ultramarine Flycatcher Ficedula superciliaris	SF/MF/DG	I	LC	2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2002, 2006, 2008	2015	2015, 2017	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Tickell's Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2015	2015	-	-	WV
Muscicapidae	Pale-chinned Blue Flycatcher Cyornis poliogenys	MF/SF	I	LC	-	-	2015	-	UC
Stenostiridae	Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	WV
Chloropseidae	Golden-fronted Leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons	SF/MF	N	LC	2003, 2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2017	-	R
Chloropseidae	Orange-bellied Leafbird Chloropsis hardwickii	SF/MF	N	LC	2002, 2003, 2006, 2015	-	-	-	R
Dicaeidae	Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile	MF/SF	N	LC	-	-	2015, 2016	2018	R
Dicaeidae	Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos	SF/MF/RF	N	LC	2001, 2003, 2008	2015	2016	2018	R
Nectariniidae	Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus	MF/WGL	N	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Nectariniidae	Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga siparaja	SF/MF	N	LC	2001, 2008, 2015	-	2014	-	R
Nectariniidae	Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra	MF/AGR	N	LC	-	-	2015	-	UC
Passeridae	House Sparrow Passer domesticus	MF/WGL	G	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Passeridae	Yellow-throated Sparrow Gymnoris xanthocollis	SF/MF/WGL	G	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Ploceidae	Black-breasted Weaver Ploceus benghalensis	GL/WGL	O	LC	2002, 2003, 2008	-	-	-	R
Ploceidae	Streaked Weaver Ploceus manyar	GL/WGL	O	LC	2002, 2004	-	2015, 2017	-	R
Ploceidae	Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus	GL	O	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2015	2015	2015, 2016, 2017	2018	R
Estrildidae	Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica	GL/WGL	G	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2017	2018	R
Estrildidae	Red Avadavat Amandava amandava	GL	G	LC	2002, 2003, 2008,	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Estrildidae	White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata	GL	G	LC	2001, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015	-	-	2018	R
Estrildidae	Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata	GL	G	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2015, 2016 2017	2018	R
Estrildidae	Black-headed Munia Lonchura malacca	GL	G	LC	2002, 2003, 2006, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016	-	R
Motacillidae	Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava	SF/MF/WGL	I	LC	2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2017	-	WV
Motacillidae	Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola	WL/WGL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	2015	2014, 2015, 2016 2017	2018	WV
Motacillidae	Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea	WL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2015	-	2014, 2016, 2017	2018	WV
Motacillidae	White Wagtail Motacilla alba	WL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015	2014, 2015	2014, 2015, 2016 2017	2018	WV
Motacillidae	White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis	WL/GL	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2008,	2014	2014, 2015, 2017	-	WV
Motacillidae	Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi	GL	I	LC	2001, 2003, 2006	-	2015	-	WV
Motacillidae	Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus	GL	I	LC	2002, 2003, 2008, 2015	2014	2014, 2015, 2016, 2017	-	R
Motacillidae	Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris	GL	I	LC	2001, 2002, 2003, 2006	-	2015	-	WV
Motacillidae	Blyth's Pipit Anthus godlewskii	GL	I	LC	-	-	2015	-	WV
Motacillidae	Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis	GL	I	LC	2006	2015	2014, 2017	-	WV
Motacillidae	Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni	GL	I	LC	2001, 2003, 2008	-	2015, 2017	2018	WV
Fringillidae	Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus	MF/WGL	G	LC	2004, 2006, 2015	2015	-	-	WV
Emberizidae	Crested Bunting Emberiza lathami	GL	G	LC	2006, 2008	2015	-	-	WV
Emberizidae	White-capped Bunting Emberiza stewarti	GL	G	LC	2001, 2003	-	-	-	WV
Emberizidae	Chestnut-eared Bunting Emberiza fucata	GL	G	LC	2001, 2004	-	-	-	WV
Emberizidae	Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola	GL/WGL	G	CR	2001	-	-	-	WV

Numeral represents year of sightings in study areas.

IUCN Red List status: CR—Critically Endangered | EN—Endangered | NT—Near Threatened | LC—Least Concern | VU—Vulnerable.

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