Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2022 | 14(2): 20550–20565
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7581.14.2.20550-20565
#7581 | Received 21
July 2021 | Final received 03 December 2021 | Finally accepted 11 January 2022
Seasonal composition of avian
communities in different habitats of Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site in Punjab,
India
Jagdeep Singh 1 & Onkar Singh Brraich 2
1,2 Department of Zoology and
Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
1 jagdeepsingh1656@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 singhonkar@yahoo.com
Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26
February 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Singh, J. &
O.S. Brraich (2022).
Seasonal composition of avian communities in different habitats of Harike
Wetland, a Ramsar site in Punjab, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(2): 20550–20565. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7581.14.2.20550-20565
Copyright: © Singh & Brraich 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None, all expenses were handled by Jagdeep Singh PhD research scholar.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author
details: Jagdeep Singh—currently
pursuing a PhD in ornithology and wetland ecology in the Department of Zoology
and Environmental Sciences Punjabi University, Patiala, is keenly interested in
studying birds from the Indian subcontinent. Alongside research, he is also a
passionate science writer and believes that science communication is a great
way to promote research. Dr. Onkar Singh
Brraich—an Assistant Professor, Fish, and Fisheries from the Department
of Zoology and Environmental Sciences Punjabi University, Patiala. He has a
keen interest in fish taxonomy, birds, and biodiversity currently working on
the rnvironmental issues of Punjab.
Author
contributions: OSB—PhD
supervisor, edited MS. JS—PhD research scholar. Prepare framework of research,
field survey, bird census, photography, data collection and manuscript
preparation.
Acknowledgements: We thank the chief wildlife warden, Punjab to provide
necessary permission to conduct bird surveys, and the officials Ferozepur
Forest division for their permission to conduct studies in the sanctuary area
and World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) for inviting us to the annual bird census.
Sincere thanks to the Head, Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences
Punjabi University, Patiala, for providing needful research facilities. Thanks to Yodha Singh, Assistant
Professor, Botany Govt. Mohindra College, Patiala and Mr. Amandeep Singh
helping in preparation of maps and for company during field visits.
Abstract: The documentation of avifauna of
Harike wetland was carried out during November, 2019 to November, 2021 in
different habitats and seasons. A total of 225 bird species belonging to 18
orders and 61 families were recorded; 18 fall under the Red List of IUCN, with
11 categorized as Near Threatened, six vulnerable, and one Endangered. Order
Passeriformes had the greatest number of species, and mosaic habitats with diverse
vegetation showed the highest bird diversity. This study will aid future
conservation measures and wetland management programs.
Keywords: Bird diversity, conservation, largest
freshwater riverine wetland, threatened species.
Introduction
Wetlands are among the most fragile and productive
habitats on earth (Mitsch & Gosselink 2000; Ladhar 2002; Kumar et al. 2005;
Brraich & Singh 2021; Kaur & Brraich 2021). Harike Bird Sanctuary has
wide flood plains
along the confluence of the rivers Satluj and Beas in the Punjab districts of
Ferozepur, Tarn Taran, and Kapurthala (Najar et al. 2017; Singh et
al. 2020). India harbours over 1,400 bird species, of which over 300 rely on
wetlands (Kumar et al. 2005; Praveen et al. 2016, 2020). Harike wetlands
provide breeding, feeding, roosting and staging sites for many birds (Rahmani
et al. 2016), and local bird diversity has been studied by various workers (Ali
et al. 1981; Robson
1996; Kazmierczak
et al. 1998; Robson
1999; Sawant
& Sudhagar 2013;
Prasad 2008a,b; Sangha 2013, 2017; Singh & Brraich 2021). The
area is also home to the Smooth Indian Otter Lutra perspicillata, Golden
Jackal Canis aureus, and Dolphin Platanista gangetica minor (Sinha
1997).
Birds are key
components of wetland ecosystems. They are indicators of wetland health, as
they respond to habitat changes such as human disturbance, poisoning,
pollution, eutrophication, and siltation. They also reflect the productivity
and tropic structures of wetlands (Morrison 1986; Subramanya 1996). Habitats
play a significant role in bird diversity, and understanding habitat choices is
important for bird conservation (Tavernia et al. 2016). In this study, a major
aim was to prepare an inventory of avifaunal diversity in the various habitats
of Harike wetland in different seasons.
Study Area
Harike Wetland is a large manmade freshwater riverine
wetland and Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary in Punjab, India. Geographically, this
sanctuary is located at latitudes of 31°060N
& 31°120N
and longitudes 74°550E
& 75°050E
semi-arid biogeographical zone formed by construction of Harike
barrage in 1950
on river Beas and Satluj covering 8,435 ha area on the borders of
districts Ferozepur, Tarn Taran, and Kapurthala and designated as Ramsar sites
in 1990 (Image A) (Najar
et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2020). Harike wetland was designated as wildlife
sanctuary by the Ministry of Environment, Forest (MoEF), Government of India in
1982 later on it was declared as a bird sanctuary by the Punjab state
government in 1992 (Mabwoga & Thukral 2014).
Materials and Methods
Study site was
visited in different seasons of Punjab for the span of two years (November
2019–November 2021) and birds are classified into three categories annual,
winter, and summer birds (Mavi & Tiwana 1993). Survey was conducted during
the maximum bird activity, predominantly between 0600–1100 h and 1500–1700 h
adopting various methods like point count method, strip transect sampling,
travelling with a manually propelled wooden fishing boat, visual counter method
(Bibby et al. 2000; Buckland et al. 2001). Totally eight transect were
designed to carry out the survey Image 2 and designated as I (6.23 km), II
(6.95 km), III (2.25 km), IV (3.32 km), V (4.64 km), VI (5.47 km), VII (2.47
km), VIII (1.2 km) (Image 1 & 2). Observations of birds were made in all
habitats which were classified as agriculture, built up (urban, rural,
hamlet), forest (plantation, tree clad), water bodies (ponds, canal,
brushwood along canal), wasteland (scrubland sandy area, shrubs/ grasses,
dry bed of seasonal river), wetland (waterlogged aquatic vegetation, swampy
land with scrub, reed,
marshes) (Image 2) (Kalsi 1998; Kalsi et al. 2015; Singh et al. 2020). Photography of birds
was done during the survey with DSLR camera Canon 1200D (75–300 mm zoom lens)
and binocular (Olympus 8-16*40 zoom DPS-I) were used for spotting, and field
notes were prepared, followed by identification of birds using field guides
(Ali & Ripley 1983; Grewal et al. 1995; Grimmett et al.
2012) and nomenclature and classification is followed according
to Praveen et al. (2016).
The conservation status of species was assessed according to
International Union for Conservation of Nature (2017), and residential and
migratory status is based earlier literature and their presence or absence at
study site (Grimmett
& Inskipp
2010; Rai & Vanita 2021). Relative abundance is based upon
the frequency of sightings birds were classified into different categories Very
Common (recorded in more than 9–10/10 visits), Common (between 6–8/10 visits),
Uncommon (between 3–5/10 visits) and Rare (recorded 1–2/10 visits) relative
abundance on the basis of (McKinnon & Philips 1993). The
relative diversity (RDi) of different families was calculated following La
Torre-Cuadros et al. (2007) equation:
RDi= (Number of
Bird species in Family/Total Number of Bird Species) X 100
Results and Discussion
During the present
investigations, total of 225 bird species under 18 orders and 61 families were
reported from the Harike wetland and its surrounding areas (Table 1). This
wetland supports 113 migrant and 112 resident bird species. Overall,
Passeriformes are the dominant order with 38% (85 species), consistent with
their being the dominant avian taxa of India (Praveen et al. 2016). They were
followed by Charadriiformes 16% (37 species), Anseriformes 8.4% (19 species),
Pelecaniformes 7.6% (17 species), Accipitriformes 5.8% (13 species),
Coraciiformes 3.6% (8 species), Gruiformes 3.1% (7 species), Columbiformes 2.7%
(6 species), and Strigiformes 2.2% (5 species). Orders like Cuculiformes,
Piciformes, Podicipediformes, and Suliformes were represented by 1.8% (4
species) followed by Galliformes and Ciconiiformes with 1.3% (3 species) each.
Birds were also found from orders Apodiformes, Falconiformes, and
Psittaciformes (Table 3).
Species represented
by orders Anseriformes, Pelecaniformes, Charadriiformes, Ciconiiformes,
Galliformes, Gruiformes, Podicipediformes, and Suliformes were the major water
birds, the rest are wetland-dependent birds (Kumar et al. 2005). Relative
diversity data shows that family Anatidae was most diverse (19 species, RDi
8.444) with similar observations made at Basai wetland and Nangal wetland (Rai
et al. 2019; Kaur & Brraich 2021), followed by Scolopacidae (14 species,
RDi 6.22), Ardeidae (13 species, RDi 5.777), Accipitridae (12 species, RDi
5.333), Muscicapidae (11 speices, RDi 4.888), Laridae and Motacillidae (10
species, 4.444), Cisticolidae (8 species, RDi 3.555), Rallidae (7 speices, RDi
3.11), Charadriidae, Columbidae, Hirundinidae, and Sturnidae (6 speices, RDi
2.666), Cuculidae, Estrildidae, Phylloscopidae, Podicipedidae, Strigidae, and
Threskiornithidae (4 species, RDi 1.777), Acrocephalidae, Alaudidae,
Alcedinidae, Ciconiidae, Laniidae, Leiothrichidae, Phalacrocoracidae,
Phasianidae, Picidae, and Ploceidae (3 species, RDi 1.333) lastly Anhingidae,
Bucerotidae, Burhinidae, Coraciidae, Dicruridae, Jacanidae, Locustellidae, Monarchidae, Nectariniidae, Oriolidae,
Pandionidae, Pellorneidae, Pycnonotidae, Rostratulidae, Stenostiridae,
Tytonidae, Upupidae, Vangidae, and Zosteropidae were poorly diverse
representing 1 species each and RDi 0.444 (Table 2).
Data on relative
abundance show that 111 species were Very common, 69 species were common, 37
species were Uncommon and eight species were rare in the area. A
comparative analysis of residential status of observed species with relative
abundance shows that out of 112 resident species, 65 species were very common,
34 common, 11 Uncommon, and two
rare; among 17 summer migrants; seven species were very common, three common,
six uncommon, and one rare and trend in winter migrants which were 96 in
number: 40 species were very common, 32 common, 19 common, and five rare
(Figure 1). The
population trends of present species and relative abundance shows that 68
species which are decreasing globally were present, of which 33 were very
common, which shows the importance of unique habitat in the wetland in
increasing trends. Eighty-seven species were globally stable, and the status of
35 was unknown as per IUCN (2021) (Figure 2).
Wetlands support
globally threatened species such as Ferruginous Duck, Black-tailed Godwit,
River Tern, Eurasian Curlew, River Lapwing, Painted Stork, Red-necked Falcon,
Rufous-vented Grass Babbler, Black-headed White Ibis, Alexandrine Parakeet,
Oriental Darter categorized under Near Threatened, Greater Spotted Eagle,
Common Pochard, Woolly-necked Stork, Bristled Grass-Warbler, Jerdon’s Babbler,
Horned Grebe were listed under vulnerable category by IUCN. Bristled
Grass-Warbler and Jerdon’s Babbler were earlier recorded from this wetland
(Kazmierczak et al. 1998; Prasad 2008b; Sawant & Sudhagar 2013; Singh &
Brraich 2021). Interestingly, Jerdon’s Babbler was found with nesting material,
which shows their probable breeding record at Harike Wetland.
Seasonal data show
that 112 species (50%) are present throughout year, 96 species (43%) were found
in winter during migration, and the least number of species were found in
summer (17 species; 7.6%). Habitat preference data revealed that combination of
habitats like wetland, forest, waterbodies show the maximum number of birds, on
the other hand build up, agriculture and wasteland show comparatively less bird
diversity, resultantly it is concluded that to attract of more bird species
wetland vegetation should be more diverse. Heterogenetic habitats and to the
initiations of conservation measures always show more diversity (Burger 1985;
Brown et al. 2001; Kushlan et al. 2002; Tu et al. 2020). Beside birds, wetlands
are important habitats for reptiles like Gharial Gavialis gangeticus (Critically Endangered), mammals like Golden Jackal Canis
aureus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale
perspicillata (Vulnerable), and Indus River Dolphin Platanista gangetica
(Endangered). From diversity point of view,
wetlands are most important in Punjab. Further, it is observed that wetland is
highly human-dominated, and under severe pressure of resource extraction for
various purposes. Wetlands and adjoining areas are facing land encroachment for
agriculture, livelihood and other commercial activities. Similar observations
have been made by Singh et al. (2020). In a highly populated country like India
with less resources, resolving this issue is a tough task. Awareness among
local populations with combined efforts of researchers, conservators, stake
holders and government agencies can support sustainability of avifaunal
diversity.
Table 1 . List
of birds in different seasons and habitats with their conservation status.
|
|
Name/ Scientific name |
Family |
Seasons |
Preferred habitat
|
IUCN Status/ Population trends |
Migratory/ Residential status |
Abundance |
|
Order: Accipitriformes |
|||||||
|
1 |
Black Kite Milvus lineatus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Accipitridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest /Water bodies / Built up |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
2 |
Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) |
Accipitridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies/ Agriculture land/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
3 |
Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) |
Accipitridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
4 |
Crested Serpent-Eagle Spilornis cheela (Latham, 1790) |
Accipitridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
UC |
|
5 |
Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Accipitridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant
|
C |
|
6 |
Shikra Accipiter badius (Gmelin, 1788) |
Accipitridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies/ Built Up/ Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
7 |
Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833 |
Accipitridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Endangered/ Decreasing |
Resident |
UC |
|
8 |
Short-toed Snake-Eagle Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin, 1788) |
Accipitridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
UC |
|
9 |
Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga
hastate (Pallas, 1811) |
Accipitridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Vulnerable/ Decreasing |
Resident |
UC |
|
10 |
Common Buzzard Buteo buteo Linnaeus, 1758 |
Accipitridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
11 |
Oriental Honey- Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821) |
Accipitridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
12 |
Osprey Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Pandionidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
13 |
Hen harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Accipitridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Water bodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
R |
|
Order: Anseriformes |
|||||||
|
14 |
Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus (Latham, 1790) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
15 |
Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos (Pennant, 1769) |
Anatidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
16 |
Common Pochard Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Vulnerable/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
17 |
Common Teal Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
18 |
Cotton Teal Nettapus coromandelianus (Gmelin, 1789) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
19 |
Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope Linnaeus, 1758 |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
20 |
Gadwall Anas strepera Linnaeus, 1758 |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
21 |
Garganey Anas querquedula Linnaeus, 1758 |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
22 |
Grey-leg Goose Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
23 |
Indian Spotbill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha J.R. Forester, 1781 |
Anatidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies/Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
24 |
Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) |
Anatidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wetland/ Waterbodies/ Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Summer Migrant |
VC |
|
25 |
Northern Shoveller Anas clypeata Linnaeus, 1758 |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
26 |
Northern Pintail Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758 |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
27 |
Red Crested Poachard Netta
rufina (Pallas, 1773) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
28 |
Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
29 |
Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
30 |
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
31 |
Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca (Guldenstadt, 1770) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
32 |
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Anatidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
Order: Apodiformes |
|||||||
|
33 |
House Swift Apus affinis (J.E. Gray, 1830) |
Apodidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
34 |
Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Apodidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
Order:
Charadriiformes |
|||||||
|
35 |
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Wasteland
|
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
36 |
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Recurvirostridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies/Wasteland/Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
37 |
Common Redshank Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
38 |
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Linnaeus, 1758 |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
39 |
Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
40 |
Dunlin Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
41 |
Eurasian Thick-Knee Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Burhinidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
C |
|
42 |
Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
43 |
Greenshank Tringa nebularia (Gunner, 1767) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
44 |
Small Pratincole Glareola lactea Temminck, 1820 |
Glareolidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
C |
|
45 |
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 |
Charadriidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
46 |
Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758 |
Charadriidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
47 |
Little Stint Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
48 |
Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
49 |
Pheasant Tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) |
Jacanidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Summer Migrant |
VC |
|
50 |
Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus, 1758 |
Recurvirostridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
51 |
Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Charadriidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
52 |
River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii (Lesson, 1826) |
Charadriidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Waterbodies/Wetland |
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
53 |
Ruff Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
54 |
Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus (Pallas, 1764) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
55 |
Temminck Stint Calidris temminckii (Leisler, 1812) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
56 |
White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein, 1823) |
Charadriidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
57 |
Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758 |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
58 |
Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scolopacidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Near threatened/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
59 |
Yellow Wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Charadriidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Summer Migrant |
UC |
|
60 |
Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum J.R. Forster, 1795 |
Glareolidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Summer Migrant |
UC |
|
61 |
Greater Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Rostratulidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
62 |
Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
63 |
Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus Jerdon, 1840 |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
64 |
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
65 |
Pallas’s Gull Larus ichthyaetus Pallas, 1773 |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
66 |
Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811 |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
67 |
Heuglin’s Gull Larus heuglini Bree, 1876 |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
68 |
Little Gull Larus minutus Pallas, 1776 |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
69 |
River Tern Sterna aurantia J.E. Gray, 1831 |
Laridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
70 |
Little Tern Sterna albifrons Pallas, 1764 |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
71 |
Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus (Pallas, 1811) |
Laridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern / Stable |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
Order: Ciconiiformes
|
|||||||
|
72 |
Asian Openbill Stork Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert, 1783) |
Ciconiidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
C |
|
73 |
Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala (Pennant, 1769) |
Ciconiidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
74 |
Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Ciconiidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/ Waterbodies/ Wetland |
Vulnerable/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
Order: Columbiformes |
|||||||
|
75 |
Rock Pigeon Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 |
Columbidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Built up/ Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
76 |
Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838) |
Columbidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
C |
|
77 |
Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Columbidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
78 |
Red Turtle Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann, 1804) |
Columbidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
C |
|
79 |
Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786) |
Columbidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/Built up |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
C |
|
80 |
Yellow Footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera (Latham, 1790) |
Columbidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/ Built up |
Least Concern/Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
Order: Coraciiformes |
|||||||
|
81 |
Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Alcedinidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
82 |
Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758 |
Upupidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wetland/Waterbodies/ Built up |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
83 |
Green Bee-Eater Merops orientalis Latham, 1801 |
Meropidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
84 |
Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli, 1786) |
Bucerotidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
85 |
Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Coraciidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
C |
|
86 |
White-Throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Alcedinidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wetland/Waterbodies/ Built up |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
87 |
Lesser Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Alcedinidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
88 |
Blue Tailed Bee Eater Merops philippinus Linnaeus, 1766 |
Meropidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Summer Migrant |
VC |
|
Order:
Cuculiformes |
|||||||
|
89 |
Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Cuculidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Forest/Waterbodies/ Built up |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Summer Migrant |
VC |
|
90 |
Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815) |
Cuculidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/ Built up |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
91 |
Pied Crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Cuculidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies
|
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
92 |
Common Hawk-cuckoo Hierococcyx varius (Vahl, 1797) |
Cuculidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
Order: Falconiformes |
|||||||
|
93 |
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 |
Falconidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
R |
|
94 |
Red necked Falcon Falco chicquera Daudin, 1800 |
Falconidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies
|
Near Threatened/Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
R |
|
Order:
Galliformes |
|||||||
|
95 |
Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789) |
Phasinidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Forest/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
96 |
Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Phasinidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Wasteland/ Built up |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
97 |
Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Phasianidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
Order: Gruiformes |
|||||||
|
98 |
Common Coot Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 |
Rallidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
99 |
Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Rallidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
100 |
Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Rallidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
101 |
White-Breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769) |
Rallidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies/ Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
102 |
Watercock Gallicrex cinerea (Gmelin, 1789) |
Rallidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wetland/Waterbodies/ Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Summer Migrant |
C |
|
103 |
Baillon's crake Zapornia pusilla (Pallas, 1776) |
Rallidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
R |
|
104 |
Ruddy-breasted Crake Porzana fusca (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Rallidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
Order: Passeriformes |
|||||||
|
105 |
Long Tail Shrike Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758 |
Laniidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
C |
|
106 |
Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Sykes, 1832 |
Cisticolidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
107 |
Asian Pied Starling Sturnus contra Linnaeus, 1758 |
Sturnidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/waterbodies/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
108 |
Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus (Latham, 1790) |
Sturnidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
109 |
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 |
Hirundinidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Summer Migrant |
VC |
|
110 |
Baya Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Ploceidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
111 |
Baybacked Shrike Lanius vittatus Valenciennes, 1826 |
Laniidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
112 |
Bengal Bushlark Mirafra assamica Horsfield, 1840 |
Alaudidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
113 |
Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817 |
Dicruridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
114 |
Black Redstart Phoenicurus
ochruros (Gmelin, SG, 1774) |
Muscicapidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/ Buil Up |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
115 |
Black-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala Scopoli, 1769 |
Emberizidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
116 |
Bluethroat Luscinia svecica (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Muscicapidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
117 |
Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth, 1849 |
Acrocephalidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
118 |
Booted Warbler Hippolais caligata (Lichtenstein, 1823) |
Acrocephalidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
119 |
Brahminy Myna Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin, 1789) |
Sturnidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
120 |
Brown Rock-Chat Cercomela fusca (Blyth, 1851) |
Muscicapidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
121 |
Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Laniidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
122 |
Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776 |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
123 |
Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus (Dumont, 1823) |
Leiothrichidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
124 |
Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot, 1817) |
Phylloscopidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
125 |
Common Myna Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Sturnidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
126 |
Greater Whitethroat Sylvia communis (Latham, 1787) |
Sylviidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
127 |
Crested Lark Galerida cristata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Alaudidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
C |
|
128 |
Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Oriolidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Summer Migrant |
C |
|
129 |
Gray-Throated Martin Riparia
chinensis (Gray, JE, 1830) |
Hirundinidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
130 |
Plain Martin Riparia paludicola (Vieillot, 1817) |
Hirundinidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Summer Migrant |
VC |
|
131 |
Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
132 |
House Crow Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817 |
Corvidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
133 |
Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata (Linnaeus, 1776) |
Muscicapidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
134 |
Indian Silverbill Lonchura malabarica (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Estrildidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
135 |
Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus (Dumont, 1823) |
Leiothrichidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
136 |
Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcolmi (Sykes, 1832) |
Leiothrichidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
137 |
Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Sylviidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
138 |
Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Muscicapidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
139 |
Indian White Eye Zosterops
palpebrosa ( Temminck, 1824) |
Zosteropidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
140 |
Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus Vieillot, 1818 |
Motacillidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
141 |
Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Muscicapidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
142 |
Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Sykes, 1832 |
Cisticolidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
143 |
Rufous-vented grass babbler Prinia burnesii (Blyth, 1844) |
Pellorneidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
144 |
Yellow-bellied Prinia Prinia flaviventris (Delessert, 1840) |
Cisticolidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
145 |
Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica (Latham, 1790) |
Nectariniidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
146 |
Red-Rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica Linnaeus, 1771 |
Hirundinidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Waterbodies/ Wasteland/ |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Summer Migrant |
VC |
|
147 |
Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Pycnonotidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
148 |
Richard’s Pipit Anthus richardi Vieillot, 1818 |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
149 |
Rosy Pipit Anthus roseatus Blyth, 1847 |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
150 |
Indian Tree Pie Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham, 1790) |
Corvidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
151 |
Siberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus
tristis (Blyth, 1843) |
Phylloscopidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
C |
|
152 |
Siberian Stonechat Saxicola
maurus (Pallas, 1773) |
Muscicapidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
153 |
Sind Sparrow Passer pyrrhonotus Blyth, 1844 |
Passeridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
154 |
Scaly- breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Estrildidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
155 |
Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis (Rafinesque, 1810) |
Cisticolidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
156 |
Sykes’s Warbler Iduna rama (Sykes, 1832) |
Acrocephalidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
157 |
Tailor Bird Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769) |
Cisticolidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
158 |
Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
159 |
Black-headed Munia Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Estrildidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wasteland/Waterbodies/Forest |
Least Concerned/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
160 |
Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina (Swainson, 1838) |
Muscicapidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
161 |
Western Yellow Headed Wagtail Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758 |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies//Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
162 |
White Tailed Stonechat Saxicola
leucurus (Blyth, 1847) |
Muscicapidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
163 |
White Wagtail Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
164 |
Wire Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii Leach, 1818 |
Hirundinidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
165 |
Yellow Eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense (Gmelin, 1789) |
Paradoxornithidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
166 |
Streaked Weaver Ploceus manyar (Horsfield, 1821) |
Ploceidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
167 |
Indian Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Monarchidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Summer Migrant |
UC |
|
168 |
European Starling Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 |
Sturnidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
169 |
Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla Linnaeus, 1758 |
Picidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
170 |
Grey Headed Canary Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820) |
Stenostiridae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
171 |
Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789) |
Vangidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
UC |
|
172 |
House Sparrow Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Passeridae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
C |
|
173 |
Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler, 1827) |
Sturnidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
C |
|
174 |
Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
175 |
Red-Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps Brandt, 1841 |
Emberizidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
176 |
Red Avadavat Amandava amandava (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Estrildidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
177 |
Streak Throated Swallow Hirundo fluvicola Blyth, 1855 |
Hirundinidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
C |
|
178 |
Indian Bushlark Mirafra erythroptera Blyth, 1845 |
Alaudidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
179 |
Rufous-fronted Prinia Prinia buchanani Blyth, 1844 |
Cisticolidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
UC |
|
180 |
Gray-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii Blyth, 1844 |
Cisticolidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
181 |
Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis Jerdon, 1840 |
Motacillidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
182 |
Hume’s Warbler Phylloscopus humei (Brooks, 1878) |
Phylloscopidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
183 |
Black Breasted weaver Ploceus benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Ploceidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
184 |
Graceful Prinia Prinia gracilis (Lichtenstein, 1823) |
Cisticolidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
185 |
Asian brown flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica Pallas, 1811 |
Muscicapidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Summer Migrant |
C |
|
186 |
Variable wheatear Oenanthe picata (Blyth, 1847) |
Muscicapidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
187 |
Bristled Grass-Warbler Chaetornis striatus (Jerdon, 1841) |
Locustellidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Waterbodies/Wasteland/Forest |
Vulnerable/ Decreasing |
Summer Migrant |
R |
|
188 |
Jerdon’s Babbler Chrysomma altirostre Jerdon, 1862 |
|
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Waterbodies/Wasteland/Forest |
Vulnerable/ Decreasing |
Resident |
UC |
|
189 |
Sulphur-bellied warbler Phylloscopus griseolus Blyth, 1847 |
Phylloscopidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Wasteland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
Order: Pelecaniformes |
|||||||
|
190 |
Black Headed White Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790) |
Threskiornithidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Forest/Waterbodies |
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Resident |
C |
|
191 |
Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 176 |
Threskiornithidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Waterbodies/Wetland/ Forest |
Least Concern / Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
VC |
|
192 |
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies/Wasteland/ Agriculture/ Built Up |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
193 |
Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 |
Threskiornithidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
194 |
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland / Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
195 |
Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies/ Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
196 |
Intermediate Egret Egretta
intermedia Wagler, 1829 |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland and Waterbodies/ Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
197 |
Great Egret Egretta
alba Linnaeus, 1758 |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland and Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
C |
|
198 |
Little Egret Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
199 |
Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland /Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
200 |
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766 |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland /Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
201 |
Red Naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck, 1824) |
Threskiornithidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland / Waterbodies/ Agriculture |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
202 |
Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis (Gmelin, 1789) |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wetland /Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Summer Migrant |
UC |
|
203 |
Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Gmelin, 1789) |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy |
Wetland /Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Summer Migrant |
UC |
|
204 |
Striated Heron Butorides
striata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland /Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
UC |
|
205 |
Great Bittern Botaurus
stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Ardeidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
R |
|
206 |
Black Bittern Dupetor
flavicollis (Latham, 1790) |
Ardeidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/ Waterbodies
|
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Summer Migrant |
UC |
|
Order:
Piciformes |
|||||||
|
207 |
Brown Headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica (Gmelin, 1788) |
Megalaimidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
208 |
Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala (P.L.S. Müller, 1776) |
Megalaimidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
C |
|
209 |
Lesser Goldenbacked Woodpecker Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Picidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
C |
|
210 |
Yellow Crowned Woodpecker Leiopicus mahrattensis(Latham, 1801) |
Picidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/ Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
UC |
|
Order: Podicipediformes |
|||||||
|
211 |
Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) |
Podicipedidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
212 |
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Podicipedidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
213 |
Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis Brehm, 1831 |
Podicipedidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
214 |
Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Podicipedidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Vulnerable/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
R |
|
Order: Psittaciformes |
|||||||
|
215 |
Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Psittaculidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Resident |
UC |
|
216 |
Rose Ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) |
Psittaculidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
VC |
|
Order: Strigiformes |
|||||||
|
217 |
Barn Owl Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) |
Tytonidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies
|
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
UC |
|
218 |
Indian Scops Owl Otus bakkamoena Pennant, 1769 |
Strigidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
R |
|
219 |
Spotted Owlet Athene brama (Temminck, 1821) |
Strigidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Resident |
VC |
|
220 |
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763) |
Strigidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least concern/ Decreasing |
Winter Migrant |
UC |
|
221 |
Rock Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Strigidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Forest/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Stable |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
Order: Suliformes |
|||||||
|
222 |
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies
|
Least Concern/ Increasing |
Resident |
C |
|
223 |
Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot, 1817) |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Resident |
VC |
|
224 |
Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Least Concern/ Unknown |
Winter Migrant |
C |
|
225 |
Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769 |
Anhingidae |
Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Winters, Spring |
Wetland/Waterbodies |
Near Threatened/ Decreasing |
Resident |
VC |
Table 2. Showing the Relative diversity (RDi) of
various avian families at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary.
|
Avian families |
Number of species |
RDi value |
|
Accipitridae |
12 |
5.333 |
|
Acrocephalidae, Alaudidae, Alcedinidae, Ciconiidae, Laniidae,
Leiothrichidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Phasianidae, Picidae, Ploceidae |
3 |
1.333 |
|
Apodidae, Corvidae, Emberizidae, Falconidae, Glareolidae,
Megalaimidae, Meropidae, Paradoxornithidae, Passeridae, Psittaculidae,
Recurvirostridae, Sylviidae |
2 |
0.888 |
|
Anatidae |
19 |
8.444 |
|
Anhingidae, Bucerotidae, Burhinidae, Coraciidae, Dicruridae,
Jacanidae, Locustellidae, Monarchidae,
Nectariniidae, Oriolidae, Pandionidae,
Pellorneidae, Pycnonotidae, Rostratulidae, Stenostiridae, Tytonidae,
Upupidae, Vangidae, Zosteropidae |
1 |
0.444 |
|
Ardeidae |
13 |
5.777 |
|
Charadriidae, Columbidae, Hirundinidae, Sturnidae |
6 |
2.666 |
|
Cisticolidae |
8 |
3.555 |
|
Cuculidae, Estrildidae, Phylloscopidae, Podicipedidae, Strigidae,
Threskiornithidae |
4 |
1.777 |
|
Laridae, Motacillidae |
10 |
4.444 |
|
Muscicapidae |
11 |
4.888 |
|
Rallidae |
7 |
3.11 |
|
Scolopacidae |
14 |
6.22 |
Table 3. Showing the percentage of birds in different
orders.
|
Avian Orders |
Number of species |
Percentage |
|
Passeriformes |
85 |
37.77% |
|
Charadriiformes |
37 |
16.44% |
|
Anseriformes |
19 |
8.44% |
|
Pelecaniformes |
17 |
7.55% |
|
Accipitriformes |
13 |
5.77% |
|
Coraciiformes |
8 |
3.55% |
|
Gruiformes |
7 |
3.11% |
|
Columbiformes |
6 |
2.66% |
|
Strigiformes |
5 |
2.22% |
|
Cuculiformes, Piciformes, Podicipediformes,
Suliformes |
4 |
1.77% |
|
Galliformes, Ciconiiformes |
3 |
1.33% |
|
Apodiformes, Falconiformes, Psittaciformes |
2 |
0.88% |
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