Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2023 | 15(8): 23681–23695
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7494.15.8.23681-23695
#7494 | Received 03
June 2021 | Final received 04 April 2023 | Finally accepted 22 July 2023
Avifaunal diversity of Tsirang
District with a new country record for Bhutan
Gyeltshen 1 , Sangay Chhophel
2, Karma Wangda 3, Kinley 4, Tshering Penjor 5
& Karma Dorji 6
1,6 Mendrelgang Primary School,
Ministry of Education and Skills Development, Tsirang, Bhutan.
1,6 Paro college of Education, Royal
University of Bhutan, Bhutan.
2,3 Damphu Middle Secondary School,
Ministry of Education and Skills Development, Tsirang, Bhutan.
⁴ Territorial Forest
Division, Department of Forest and Park Services, Ministry of Energy and
Natural Resources, Tsirang Bhutan.
4 Curtin University, GPO Box U1987,
Perth 6845, western Australia.
5 Damphu Central School, Ministry
of Education and Skills Development, Tsirang, Bhutan.
1 gyeltshen827@education.gov.bt (corresponding
author), 2 chhops@gmail.com, 3 karda@educatio.gov.bt,
4 kinleybhutan6@gmail.com, 5
tsheinpenjo74@gmail.com, 6 karmadorji011@education.gov.bt
Editor: Carol Inskipp, Bishop
Auckland Co., Durham, UK. Date
of publication: 26 August 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Gyeltshen, S. Chhophel,
K. Wangda, Kinley, T. Penjor & K. Dorji (2023).
Avifaunal diversity of Tsirang District with a new country record for Bhutan. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 15(8): 23681–23695. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7494.15.8.23681-23695
Copyright: © Gyeltshen al. 2023. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this
article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the
source of publication.
Funding:
None.
Competing
interests: The
authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Mr. Gyeltshen, an educator, is completing his M.Ed. in primary science
at Paro College of Education, Royal University of Bhutan. He’s committed to Mendrelgang Primary School, where he served passionately
for over a decade. He co-authored “A Pictorial Field Guide to Birds of Tsirang”
in 2020, showcasing his dedication to both education and nature. Mr. Sangay Chhophel, an educator by profession and currently works at Damphu Middle Secondary School in
Tsirang under Ministry of Education and Skills Development, Bhutan. He has an MSc in Botany. This is his 14th
years in the education system. He is a passionate birder and a photographer apart from his primary profession. Mr. Karma Wangda received his bachelor of education
in secondary science from Samtse College of Education, Royal University of
Bhutan in 2010 and his Master of Education in Biology in 2019. Since 2011, he
has been working as Secondary Biology Teacher in various
Schools in Bhutan. His research interest includes innovative pedagogies in STEM
education, conservation biology, and sustainable development. Mr. Kinley worked as the head of the Wildlife
and Nature Conservation Section in Tsirang Territorial Forest
Division, Department of Forest and Park Services, Ministry of Energy and
Natural Resources, Bhutan. He is keen on studying the ecology of endangered
species, human-wildlife conflict, and the impact of climate change on wildlife and its habitat. He is currently studying Master’s in Environment
and climate Emergency at Curtin University in Western Australia. Mr. Tshering Penjor received his bachelor of
life sciences in Sherabtse College, Royal University of Bhutan in 2015 and Post Graduate Diploma in Education in 2016 from Samtse College of
education. Since 2017, he has been working as secondary Biology teacher in
various schools in Bhutan. His research interest includes innovative pedagogies
in STEM education and conservation biology. He has co-authored
“Ethnomedicinal Practices in Kilikhar, Monger, 2018”. Mr. Karma Dorji, who is a teacher by profession,
is currently in the first year of his master’s degree program in Primary Social
Studies at Paro College of Education, Royal University
of Bhutan. Before joining the college, he dedicated 17 years of service to
various schools in Bhutan under the Ministry of Education, including
Mendrelgang Primary School in Tsirang.
Author contributions: Mr. Gyeltshen assumed the principal role in
originating this manuscript, encompassing responsibilities such as photography,
data compilation, and revision of the reviewed draft. Mr. Sangay Chophel
substantially contributed by supplying data and assuming a pivotal role in
revising the manuscript. Likewise, Mr. Karma Wangda and Mr.
Kinley contributed essential data and enhanced the manuscript’s composition.
Mr. Tshering Penjor and Mr. Karma Dorji provided references to distinct
sections of the manuscript and actively participated in its revision. Collectively, each author made substantive and noteworthy contributions
to the conception and maturation of this paper.
Acknowledgements: The authors extend their
heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Tim Inskipp and Dr. Sherab, whose invaluable
assistance was instrumental in accurately identifying the species mentioned in
this study. Special appreciation is also owed to the Birds of Bhutan and
Birdlife Society of Bhutan forum, whose platform facilitated the sharing of our
photographs for expert identification. Our sincere thanks go to the Tsirang
District Administration and Tsirang Forest Division for their unwavering
support and encouragement, which empowered us to spearhead the exploration of
avifaunal diversity richness within the region. We extend our appreciation to
the administrators of all 12 blocks for graciously granting us access to their
territories, recognizing the shared purpose of our endeavor. A heartfelt
acknowledgment is reserved for Mr. Sonam Dorji, a remarkable tourist guide and
skilled photographer, whose contributions, specifically the captivating Bird
photos (image 54 & 55), significantly enriched our study. Last but
certainly not least, we extend our profound gratitude to our cherished family
members whose steadfast support has been the cornerstone of this manuscript’s
fruition.
Abstract: Birds play a vital role in
ecosystems. Studying avifaunal diversity therefore has a noteworthy role in
indicating nature’s ecological balance in the environment. A total of 749 bird
species have so far been recorded in Bhutan. We present a comprehensive checklist
of birds of Tsirang, District which largely lies outside Bhutan’s protected
area system. The data was collected through opportunistic encounters and with
regular field visits to a range of locations in different seasons. One-fourth
of the country’s total avifauna and a new species recorded for Bhutan, The
Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala was recorded as part of
this study. In all, 285 avian species belonging to 18 orders and 65 families
including one globally ‘Critically Endangered’, three ‘Vulnerable’, and a ‘Near
Threatened’ species were recorded during the survey. The high species richness
of birds in the study area reveals that it includes good habitats for birds in
Bhutan. Similar studies are suggested in other areas contiguous to the
protected areas in Bhutan including the current study area. This should aid in
understanding of the factors driving the differences in bird diversity within
and outside the protected areas so as to facilitate informed conservation
actions in future.
Keywords: Birds, broadleaved forests,
checklist, conservation, IUCN Red List status, vegetation.
INTRODUCTION
Described as ‘feathered bipeds’,
birds are a very visible and integral part of the ecosystem (Ali 1941). Their
roles include ecological health indicators, plant pollinators, and seed
dispersers as well as pest regulators (Ali 1941; Bilgrami 1995; Harisha &
Hosetti 2009).
It is said that the bird
exploration in Bhutan began as early as 1937 by a team of foreigners from
Britain (Ludlow & Kinnear 1937; Clements 1992; Gyeltshen et al. 2020).
Since then, a number of studies on birds have been carried out in Bhutan which
have contributed to developing baseline data. For example, Inskipp &
Inskipp (1993) recorded 319 bird species, including 21 previously unpublished
records for Bhutan.
The first detailed and
comprehensive field guide titled ‘Birds of Bhutan’ recorded 616 species
(Inskipp et al 1999). After two decades, the same team with an additional
author from Bhutan published a new book titled ‘Birds of Bhutan and the Eastern
Himalayas’, which is one of the latest comprehensive works on avifauna for
Bhutan. According to Grimmett et al. (2019), Bhutan hosts 736 bird species.
Since then, the Bhutan Birdlife Society (BBS) which is one of the latest civil
society organizations (CSO) has shown through its Facebook group that 748
species have been recorded in Bhutan. The increase in the number of new records
is attributed to a citizen science initiative as confirmed by ornithologists
Tim Inskipp & Sherab (as cited in Dendup et al. 2020; Gyeltshen et al.
2020). With the recent sighting of Short-tailed Shearwater Adenna
tenuirostris from Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary on 20 January 2021, a total of
749 species has been recorded in Bhutan (BBS 2021).
Bhutan is one of the Endemic Bird
Areas (EBA) in the eastern Himalaya (Stattersfield et al. 1998; Bishop 1999).
This is attributed to suitable climatic conditions, and the availability of
natural resources in the region (Mohammad & Krishna 2016).
Bhutan has made a great effort to
protect birds and their habitat. For example, the Biodiversity Conservation Act
2003 and Forest and Nature Conservation Rules and Regulations 2017 cover bird
conservation, and 36 species (National Biodiversity Centre 2019) are listed as
totally protected under schedule I.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study Area
Tsirang Forest Division
jurisdiction is located in the south-central part of Bhutan (Figure 1). The
total area of Tsirang is 638.8 km2 and it is located between 27o11’58.6”
N - 27o48’59.9” N and 90o20’ 57.7” E-90o20’23.3”
E in central Bhutan. Tsirang shares boundaries with three other districts:
Wangdue Phodrang, Dagana, and Sarpang in central Bhutan. Tsirang has 12 blocks
and 101 villages with a population density of 35.9 per km2 (Tsirang
2021).
The vegetation in the district is
predominantly broadleaved forest covering 77.64% of the land area. In addition,
there are other forest types such as Chir Pine Pinus roxburghii forest
covering 6.51%, fir Abies forest covering 0.40%, and mixed conifer
forests covering about 2.95% at the outer reaches of the district (FRMD 2017).
The other significant vegetation is shrubs at 3.30%, which make up the higher
altitude mountain slopes to the north of the district.
A portion of Tsirang District in
the north lies in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park (JSWNP) covering about
34 km2 in Sergithang block and Phuntenchu block. Part of
southeastern Tsirang lies in the biological corridor network which connects
JSWNP, Royal Manas National Park (RMNP), and Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary (PWS).
With a warm and temperate climate, the elevation of Tsirang ranges 200–4,500 m
(FRMD 2017). It is inhabited by rural settlements distributed sparsely on the
hills and gentle slopes.
Methods
The data was gathered through
intentional and opportunistic records in most parts of the district to document
avifaunal diversity with most of the records captured during our field visits.
The areas covered are located at altitudes ranging 250–2,500 m. Bird watching
was normally done in the early hours (0600–0900 h) and occasionally in the
evening at around 1530–1800 h. This survey explored a wide range of habitats
including forests, streams, artificial ponds, and cultivation to study bird
diversity. Canon 1300D, Canon Rebel T5, Nikon D5100 DSLR cameras with a zoom
lens of max 300 mm, and 8x42 binoculars were used for bird watching and to
capture bird images.
Birds were identified to the
species level with the help of various available field guides (Grimmett et al.
1999, 2019) and experts’ identification through the Birds of Bhutan (Bhutan
Birdlife Society) Facebook forum. The terminology is based on Manakadan &
Pittie (2001).
The birds were categorized as
A—Abundant (sighted almost every time we go for bird watching in different
sites); C—Common (sighted 10 times in the region); O—Occasional (sighted
occasionally up to 5 times); and R—Rare (once or twice) based on the presence
or absence during our visit to the areas.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 258 avian species
belonging to 18 orders and 65 families was recorded (Table 1). The bird species were categorized by their
order, abundance, and conservation status.
Among the total of 18 orders,
Passeriformes was the dominant order comprising 71.3% (184 species in 45
families) of the total species recorded, followed by Piciformes (13 species in
2 families) with 5.03% of the total species count. Trogoniformes,
Caprimulgiformes, Suliformes, and Psittaciformes were the least represented
orders with a single species each (Figure 2).
The majority of bird species fall
in the occasional group (O) with 51.5% (n = 133) of the total species recorded,
followed by Common bird species (C) with 25.5% (n = 66) of the total, abundant
species with 7.36% (n = 19) of the total and rarely sighted species with 7.4%
(n = 19) of the total species recorded.
The results reported by Gyeltshen
et al. (2020) in Trongsa District in central Bhutan also indicated that
passerines were the most dominant order in which our result was consistent with
Gyeltshen et al. (2020). The majority of bird recorded (253 species, 98%
of the total) have been assessed as Least Concern (LC). Four globally
threatened species were also sighted during the survey (Figure 4). Amongst
the rarely sighted species is the globally ‘Critically Endangered’
White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis which occurs at 250 m along the
Sankosh River, one of the longest rivers in the country, and its tributaries.
The globally ‘Vulnerable’ Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis and
Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis were recorded from different localities
including Barshong, Sergithang, Patshaling, Phuentenchu, and Mendrelgang during
the survey. The Beautiful Nuthatch (VU) Sitta formosa was recorded from
the Daratsho area adjoining Sarpang district which lies in the biological
corridor that connects JSWNP, RMNP, and PWS. The globally ‘Near Threatened’
species River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii was also recorded from the
lowest altitude of Sunkosh River and Malbasay under Patshaling block.
A single male Tibetan Serin Serinus
thibetanus was observed once at Patshaling Block in February 2017 by the
roadside and the Sapphire Flycatcher Ficedula sapphira the following day
at Mendrelgang block. Neither species was sighted subsequently despite
consistent efforts to find them. Common Myna Acridotheres tristis, Rock
Pigeon Columba livia, Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus, and
White-crested Laughing thrush Garrulax leucolophus are abundant in the
locality. The Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala (Image 65) is
a new record contributed to the list of Birds of Bhutan sighted first on 28
October 2018 at Mendrelgang block under Tsirang District at 2,100 m by the
first author. The record was later verified and confirmed by Tim Inskipp &
Sherab.
Most of the birds were observed
and photographed at the edges of cultivation, along highways, on farms, and on
roadsides. Many of these birds were recorded during the spring and autumn
seasons.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study represents one of the
few documented references of bird inventory in the region and can be used as
baseline data for future monitoring and survey. The comprehensive bird
checklist indicates, that some areas lying outside protected areas in Bhutan
provide good habitats for birds. However, the current trend of anthropogenic
activities such as timber felling, new farm road construction, and increased
resource collections due to fewer restrictions as opposed to within protected
areas pose a significant threat to birds.
Since this study was limited to a
checklist, there are opportunities for in-depth studies on birds’ interaction
with ecosystems and associated threats in order to encourage bird conservation
in the area. Further, a systematic study is recommended covering the whole of
the Tsirang Forest area jurisdiction as we could only cover the areas below
2,500 m.
Similar studies are suggested in
other areas contiguous to protected areas in Bhutan as well as in the region.
This should aid an understanding of the factors driving the differences in bird
diversity within and outside the protected areas in Bhutan and should help in
initiating conservation actions in future.
Table 1. Checklist of bird diversity in Tsirang,
Bhutan.
|
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
Family |
Categorization |
IUCN Red List status |
|
1 |
Rufous-throated Partridge |
Arborophila rufogularis |
Phasianidae |
C |
LC |
|
2 |
Red Junglefowl |
Gallus gallus |
Phasianidae |
C |
LC |
|
3 |
Indian Peafowl |
Pavo cristatus |
Phasianidae |
R |
LC |
|
4 |
Kalij Pheasant |
Lophura leucomelanos |
Phasianidae |
C |
LC |
|
5 |
Great Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax carbo |
Phalacrocoracidae |
O |
LC |
|
6 |
Little Cormorant |
Microcarbo niger |
Phalacrocoracidae |
R |
LC |
|
7 |
Black-crowned Night Heron |
Nycticorax nycticorax |
Ardeidae |
R |
LC |
|
8 |
White-bellied Heron |
Ardea insignis |
Ardeidae |
R |
CR |
|
9 |
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta |
Ardeidae |
R |
LC |
|
10 |
Oriental Honey-buzzard |
Pernis ptilorhynchus |
Accipitridae |
O |
LC |
|
11 |
Jerdon's Baza |
Aviceda jerdoni |
Accipitridae |
O |
LC |
|
12 |
Crested Serpent-Eagle |
Spilornis cheela |
Accipitridae |
O |
LC |
|
13 |
Black Eagle |
Ictinaetus malaiensis |
Accipitridae |
O |
LC |
|
14 |
Besra |
Accipiter virgatus |
Accipitridae |
O |
LC |
|
15 |
Eurasian Sparrowhawk |
Accipiter nisus |
Accipitridae |
O |
LC |
|
16 |
Common Buzzard |
Buteo buteo |
Accipitridae |
O |
LC |
|
17 |
Slaty-breasted Rail |
Gallirallus striatus |
Rallidae |
R |
LC |
|
18 |
Black-tailed Crake |
Zapornia bicolor |
Rallidae |
C |
LC |
|
19 |
Barred Buttonquail |
Turnix suscitator |
Turnicidae |
O |
LC |
|
20 |
River Lapwing |
Vanellus duvaucelii |
Charadriidae |
C |
NT |
|
21 |
Red-watted Lapwing |
Vanelleus indicus |
Charadriidae |
R |
LC |
|
22 |
Rock Pigeon |
Columba livia |
Columbidae |
A |
LC |
|
23 |
Oriental Turtle-Dove |
Streptopelia orientalis |
Columbidae |
A |
LC |
|
24 |
Spotted Dove |
Streptopelia chinensis |
Columbidae |
A |
LC |
|
25 |
Barred Cuckoo-Dove |
Macropygia unchall |
Columbidae |
A |
LC |
|
26 |
Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon |
Treron sphenurus |
Columbidae |
A |
LC |
|
27 |
Mountain Imperial Pigeon |
Ducula badia |
Columbidae |
O |
LC |
|
28 |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
Cuculidae |
R |
LC |
|
29 |
Green-billed Malkoha |
Phaenicophaeus tristis |
Cuculidae |
O |
LC |
|
30 |
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo |
Clamator coromandus |
Cuculidae |
O |
LC |
|
31 |
Plaintive Cuckoo |
Cacomantis merulinus |
Cuculidae |
O |
LC |
|
32 |
Large HawkCuckoo |
Hierococcyx sparverioides |
Cuculidae |
O |
LC |
|
33 |
Lesser Cuckoo |
Cuculus poliocephalus |
Cuculidae |
O |
LC |
|
34 |
Indian Cuckoo |
Cuculus micropterus |
Cuculidae |
R |
LC |
|
35 |
Himalayan Cuckoo |
Cuculus saturates |
Cuculidae |
R |
LC |
|
36 |
Common Cuckoo |
Cuculus canorus |
Cuculidae |
R |
LC |
|
37 |
Lesser Coucal |
Centropus bengalensis |
Cuculidae |
O |
LC |
|
38 |
Mountain Scops-Owl |
Otus spilocephalus |
Strigidae |
O |
LC |
|
39 |
Collared Scops-Owl |
Otus lettia |
Strigidae |
O |
LC |
|
40 |
Brown Wood Owl |
Strix leptogrammica |
Strigidae |
R |
LC |
|
41 |
Collared Owlet |
Glaucidium brodiei |
Strigidae |
O |
LC |
|
42 |
Asian Barred Owlet |
Glaucidium cuculoides |
Strigidae |
O |
LC |
|
43 |
Jungle Owlet |
Glaucidium radiatum |
Strigidae |
R |
LC |
|
44 |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama |
Strigidae |
R |
LC |
|
45 |
Tawny Fish Owl |
Ketupa flavipes |
Strigidae |
R |
LC |
|
46 |
Grey Nightjar |
Caprimulgus indicus |
Caprimulgidae |
O |
LC |
|
47 |
White-throated Needletail |
Hirundapus caudacutus |
Apodidae |
O |
LC |
|
48 |
House Swift |
Apus nipalensis |
Apodidae |
O |
LC |
|
49 |
Himalayan Swiftlet |
Aerodramus brevirostris |
Apodidae |
O |
LC |
|
50 |
Blyth’s Swift |
Apus leuconyx |
Apodidae |
O |
NE |
|
51 |
Red-headed Trogon |
Harpactes erythrocephalus |
Trogonidae |
O |
LC |
|
52 |
Eurasian Hoopoe |
Upupa epops |
Upupidae |
O |
LC |
|
53 |
Great Hornbill |
Buceros bicornis |
Bucerotidae |
C |
VU |
|
54 |
Rufous-necked Hornbill |
Aceros nipalensis |
Bucerotidae |
R |
VU |
|
55 |
White-throated Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
Alcedinidae |
O |
LC |
|
56 |
Crested Kingfisher |
Megaceryle lugubris |
Alcedinidae |
O |
LC |
|
57 |
Pied Kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis |
Alcedinidae |
R |
LC |
|
58 |
Blue-bearded Bee-eater |
Nyctyornis athertoni |
Meropidae |
O |
LC |
|
59 |
Great Barbet |
Psilopogon virens |
Megalaimidae |
C |
LC |
|
60 |
Golden-throated Barbet |
Psilopogon franklinii |
Megalaimidae |
O |
LC |
|
61 |
Blue-throated Barbet |
Psilopogon asiaticus |
Megalaimidae |
C |
LC |
|
62 |
Speckled Piculet |
Picumnus innominatus |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
63 |
White-browed Piculet |
Sasia ochracea |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
64 |
Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker |
Dendrocopos canicapillus |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
65 |
Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker |
Dendrocopos macei |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
66 |
Lesser Yellownape |
Picus chlorolophus |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
67 |
Greater Yellownape |
Picus flavinucha |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
68 |
Grey-headed Woodpecker |
Picus canus |
Picidae |
C |
LC |
|
69 |
Rufous Woodpecker |
Micropternus brachyurus |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
70 |
Greater Flameback |
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
71 |
Bay Woodpecker |
Blythipicus pyrrhotis |
Picidae |
O |
LC |
|
72 |
Eurasian Kestrel |
Falco tinnunculus |
Folconidae |
O |
LC |
|
73 |
Long-tailed Broadbill |
Psarisomus dalhousiae |
Eurylaimidae |
O |
LC |
|
74 |
Blue-naped Pitta |
Hydrornis nipalensis |
Pittidae |
O |
LC |
|
75 |
Large Woodshrike |
Tephrodornis virgatus |
Tephrodornithidae |
O |
LC |
|
76 |
Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike |
Hemipus picatus |
Tephrodornithidae |
O |
LC |
|
77 |
Ashy Woodswallow |
Artamus fuscus |
Artamidae |
O |
LC |
|
78 |
Common Iora |
Aegithina tiphia |
Aegithinidae |
O |
LC |
|
79 |
Gray-chinned Minivet |
Pericrocotus solaris |
Campephagidae |
O |
LC |
|
80 |
Long-tailed Minivet |
Pericrocotus ethologus |
Campephagidae |
O |
LC |
|
81 |
Scarlet Minivet |
Pericrocotus speciosus |
Campephagidae |
C |
LC |
|
82 |
Short-billed Minivet |
Pericrocotus brevirostis |
Campephagidae |
O |
LC |
|
83 |
Large Cuckooshrike |
Coracina macei |
Campephagidae |
O |
LC |
|
84 |
Black-winged Cuckooshrike |
Lalage melaschistos |
Campephagidae |
O |
LC |
|
85 |
Brown Shrike |
Lanius cristatus |
Laniidae |
R |
LC |
|
86 |
Long-tailed Shrike |
Lanius schach |
Laniidae |
C |
LC |
|
87 |
Gray-backed Shrike |
Lanius tephronotus |
Laniidae |
O |
LC |
|
88 |
Blyth's Shrike-Babbler |
Pteruthius aeralatus |
Vireonidae |
O |
LC |
|
89 |
White-bellied Erpornis |
Erpornis zantholeuca |
Vireonidae |
O |
LC |
|
90 |
Slender-billed Oriole |
Oriolus tenuirostris |
Oriolidae |
R |
LC |
|
91 |
Maroon Oriole |
Oriolus traillii |
Oriolidae |
O |
LC |
|
92 |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus |
Dicruridae |
R |
LC |
|
93 |
Ashy Drongo |
Dicrurus leucophaeus |
Dicruridae |
A |
LC |
|
94 |
Bronzed Drongo |
Dicrurus aeneus |
Dicruridae |
O |
LC |
|
95 |
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus paradiseus |
Dicruridae |
O |
LC |
|
96 |
Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus remifer |
Dicruridae |
O |
LC |
|
97 |
Hair-crested Drongo |
Dicrurus hottentottus |
Dicruridae |
O |
LC |
|
98 |
White-throated Fantail |
Rhipidura albicollis |
Rhipiduridae |
O |
LC |
|
99 |
Common Green-Magpie |
Cissa chinensis |
Corvidae |
O |
LC |
|
100 |
Grey Treepie |
Dendrocitta formosae |
Corvidae |
C |
LC |
|
101 |
Barn Swallow |
Hirundo rustica |
Hirrundinidae |
C |
LC |
|
102 |
Nepal House Martin |
Delichon nepalensis |
Hirrundinidae |
O |
LC |
|
103 |
Red-rumped Swallow |
Cecropis daurica |
Hirrundinidae |
C |
LC |
|
104 |
Yellow-bellied Fairy-Fantail |
Chelidorhynx hypoxantha |
Stenostiridae |
C |
LC |
|
105 |
Grey-headed Canary-Flycatcher |
Culicicapa ceylonensis |
Stenostiridae |
C |
LC |
|
106 |
Sultan Tit |
Melanochlora sultanea |
Paridae |
O |
LC |
|
107 |
Green-backed Tit |
Parus monticolus |
Paridae |
C |
LC |
|
108 |
Yellow-cheeked Tit |
Machlolophus spilonotus |
Paridae |
O |
LC |
|
109 |
Black-throated Tit |
Aegithalos concinnus |
Aegithalidae |
O |
LC |
|
110 |
Beautiful Nuthatch |
Sitta formosa |
Sittidae |
R |
VU |
|
111 |
Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch |
Sitta cinnamoventris |
Sittidae |
O |
LC |
|
112 |
Velvet-fronted Nuthatch |
Sitta frontalis |
Sittidae |
R |
LC |
|
113 |
White-tailed Nuthatch |
Sitta himalayensis |
Sittidae |
O |
LC |
|
114 |
Wall Creeper |
Tichodroma muraria |
Tichodromidae, |
R |
LC |
|
115 |
Hodgson's Treecreeper |
Certhia hodgsoni |
Certhiidae |
O |
LC |
|
116 |
Brown Dipper |
Cinclus pallasii |
Cinclidae |
O |
LC |
|
117 |
Striated Bulbul |
Pycnonotus striatus |
Pycnonotidae |
O |
LC |
|
118 |
Black-crested Bulbul |
Pycnonotus flaviventris |
Pycnonotidae |
O |
LC |
|
119 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer |
Pycnonotidae |
A |
LC |
|
120 |
White-throated Bulbul |
Alophoixus flaveolus |
Pycnonotidae |
O |
LC |
|
121 |
Black Bulbul |
Hypsipetes leucocephalus |
Pycnonotidae |
C |
LC |
|
122 |
Ashy Bulbul |
Hemixos flavala |
Pycnonotidae |
C |
LC |
|
123 |
Mountain Bulbul |
Ixos mcclellandii |
Pycnonotidae |
O |
LC |
|
124 |
Chestnut-headed Tesia |
Cettia castaneocoronata |
Cettiidae |
C |
LC |
|
125 |
Black-faced Warbler |
Abroscopus schisticeps |
Cettiidae |
O |
LC |
|
126 |
Brownish-flanked Bush Warbler |
Horornis fortipes |
Cettiidae |
O |
LC |
|
127 |
Aberrant Bush Warbler |
Horornis flavolivaceus |
Cettiidae |
O |
LC |
|
128 |
Dusky Warbler |
Phylloscopus fuscatus |
Cettiidae |
O |
LC |
|
129 |
Hume's Bush warbler |
Cettia brunnescens |
Cettiidae |
O |
LC |
|
130 |
Tickell's Leaf Warbler |
Phylloscopus affinis |
Cettiidae |
C |
LC |
|
131 |
Ashy-throated Warbler |
Phylloscopus maculipennis |
Cettiidae |
O |
LC |
|
132 |
Yellow-browed Warbler |
Phylloscopus inornatus |
Cettiidae |
O |
LC |
|
133 |
Smoky Warbler |
Phylloscopus fuliventer |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
134 |
Greenish Warbler |
Phylloscopus trochiloides |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
135 |
Western Crowned Warbler |
Phylloscopus occipital |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
136 |
Yellow-vented Warbler |
Phylloscopus cantator |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
137 |
Gray-hooded Warbler |
Phylloscopus xanthoschistos |
Phylloscopidae |
C |
LC |
|
138 |
Golden-spectacled Warbler |
Seicercus burkii |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
139 |
Whistler's Warbler |
Seicercus whistleri |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
140 |
White-spectacled Warbler |
Seicercus affinis |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
141 |
Chestnut-crowned Warbler |
Seicercus castaniceps |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
142 |
Pale-rumped warbler |
Phylloscopus chloronotus |
Phylloscopidae |
O |
LC |
|
143 |
Brown Bush Warbler |
Locustella luteoventris |
Locustellidae |
O |
LC |
|
144 |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius |
Cisticolidae |
C |
LC |
|
145 |
Striated Prinia |
Prinia crinigera |
Cisticolidae |
O |
LC |
|
146 |
Rufescent Prinia |
Prinia rufescens |
Cisticolidae |
O |
LC |
|
147 |
Grey-breasted Prinia |
Prinia hodgsonii |
Cisticolidae |
O |
LC |
|
148 |
Jungle Prinia |
Prinia sylvatica |
Cisticolidae |
O |
LC |
|
149 |
White-browed Fulvetta |
Fulvetta vinipectus |
Slyviidae |
O |
LC |
|
150 |
Greater Rufous-headed
Parrotbill |
Psittiparus bakeri |
Slyviidae |
O |
LC |
|
151 |
Lesser Rufous-headed Parrotbill |
Chleuasicus atrosuperciliaris |
Slyviidae |
O |
LC |
|
152 |
Striated Yuhina |
Yuhina castaniceps |
Zosteropidae |
O |
LC |
|
153 |
Stripe-throated Yuhina |
Yuhina gularis |
Zosteropidae |
O |
LC |
|
154 |
Whiskered Yuhina |
Yuhina flavicollis |
Zosteropidae |
C |
LC |
|
155 |
Rufous-vented Yuhina |
Yuhina occipitalis |
Zosteropidae |
O |
LC |
|
156 |
Black-chinned Yuhina |
Yuhina nigrimenta |
Zosteropidae |
O |
LC |
|
157 |
Oriental (Indian) White-eye |
Zosterops palpebrosus |
Zosteropidae |
C |
LC |
|
158 |
Rufous-vented Yuhina |
Yuhina occipitalis |
Zosteropidae |
O |
LC |
|
159 |
Puff-throated Babbler |
Pellorneum ruficeps |
Pellorneidae |
O |
LC |
|
160 |
Golden Babbler |
Cyanoderma chrysaeum |
Timaliidae |
R |
LC |
|
161 |
Rufous-capped Babbler |
Cyanoderma ruficeps |
Timaliidae |
O |
LC |
|
162 |
White-browed Scimitar-babbler |
Pomatorhinus schisticeps |
Timaliidae |
O |
LC |
|
163 |
Rusty-cheeked Scimitar-babbler |
Megapomatorhinus erythrogenys |
Timaliidae |
C |
LC |
|
164 |
Coral-billed Scimitar-babbler |
Pomatorhinus ferruginosus |
Timaliidae |
R |
LC |
|
165 |
Streak-breasted
Scimitar-babbler |
Pomatorhinus ruficollis |
Timaliidae |
R |
LC |
|
166 |
Gray-throated Babbler |
Stachyris nigriceps |
Timaliidae |
O |
LC |
|
167 |
Scaly-breasted Wren-babbler |
Pnoepyga albiventer |
Pnoepygidae |
R |
LC |
|
168 |
Long-billed Wren-babbler |
Rimator malacoptilus |
Pellorneidae |
R |
LC |
|
169 |
Yellow-throated Fulvetta |
Schoeniparus cinereus |
Pellorneidae |
O |
LC |
|
170 |
Rufous-winged Fulvetta |
Schoeniparus castaneceps |
Pellorneidae |
O |
LC |
|
171 |
Nepal Fulvetta |
Alcippe nipalensis |
Pellorneidae |
O |
LC |
|
172 |
Striated Laughingthrush |
Grammatoptila striata |
Leiothrichidae |
C |
LC |
|
173 |
White-crested Laughingthrush |
Garrulax leucolophus |
Leiothrichidae |
A |
LC |
|
174 |
Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush |
Garrulax monileger |
Leiothrichidae |
O |
LC |
|
175 |
White-throated Laughingthrush |
Pterorhinus albogularis |
Leiothrichidae |
O |
LC |
|
176 |
Grey-sided Laughingthrush |
Pterorhinus caerulatus |
Leiothrichidae |
R |
LC |
|
177 |
Bhutan Laughingthrush |
Trochalopteron imbricatum |
Leiothrichidae |
O |
LC |
|
178 |
Blue-winged Laughingthrush |
Trochalopteron squamatum |
Leiothrichidae |
O |
LC |
|
179 |
Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrush |
Trochalopteron erythrocephalum |
Leiothrichidae |
O |
LC |
|
180 |
Rufous-chinned Laughing Thrush |
Ianthocincla rufogularis |
Leiothrichidae |
O |
LC |
|
181 |
Rufous Sibia |
Heterophasia capistrata |
Leiothrichidae |
C |
LC |
|
182 |
Silver-eared Mesia |
Leiothrix argentauris |
Leiothrichidae |
C |
LC |
|
183 |
Red-billed Leiothrix |
Leiothrix lutea |
Leiothrichidae |
C |
LC |
|
184 |
Red-tailed Minla |
Minla ignotincta |
Leiothrichidae |
C |
LC |
|
185 |
Rusty-fronted Barwing |
Actinodura egertoni |
Leiothrichidae |
C |
LC |
|
186 |
Blue-winged Minla |
Actinodura cyanouroptera |
Leiothrichidae |
C |
LC |
|
187 |
Chestnut-tailed Minla |
Actinodura strigula |
Leiothrichidae |
O |
LC |
|
188 |
Long-tailed Sibia |
Heterophasiapicaoides |
Leiothrichidae |
R |
LC |
|
189 |
Red-faced Liocichla |
Liocichla phoenicea |
Leiothrichidae |
O |
LC |
|
190 |
Asian Brown Flycatcher |
Muscicapa dauurica |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
191 |
Dark-sided Flycatcher |
Muscicapa sibirica |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
192 |
Slaty-backed Flycatcher |
Ficedula erithacus |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
193 |
Ferruginous Flycatcher |
Muscicapa ferruginea |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
194 |
Oriental Magpie-Robin |
Copsychus saularis |
Muscicapidae |
A |
LC |
|
195 |
Blue-throated Flycatcher |
Cyornis rubeculoides |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
196 |
Large Niltava |
Niltava grandis |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
197 |
Small Niltava |
Niltava macgrigoriae |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
198 |
Rufous-bellied Niltava |
Niltava sundara |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
199 |
Verditer Flycatcher |
Eumyias thalassinus |
Muscicapidae |
C |
LC |
|
200 |
Pale Blue Flycatcher |
Cyornis unicolor |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
201 |
Blue Whistling-Thrush |
Myophonus caeruleus |
Muscicapidae |
A |
LC |
|
202 |
Spotted Forktail |
Enicurus maculatus |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
203 |
Slaty-backed Forktail |
Enicurus schistaceus |
Muscicapidae |
C |
LC |
|
204 |
Siberian Rubythroat |
Calliope calliope |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
205 |
Himalayan Bluetail |
Tarsiger rufilatus |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
206 |
Indian Bush Robin |
Larvivora brunnea |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
207 |
Rufous-breasted Bush-Robin |
Tarsiger hyperythrus |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
208 |
Slaty-blue Flycatcher |
Ficedula tricolor |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
209 |
Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher |
Ficedula strophiata |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
210 |
Sapphire Flycatcher |
Ficedula sapphira |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
211 |
Little Pied Flycatcher |
Ficedula westermanni |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
212 |
Ultramarine Flycatcher |
Ficedula superciliaris |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
213 |
Taiga Flycatcher |
Ficedula albicilla |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
214 |
Red-breasted Flycatcher |
Ficedula parva |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
215 |
Blue-fronted Redstart |
Phoenicurus frontalis |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
216 |
Plumbeous Redstart |
Phoenicurus fuliginosus |
Muscicapidae |
C |
LC |
|
217 |
White-capped Redstart |
Phoenicurus leucocephalus |
Muscicapidae |
C |
LC |
|
218 |
Hodgson's Redstart |
Phoenicurus hodgsoni |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
219 |
Black Redstart |
Phoenicurus ochruros |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
220 |
White-winged Redstart |
Phoenicurus erythrogastrus |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
221 |
Chestnut-bellied Rock-Thrush |
Monticola rufiventris |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
222 |
Blue-capped Rock-Thrush |
Monticola cinclorhynchus |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
223 |
Blue Rock-Thrush |
Monticola solitaries |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
224 |
Siberian Stonechat |
Saxicola maurus |
Muscicapidae |
O |
LC |
|
225 |
Grey Bushchat |
Saxicola ferreus |
Muscicapidae |
C |
LC |
|
226 |
Lesser Shortwing |
Brachypteryx leucophris |
Muscicapidae |
R |
LC |
|
227 |
Eye-browed Thrush |
Turdus obscurus |
Turdidae |
R |
LC |
|
228 |
Orange-headed Thrush |
Geokichla citrina |
Turdidae |
O |
LC |
|
229 |
Tickell's Thrush |
Turdus unicolor |
Turdidae |
C |
LC |
|
230 |
Gray-winged Blackbird |
Turdus boulboul |
Turdidae |
O |
LC |
|
231 |
Black-throated Thrush |
Turdus atrogularis |
Turdidae |
O |
LC |
|
232 |
Scaly Thrush |
Zoothera dauma |
Turdidae |
O |
LC |
|
233 |
Chestnut-tailed Starling |
Sturnia malabarica |
Sturnidae |
C |
LC |
|
234 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis |
Sturnidae |
A |
LC |
|
235 |
Great Myna |
Acridotheres grandis |
Sturnidae |
O |
LC |
|
236 |
Golden-fronted Leafbird |
Chloropsis aurifrons |
Chloropseidae |
O |
LC |
|
237 |
Orange-bellied Leafbird |
Chloropsis hardwickii |
Chloropseidae |
O |
LC |
|
238 |
Fire-breasted Flowerpecker |
Dicaeum ignipectus |
Dicaeidae |
C |
LC |
|
239 |
Black-throated Sunbird |
Aethopyga saturate |
Nectariniidae |
O |
LC |
|
240 |
Green-tailed Sunbird |
Aethopyga nipalensis |
Nectariniidae |
C |
LC |
|
241 |
Crimson Sunbird |
Aethopyga siparaja |
Nectariniidae |
C |
LC |
|
242 |
Streaked Spiderhunter |
Arachnothera magna |
Nectariniidae |
C |
LC |
|
243 |
Rufous-breasted Accentor |
Prunella strophiata |
Prunellidae |
O |
LC |
|
244 |
Grey Wagtail |
Motacilla cinerea |
Motacillidae |
C |
LC |
|
245 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba |
Motacillidae |
C |
LC |
|
246 |
White browed Wagtail |
Motacilla madraspatensis |
Motacillidae |
O |
LC |
|
247 |
Olive-backed Pipit |
Anthus hodgsoni |
Motacillidae |
A |
LC |
|
248 |
Crested Bunting |
Melophus lathami |
Emberizidae |
O |
LC |
|
249 |
Yellow-breasted Greenfinch |
Chloris spinoides |
Fringillidae |
O |
LC |
|
250 |
Tibetan Serin |
Spinus thibetanus |
Fringillidae |
R |
LC |
|
251 |
Common Rosefinch |
Carpodacus erythrinus |
Fringillidae |
O |
LC |
|
252 |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus |
Passeridae |
O |
LC |
|
253 |
Russet Sparrow |
Passer rutilans |
Passeridae |
C |
LC |
|
254 |
Eurasian Tree Sparrow |
Passer montanus |
Passeridae |
A |
LC |
|
255 |
White-rumped Munia |
Lonchura striata |
Estrildidae |
O |
LC |
|
256 |
Scaly-breasted Munia |
Lonchura punctulata |
Estrildidae |
C |
LC |
|
257 |
Plum-headed Parakeet |
Psittaculacyanocephala |
Psittaculidae |
R |
LC |
|
258 |
Slaty-headed Parakeet |
Psittacula Himalayana |
Psittaculidae |
R |
LC |
LC-—Least Concern | VU—Vulnerable
| A—Abundant | C—Common | O-—Occasional | R—Rare | NE—Not Evaluated.
For
figures & images - - click here for full PDF
REFERENCES
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Bilgrami,
K.S. (1995). Concept
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(1999). Preliminary
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F.A. (1992). Recent
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Grimmett, R.,
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Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India. Ecoprint 16: 21–27.
Inskipp, C.
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8: 97–112.
Inskipp, C.,
T. Inskipp
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Ludlow, F.
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Mohammad, J.
& P.V. Krishna P.V. (2016). Avifaunal Diversity of Wyra and Paler Reservoirs of
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