Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2022 | 14(10): 21992–22000
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7479.14.10.21992-22000
#7479 | Received 01 June 2021 | Final
received 22 August 2022 | Finally accepted 26 September 2022
An overview of genus Pteris
L. in northeastern India and new report of Pteris amoena Blume
from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Ashish K. Soni 1,
Vineet K. Rawat 2, Abhinav Kumar 3 & A. Benniamin 4
1*&2 Botanical Survey of
India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh 791111,
India.
3 Department of Forest
and Wildlife, A-Block, 2nd Floor, Vikas Bhawan, ITO, New Delhi
110002, India.
4 Botanical Survey of
India, Western Regional Centre, Pune, Maharashtra 411001, India.
1 ashishsoni33@rediffmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 rawat_vk2107@rediffmail.com, 3 abhinavkumar623@gmail.com,
Abstract: The present paper
highlights a taxonomic account of genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae E.D.M.
Kirchn.) with newly reported species Pteris amoena Blume, which was
collected from the Pange range of Tale Wildlife Sanctuary and Hapoli Primary
Forest, Hapoli, Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh. The present
communication is based on plant exploration and in-depth surveys done by the
first two authors and through scrutiny of herbaria and literature. All the
species are enumerated in this list along with worldwide distribution (outside
India), local distribution in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India as NEI
included with other Indian states. Reported species shows some morphological
closeness with P. terminalis Wall. ex. J.Agardh but differ in having
bright pink axes and more rounded and crenately toothed segment-apices. All
these characters differentiate to this species to its closely related species
and testifying that P. amoena Blume as a new report to the Arunachal
Pradesh. Detailed description, distributional
range, ecology and specimen examined of newly reported taxa are provided in
this paper.
Keywords: Brake fern, distributional
range, ferns, local distribution, Lower Subansiri district, plant, taxonomy.
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 October 2022 (online &
print)
Citation: Soni, A.K., V.K. Rawat, A. Kumar & A. Benniamin (2022). An overview of genus Pteris
L. in northeastern India and new report of Pteris amoena Blume
from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(10): 21992–22000. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7479.14.10.21992-22000
Copyright: © Soni et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: This study was funded by Botanical
Survey of India on his ongoing project, BSI-Flora of India research project
grant 292/2/2019-Tech under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr. V.K. Rawat has working on Pteridophyte taxonomy for the last 20 years. During the
period, he has been explored central India, Western Ghats and northeastern
India. He has been discovered two new species and several new records for the
country. At Present he is working as scientist ‘E’ at Botanical
Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar. Dr. A. Benniamin has working on Pteridophyte taxonomy for the last 19 years. During the
period, he has been visited Western Ghats, northeastern India. He has been discovered six new species and several new records for the
country. At Present he is working as
Scientist ‘E’ at Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune. Sh. Abhinav Kumar is an Indian Forest Service officer of the Agmut cadre. He has worked in Arunachal Pradesh for over six years at the grassroots level
in seven districts with various local tribal communities in furthering their
cause. He has a keen interest in issues of climate change, biodiversity
conservation and wildlife preservation and has publications in these
fields. He is presently posted as additional secretary, Department of
Environment at Government of NCT of Delhi. Mr. Ashish K. Soni pursuing his PhD under the able guidance of Dr. V. K. Rawat, from BSI,
APRC, Itanagar. He has working on Pteridophyte taxonomy
for the last four years. During the period, he has been explored western
Arunachal Pradesh. He has been discovered five new records for the country and
several new additions to the northeastern India. He is the life member of
the Indian Fern Society. He has also worked in BSI- Central National Herbarium
for one year in the NDF project- 2018 as junior project fellow. At Present he
is working as senior research fellow at Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal
Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar.
Author contributions: VKR, AB and AKS conducted field survey for the detailed study of this
project and identified the specimens. AKS, AK and VKR have finalized and
approved the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to
express theirs thanks to the Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata for
facilities. One of the authors (AKS) is indebted to Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEF & CC), Government of India for financial support
through a project under Flora of India (BSI – Flora of India Project
292/2//2019-Tech). We are duly thankful to Mr. C. R. Fraser-Jenkins for helping
in identification of specimens and also to the Department of Environment and
Forests, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh for all help, providing necessary
permission to visit the area and permit collection of the specimens. We are
indebted to Mr. Bishal Kumar Majhi, Researcher, G. B. Pant National Institute
of Himalayan Environment, Itanagar for making distributional map (Image-4) and
also thankful to Mr. Akshath Shenoy, BSI, APRC, Itanagar for manuscript
preparation and necessary helps.
INTRODUCTION
Pteris L. is a large,
pantropical genus represented in all continents except Antarctica, but only a
few species occur in warm temperate regions of the world. This genus is
commonly called “Brake” ferns. Molecular
and paleontological analyses revealed that the genus Pteris L.
originated and diversified in the Late Cretaceous with other pteridoid ferns
about 100 million years ago (Schneider et al. 2004) but Walker (1956)
considered Pteris L. as a young genus. It grows in shaded places, from sea level to
high mountains, less often in open places, road sides, earth cuttings, and on
calcareous & other rock crevices (Tryon et al. 1990). Usually, different
species of genus Pteris L. are used as ornamental plant e.g., P.
vittata L., P. ensiformis Burm.f., and P. cretica L. in homes
and gardens, while some of the species are widely used as heavy metal
accumulators. Of these, P. vittata L. is considered as an excellent
model organism in experimental plant biology. The majority of the species are
grouped into a number of complexes of various sizes and these complexes show
very different biological behaviors, according to whether they are
predominantly apogamous or a mixture of apogamous and sexual species (Walker
1962). The members of this family are usually characterized by the absence of
true indusia, the protective covering layer of sporangia, though some genera
frequently develop recurved leaf margins to serve the same function. These
structural modifications in the leaves are referred to as ‘false-indusia’ or
‘pseudo-indusia’. The other identifying characters of the family are free leaf
veins, linear, sub-marginal sori and usually trilete to rarely monolete spore
(Soni et al. 2020). It is estimated to contain 200–280 species (Copeland
1947), 300 species (Walker 1956), 250 species (Holttum 1968; Tryon et al. 1990),
200 species (Tryon & Tryon 1982), in the world. Of these, 57 species are present in India
(Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2016) though Dixit (1984) had reported 48 species. Most
of the Pteris L. species are present in the Western Ghats and Indian
Himalayan Region (IHR) of India. But according to the Fraser-Jenkins et al.
(2016) there are 50 taxa followed by 12 ssp. including one hybrid species (P.
vittata notho ssp. × nayariana Fraser-Jenk., S.C.Verma &
Khullar) and one cultivated species (P. parkeri hort. ex J.J.Parker) of
genus Pteris L. in northeastern India. Of these 42 species of genus Pteris
L. are from Arunachal Pradesh except the newly reported species P. amoena
Blume. So, as per this datum Arunachal Pradesh also has the most number of
species of the depicted genus and is the dominant zone for pterido-diversity and richness of
India.
The
pterido-geographical region of India deals with Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura, the seven states located in the northeastern part
of the country and command special importance in India, not only because of
their location but also their cultural and historical uniqueness. All these
states of northeastern India have rich natural resources of flora. Therefore,
if the region is called a paradise for botanists, there is no doubt.
The present paper
deals with all species of genus Pteris L. of northeastern India with
newly reported taxa to Arunachal Pradesh and are presented here, based on
personal collection (field surveys) of the first two authors, herbarium
consultation, literature scrutiny such as Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2008, 2016)
and provides an enumerative checklist of the most puzzled genus of Pteridaceae
for northeastern India in Table No. 01.
MATERIAL &
METHODS
Field survey and
collection
In the case of the
newly reported species P. amoena Blume, while studying taxonomy of
Pteridophytes of Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh, the first
authors came across a new specimen, which was collected from the Pange range of
the Tale Wildlife Sanctuary and Hapoli primary forest of Arunachal Pradesh. The
newly reported taxa was recognized by its smooth, reddish stipe and lower
rachis, black costae and upper rachis; pinnule-apices crenately toothed, acute,
not aristate; on critical evaluation and perusal of literatures, the authors
identified and confirmed it as P. amoena Blume. So far this species was
previously reported from the neighboring states of NEI (northeastern India;
Assam, Manipur, and Meghalaya) but there was no report from this state till
date, so this communication testifies a new Pteridophytic record of P.
amoena Blume from Arunachal Pradesh. All the specimens collected from the
research site are deposited in the herbarium and provisional identification was
made with the help of available literature and later determined in various
Herbaria (ARUN, ASSAM, CAL, and BSA). The depicted list provided for species of
genus Pteris L. in northeastern India are based on voucher specimens,
which are deposited in the Herbarium ARUN, Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal
Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Description and mentioned
photo plates with relevant notes of newly reported taxa are provided here for
easy identification and future collection.
SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT
Pteris amoena Blume, Enum. PL Javae
2: 210. 1828. (Image. 1)
Type: from Indonesia,
Java, boven Tjibodas, C.L. von Blume, L.
Pteris purpureorachis
Cope L, Philipp. J. Sci., C, 12: 48. 1917., Pteris
maclurei Ching, Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 6: 28. 1933., Pteris
tokioi Masam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 25: 13. 1935., Pteris
porphyrophlebia C.Chr. & Ching, in Ching, Lingnan Sci. J. 15(3): 393.
1936., Pteris nakasimae Tagawa, Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 84. 1938., Pteris
yakusimensis Tagawa, Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 5: 107. 1936., Pteris tokioivar.
Yakusimensis (Tagawa) Sa.Kurata, Hokuriku J. Bot. 6: 10. 1957.
Adults terrestrial,
about 70–90 cm tall; Rhizome stout, erect, ca. 1–2 cm in diam., tufted, bearing
fronds close together, Rhizome scale basifixed, dark brown, ca. 03–04 mm,
sparsely scaly, scales hair like, 2–3 cells widest base, above uni-seriate.
Fronds ca. up to 90 × 20 cm, ovate in shape; Stipes ca. 40–50 cm long, 2–3 mm
thick, laterally grooved, not adaxially and abaxially, dark blackish at base to
shiny brown upwards, glossy; Rachis similar but too much thin compared to
stipes; Lamina ca. 35–40 cm; ovate-oblong, bipinnatifid, texture chartaceous;
Pinnae up to 4–6 pairs, opposite, sometimes 2-pinnatipartite, lateral pinnae
shortly stalked, upper pinnae sessile, lanceolate, base rounded-cuneate, apex
acute, caudate (ca. 05–07) cm, ca. 20 × 05 cm; terminal pinna similar to
lateral pinnae but wider with long stalked (ca. 02 cm), ca. 22 × 07 cm; basal
pair of pinnae well developed often with a basiscopic pinnule near base,
similar in shape to main part of pinna but smaller, ca. 15 × 04 cm; Pinnules
ca. 20 pairs in each pinnae, alternate, ca. 02 × 04 mm apart, sinuses wide
and U shaped, margins serrulate, apex obtuse or mucronate, basal pinnules of
pinnae slightly shorter and more widely spaced, basally decrescent to costules;
Costae and Costules adaxially straw-colored, grooved, with spines along groove
and bases of midribs; abaxially sorrel-red, shiny, glabrous, prominent
abaxially; Veins conspicuous, oblique, apical pairs of veins simple,
remainder bi-forked, basal basiscopic arising from costae and reached just
below the sinus but not connected, others arising from veinlets, areoles
present between the costae; Venation free; Sori indusiate, cup shaped, dark
brown, confined to the terminals on 1 or 2 venation, solitary at the apex of
each segment; Indusia indusium membranaceous, entire from base of segments
upward to about one-third from the serrate apex. Spores monolete, exine smooth
(Image 1).
Distribution: China, India (Assam
State, Manipur, Meghalaya (Mawryngkaeng, X Rup Chand, MICH) Indonesia,
Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam; Australasia: New
Guinea. (Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2016).
Distribution in
Arunachal Pradesh: New report from Tale Wildlife Sanctuary and
Hapoli Primary Forest, Lower Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh (Figure 1).
Phenology: Vegetative phase:
June–September; Reproductive phase: October–December
Ecology: Terrestrial collected
from wild floor of Hapoli Primary Forest, Hapoli and Tale Wildlife Sanctuary,
Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh 1,625–1,959 m.
Specimens examined: 42833, Acc no., 31689
(ARUN), 11.i.2020, Hapoli Primary Forest, at the back of Arunachal Guest House,
Lower Subansiri District, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 27.536 N. 93.809 E, 1,625
m, Soni A.K. (Image 1, Figure 1); 43969, Acc. No., 31690, 31691 & 31692
(ARUN), 16.ii.2021, Pange Range, Tale Wildlife Sanctuary, Lower Subansiri
District, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 27.587 N. 93.985 E, 1,959 m, 16.ii.2021,
Soni A.K. (Image 1, Figure 1).
IUCN Status: CR.
RSEULT AND DISCUSSION
The Pteridaceae
E.D.M.Kirchn. is a large and diverse family of nearly worldwide distribution
with around 50 genera and more than 1,000 species, and roughly 10% of the
extant lepto-sporangiate fern diversity (Schuettpelz et al. 2007). In
northeastern India, it is represented by 14 genera with a total of 93 species
and 14 subspecies from this region. Of these, the most dominant, critical and
puzzled genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae) has 50 taxa followed by 12 ssp.
including one hybrid and one cultivated species also (Soni et al. 2020).
The bar chart (Figure 3) and distributional map of northeastern India (Figure
2) showing the state-wise status, including species, subspecies, hybrid and
cultivated taxa of genus Pteris L. of northeastern India and depicted
table also prove that Arunachal Pradesh has the most diverse status of the
mentioned genus in northeastern India including
42 taxa (11 subspecies); Assam follows with 19 species, seven subspecies
and one cultivar taxa; Manipur is in third position in this list, which has 27
(seven subspecies) taxa. Meghalaya follows with 32 taxa of this genus (nine
subspecies and one hybrid species); Mizoram (15 taxa including four subspecies)
and Nagaland has 18 taxa with seven subspecies. Following the above listing, we
can say that the state Tripura with four sub species has the lowest number, 11
taxa, for the genus Pteris L. in northeastern India. The detailed
listing of all species of genus Pteris L. of northeastern India on
worldwide distribution pattern with localities in Arunachal Pradesh presented
here are totally based on the personal collection of the first two authors and
another collector, Mr. Chhandam Chanda (Senior researcher at BSI, APRC,
Itanagar), followed by the actual specimens of herbariums consultation personally,
ARUN, ASSAM, CAL and BSA also. The collected plants were preserved following
Bridson & Forman, (1998) and subsequently identified with the help of
standard Indian and foreign literature (Beddome 1866; Lyell 1870; Jamir &
Rao 1988; Borthakur et al. 2001; Ghosh et al. 2004; Singh & Panigrahi 2005;
Gangmin et al. 2013; Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2016) (Table 1).
|
Taxa of genus Pteris
L. in northeastern India |
Distribution of
genus Pteris L. in NEI with locality in Arunachal Pradesh |
Worldwide
distribution of genus Pteris L. |
1 |
Pteris
actiniopteroides Christ |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Lower and Upper Dibang) and Meghalaya. |
Asia: China. |
2 |
Pteris alata L. |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Kameng, Lohit, Papum Pare, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and
Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. |
Asia: Bangladesh,
Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka,
Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. |
3 |
Pteris amoena Blume |
Arunachal Pradesh
(First time reported from Tale Wildlife Sanctuary and Hapoli Primary Forest
of Lower Subansiri District), Assam, Manipur and Meghalaya. |
Asia: China,
Myanmar, Taiwan, Tibet and Vietnam. |
4 |
Pteris arisanensis Tagawa |
Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Debang Valley, Kameng,
Lohit, Papum Pare, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and Tirap), Manipur,
Meghalaya and Nagaland. |
Elsewhere in India
and Asia. |
5 |
Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.Agardh |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Debang Valley, Kameng, Lohit, Lower Subansiri District, Siang and Tawang),
Manipur and Meghalaya. |
Elsewhere in
Western Himalaya and Asia. |
6 |
Pteris assamica Fraser-Jenk. &
T.G.Walker |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Kameng, Lower Subansiri District and Papum Pare), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. |
Elsewhere in Asia. |
7 |
Pteris barbigera Ching |
Arunachal Pradesh |
Asia: Vietnam. |
8 |
Pteris biaurita L. ssp. fornicata
Fraser-Jenk. |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Kameng, Lohit, Lower Subansiri and Papum Pare), Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram Nagaland and Tripura. |
Elsewhere in India;
Asia and Africa. |
9 |
Pteris biaurita L. ssp. walkeriana
Fraser-Jenk. & Dom. Rajkumar |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Debang Valley, Itanagar, Kameng, Lohit, Namdapha, Papum Pare,
Siang, Lower Subansiri District, Tirap, Upper Siang, and West Kameng), Assam,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. |
Elsewhere in India;
Asia and Africa. |
10 |
Pteris blumeana J.Agardh |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Papum Pare and Siang), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura. |
Elsewhere in India
and Asia. |
11 |
Pteris cadieri Christ ssp. dimorpha
(Copel.) Fraser-Jenk. |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang) |
Asia: Bangladesh, China, Taiwan and Vietnam. |
12 |
Pteris cadieri Christ ssp. walker Fraser-Jenk. |
Assam, Manipur and
Meghalaya. |
China |
13 |
Pteris cretica L. ssp. cretica. |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Kameng, Lohit, Siang and Lower Subansiri District), Meghalaya, Nagaland and
Tripura. |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Tibet. |
14 |
Pteris cretica L. ssp. laeta
(Wall. ex Ettingsh.) Fraser-Jenkins |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Debang Valley, Kameng, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and
Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura. |
Elsewhere in India;
Asia and Africa. |
15 |
Pteris dactylina Hook. |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Debang Valley, Kameng and Siang). |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan and Tibet. |
16 |
Pteris dixitii Fraser-Jenk. &
Pariyar |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Debang Valley, Lohit, Lower Subansiri District, Papum Pare and Siang),
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. |
China and Myanmar. |
17 |
Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Kameng, Papum Pare, Lower Subansiri District and Tirap), Assam,
Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura. |
Elsewhere in India
and Asia, Australasia, Pacific Islands, North America. |
18 |
Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J.Agardh
ssp. grevilleana |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang), Assam and Meghalaya. |
Asia: Bangladesh,
China, Myanmar, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. |
19 |
Pteris griffithii Hook. |
Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Siang and Lower Subansiri
District). |
Asia: Bhutan and
Myanmar |
20 |
Pteris hirtula (C.Chr.) C.V.Morton |
Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Papum Pare, Siang and
Upper Subansiri District) and Manipur. |
Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Tibet and Vietnam |
21 |
Pteris inaequalis Baker |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Kameng, Lower Subansiri District) and Manipur. |
Asia: China, Japan
and Nepal. |
22 |
Pteris
kathmanduensis Fraser-Jenk. & T.G.Walker |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Papum Pare and Lower Subansiri District) and Meghalaya. |
Asia: China and
Nepal. |
23 |
Pteris khasiana (C.B.Clarke)
Hieron. ssp. khasiana |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Kameng, Papum Pare, Siang and Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and
Nagaland. |
Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Nepal. |
24 |
Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J.Agardh |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Papum Pare and Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
Nagaland. |
Asia: Bangladesh, China, Myanmar and Nepal |
25 |
Pteris mawsmaiensis Fraser-Jenk. &
Benniamin |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Siang) and Meghalaya. |
Asia: Myanmar. |
26 |
Pteris medogensis Ching & S.K.Wu |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Lower Subansiri District) and Meghalaya. |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Nepal and Tibet. |
27 |
Pteris normalis D.Don |
Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Lohit, Siang, Lower
Subansiri District and Tirap), Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand and Tibet. |
28 |
*Pteris parkeri hort. ex J.J.
Parker |
Assam |
Asia: Nepal.
Commonly worldwide cultivated taxa. |
29 |
Pteris pellucens J.Agardh |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Debang Valley, Kameng, Lohit, Siang and Upper Subansiri District), Assam,
Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland. |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and
Vietnam. |
30 |
Pteris
pseudopellucida Ching |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Papum Pare, Siang and Tirap), Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram. |
Asia: Bangladesh,
China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. |
31 |
Pteris puberula Ching |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Kameng and Siang), Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram. |
Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and
Tibet. |
32 |
Pteris
roseolilacina Hieron. |
Meghalaya and
Mizoram. |
Asia: China,
Myanmar and Nepal. |
33 |
Pteris scabripes Wall. ex J.Agardh. |
Assam and
Meghalaya. |
Asia: Indonesia,
Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand. |
34 |
Pteris scabririgens Fraser-Jenk.,
S.C.Verma & T.G.Walker |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Debang Valley, Kameng and Siang), Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland. |
Asia: Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet. |
35 |
Pteris spinescens C.Presl |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Debang Valley, Kameng and Lower Subansiri District), Manipur, Meghalaya and
Nagaland. |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal and Tibet. |
36 |
Pteris subindivisa C.B.Clarke |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Debang Valley, Kameng, Lower Subansiri District, Papum Pare, Siang and
Subansiri), Assam and Mizoram. |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Myanmar and Nepal. |
37 |
Pteris subquinata
Wall. Ex J.Agardh |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Kameng). |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Myanmar, Nepal and Thailand. |
38 |
Pteris
taiwanensis Ching |
Arunachal Pradesh (Kurung-kumey and
Lower Subansiri District). |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Nepal and Taiwan. |
39 |
Pteris terminalis Wall. ex J.Agardh |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Kameng, Lower Subansiri District and Siang) and Manipur. |
Asia: Bhutan,
China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Tibet and
Vietnam. |
40 |
Pteris tricolor Linden |
Manipur and
Mizoram. |
Asia: China and
Myanmar. |
41 |
Pteris tripartita Sw. |
Arunachal Pradesh (Siang). |
Asia: China,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. |
42 |
Pteris venulosa Blume |
Manipur, Mizoram
and Tripura. |
Asia: Indonesia and Malaysia. |
43 |
Pteris venusta Kunze, ssp. matsudae
(Masam.) |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang and Siang), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and
Tripura. |
Asia: Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
44 |
Pteris vittata L. ssp. vittata |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Debang Valley, Kameng, Papum Pare, Siang and Lower Subansiri
District), Assam Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. |
Asia: Bangladesh,
Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. |
45 |
Pteris vittata ssp. emodi
Fraser-Jenk. |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Changlang, Lohit, Siang and Subansiri) and Meghalaya. |
Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and
Tibet. |
46 |
Pteris vittata L. ssp. vermae Fraser-Jenk. |
Arunachal Pradesh
(Kameng, Papum Pare, Subansiri and Siang). |
Asia: Bhutan, China, Nepal and Tibet. |
47 |
Pteris wallichiana J.Agardh |
Arunachal Pradesh (Debang
Valley, Kameng, Tirap, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and Papum Pare),
Assam, Manipur and Nagaland. |
Asia: Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet and Vietnam. |
48 |
#P. vittata nothosubsp. × nayariana
Fraser-Jenk., S.C. Verma & Khullar |
Meghalaya |
Asia: only reported from India. |
For figures &
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