Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2022 | 14(10): 21992–22000

 

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7479.14.10.21992-22000

#7479 | Received 01 June 2021 | Final received 22 August 2022 | Finally accepted 26 September 2022

 

 

 

An overview of genus Pteris L. in northeastern India and new report of Pteris amoena Blume from Arunachal Pradesh, India

 

 Ashish K. Soni 1, Vineet K. Rawat 2, Abhinav Kumar 3  & A. Benniamin 4

 

1*&2 Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh 791111, India.

3 Department of Forest and Wildlife, A-Block, 2nd Floor, Vikas Bhawan, ITO, New Delhi 110002, India.

4 Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune, Maharashtra 411001, India.

1 ashishsoni33@rediffmail.com (corresponding author), 2 rawat_vk2107@rediffmail.com, 3 abhinavkumar623@gmail.com,

4 fernsbenni@gmail.com

 

 

 

Abstract: The present paper highlights a taxonomic account of genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae E.D.M. Kirchn.) with newly reported species Pteris amoena Blume, which was collected from the Pange range of Tale Wildlife Sanctuary and Hapoli Primary Forest, Hapoli, Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh. The present communication is based on plant exploration and in-depth surveys done by the first two authors and through scrutiny of herbaria and literature. All the species are enumerated in this list along with worldwide distribution (outside India), local distribution in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India as NEI included with other Indian states. Reported species shows some morphological closeness with P. terminalis Wall. ex. J.Agardh but differ in having bright pink axes and more rounded and crenately toothed segment-apices. All these characters differentiate to this species to its closely related species and testifying that P. amoena Blume as a new report to the Arunachal Pradesh.  Detailed description, distributional range, ecology and specimen examined of newly reported taxa are provided in this paper.

 

Keywords: Brake fern, distributional range, ferns, local distribution, Lower Subansiri district, plant, taxonomy.

 

 

Editor: Anonymity requested.       Date of publication: 26 October 2022 (online & print)

 

Citation: Soni, A.K., V.K. Rawat, A. Kumar & A. Benniamin (2022). An overview of genus Pteris L. in northeastern India and new report of Pteris amoena Blume from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(10): 21992–22000. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7479.14.10.21992-22000

 

Copyright: © Soni et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

 

Funding: This study was funded by Botanical Survey of India on his ongoing project, BSI-Flora of India research project grant 292/2/2019-Tech under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India.

 

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

 

Author details: Dr. V.K. Rawat has working on Pteridophyte taxonomy for the last 20 years. During the period, he has been explored central India, Western Ghats and northeastern India. He has been discovered two new species and several new records for the country. At Present he is working as scientist ‘E’ at Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar. Dr. A. Benniamin has working on Pteridophyte taxonomy for the last 19 years. During the period, he has been visited Western Ghats, northeastern India. He has been discovered six new species and several new records for the country.  At Present he is working as Scientist ‘E’ at Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune. Sh. Abhinav Kumar is an Indian Forest Service officer of the Agmut cadre. He has worked in Arunachal Pradesh for over six years at the grassroots level in seven districts with various local tribal communities in furthering their cause. He has a keen interest in issues of climate change, biodiversity conservation and wildlife preservation and has publications in these fields. He is presently posted as additional secretary, Department of Environment at Government of NCT of Delhi. Mr. Ashish K. Soni pursuing his PhD under the able guidance of Dr. V. K. Rawat, from BSI, APRC, Itanagar. He has working on Pteridophyte taxonomy for the last four years. During the period, he has been explored western Arunachal Pradesh. He has been discovered five new records for the country and several new additions to the northeastern India.  He is the life member of the Indian Fern Society. He has also worked in BSI- Central National Herbarium for one year in the NDF project- 2018 as junior project fellow. At Present he is working as senior research fellow at Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar.

 

Author contributions: VKR, AB and AKS conducted field survey for the detailed study of this project and identified the specimens. AKS, AK and VKR have finalized and approved the manuscript.

 

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to express theirs thanks to the Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata for facilities. One of the authors (AKS) is indebted to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF & CC), Government of India for financial support through a project under Flora of India (BSI – Flora of India Project 292/2//2019-Tech). We are duly thankful to Mr. C. R. Fraser-Jenkins for helping in identification of specimens and also to the Department of Environment and Forests, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh for all help, providing necessary permission to visit the area and permit collection of the specimens. We are indebted to Mr. Bishal Kumar Majhi, Researcher, G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Itanagar for making distributional map (Image-4) and also thankful to Mr. Akshath Shenoy, BSI, APRC, Itanagar for manuscript preparation and necessary helps.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Pteris L. is a large, pantropical genus represented in all continents except Antarctica, but only a few species occur in warm temperate regions of the world. This genus is commonly called “Brake” ferns.  Molecular and paleontological analyses revealed that the genus Pteris L. originated and diversified in the Late Cretaceous with other pteridoid ferns about 100 million years ago (Schneider et al. 2004) but Walker (1956) considered Pteris L. as a young genus. It   grows in shaded places, from sea level to high mountains, less often in open places, road sides, earth cuttings, and on calcareous & other rock crevices (Tryon et al. 1990). Usually, different species of genus Pteris L. are used as ornamental plant e.g., P. vittata L., P. ensiformis Burm.f., and P. cretica L. in homes and gardens, while some of the species are widely used as heavy metal accumulators. Of these, P. vittata L. is considered as an excellent model organism in experimental plant biology. The majority of the species are grouped into a number of complexes of various sizes and these complexes show very different biological behaviors, according to whether they are predominantly apogamous or a mixture of apogamous and sexual species (Walker 1962). The members of this family are usually characterized by the absence of true indusia, the protective covering layer of sporangia, though some genera frequently develop recurved leaf margins to serve the same function. These structural modifications in the leaves are referred to as ‘false-indusia’ or ‘pseudo-indusia’. The other identifying characters of the family are free leaf veins, linear, sub-marginal sori and usually trilete to rarely monolete spore (Soni et al. 2020). It is estimated to contain 200–280 species (Copeland 1947), 300 species (Walker 1956), 250 species (Holttum 1968; Tryon et al. 1990), 200 species (Tryon & Tryon 1982), in the world.  Of these, 57 species are present in India (Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2016) though Dixit (1984) had reported 48 species. Most of the Pteris L. species are present in the Western Ghats and Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) of India. But according to the Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2016) there are 50 taxa followed by 12 ssp. including one hybrid species (P. vittata notho ssp. × nayariana Fraser-Jenk., S.C.Verma & Khullar) and one cultivated species (P. parkeri hort. ex J.J.Parker) of genus Pteris L. in northeastern India. Of these 42 species of genus Pteris L. are from Arunachal Pradesh except the newly reported species P. amoena Blume. So, as per this datum Arunachal Pradesh also has the most number of species of the depicted genus and is the dominant  zone for pterido-diversity and richness of India.

The pterido-geographical region of India deals with Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura, the  seven states located in the northeastern part of the country and command special importance in India, not only because of their location but also their cultural and historical uniqueness. All these states of northeastern India have rich natural resources of flora. Therefore, if the region is called a paradise for botanists, there is no doubt.

The present paper deals with all species of genus Pteris L. of northeastern India with newly reported taxa to Arunachal Pradesh and are presented here, based on personal collection (field surveys) of the first two authors, herbarium consultation, literature scrutiny such as Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2008, 2016) and provides an enumerative checklist of the most puzzled genus of Pteridaceae for northeastern India in Table No. 01.

 

 

MATERIAL & METHODS

 

Field survey and collection

In the case of the newly reported species P. amoena Blume, while studying taxonomy of Pteridophytes of Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh, the first authors came across a new specimen, which was collected from the Pange range of the Tale Wildlife Sanctuary and Hapoli primary forest of Arunachal Pradesh. The newly reported taxa was recognized by its smooth, reddish stipe and lower rachis, black costae and upper rachis; pinnule-apices crenately toothed, acute, not aristate; on critical evaluation and perusal of literatures, the authors identified and confirmed it as P. amoena Blume. So far this species was previously reported from the neighboring states of NEI (northeastern India; Assam, Manipur, and Meghalaya) but there was no report from this state till date, so this communication testifies a new Pteridophytic record of P. amoena Blume from Arunachal Pradesh. All the specimens collected from the research site are deposited in the herbarium and provisional identification was made with the help of available literature and later determined in various Herbaria (ARUN, ASSAM, CAL, and BSA). The depicted list provided for species of genus Pteris L. in northeastern India are based on voucher specimens, which are deposited in the Herbarium ARUN, Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Description and mentioned photo plates with relevant notes of newly reported taxa are provided here for easy identification and future collection.

 

SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT

 

Pteris amoena Blume, Enum. PL Javae 2: 210. 1828. (Image. 1)

Type: from Indonesia, Java, boven Tjibodas, C.L. von Blume, L.

Pteris purpureorachis Cope L, Philipp. J. Sci., C, 12: 48. 1917., Pteris maclurei Ching, Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 6: 28. 1933., Pteris tokioi Masam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 25: 13. 1935., Pteris porphyrophlebia C.Chr. & Ching, in Ching, Lingnan Sci. J. 15(3): 393. 1936., Pteris nakasimae Tagawa, Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 7: 84. 1938., Pteris yakusimensis Tagawa, Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 5: 107. 1936., Pteris tokioivar. Yakusimensis (Tagawa) Sa.Kurata, Hokuriku J. Bot. 6: 10. 1957.

Adults terrestrial, about 70–90 cm tall; Rhizome stout, erect, ca. 1–2 cm in diam., tufted, bearing fronds close together, Rhizome scale basifixed, dark brown, ca. 03–04 mm, sparsely scaly, scales hair like, 2–3 cells widest base, above uni-seriate. Fronds ca. up to 90 × 20 cm, ovate in shape; Stipes ca. 40–50 cm long, 2–3 mm thick, laterally grooved, not adaxially and abaxially, dark blackish at base to shiny brown upwards, glossy; Rachis similar but too much thin compared to stipes; Lamina ca. 35–40 cm; ovate-oblong, bipinnatifid, texture chartaceous; Pinnae up to 4–6 pairs, opposite, sometimes 2-pinnatipartite, lateral pinnae shortly stalked, upper pinnae sessile, lanceolate, base rounded-cuneate, apex acute, caudate (ca. 05–07) cm, ca. 20 × 05 cm; terminal pinna similar to lateral pinnae but wider with long stalked (ca. 02 cm), ca. 22 × 07 cm; basal pair of pinnae well developed often with a basiscopic pinnule near base, similar in shape to main part of pinna but smaller, ca. 15 × 04 cm; Pinnules ca. 20 pairs in each pinnae, alternate, ca. 02 × 04 mm apart, sinuses wide and U shaped, margins serrulate, apex obtuse or mucronate, basal pinnules of pinnae slightly shorter and more widely spaced, basally decrescent to costules; Costae and Costules adaxially straw-colored, grooved, with spines along groove and bases of midribs; abaxially sorrel-red, shiny, glabrous, prominent abaxially; Veins conspicuous, oblique, apical pairs of veins simple, remainder bi-forked, basal basiscopic arising from costae and reached just below the sinus but not connected, others arising from veinlets, areoles present between the costae; Venation free; Sori indusiate, cup shaped, dark brown, confined to the terminals on 1 or 2 venation, solitary at the apex of each segment; Indusia indusium membranaceous, entire from base of segments upward to about one-third from the serrate apex. Spores monolete, exine smooth (Image 1).

Distribution: China, India (Assam State, Manipur, Meghalaya (Mawryngkaeng, X Rup Chand, MICH) Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam; Australasia: New Guinea. (Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2016).

Distribution in Arunachal Pradesh: New report from Tale Wildlife Sanctuary and Hapoli Primary Forest, Lower Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh (Figure 1).

Phenology: Vegetative phase: June–September; Reproductive phase: October–December

Ecology: Terrestrial collected from wild floor of Hapoli Primary Forest, Hapoli and Tale Wildlife Sanctuary, Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh 1,625–1,959 m.

Specimens examined: 42833, Acc no., 31689 (ARUN), 11.i.2020, Hapoli Primary Forest, at the back of Arunachal Guest House, Lower Subansiri District, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 27.536 N. 93.809 E, 1,625 m, Soni A.K. (Image 1, Figure 1); 43969, Acc. No., 31690, 31691 & 31692 (ARUN), 16.ii.2021, Pange Range, Tale Wildlife Sanctuary, Lower Subansiri District, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 27.587 N. 93.985 E, 1,959 m, 16.ii.2021, Soni A.K. (Image 1, Figure 1).

IUCN Status: CR.

 

 

RSEULT AND DISCUSSION

 

The Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn. is a large and diverse family of nearly worldwide distribution with around 50 genera and more than 1,000 species, and roughly 10% of the extant lepto-sporangiate fern diversity (Schuettpelz et al. 2007). In northeastern India, it is represented by 14 genera with a total of 93 species and 14 subspecies from this region. Of these, the most dominant, critical and puzzled genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae) has 50 taxa followed by 12 ssp. including one hybrid and one cultivated species also (Soni et al. 2020). The bar chart (Figure 3) and distributional map of northeastern India (Figure 2) showing the state-wise status, including species, subspecies, hybrid and cultivated taxa of genus Pteris L. of northeastern India and depicted table also prove that Arunachal Pradesh has the most diverse status of the mentioned genus in northeastern India including  42 taxa (11 subspecies); Assam follows with 19 species, seven subspecies and one cultivar taxa; Manipur is in third position in this list, which has 27 (seven subspecies) taxa. Meghalaya follows with 32 taxa of this genus (nine subspecies and one hybrid species); Mizoram (15 taxa including four subspecies) and Nagaland has 18 taxa with seven subspecies. Following the above listing, we can say that the state Tripura with four sub species has the lowest number, 11 taxa, for the genus Pteris L. in northeastern India. The detailed listing of all species of genus Pteris L. of northeastern India on worldwide distribution pattern with localities in Arunachal Pradesh presented here are totally based on the personal collection of the first two authors and another collector, Mr. Chhandam Chanda (Senior researcher at BSI, APRC, Itanagar), followed by the actual specimens of herbariums consultation personally, ARUN, ASSAM, CAL and BSA also. The collected plants were preserved following Bridson & Forman, (1998) and subsequently identified with the help of standard Indian and foreign literature (Beddome 1866; Lyell 1870; Jamir & Rao 1988; Borthakur et al. 2001; Ghosh et al. 2004; Singh & Panigrahi 2005; Gangmin et al. 2013; Fraser-Jenkins et al. 2016) (Table 1).

 

Table 1. List of species of Pteris L. from northeastern India with worldwide distribution and localities in Arunachal Pradesh, India.

 

Taxa of genus Pteris L. in northeastern India

Distribution of genus Pteris L. in NEI with locality in Arunachal Pradesh

Worldwide distribution of genus Pteris L.

1

Pteris actiniopteroides Christ

Arunachal Pradesh (Lower and Upper Dibang) and Meghalaya.

Asia: China.

2

Pteris alata L.

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Kameng, Lohit, Papum Pare, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

3

Pteris amoena Blume

Arunachal Pradesh (First time reported from Tale Wildlife Sanctuary and Hapoli Primary Forest of Lower Subansiri District), Assam, Manipur and Meghalaya.

Asia: China, Myanmar, Taiwan, Tibet and Vietnam.

4

Pteris arisanensis Tagawa

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Debang Valley, Kameng, Lohit, Papum Pare, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and Tirap), Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland.

Elsewhere in India and Asia.

5

Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.Agardh

Arunachal Pradesh (Debang Valley, Kameng, Lohit, Lower Subansiri District, Siang and Tawang), Manipur and Meghalaya.

Elsewhere in Western Himalaya and Asia.

6

Pteris assamica Fraser-Jenk. & T.G.Walker

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Lower Subansiri District and Papum Pare), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

Elsewhere in Asia.

7

Pteris barbigera Ching

Arunachal Pradesh

Asia: Vietnam.

8

Pteris biaurita L. ssp. fornicata Fraser-Jenk.

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Kameng, Lohit, Lower Subansiri and Papum Pare), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram Nagaland and Tripura.

Elsewhere in India; Asia and Africa.

9

Pteris biaurita L. ssp. walkeriana Fraser-Jenk. & Dom. Rajkumar

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Debang Valley, Itanagar, Kameng, Lohit, Namdapha, Papum Pare, Siang, Lower Subansiri District, Tirap, Upper Siang, and West Kameng), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.

Elsewhere in India; Asia and Africa.

10

Pteris blumeana J.Agardh

Arunachal Pradesh (Papum Pare and Siang), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura.

Elsewhere in India and Asia.

11

Pteris cadieri Christ ssp. dimorpha (Copel.) Fraser-Jenk.

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang)

Asia: Bangladesh, China, Taiwan and Vietnam.

12

Pteris cadieri Christ ssp. walker Fraser-Jenk.

Assam, Manipur and Meghalaya.

China

13

Pteris cretica L. ssp. cretica.

 

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Lohit, Siang and Lower Subansiri District), Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Tibet.

14

Pteris cretica L. ssp. laeta (Wall. ex Ettingsh.) Fraser-Jenkins

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Debang Valley, Kameng, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura.

Elsewhere in India; Asia and Africa.

15

Pteris dactylina Hook.

 

Arunachal Pradesh (Debang Valley, Kameng and Siang).

Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan and Tibet.

16

Pteris dixitii Fraser-Jenk. & Pariyar

Arunachal Pradesh (Debang Valley, Lohit, Lower Subansiri District, Papum Pare and Siang), Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

China and Myanmar.

17

Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Kameng, Papum Pare, Lower Subansiri District and Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura.

Elsewhere in India and Asia, Australasia, Pacific Islands, North America.

18

Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J.Agardh ssp. grevilleana

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang), Assam and Meghalaya.

Asia: Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

19

Pteris griffithii Hook.

 

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Siang and Lower Subansiri District).

Asia: Bhutan and Myanmar

20

Pteris hirtula (C.Chr.) C.V.Morton

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Papum Pare, Siang and Upper Subansiri District) and Manipur.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Tibet and Vietnam

21

Pteris inaequalis Baker

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Lower Subansiri District) and Manipur.

Asia: China, Japan and Nepal.

22

Pteris kathmanduensis Fraser-Jenk. & T.G.Walker

Arunachal Pradesh (Papum Pare and Lower Subansiri District) and Meghalaya.

Asia: China and Nepal.

23

Pteris khasiana (C.B.Clarke) Hieron. ssp. khasiana

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Papum Pare, Siang and Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland.

Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Nepal.

24

Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J.Agardh

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Papum Pare and Tirap), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.

Asia: Bangladesh, China, Myanmar and Nepal

25

Pteris mawsmaiensis Fraser-Jenk. & Benniamin

Arunachal Pradesh (Siang) and Meghalaya.

Asia: Myanmar.

26

Pteris medogensis Ching & S.K.Wu

Arunachal Pradesh (Lower Subansiri District) and Meghalaya.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Nepal and Tibet.

27

Pteris normalis D.Don

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Lohit, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and Tirap), Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand and Tibet.

28

*Pteris parkeri hort. ex J.J. Parker

Assam

Asia: Nepal. Commonly worldwide cultivated taxa.

29

Pteris pellucens J.Agardh

Arunachal Pradesh (Debang Valley, Kameng, Lohit, Siang and Upper Subansiri District), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

30

Pteris pseudopellucida Ching

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Papum Pare, Siang and Tirap), Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram.

Asia: Bangladesh, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.

31

Pteris puberula Ching

 

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng and Siang), Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Tibet.

32

Pteris roseolilacina Hieron.

Meghalaya and Mizoram.

Asia: China, Myanmar and Nepal.

33

Pteris scabripes Wall. ex J.Agardh.

Assam and Meghalaya.

Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand.

34

Pteris scabririgens Fraser-Jenk., S.C.Verma & T.G.Walker

Arunachal Pradesh (Debang Valley, Kameng and Siang), Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland.

Asia: Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet.

35

Pteris spinescens C.Presl

Arunachal Pradesh (Debang Valley, Kameng and Lower Subansiri District), Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal and Tibet.

36

Pteris subindivisa C.B.Clarke

Arunachal Pradesh (Debang Valley, Kameng, Lower Subansiri District, Papum Pare, Siang and Subansiri), Assam and Mizoram.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Nepal.

37

Pteris subquinata Wall. Ex J.Agardh

 

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng).

Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Thailand.

38

Pteris taiwanensis Ching

Arunachal Pradesh (Kurung-kumey and Lower Subansiri District).

Asia: Bhutan, China, Nepal and Taiwan.

39

Pteris terminalis Wall. ex J.Agardh

 

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Lower Subansiri District and Siang) and Manipur.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Tibet and Vietnam.

40

Pteris tricolor Linden

Manipur and Mizoram.

Asia: China and Myanmar.

41

Pteris tripartita Sw.

Arunachal Pradesh (Siang).

Asia: China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

42

Pteris venulosa Blume

Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura.

Asia: Indonesia and Malaysia.

43

Pteris venusta Kunze, ssp. matsudae (Masam.)

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang and Siang), Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.

44

Pteris vittata L.  ssp. vittata

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Debang Valley, Kameng, Papum Pare, Siang and Lower Subansiri District), Assam Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

45

Pteris vittata ssp. emodi Fraser-Jenk.

Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Lohit, Siang and Subansiri) and Meghalaya.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Tibet.

46

Pteris vittata L. ssp. vermae Fraser-Jenk.

 

Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Papum Pare, Subansiri and Siang).

Asia: Bhutan, China, Nepal and Tibet.

47

Pteris wallichiana J.Agardh

 

Arunachal Pradesh (Debang Valley, Kameng, Tirap, Siang, Lower Subansiri District and Papum Pare), Assam, Manipur and Nagaland.

Asia: Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet and Vietnam.

48

#P. vittata nothosubsp. × nayariana Fraser-Jenk., S.C. Verma & Khullar

Meghalaya

Asia: only reported from India.

 

 

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