Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2022 | 14(2): 20606–20614
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7419.14.2.20606-20614
#7419 | Received 28
May 2021 | Final received 14 January 2022 | Finally accepted 11 February 2022
New host plant records of Fig Wax
Scale Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha:
Coccidae) from India
Arvind Kumar 1 &
Renu Pandey 2
1 Forest Protection Division,
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, PO-New Forest, Uttarakhand 248006, India.
2 Department of Entomology, G.B.
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145,
India.
1 arvind.ento@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 renu.pandey17@gmail.com
Editor: Fabio Cianferoni, Italian
National Research Council, Florence, Italy. Date
of publication: 26 February 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Kumar, A. & R. Pandey (2022). New host plant records of Fig Wax
Scale Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha:
Coccidae) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(2): 20606–20614. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7419.14.2.20606-20614
Copyright: © Kumar & Pandey 2022. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: This study is the part of project
funded by Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun with project
number- FRI-365-FPD-03.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr. Arvind Kumar is a scientist with the Forest
Research Institute, Dehradun, India. He is working in the field of Insect
biodiversity, taxonomy and biological control of insect pests in Forestry. Dr.
Renu Pandey is working as Assistant Professor at Govind Ballabh Pant University
of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, Indian. She is working
in the field of Insect pathology and biological control of insect pests in
agricultural crops.
Author contributions: AK has surveyed the region and
collected the host plants in the Garhwal region, identified the insect species,
photography, and prepared this manuscript.
RP has collected the host pants from Kumaun region of Uttarakhand and
contributed to prepare this manuscript.
Acknowledgements: Authors are indebted to the
Director, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun for kindly providing necessary
facilities to carry out this study. We also express gratitude to the Dr.
Praveen Kumar Verma, scientist-C Botany Division for taxonomic identification of
the host plants.
Abstract: A survey for the host plants of
Fig Wax Scale Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus, 1758) was conducted in the
Uttarakhand province, India. Among the six new host plants recorded during the
study, four are new host records of C. rusci. A global check list of
host plants of C. rusci was also prepared.
Keywords: Biological stages, checklist,
infestation, morphological characters, scale insect.
INTRODUCTION
Members of the genus Ceroplastes Gray, 1828
(Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), known as wax scale insects are pest of
numerous fruit and other plants of economic importance (Pellizzari &
Camporese, 1994). The genus has a worldwide distribution including India (Kumar
2013). Among the species belonging to this genus, Ceroplastes rusci
(Linnaeus, 1758), Fig Wax Scale, is of immense economic importance with a wide
range of host species across the world (Morales et al. 2016). Ceroplastes
rusci is one of the earliest species reported from the Mediterranean region
and has been known since Theophrastus’ era, i.e., 370–285 BCE (Silvestri &
Martelli 1908). Primarily it is native to the Afrotropical region (Qin et al.
1994, 1998) and has also been reported from Palearctic, Neotropical, Oriental,
Ethiopian, and Australian regions (Ben-Dov 1993; Waterhouse & Sands 2001). Ceroplastes
rusci was first reported in Britain from Ficus carica fruits
imported from Italy (Green 1917). It has a wide range of host plants in
Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Morocco, Spain,
Tunisia, Turkey, and India (Talhouk 1975; Kumar 2013). Apart from fig, Nerium
oleander, Pistacia lentiscus, and P. terebinthus are
its common host plants (Balachowsky & Mesnil 1935). About 100 per cent
plant infestation by C. rusci in Annona muricata was recorded
with 100 per cent of its shoot infestation (Vu et al. 2006). Ceroplastes
rusci infestation in fig was recorded with about 500 nymphs per twig
(Bodkin 1927; Balachowsky & Mesnil 1935; Khasawinah & Talhouk 1964;
Talhouk 1969; Argyriou & Santorini 1980; Mustafa-Al-Antary & Al-Momany
1990; Mustafa-Al-Antary & Sharaf 1994). In India C. rusci has been
reported infesting Mangifera indica, Dalbergia sissoo, Syzygium sp.,
Ziziphus mauritiana, Citrus sp., Ficus benghalensis, F. religiosa,
F. rubiginosa, F. acrocarpa, F. retusa, and F. carica (Del
Guercio 1906; Balachowsky & Mesnil 1935; Talhouk 1975; Morsi & Mousa
2003; Vu et al. 2006; Mifsud et al. 2012; Kumar 2013). Ceroplastes rusci is
also reported as a vector of plant viruses (La Notte et al. 1997). Ben-Dov
(1993) reported 39 plant species hosting C. rusci and subsequently,
Morales et al. (2016) listed 137 host plant species belonging to 48 families of
the world. The finding of the workers proves that C. rusci has wide
range of host plants worldwide. The present survey was carried out to find out
the host-plant species and infestation intensity in Uttarakhand, India and
subsequently check list of host plant of the world was also prepared.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present study was carried out in foothill regions
of Uttarakhand province, India at an elevation range of 200–1,200 m. The plant
species infested with C. rusci were observed from Dehradun (30.349N,
79.002E), Haridwar (29.934N, 77.938E), Udham Singh Nagar (29.022N, 79.484E),
Nainital (29.150N, 79.582E), and Champawat (29.078N, 80.101E) districts during
the years 2018 and 2019. The infestation intensity of C. rusci on each
host plant species was recorded and plant samples were collected and identified
by taxonomists at the Systematic Botany Discipline. Digital photo of
morphological characters and biological stages of C. rusci (Figure 2)
were taken under Leica M-205 microscope fitted with a photographic camera MC190
HD at the Insect Systematic Laboratory, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.
Subsequently, identification of C. rusci also referred to the reports of
Gimpel et al. (1974), Williams & Watson (1990), and Hodgson & Peronti
(2012). Infestation data was statistically analysed for their mean and standard
deviation using Microsoft Excel.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present survey of host plants of C. rusci
in Uttarakhand, India, Chrysanthemum sp., Ocimum gratissimum L.,
Ficus benjamina L., Ficus natalensis Hochst., Grevillea robusta A.Cunn.
ex R.Br. and Geijera parviflora Lindl. were found to be infested with C.
rusci (Table 1 & Figure 1). These host plants were also recorded as new
hosts in India. Kumar (2013) has reported eight host plants of C. rusci,
viz., Citrus sp., D. sissoo, F. benghalensis, F.
religiosa, F. carica, M. indica, Psydium sp., Syzygium sp.,
and Z. mauritiana from India. Ficus benjamina (Balachowsky, 1927)
and Grevillea robusta (Ben-Dov, 1970) were also reported from Israel.
The population intensity (Table 1) of C. rusci was recorded to be
maximum in F. natalensis (132.10 insects m-2) followed by F.
benjamina (27.34 insects m-2), Chrysanthemum sp. (24.60
insects m-2), O. gratissimum (3.67 insects m-2), G.
robusta (3.34 insects m-2), and G. parviflora (2.70
insects m-2). Ceroplastes rusci was recorded to be infesting
to D. sissoo tree with an intensity of about 23.33 insects per twig and
up to 10.00 insect per leaf (Kumar 2013). The present study also revealed that
plants of Moraceae family were preferred hosts of C. rusci in the study
area. Six new host plant species of C. rusci recorded from India,
indicated that C. rusci is a polyphagous species and there are
additional host plants yet to be detected.
Table 1. New host plants of Ceroplastes rusci
and its population intensity in Uttarakhand, India.
|
Botanical name |
Family |
Population (mean ±SD) m-2 |
|
Chrysanthemum sp.* |
Asteraceae |
24.60±3.91 |
|
Ocimum gratissimum L.* |
Lamiaceae |
3.67±1.47 |
|
Ficus benjamina L. |
Moraceae |
27.34±4.53 |
|
Ficus natalensis Hochst.* |
Moraceae |
32.10±3.89 |
|
Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. |
Proteaceae |
3.34±1.39 |
|
Geijera parviflora Lindl.* |
Rutaceae |
2.70±1.02 |
|
*New records for the world |
||
Table 2. Check list of host plant species of Ceroplastes
rusci of the world.
|
|
Family |
Botanical name |
References |
|
1 |
Anacardiaceae |
Mangifera indica # |
Carnero Hernandez & Perez Guerra (1986), Malumphy (2010), Kumar (2013) |
|
2 |
|
Pistacia lentiscus |
Bodenheimer (1928) |
|
3 |
|
Pistacia terebinthus |
Balachowsky & Mesnil (1935) |
|
4 |
|
Pistacia vera |
Ülgentürk & Dokuyucu (2019) |
|
5 |
|
Rhus coriaria |
Marott (1987) |
|
6 |
|
Schinus terebinthifolius |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
7 |
|
Schinus molle |
Bodenheimer (1928) |
|
8 |
|
Searsia gerrardii |
Brain (1920) |
|
9 |
|
Spondias purpurea |
Lincango et al. (2010) |
|
10 |
Annonaceae |
Annona cherimoya |
Nakahara (1983) |
|
11 |
|
Annona muricata |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
12 |
|
Annona reticulata |
Malumphy & Anderson (2011) |
|
13 |
|
Annona squamosa |
Nakahara (1983) |
|
14 |
Apocynaceae |
Alstonia scholaris |
Wu and Wang (2019) |
|
15 |
|
Cascabela thevetia |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
16 |
|
Nerium oleander |
Balachowsky & Mesnil (1935) |
|
17 |
|
Thevetia peruviana |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
18 |
Aquifoliaceae |
Ilex aquifolium |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
19 |
Araliaceae |
Hedera helix |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
20 |
Arecaceae |
Brahea armata |
Malumphy (2010) |
|
21 |
|
Chamaerops humilis |
Marotta (1987) |
|
22 |
|
Cocos nucifera |
Chua (1997) |
|
23 |
|
Dictyosperma album |
Malumphy (2010) |
|
24 |
|
Dypsis lutescens |
Wu & Wang (2019) |
|
25 |
|
Mascarena sp. |
Malumphy (2010) |
|
26 |
|
Phoenix canariensis |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
27 |
|
Phoenix roebelenii |
Malumphy (2010) |
|
28 |
|
Trachycarpus fortunei |
Wu & Wang (2019) |
|
29 |
Asparagaceae |
Ruscus aculeatus |
Marotta (1987) |
|
30 |
Asteraceae |
Argyranthemum frutescens |
Crnero & Perez (1986) |
|
31 |
|
Chrysanthemum sp. # |
New Record |
|
32 |
Balsaminaceae |
Impatiens sultani |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
33 |
Boraginaceae |
Cordia lutea |
Lincango et al. (2010) |
|
34 |
|
Cordia myxa |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
35 |
Buxaceae |
Buxus balearica |
Balachowsky (1939) |
|
36 |
Cannaceae |
Canna sp. |
Ben-Dov (2012) |
|
37 |
Clusiaceae |
Psorospermum sp. |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
38 |
Compositae |
Artemisia sp. |
Crnero & Perez (1986) |
|
39 |
|
Artemisia monosperma |
Ben-Dov (2012) |
|
40 |
Convolvulaceae |
Convolvulus sp. |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
41 |
|
Ipomoea sp. |
Borg (1932) |
|
42 |
|
Ipomoea batatus |
Nakahara (1983) |
|
43 |
Cyperaceae |
Cyperus sp. |
Hall (1922) |
|
44 |
|
Cyperus diffusus |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
45 |
|
Cyperus involucratus |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
46 |
Ebenaceae |
Diospyros austro-africana |
Hodgson & Peronti (2012) |
|
47 |
|
Diospyros glabra |
Hodgson & Peronti (2012) |
|
48 |
|
Euclea sp. |
Hodgson (1969) |
|
49 |
|
Euclea schimperi |
Hodgson & Peronti (2012) |
|
50 |
Ericaceae |
Arbutus unedo |
Balachowsky (1931) |
|
51 |
Euphorbiaceae |
Codiaeum variegatum |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
52 |
|
Euphorbia longan |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
53 |
Fabaceae |
Albizia sp. |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
54 |
|
Dalbergia sissoo # |
Kumar (2013) |
|
55 |
|
Phaseolus caracalla |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
56 |
|
Tamarindus sp. |
Gomez (1958) |
|
57 |
|
Vigna caracalla |
Borg (1932) |
|
58 |
Heliconiaceae |
Heliconia sp. |
Malumphy (2010) |
|
59 |
Hypericaceae |
Psorospermum sp. |
Hodgson (1994) |
|
60 |
|
Psorospermum febrifugum |
Hall (1931) |
|
61 |
Juncaceae |
Juncus acutus |
Carnero & Perez (1986) |
|
62 |
Lauraceae |
Laurus nobilis |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
63 |
|
Persea americana |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
64 |
Lamiaceae |
Ocimum gratissimum |
New Record |
|
65 |
Loranthaceae |
Plicosepalus acaciae |
Ben-Dov (2012) |
|
66 |
Lythraceae |
Lawsonia inermis |
Hall (1923) |
|
67 |
Malvaceae |
Gossypium sp. |
Carnero & Perez (1986) |
|
68 |
|
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis |
Lincango et al. (2010) |
|
69 |
Moraceae |
Ficus amplissima |
Marotta (1987) |
|
70 |
|
Ficus benghalensis # |
Hodgson & Peronti (2012) Kumar (2013) |
|
71 |
|
Ficus benjamina # |
Balachowsky (1927) New record |
|
72 |
|
Ficus carica # |
Green (1917) Balachowsky (1939) Kumar (2013) |
|
73 |
|
Ficus concinna |
Wu & Wang (2019) |
|
74 |
|
Ficus elastica |
Marotta (1987) |
|
75 |
|
Ficus infectoria |
Hodgson & Peronti (2012) |
|
76 |
|
Ficus macrophylla |
Balachowsky (1927) |
|
77 |
|
Ficus microcarpa |
Wu & Wang (2019) |
|
78 |
|
Ficus natalensis |
New Record |
|
79 |
|
Ficus obliqua |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
80 |
|
Ficus pseudosycomorus |
Hall (1922) |
|
81 |
|
Ficus religiosa # |
Kumar (2013) |
|
82 |
|
Ficus retusa |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
83 |
|
Ficus rubiginosa |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
84 |
|
Ficus sycomorus |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
85 |
|
Ficus thonningii |
Hodgson (1994) |
|
86 |
|
Ficus virens |
Bodenheimer (1924) |
|
87 |
|
Morus alba |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
88 |
|
Morus nigra |
Marotta (1987) |
|
89 |
Musaceae |
Musa
sp. |
Hall (1924) |
|
90 |
|
Musa acuminata |
Marotta (1987) |
|
91 |
|
Musa cavendishi |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
92 |
|
Musa paradisiaca |
Hall (1922) |
|
93 |
|
Musa sapientum |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
94 |
Myrtaceae |
Myrtus sp. |
Bodenheimer (1928) |
|
95 |
|
Myrtus communis |
Aziz (1977) |
|
96 |
|
Psydium sp. # |
Kumar (2013) |
|
97 |
|
Psydium guajava |
Hodges et al. (2005) |
|
98 |
|
Syzygium cumini # |
Ben-Dov (1993) Kumar (2013) |
|
99 |
Ochnaceae |
Ochna sp. |
Malumpy & Anderson(2011) |
|
100 |
|
Ochna ciliata |
Williams & Matile (2009) |
|
101 |
Oleaceae |
Olea europaea |
Ulgenturk & Dokuyucu (2019) |
|
102 |
Phyllanthaceae |
Bischofia javanica |
Wu & Wang (2019) |
|
103 |
Pinaceae |
Cedrus deodora |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
104 |
Piperaceae |
Piper sp. |
Hall (1924) |
|
105 |
|
Piper nigrum |
Gomez (1958) |
|
106 |
Pittosporaceae |
Pittosporum tobira |
Marotta (1987) |
|
107 |
Platanaceae |
Platanus orientalis |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
108 |
Proteaceae |
Grevillea robusta # |
Ben-Dov (1970) New Record |
|
109 |
Punicaceae |
Punica granatum |
Bodenheimer (1926) |
|
110 |
Ranunculaceae |
Clematis cirrhosa |
Ben-Dov (2012) |
|
111 |
Rhamnaceae |
Ziziphus mauritiana # |
Kumar (2013) |
|
112 |
Rosaceae |
Amygdalus communis |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
113 |
|
Crataegus azarolus |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
114 |
|
Crataegus vulgaris |
Hodgson & Peronti (2012) |
|
115 |
|
Cydonia sp. |
DeLotto (1978) |
|
116 |
|
Cydonia oblonga |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
117 |
|
Mespilus germanica |
Marotta (1987) |
|
118 |
|
Mespilus monogyna |
Pierce (1917) |
|
119 |
|
Mespilus oryneantha |
Pierce (1917) |
|
120 |
|
Mespilus cocinea |
Pierce (1917) |
|
121 |
|
Pyrus communis |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
122 |
|
Prunus dulcis |
Carnero & Perez (1986) |
|
123 |
|
Prunus domestica |
Hodgson & Peronti (2012) |
|
124 |
Rubiaceae |
Pavetta sp. |
DeLotto (1978) |
|
125 |
|
Ixora sp. |
Hamon & Mason (2017) |
|
126 |
Rutaceae |
Citrus aurantium |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
127 |
|
Citrus limon |
Nakahara (1983) Talhouk (1975) |
|
128 |
|
Citrus maxima |
Ben-Dov (2012) |
|
129 |
|
Citrus paradisi |
Ben-Dov (1993) |
|
130 |
|
Citrus reticulata |
Argyriou & Mourikis (1981) |
|
131 |
|
Citrus sinensis |
Argyriou & Mourikis 1981) |
|
132 |
|
Geijera parviflora# |
New Record |
|
133 |
Salicaceae |
Populus alba |
Marotta (1987) |
|
134 |
|
Populus deltoides |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
135 |
|
Populus nigra |
Pierce (1917) |
|
136 |
|
Populus tremula |
Pierce (1917) |
|
137 |
|
Salix sp. |
Ben-Dov (2012) |
|
138 |
|
Salix babylonica |
Hall (1923) |
|
139 |
Santalaceae |
Osyris alba |
Kozar et al. (1991) |
|
140 |
Sapindaceae |
Dimocarpus longan |
Carnero & Perez (1986) |
|
141 |
|
Dodonaea viscosa |
Hodgson (1994) |
|
142 |
|
Litchi chinensis |
Carnero & Perez (1986) |
|
143 |
|
Nephelium lappaceum |
Ben-Dov (1970) |
|
144 |
|
Sapindus saponaria |
Marotta (1987) |
|
145 |
Sapotaceae |
Sideroxylon oxyacanthurm |
Hodgson (1994) |
|
146 |
|
Mimusops roxburghiana |
Hamon & Mason (2017) |
|
147 |
Smilacaceae |
Smilax aspera |
Kozar& Franco (1995) |
|
148 |
Strelitziaceae |
Strelitzia reginae |
Carnero & Perez (1986) |
|
149 |
|
Strelitzia nicolai |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
150 |
Umbelliferae |
Bupleurum sp. |
Gomez (1946) |
|
151 |
|
Bupleurum subfructicosum |
Malumpy & Anderson (2011) |
|
152 |
Vitaceae |
Vitis vinifera |
Balachowsky (1927) |
|
153 |
Thymelaeaceae |
Synaptolepis alternifolia |
Hodgson (1969) |
# Host records of Ceroplastes rusci in India.
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