The first record of Scotozous dormeriDobson, 1875 from Nepal with new locality records of Pipistrellus coromandra (Gray, 1838) and P. tenuis (Temminck, 1840) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Sanjan Thapa 1, Pradeep Subedi 2, Nanda B. Singh 3 & Malcolm
J. Pearch 4
1,3 Central Department
of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, TribhuvanUniversity, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
2 Universal College,Maitidevi, Kathmandu, Nepal
4 Harrison Institute, Centre for Systematics and Biodiversity Research, BowerwoodHouse, 15 St. Botolph’s Road, Sevenoaks,
Kent TN13 3AQ, England
Email: 1 sanjan_thapa@yahoo.com, 2 itsme_mayalu@yahoo.com,3 nandakalikot@gmail.com, 4 harrisoninst@btinternet.com
(corresponding author)
Date
of publication (online): 26 April 2012
Date
of publication (print): 26 April 2012
ISSN
0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Sanjay Molur
Manuscript
details:
Ms
# o2906
Received
09 August 2011
Final
received 14 February 2012
Finally
accepted 18 February 2012
Citation: Thapa, S., P. Subedi, N.B. Singh
& M.J. Pearch (2012). The first record of Scotozous dormeri Dobson,
1875 from Nepal with new locality records of Pipistrellus coromandra (Gray, 1838) and P. tenuis (Temminck, 1840) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal
of Threatened Taxa 4(4): 2481–2489.
Copyright: © Sanjan Thapa, Pradeep Subedi, Nanda B. Singh & Malcolm J. Pearch 2012. Creative Commons Attribution
3.0Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted
use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and
distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of
publication.
Author Details: Sanjan Thapa is Bat Conservation Officer
at the Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation in Kathmandu. His
research interests include ecology and conservation with particular regard to
the taxonomic identification and molecular systematicsof bats. He has a Master’s degree in Zoology from the Central Department of
Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu,
Nepal.
Pradeep Subediis a graduate in Biotechnology and Biochemistry from Universal College, Maitidevi, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Nanda Bahadur Singh is an Associate Professor at the Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University. He has a Ph.D. in Ethnogenetics from the University of Tokyo, Japan.
Malcolm Pearch is a researcher at the Harrison
Institute in Sevenoaks, England, where his principal
area of interest is the biological diversity, distribution, and taxonomy of
small mammal taxa in the terrestrial ecoregions of the Himalayan region.
Acknowledgments:The authors are
pleased to acknowledge Prof. Dr. Ranjana Gupta,
Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University,
for the use of her Department’s facilities; Prof. Paul A. Racey,
University of Aberdeen, for his kind donation of materials and for his continuing encouragement and support; the
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (D.N.P.W.C.) for
granting permission to undertake research in the buffer zone of Koshi Tappu W.R.; Mr. Prem Budha, Central Department of
Zoology, Tribhuvan University, for providing photographic
lenses; the Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation (S.M.C.R.F.),
New Baneshwor, Kathmandu for supplying field and
laboratory equipment; Mr. Dibya Raj Dahal for assisting in the preparation of bacula and
skulls; Stephen Rossiter, Queen Mary, University of
London, for his constructive criticism of the text; Dr. Gabor Csorba, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, for his
continuing support and invaluable guidance; and the reviewers of the manuscript
for their judicious comments. At the Harrison
Institute, the authors are grateful to David Harrison, Paul Bates, and Nikky Thomas for their critical analysis of the manuscript
and for their useful suggestions and advice.
Abstract: Between September
2008 and September 2010, faunal surveys were carried out by the first author inPaschim Kusaha V.D.C.
(Village Development Committee) in the buffer zone of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in south-eastern Nepal. The surveys resulted in the collection of
three species of vespertilionid bats, which included
the first record from Nepal of Dormer’s Pipistrelle Scotozous dormeriDobson, 1875. A brief description is
given of the external, cranial, and dental characters of each of the three
species collected and the bacula of Pipistrellus coromandra and P.tenuis are illustrated.
Keywords: Distribution,
Global 200, Koshi TappuWildlife Reserve, Pipistrellus,Scotozous dormeri, Terai-Duar Savanna and Grasslands.
Abbreviations: The definitions of
measurements are as follows: HB - head and body length; T - tail length; TIB -
tibia length; HF - hindfoot length; FA - forearm
length; Thumb - first metacarpal length; 3mt - third metacarpal length; 1ph3mt
- length of the first phalanx of the third metacarpal; 2ph3mt - length of the
second phalanx of the third metacarpal; 4mt - fourth metacarpal length; 1ph4mt
- length of the first phalanx of the fourth metacarpal; 2ph4mt - length of the
second phalanx of the fourth metacarpal; 5mt - fifth metacarpal length; 1ph5mt
- length of the first phalanx of the fifth metacarpal; 2ph5mt - length of the
second phalanx of the fifth metacarpal; E - ear length; Tragus - tragus length;
GTL - greatest length of skull; CCL - condylo-canine
length; BB - breadth of braincase; PC - postorbital constriction; RW - rostral width; C-M3 - maxillary toothrow length; c-m3 - mandibular toothrow length; M - mandible length; C1-C1 -
anterior palatal width (the distance between the outer borders of the upper
canines); M3-M3 - posterior palatal width (the distance between the outer
borders of the last upper molars); Baculum - baculum length. CA - Conservation Area; F.M.N.H. - The Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A.; NP - National Park; WR - Wildlife
Reserve.
For
figures, images, tables -- click here
Introduction
Three species of Pipistrellus (P. coromandra,P. javanicus,
and P. tenuis)
are known to occur in Nepal (Thapa 2010; Pearch 2011) whilst the monospecificgenus Scotozous,
although prevalent in the adjacent Indian state of Bihar (Bates & Harrison
1997), has remained unrecorded hitherto from the country.
The biological
diversity and distribution of small mammal taxa in
the protected areas of Nepal was discussed by Pearch(2011), who highlighted the need for further volantand non-volant small mammal surveys, notably in those
protected areas of the country that do not return small mammal records
currently (Kanchenjunga CA, Khaptad NP, Koshi Tappu WR, and Royal Bardia NP).
These are the first
surveys focusing on bats to be carried out in the buffer zone of Koshi Tappu WR, which lies wholly
within the critical/endangered Global 200 terrestrial ecoregionnumber 91, Terai-Duar Savanna and Grasslands (Olson
& Dinerstein 2002). Nepal forms part of the Himalaya Hotspot as
defined by Conservation International (2007).
Materials and Methods
Study area
Koshi TappuWildlife Reserve (approximately 26033’57”–26043’40”N
& 86055’15”–87005’02”E) is situated in south-eastern
Nepal in the Terai (Fig. 1), the latter being a
composition of tropical and subtropical savannas, grasslands, and shrublands supporting mainly an Indomalayanfauna (WWF 2001) that stretches from the north-western Indian states of Uttar
Pradesh and Uttarakhand eastwards to the
north-western parts of Assam and the south-eastern fringes of Bhutan.
The reserve,
established in 1976 with an original ground area of 175km2 (reduced
by a G.I.S. survey in 2000 to 149.6km2 (D.N.P.W.C./P.P.P.
2001)), was designated a Ramsar (wetlands of
international importance) site in 1987. Five hundred and fourteen floral taxa are
found within the reserve, principal among which are Indian Rosewood Dalbergia sisso and the
Cutch Tree or Khair Acacia catechu. The Red Silk
Cotton Tree Bombax ceibadominates the forest, which comprises approximately four percent of the
reserve, while about 67 percent of the reserve is covered with grassland (Heinen 1993).
The River Kosi flows from north to south through the eastern part of
the reserve, which is characterised elsewhere by
watercourses, mudfalts, sandbanks, grassland,
savanna, lakes, marshes and riverine forest (I.S.R.W.
1995). The reserve is surrounded on all
sides by a buffer zone, the limits of which lie between one and five km from
the reserve’s boundary (Fig. 2).
Specimens of evening
bats were collected in dwellings or outbuildings in the neighbourhoodof Goshi Tole and Samsul Tole in Paschim Kusaha V.D.C. (Village
Development Committee), the same lying one km south-east of the park
headquarters at Kusaha. The study site, which occupies an area within
the south-eastern section of the buffer zone, is dominated by agricultural land
and scattered trees (mainly Dalbergia sisso).
The reserve has a
seasonal tropical monsoon climate with a wet season lasting from June to mid
September (Sah 1997). The mean annual rainfall at Kusaha ranges from 1601–2000 mm. (D.N.P.W.C. / P.P.P.
2001). The average daily maximum
temperature range is 23.5–33.4 0C (Sah1997). The mean monthly temperature
range is 15.7–29.2 0C (Singh 2001).
Specimens and measurements
The six voucher
specimens, which were collected by hand, were
preserved in 70% ethanol before being transferred to the Museum of the Central
Department of Zoology (CDZ), Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu, where they are retained as wet specimens with skulls extracted. Preparation of the bacula of three specimens (CDZ
TU_BAT 021, CDZ TU_BAT 022, and CDZ TU_BAT 024) and the skulls of all six
specimens followed Bates et al. (2005). Bacula were
photographed through the eye-piece of an Olympus CH microscope using a Canon A 2000 digital camera.
Twenty eight
external, cranial, dental, and bacular measurements
of each specimen were taken (where possible) and these are presented in Tables
1, 2, and 3 together with comparative measurements of specimens of Scotozous dormeri from
India (Table 1) and of Pipistrellus coromandra(Table 2) and P. tenuis(Table 3) from India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, the same listed in Bates
& Harrison (1997).
Systematic review of species
Scotozous dormeri Dobson, 1875
Dormer’s Bat,
Dormer’s Pipistrelle.
Scotozous dormeri Dobson, 1875: 373.
Bellary Hills, India.
New material
01.iv.2009,
1 male (adult) (CDZ TU_BAT 019), 1km south-east of Kusaha,Koshi Tappu Wildlife
Reserve (buffer zone), Sunsari District, 26035’N
& 86058’E, elevation 83m.
Diagnosis and description
The single specimen
exhibits a greyish brown dorsal pelage with pale hair
tips. The ventral surface is paler than
the dorsal with individual hairs having buffy white
tips. Hairs on both dorsal and ventral
areas have dark brown roots; hairs on the dorsum are longer than those on the ventrum. The ears, face, and membranes are a uniform midbrown.
The skull, which is
flattened dorsally, has distinct lambdoidcrests. In the dentition, there is no
secondary cusp on the first upper incisor (i2), which is large with
a distinct posterior cingular cusp. The second upper incisor (i3) is
absent. The upper canine (C1)
has anterior and posterior cingular cusps but no
secondary cusp. The
first upper premolar (pm2), which has a crown area two-thirds that
of i2, is intruded from the toothrow. C1 and the second upper premolar
(pm4) are in close proximity.
The baculum of CDZ
TU_BAT 019 was damaged and was not examined.
Distribution in Nepal
1km
south-east of Kusaha (this paper).
IUCN status
Least
Concern (ver. 3.1, 2001) (Molur & Srinivasulu2008).
Pipistrellus coromandra (Gray, 1838)
Coromandel Pipistrelle, Indian Pipistrelle,
Little Indian Bat.
Scotophilus coromandra Gray, 1838: 498.
Pondicherry, Coromandel coast, India.
New material
31.iii.2009, 2 males
(adult) (CDZ TU_BAT 022, CDZ TU_BAT 024), 1 female (adult) (CDZ TU_BAT
023), 1km south-east of Kusaha, Koshi TappuWildlife Reserve (buffer zone), Sunsari District, 26035’N,
86058’E, elevation 83m.
Diagnosis and description
The dorsal pelage of
the collected material is a uniform chestnut brown. The ventral surface is pale brown; hairs have
cinnamon brown tips and black roots. The
ears and membranes are a uniform mid brown. Some hairs are present on the interfemoralmembrane in the vicinity of the body.
The skull is slightly
elevated posteriorly although, in dorsal profile, it
is essentially straight.
The first upper
incisor (i2) is bicuspidate. The second upper incisor (i3) is
well developed and, in lateral view, is separated narrowly from the upper
canine (C1). C1has a secondary cusp and a marked posterior cingularcusp.
The first upper
premolar (pm2) is intruded from the toothrow,
its crown area equal to that of i2. C1 and the second
upper premolar (pm4) are close to each other but not in
contact. The first lower premolar (pm2)
is extruded marginally from the toothrow; its crown
area is three-quarters that of the second lower premolar (pm4).
The baculum of P. coromandra(CDZ TU_BAT 022) has a mainly straight shaft with a mild depression at
approximately two-thirds of its length, which gives the distal end an elevated
appearance (Fig. 3). The tip of the baculum is
notably bifid and the basal lobes are deflected ventrally. The tip of the right hand fork was broken off
during preparation of the material.
Distribution in Nepal
Bairia (Hinton & Fry 1923). Bardhaha Khola (Royal Chitwan NP) (Myers et
al. 2000); Bharabise (F.M.N.H.); Dudora Nala/Park Rd. (Royal Chitwan NP) (Myers et al. 2000). Hazaria (Hinton & Fry 1923). “Nepal Valley” [Kathmandu Valley] (Scully 1887). Simal Ghol Tal (Royal ChitwanNP) (Myers et al. 2000). Tamar Tal (Royal Chitwan NP) (Myers et
al. 2000). Tiger Tops, Dhangari Khola (Royal Chitwan NP) (Myers et al. 2000).
IUCN status
Least
Concern (ver. 3.1, 2001) (Csorba et al. 2008).
Pipistrellus tenuis (Temminck, 1840)
Least Pipistrelle, Indian Pygmy Bat.
Vespertilio tenuis Temminck,
1840 (1824–1841): 229. Sumatra (Tate, 1942).
Pipistrellus mimus Wroughton,
1899: 722. Mheskatri, Dangs, SuratDistrict, W. India.
New material
31.iii.2009,
1 male (adult) (CDZ TU_BAT 021), 1 female (adult) (CDZ TU_BAT 020), 1km
south-east of Kusaha, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (buffer zone), Sunsari District, 26035’N & 86058’E,
elevation 83m.
Variation
Following the
analysis of Sinha (1980), Bates & Harrison (1997)
refer all specimens from the Indian subcontinent to the subspecificform P. t. mimus.
The new material listed above is referred similarly as the bacularmorphology of CDZ TU_BAT 021 compares favourably with
that of Pipistrellus mimus as
depicted by Hill & Harrison (1987: 290, Fig. 7(g)).
Diagnosis and
description
The pelage on the
dorsal surface is a uniform midbrown with individual
hairs having black roots. Hairs on the
ventral surface, which is paler than the dorsal, have buffybrown tips. The ears and membranes are
dark brown.
Cranial morphology is
similar to P. coromandra (CDZ TU_BAT 022-024) although the average size of the skull is smaller.
In the dentition, the
first upper incisor (i2) is bicuspidate. The robust, second upper incisor (i3)
is slightly higher than the second cusp of i2. i3 is close to, but not in touch with, the upper canine (C1),
which has a distinct posterior secondary cusp. The crown area of the first upper premolar (pm2), which is
intruded from the toothrow, is about half that of i2(cf. Bates & Harrison, 1997: 175, who indicate that in specimens of tenuis from
India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, the crown areas of the two teeth are
“about equal”).
The baculum of the
single male P. tenuis collected from the study area (CDZ TU_BAT 021) has a long, thin shaft and a
notably bifid tip (Fig. 3). The tip is
declined from the horizontal at the most distal part. The basal lobes are clavateand are deflected ventrally at approximately 450 to the shaft.
Distribution in Nepal
Bahwanipur Village (Banke District) (Mitchell, 1980). Bairia (Hinton & Fry 1923). Dudora Nala/Park Rd. (Royal Chitwan NP) (Myers et al. 2000). Hazaria (Hinton & Fry 1923). Sauraha [Sauraba] (H.N.H.M.; Myers et al.
2000). Simal Ghol Tal (Royal ChitwanNP) (Myers et al. 2000). Tamar Tal (Royal Chitwan NP) (Myers et
al. 2000). Tiger Tops, Dhangari Khola (Royal Chitwan NP) (Myers et al. 2000).
IUCN status
Least
Concern (ver. 3.1, 2001) (Francis et al. 2008).
Discussion
Whilst Scotozous dormeri may be distinguished relatively easily from Pipistrellus coromandraand P. tenuison account of its greyish brown dorsal pelage and
pale hair tips on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, it is not possible to
differentiate P. coromandra from P. tenuis using external characters
alone (Bates & Harrison 1997; Srinivasulu et al.
2010) as the two taxa share a similar outward
appearance and there is often to be found an overlap in the ranges of
morphological measurements. It is
considered generally to be the case, however, that coromandra is a larger bat and
this may be evinced by a comparison of cranial measurements of the two taxa (Bates & Harrison 1997; Srinivasuluet al. 2010). It can be seen from Tables
2 and 3 that in each of the mean cranial values given (GTL, CCL, BB, PC, and
RW), specimens of P. coromandra examined within the study area are greater in size than specimens of P. tenuisalthough there remains overlap in the BB, PC, and RW measurement ranges,
notably in the breadth of braincase (BB), where the range given for tenuis falls
wholly within that of coromandra. The complexities of the specific
discrimination of pipistrelles both in Nepal and
elsewhere have been highlighted by Myers et al. (2000) and Hill & Harrison
(1987), respectively. It is suggested that one method of minimisingor eliminating these difficulties would be to use the process of polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) to analyse DNA extracted not
only from the two taxa mentioned but from other Pipistrellusspecies that are difficult to discriminate using conventional taxonomic
methods.
The addition of Scotozous dormeri to
Nepal’s faunal list increases the number of bats known from the country to 51
and the number of non-volant, terrestrial, small
mammal taxa to 119 (see Pearch2011 for details of small mammal species recorded hitherto) while the
collection of Pipistrellus coromandraand P. tenuisfrom the buffer zone of Koshi TappuWR extends the easternmost limit of the two species’ ranges in Nepal by 108km
and 157km, respectively. Of the ten
localities from which P. coromandra is now known in Nepal, nine are either in
the critical/endangered subtropical broadleaf forests of southern and central
Nepal or in the critical/endangered Terai-Duarsavanna and grasslands. All nine of the
localities at which P. tenuis has been collected are also to be found in one
or other of these two critical/endangered ecoregions. The degeneration of habitat in the Terai is occasioned primarily by logging, erosion,
overgrazing, and the clearance of rare grasslands for agricultural purposes
(WWF 2001) and it was estimated over a decade ago that almost 75 percent of theTerai-Duar savanna and grasslands had already been
degraded (WWF 2001). As the small mammal
fauna of this region has not been sampled extensively (Pearch2011), there remains an incomplete understanding of the extent to which
populations of small mammals have been depauperated. The record of S. dormeri brings the number of bat
species occurring only in this ecoregion in Nepal to
three.
Following the
collection of the material discussed herein in the buffer zone of Koshi Tappu WR, it is recommended
that a detailed survey of the Reserve, itself, be undertaken. The recommendation of Pearch(2011) that similar surveys be carried out in the other three protected areas
in Nepal that return no records of small mammals is reiterated. The primary focus of attention in this
respect should be Royal Bardia NP in south-western
Nepal (Fig. 1), firstly, as it comprises both the critical/endangered ecoregions mentioned above and, secondly, because it
retains some of the best preserved tracts of natural tall grassland habitat in
Nepal (Thapa et al. 2010; WWF 2001). As pressure on the habitats in southern Nepal
increases, it is essential that the component fauna of protected areas in Nepal
and the efficacy of those areas in the conservation of small mammals is
understood properly.
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