Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2021 | 13(13): 20033–20055
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7239.13.13.20033-20055
#7239 | Received 03 March 2021 | Final
received 13 September 2021 | Finally accepted 10 October 2021
The woody flora of Shettihalli
Wildlife Sanctuary, central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India - A checklist
Kanda Naveen Babu 1,
Kurian Ayushi 2, Vincy K. Wilson 3, Narayanan Ayyappan
4 & Narayanaswamy
Parthasarathy 5
1,3,5 Department of Ecology and
Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University,
Puducherry 605014, India.
1–4 Department of Ecology, French
Institute of Pondicherry, 11, Saint Louis Street, White town, Puducherry
605001, India.
2 Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Madhav Nagar, Karnataka 576104, India.
1 naveenbabu.k@ifpindia.org, 2
ayushi.k@ifpindia.org, 3 vincy.k@ifpindia.org, 4 ayyappan.n@ifpindia.org
(corresponding author), 5 nparthasarathypu@gmail.com
Editor: Aparna Watve, Biome Conservation
Foundation, Pune, India. Date of publication:
26 November 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Babu, K.N., K. Ayushi, V.K.
Wilson, N. Ayyappan & N. Parthasarathy (2021). The woody flora of Shettihalli Wildlife
Sanctuary, central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India - A checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(13): 20033–20055. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7239.13.13.20033-20055
Copyright: © Babu et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Department of Biotechnology,
Government of India [No.BT/Coord.II/10/02/2016/22.03.2018].
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author
details: Kanda
Naveen Babu is a doctoral student. Currently,
he is involved in an all-India coordinated project, “Biodiversity
characterization at community level in India using Earth observation data”, in
the central Western Ghats. Kurian Ayushi
is a doctoral student and involved in the same project. Vincy K Wilson is a doctoral student who works on forest
dynamics in the central Western Ghats. Narayanan
Ayyappan is the principal investigator of the project, holds a PhD
degree in ecology and works as a scientist. He is actively engaged in research
on plant biodiversity, functional ecology and vegetation dynamics in long-term
monitoring plots of Western Ghats. Narayanaswamy
Parthasarathy is a professor with the expertise in forest ecology,
taxonomy, and ecology of lianas. For more than three decades, he is engaged in
biodiversity studies in Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and tropical dry
evergreen forests of Coromandel coast of India
Authors
contributions: KNB – contributed to the
fieldwork, identification, photography and manuscript writing; KA - contributed
to the fieldwork, identification and specimen processing; VKW – contributed to
the fieldwork, specimen processing and photography; NA - contributed to the
work design, fieldwork, identification and review of the manuscript; NP –
contributed to the specimen identification, guidance and review of the
manuscript.
Acknowledgements: This work has been carried out as
part of a project on “Biodiversity characterization at community level in India
using Earth observation data”. We gratefully acknowledge the Department of
Biotechnology and Department of Space, Government of India, to support this
research. We thank the Karnataka Forest Department for granting permission for
the above project and the Shettihalli Wildlife and Territorial divisions’
forest department officials for their support. Thanks are due to the
anti-poaching watchers and guards for accompanying us in the field. The authors
are thankful to Mr Anandhapriyan and Mr Biswajith for their support during a
brief period of the fieldwork. Our sincere thanks to Dr N. Balachandran and Mr
N. Barathan, IFP, for their support in processing, preserving and identifying
specimens.
Abstract: Documenting the biodiversity of
protected areas and reserve forests is important to researchers, academicians
and forest departments in their efforts to establish policies to protect
regional biodiversity. Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) is an important
protected area located in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka state known
for its diverse flora and fauna with distinct ecological features. For the last
four decades the sanctuary has witnessed the loss of forest cover, yet the
vegetation in few locations is relatively undisturbed. The current inventory
was undertaken during 2019–2020 to provide a checklist of woody species from
SWS under-researched earlier. The list comprises 269 species of trees, lianas
and shrubs distributed in 207 genera and 68 families. The most diverse families
are Fabaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Lauraceae, Apocynaceae, Meliaceae,
Malvaceae, Phyllanthaceae, and Anacardiaceae, representing 48% of total woody
flora. The sanctuary shelters 263 native and six exotic plant species.
Thirty-nine species were endemic to the Western Ghats, five species to
peninsular India and one species to the Western Ghats and Andaman & Nicobar
Islands. Four forest types, i.e., dry deciduous, moist deciduous,
semi-evergreen, and evergreen forests, are represented in the sanctuary. Of the
total species, only seven occurred in all forest types, while 111 species are
exclusive to a single forest type. One-hundred-and-four taxa were assessed for
the International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources
(IUCN) Red List. Ten species that fall under Near Threatened, Vulnerable, and
Endangered categories were encountered occasionally. The baseline data
generated on plant diversity will be useful in highlighting the importance of
these forests for species conservation and forest management. Such data form a
cornerstone for further research. For instance, to understand the effect of
invasive species and human impacts on the diversity of the region.
Keywords: Disturbance, endemic species,
forest types, IUCN status, lianas, shrubs, trees.
Abbreviations: AN – Andaman & Nicobar
Islands; DD – Data Deficient; DDF – tropical dry deciduous forest; EG – Eastern
Ghats; EGF – tropical evergreen forest;
EN – Endangered; HIFP – Herbarium of Institute Francis Puducherry; IFP –
French Institute of Pondicherry; IUCN –International Union for Conservation of
Nature & Natural Resources; LC – Least Concern; MDF – tropical moist deciduous forest; NE – Not
Evaluated; NT – Near Threatened; PI – Peninsular India; SEGF – tropical
semi-evergreen forest; SWS – Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary; VU – Vulnerable;
WG – Western Ghats.
INTRODUCTION
India is one of the 17 mega
biodiversity countries globally (Singh et al. 2015), and the Western Ghats
constitute one of the 36 biodiversity hotspots. The Western Ghats are known for
their exceptional biological diversity, with a high degree of endemism
(Ahamedullah & Nayar 1986; Reddy et al. 2021) and a long history of field
studies within and outside protected areas. Over the past few decades, there
has been growing concern about the loss of biodiversity from the hotspots
subjected to numerous threats (Marchese 2015), with deforestation as the
primary threat; for instance the Western Ghats lost 35% of forest cover between
1920 and 2013 (Reddy et al. 2016). On the other hand, recent reviews report
that annually an average of 198 new plant species are discovered from India
(Reddy et al. 2021), accounting for 10% of new plant discoveries globally. But
with current extinction rates we may lose many species before documentation.
Furthermore, it is necessary to assess a species based on the revised IUCN Red
List criteria for effective conservation as currently protected areas
experience numerous threats (IUCN 2017). In this context, it is crucial to
investigate underexplored areas to identify species of importance for
conservation actions.
Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary
(SWS), one of the 25 sanctuaries of the central Western Ghats in the Shivamogga
district, has undergone tremendous changes in the past. The region is home to
rich plant diversity with a range of forest types due to variation in rainfall,
elevation, and temperature. Over the past five decades, large areas have been
cleared for hydroelectric projects, dams, plantations and agricultural
operations (Anonymous 2005). A four-decadal analysis (1973–2012) of land use
and land cover changes in the region reveals that the forest vegetation has
declined by 21.5% (Ramachandra et al. 2013).
A review of the literature shows
that botanical explorations in the Shivamogga region are poor except for the
available district flora (Ramaswamy et al. 2001), the flora of Agumbe and
Tirthahalli areas (Raghavan 1970; Rao & Krishnamurthy 2021) and a few
ecological inventories: plant diversity of the Kaan forest in Sagar (Gunaga et
al. 2015) and ethnobotanical information of Hosanagara (Shivanna &
Rajakumar 2011). Specifically, the SWS was underexplored for floristic
enumeration except for the only study by Ramaswamy et al. (2001), who sampled a
part of the sanctuary. Therefore, this study was undertaken to document woody
flora from deciduous and evergreen forests of SWS in the central Western Ghats
with a note on endemic species diversity and conservation status.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Study area
Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary is
situated in the Malanad region of central Western Ghats, distributed over six
forest ranges of three taluks in the Shivamogga district, Karnataka state,
India (Figure 1). The spatial extent of SWS is 395.6 km2 and lies
between 75.167 to 75.583 longitude and 13.667 to 14.083 latitude (Anonymous 2005). It was notified in 1974 as
it is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, morphological, and zoological
significance to protect wildlife and its environment. SWS experiences a
tropical climate, with the mean annual precipitation that varies from 1,044 mm
to 3,076 mm during the period 2010–2018 (Fick & HIjmans 2017; https://worldclim.org/).
Similarly, the mean minimum and maximum temperatures range 17.50–19.38 °C and
27.76–29.92 °C, respectively. The site receives bulk rainfall during
June–October, with maximum precipitation in July. March is reported as the
driest month. The landscape is characterized by undulating hills with steep
terrains in the western part of the sanctuary, with elevation ranging from 850
to 1,050m. The eastern slopes’ terrain is plain with an elevation that starts
from 600 m and experiences low rainfall and high temperature. The sanctuary has
two large open water bodies (Image 1B), and acts as a catchment basin for the
Kumudvathi river. Geologically, SWS consists of various rock formations of the
Archean gneisses, sandstones, and granites. Soils of SWS are ferrallitic to
lateritic and mostly acidic (Bourgeon 1989). The abandoned Manganese ore
quarries occur in three different locations inside the sanctuary (Image 1E).
The landscape is dominated by moist deciduous forest besides semi-evergreen and
evergreen forests on the hilltops of the sanctuary’s western side (Anonymous
2005). The sanctuary is the host for 32 enclosures and 75 villages. The
people’s livelihood is mainly on the agriculture and seasonal collection of
forest resources, including fuelwood.
Sampling, identification, and
herbarium
A reconnaissance survey was
carried out in November 2018 to understand the land use and land cover types in
the landscape. Botanical explorations for woody flora (trees, lianas and
shrubs) were made from Feb–Mar 2019 and Oct–Nov 2020 in the study site using a
random sampling approach. Efforts were made to cover the maximum area of the
region. Voucher specimens were collected, methodologically processed, and
identified to the species level with assistance from botanists from IFP with
expertise in the Western and Eastern Ghats flora identification (Saldanha &
Nicholson 1976; Saldanha 1996; Gamble & Fischer 1915–1935; Ramaswamy et al.
2001). Species identification keys (Pascal & Ramesh 1987; Ramesh et al.
2010; http://www.biotik.org/), and specimens from the Herbier Institut Français
de Pondichéry (HIFP) were used as reference. All mounted vouchers were deposited
in the HIFP with the accession numbers (HIFP series). The current checklist
follows APG IV classification, with the families listed alphabetically with
their represented species (Chase et al. 2016). The species nomenclature was
updated following Nayar et al. (2014). The endemic species distribution was
assigned with the help of a published source (Singh et al. 2015), and
conservation status was accessed from the IUCN (2021). Attempts were made to
categorize species as common and rare, particularly for endemic and threatened
species in the field.
RESULTS
Floristic diversity
This study recorded 269 woody
species (trees, lianas and shrubs) belonging to 207 genera and 68 families as
per the APG IV (Chase et al. 2016) classification, including three species not
identified to the species level (Table 1). Of the species recorded, 269 are
angiosperms and one was a gymnosperm: Gnetum edule (Gnetaceae).
Dicots constituted the significant woody flora, with 263 species from 203
genera and 63 families, and the monocot contribution was six species belonging
to seven genera and four families. Trees were represented by 184 (68%) species,
followed by lianas with 67 (27%) and shrubs with 18 (7%) (Figure 2). The most
diverse families include Fabaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Lauraceae,
Apocynaceae, Meliaceae, Malvaceae, Phyllanthaceae, and Anacardiaceae, which
together represent 48% species and 46% genera of woody flora (Figure 3). The
top 20 species-rich families comprised 69% (208 species) of the 269 species identified
from the sanctuary. The most diverse genera include Ficus (13 species); Dalbergia,
Cissus, Diospyros, and Terminalia (4 species each); Artocarpus,
Grewia, Holigarna, Jasminum, Litsea, Memecylon,
Senna, Syzygium, and Ziziphus (3 species each). Single
species represent 174 (85.3%) genera and 30 (43.5%) families. The species
diversity and dominant family composition varied among the life-forms (Table
2). Out of the 269 identified species, 263 are native to India, and six species
are exotic but naturalized. Two alien invasives and Lantana camara
and Chromolaena odorata (a non-woody herb to under-shrub; Image
1H), are distributed widely inside the sanctuary.
Distribution of taxa among the
vegetation types
Four types of vegetation were
identified from SWS, i.e., tropical dry deciduous forest (DDF), moist deciduous
forest (MDF; Image 1D), semi-evergreen (SEGF; Image 1C) and evergreen forests
(EGF). Taxa-wise distribution among the vegetation revealed that a maximum
number of species inhabit MDF (106 species), followed by SEF (61 species), DDF
(58 species), and EGF with 44 species (Table 1). Of the total species, just
seven species (Ehretia canarensis, Terminalia bellirica, Dillenia
pentagyna, Lagerstroemia microcarpa, Grewia tiliifolia, Ziziphus
oenoplia, and Schleichera oleosa) occurred in all the forest types,
while 111 species are exclusive to a single type of vegetation. The unique
species varied greatly between 13 species from DDF to 27 to 39 species in other
forest types (Table 1). Of the total liana species, Ziziphus oenoplia
alone occurred in all forest types.
IUCN Red List categories
Out of 266 species identified to
species level, only 104 (39%) are listed in the IUCN Red List assessment (Table
1; Figure 4). Categories such as Least Concern (with 79 species), Vulnerable
(14), Near Threatened (six), Endangered (three), and Data Deficient (two)
were listed from the study area.
Endemic distribution
From the woody flora documented
from SWS, we recognized 38 species endemic to the Western Ghats, six species
endemic to peninsular India and one species to the Western Ghats and Andaman
& Nicobar Islands (Table 1; Images 2–5). Ninty-eight per-cent (44 species)
of endemic species are reported from semi-evergreen and evergreen forest types
(five and 13 species unique to SEGF and EGF, respectively). Of the 45 endemics,
only two species Ehretia canarensis and Lagerstroemia microcarpa,
were found in all the four vegetation types.
DISCUSSION
The study produced a
comprehensive checklist of woody species of SWS, which indicates that the
region is moderately diverse concerning angiosperms. The study revealed that
the landscape is complex with mosaics of natural forests (dry to evergreen) to
managed plantations (Teak, Eucalyptus, and Acacia species) and
the human habitations surrounded by agricultural lands (Image 1G). Moist
deciduous forests spread across the sanctuary, whereas semi-evergreen and
evergreen forests were restricted to the western slopes of hilltops. Deciduous
forests are limited to the eastern part, dominated by teak plantations.
In the present study, trees
formed a major portion of the list, followed by lianas and shrubs (Figure 2).
However, this can be confirmed by quantitative ecological inventories and
botanical explorations in future from the region. Our results coincide with the
floristic enumeration from the Agumbe region adjacent to SWS, wherein authors
reported diverse woody flora (trees – 185 species; lianas – 117 species; shrubs
– 62 species, Rao & Krishnamurthy 2021). Ramaswamy et al (2001) described
850 species of angiosperms from the Shivamogga district. The present checklist
adds 92 woody species from SWS (69 trees, 16 lianas and seven shrubs; Table 2)
to the district flora which were not reported earlier. This shows the floristic
wealth of SWS and the importance of biodiversity documentation from unexplored
areas. With an intensive exploration especially for herbs during the peak
growing season, there is a scope for enriching the flora with new additions.
Species distribution pattern unveiled
the adaptability of seven (2%) generalist species across all vegetation types
despite variations in topographic, environmental and edaphic features.
Similarly, 111 (44%) are specialists, exhibiting restricted distribution to
other forest types might be due to the variation in micro-climatic conditions
and restricted ecological niche. In our study area, the occurrence of a large
number of tree populations of valuable timber species such as Tectona
grandis, Lagerstroemia microcarpa, Dalbergia latifolia and
four species of Terminalia portray the economic value of the forest. Of
these, except T. grandis and L. microcarpa, all others are having
a higher wood specific density (>0.72 g cm-3; Agarwal 1970), which is a
typical value for hardwood species (as per Nogueira et al. 2005) and obviously,
such species likely to contain more carbon compared to other tropical tree
species. This characterizes the landscape with considerably higher carbon
sequestration potential, which deserves further investigation.
Of the 10 biogeographic zones in
the country, Western Ghats harbours the maximum number of endemic species
(2,327 species; Reddy et al. 2021). In our study, we found 45 species that are
endemic to the Western Ghats and peninsular India. Although the number is low,
few species like Lagerstroemia microcarpa, Terminalia paniculata,
Flacourtia montana, Tabernaemontana alternifolia,
and Cinnamomum malabatrum are encountered commonly across the
sanctuary. Conversely, 13 endemic species were found occasionally (rare category).
They include Arenga wightii, Drypetes confertiflora,
Pinanga dicksonii, Polyalthia fragrans, Dolichandrone
arcuata, Miquelia dentata, Blachia andamanica
ssp. denudata, Croton malabaricus, Syzygium laetum,
Calamus gamblei, Holigarna grahamii, Hymenodictyon obovatum,
and Beilschmiedia wightii). Moreover, SWS is also host to 10
species of elevated conservation concern (A. wightii, Santalum album,
Cryptocarya wightiana, Cayratia pedata, Hopea ponga, Syzygium
caryophyllatum, Beilschmiedia wightii, Dipterocarpus indicus,
Symplocos macrocarpa ssp. kanarana, Chloroxylon swietenia;
IUCN 2021), which were found occasionally. Lastly, the study site harboured
four medicinal species (as per Ravikumar & Ved 2000; Gowthami et al. 2021)
of elevated conservation concern such as Dysoxylum malabaricum
(Endangered), Cayratia pedata (Vulnerable), Hydnocarpus pentandrus
(Vulnerable), and S. album (Vulnerable). Conservation effort needs to be
directed towards protecting these species before they become rare from the
region.
In the past, the sanctuary was
subjected to many anthropogenic disturbances, including settlements, forest
encroachment, mining and agricultural activities, and monoculture plantations.
During our botanical explorations, authors have noticed dense growth of
invasive alien species, i.e., Chromolaena odorata and Lantana
camara, especially in the eastern parts of the sanctuary, posing a
threat to the native flora. Due to the presence of 70 villages inside the
sanctuary, most places are accessed by humans. Harvesting of plants for local
use and grazing by livestock are evident in addition to the ongoing
agricultural practices inside the sanctuary. Also, frequent forest fires are a
major threat to the plant biodiversity of the region, especially around human habitations
(Anonymous 2005). Considering the above facts and the plant biodiversity of the
SWS with important endemic and threatened taxa coupled with distinct
microclimatic conditions, the area deserves further research on investigating
plant diversity, population assessment of endemic and threatened species, and
forest structure concerning forest types and disturbances in the sanctuary in
order to formulate strategies for conservation and better management.
Table 1. Checklist of woody
species from Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, central Western Ghats, India.
|
|
Family/Species |
Life-form |
Forest type |
IUCN status |
Endemic distribution |
Accession number |
|
|
Achariaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken |
Tree |
EGF |
VU |
WG |
HIFP 27150 |
|
|
Anacardiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
Buchanania lanzan Spreng. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27202 |
|
3 |
Holigarna arnottiana Hook. f. |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27219 |
|
4 |
Holigarna beddomei Hook. f. |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27256 |
|
5 |
Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
WG |
SWS 41 |
|
6 |
Lannea coromandelica
(Houtt.) Merr. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27231 |
|
7 |
Mangifera indica L. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
DD |
- |
HIFP 27159 |
|
8 |
Nothopegia racemosa (Dalzell) Ramamoorthy |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27228 |
|
9 |
Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 62 |
|
|
Ancistrocladaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex J. Graham |
Liana |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27269 |
|
|
Annonaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook. f. & Thomson |
Liana |
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27270 |
|
12 |
Desmos chinensis
var. lawii (Hook. f. & Thomson) Ban |
Liana |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27304 |
|
13 |
Miliusa indica
Lesch. ex A. DC. |
Tree |
DDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27182 |
|
14 |
Miliusa velutina
(Dunal) Hook. f. & Thomson |
Tree |
DDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 47 |
|
15 |
Polyalthia fragrans (Dalz.) Bedd. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27170 |
|
16 |
Uvaria narum
(Dunal) Wall. ex Wight & Arn. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27152 |
|
|
Apocynaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. |
Tree |
EGF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27174 |
|
18 |
Anodendron paniculatum (Roxb.) A. DC. |
Liana |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27285 |
|
19 |
Carissa spinarum
L. var. spinarum |
Liana |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 10 |
|
20 |
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27298 |
|
21 |
Gymnema sylvestre
(Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27274 |
|
22 |
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 40 |
|
23 |
Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27284 |
|
24 |
Secamone emetica (Retz.) R.Br. ex Schult. |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 58 |
|
25 |
Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NT |
WG |
HIFP 27142 |
|
26 |
Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27126 |
|
|
Araceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
Pothos scandens
L. |
Liana |
EGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 54 |
|
|
Araliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27286 |
|
|
Arecaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 |
Arenga wightii Griff. |
Tree |
EGF |
VU |
WG |
HIFP 27247 |
|
30 |
Calamus gamblei
Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f. |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27309 |
|
31 |
Caryota urens
L. |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27179 |
|
32 |
Pinanga dicksonii
(Roxb.) Blume |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
SWS 52 |
|
|
Asparagaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. |
Liana |
MDF; EGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 6 |
|
|
Bignoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
34 |
Dolichandrone arcuata (Wight) C. B. Clarke |
Tree |
DDF |
NE |
PI (WG
&EG) |
HIFP 27196 |
|
35 |
Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) K. Schum. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
PI |
HIFP 27157 |
|
36 |
Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn) Mabb. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27122 |
|
|
Boraginaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
Cordia dichotoma
G. Forst. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 77 |
|
38 |
Cordia macleodii
(Griff.) Hook. f. & Thomson |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27197 |
|
39 |
Ehretia canarensis
(C. B. Clarke) Gamble |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
PI |
HIFP 27164 |
|
|
Burseraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
Canarium strictum Roxb. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27165 |
|
41 |
Garuga pinnata
Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27117 |
|
|
Calophyllaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27209 |
|
|
Cannabaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
Aphananthe cuspidata (Blume) Planch. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27120 |
|
44 |
Celtis philippensis
Blanco |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 14 |
|
45 |
Celtis tetrandra
Roxb. |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 15 |
|
46 |
Trema orientalis
(L.) Blume |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27189 |
|
|
Casuarinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
47 |
Casuarina equisetifolia L.* |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 13 |
|
|
Celastraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
48 |
Cassine glauca
(Rottb.) Kuntze |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 12 |
|
49 |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. |
Liana |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27283 |
|
50 |
Loeseneriella arnottiana (Wight) A.C. Sm. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27262 |
|
51 |
Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou |
Shrub |
DDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 45 |
|
|
Clusiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
WG |
HIFP 27212 |
|
53 |
Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27241 |
|
|
Combretaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
54 |
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill.
& Perr. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 4 |
|
55 |
Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Lam. ex Poir. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27275 |
|
56 |
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27151 |
|
57 |
Terminalia chebula Retz. |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 68 |
|
58 |
Terminalia elliptica Willd. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27236 |
|
59 |
Terminalia paniculata Roth |
Tree |
DDF; MDF; SEGF |
NE |
PI |
HIFP 27259 |
|
|
Connaraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
60 |
Connarus wightii Hook. f. |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27279 |
|
61 |
Rourea minor
(Gaertn.) Alston |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27281 |
|
|
Convolvulaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
62 |
Erycibe paniculata
Roxb. |
Liana |
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27261 |
|
63 |
Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 63 |
|
|
Cornaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 |
Alangium salviifolium ssp. sundanum (Miq.)
Bloemb. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27263 |
|
|
Dichapetalaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
65 |
Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27258 |
|
|
Dilleniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
66 |
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27206 |
|
|
Dioscoreaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
67 |
Dioscorea hispida Dennst. |
Liana |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27300 |
|
|
Dipterocarpaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
68 |
Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. |
Tree |
EGF |
EN |
WG |
SWS 25 |
|
69 |
Hopea ponga
(Dennst.) Mabb. |
Tree |
EGF |
VU |
WG |
HIFP 27245 |
|
70 |
Shorea roxburghii
G. Don |
Tree |
SEGF |
VU |
- |
HIFP 27249 |
|
|
Ebenaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
71 |
Diospyros assimilis Bedd. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
PI |
HIFP 27124 |
|
72 |
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27130 |
|
73 |
Diospyros montana Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27195 |
|
74 |
Diospyros sylvatica Roxb. |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27234 |
|
|
Elaeagnaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
75 |
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27264 |
|
|
Elaeocarpaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
76 |
Elaeocarpus serratus L. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27235 |
|
|
Erythroxylaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 |
Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 27 |
|
|
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
78 |
Blachia andamanica
ssp. denudata (Benth.) N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27255 |
|
79 |
Croton caudatus
Geiseler |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 22 |
|
80 |
Croton malabaricus
Bedd. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27149 |
|
81 |
Givotia moluccana
(L.) Sreem. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 34 |
|
82 |
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27204 |
|
83 |
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27161 |
|
84 |
Mallotus repandus (Rottler ex Willd.) Muell.-Arg. |
Shrub |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27292 |
|
|
Gnetaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 |
Gnetum edule
(Willd.) Blume |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27287 |
|
|
Hernandiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
86 |
Gyrocarpus asiaticus Willd. |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 39 |
|
|
Icacinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
87 |
Miquelia dentata Bedd. |
Liana |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
SWS 48 |
|
88 |
Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabb. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27184 |
|
|
Lamiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murray |
Tree |
EGF; MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27201 |
|
90 |
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27229 |
|
91 |
Gmelina arborea
Roxb. |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 36 |
|
92 |
Gmelina asiatica
L. |
Shrub |
DDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 37 |
|
93 |
Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham.
ex D. Don) Kudô |
Shrub |
MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 42 |
|
94 |
Tectona grandis
L. f. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 67 |
|
95 |
Vitex altissima
L. f. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27210 |
|
|
Lauraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
96 |
Actinodaphne angustifolia (Blume) Nees |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
LC |
WG |
HIFP 27251 |
|
97 |
Actinodaphne tadulingamii Gamble |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
NT |
WG |
HIFP 27198 |
|
98 |
Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27193 |
|
99 |
Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex Hook.f. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NT |
WG |
HIFP 27139 |
|
100 |
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) J. Presl |
Tree |
EGF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
WG |
HIFP 27178 |
|
101 |
Cryptocarya wightiana Thwaites |
Tree |
EGF |
VU |
- |
HIFP 27250 |
|
102 |
Litsea floribunda
(Blume) Gamble |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NT |
WG |
HIFP 27138 |
|
103 |
Litsea ghatica
C. J. Saldanha |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
VU |
WG |
HIFP 27137 |
|
104 |
Litsea mysorensis
Gamble |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
VU |
WG |
HIFP 27191 |
|
105 |
Persea macrantha
(Nees) Kosterm |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27163 |
|
106 |
Phoebe paniculata
(Nees) Nees |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27192 |
|
|
Lecythidaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
107 |
Careya arborea
Roxb. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 9 |
|
|
Fabaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
108 |
Acacia auriculiformis
Benth. |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 1 |
|
109 |
Acacia caesia
(L.) Willd. |
Liana |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27282 |
|
110 |
Acacia sinuata
(Lour.) Merr. |
Liana |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27280 |
|
111 |
Albizia lebbeck
(L.) Benth. |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27136 |
|
112 |
Albizia odoratissima
(L. f.) Benth. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27145 |
|
113 |
Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27187 |
|
114 |
Bauhinia racemosa Lam. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27200 |
|
115 |
Butea monosperma
(Lam.) Taub. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 8 |
|
116 |
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27289 |
|
117 |
Cassia fistula
L. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 11 |
|
118 |
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27302 |
|
119 |
Dalbergia lanceolaria L. f. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 23 |
|
120 |
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
VU |
- |
SWS 24 |
|
121 |
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27303 |
|
122 |
Derris trifoliata
Lour. |
Liana |
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27276 |
|
123 |
Endosamara racemosa (Roxb.) R. Geesink |
Liana |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27295 |
|
124 |
Entada rheedii
Spreng. |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 26 |
|
125 |
Erythrina stricta Roxb. |
Tree |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27143 |
|
126 |
Moullava spicata (Dalzell) Nicolson |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27301 |
|
127 |
Mucuna pruriens
(L.) DC. |
Liana |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27272 |
|
128 |
Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. |
Shrub |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 51 |
|
129 |
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 53 |
|
130 |
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NT |
- |
SWS 55 |
|
131 |
Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Santapau & Wagh |
Liana |
DDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 56 |
|
132 |
Senna hirsuta
(L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby* |
Shrub |
MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 73 |
|
133 |
Senna siamea
(Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27154 |
|
134 |
Senna tora (L.)
Roxb. |
Shrub |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 59 |
|
135 |
Spatholobus parviflorus (Roxb. ex DC.) Kuntze |
Liana |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27288 |
|
136 |
Tamarindus indica L.* |
Tree |
DDF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27217 |
|
137 |
Xylia xylocarpa
(Roxb.) W. Theob. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27237 |
|
|
Loganiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
138 |
Strychnos nux-vomica L. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 64 |
|
139 |
Strychnos potatorum L. f. |
Tree |
MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 65 |
|
|
Lythraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
140 |
Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27244 |
|
141 |
Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. |
Tree |
DDF |
NE |
|
SWS 43 |
|
|
Magnoliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
142 |
Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27127 |
|
|
Malpighiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
143 |
Hiptage benghalensis
(L.) Kurz |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27277 |
|
|
Malvaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
144 |
Bomax ceiba
L. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 7 |
|
145 |
Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27211 |
|
146 |
Grewia nervosa
(Lour.) Panigrahi |
Tree |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27169 |
|
147 |
Grewia rhamnifolia
Roth |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27306 |
|
148 |
Grewia tiliifolia
Vahl |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27207 |
|
149 |
Helicteres isora L. |
Shrub |
DDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 74 |
|
150 |
Kydia calycina
Roxb. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27223 |
|
151 |
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27129 |
|
152 |
Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27220 |
|
153 |
Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex DC. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27183 |
|
|
Melastomataceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
154 |
Memecylon talbotianum Brandis |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27254 |
|
155 |
Memecylon umbellatum Burm. f. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27253 |
|
156 |
Memecylon wightii Thwaites |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27248 |
|
|
Meliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
157 |
Aglaia elaeagnoidea
(A. Juss.) Benth. |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27181 |
|
158 |
Aglaia lawii
(Wight) C. J. Saldanha |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 2 |
|
159 |
Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27199 |
|
160 |
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27185 |
|
161 |
Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. |
Shrub |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 18 |
|
162 |
Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex Hiern |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
MDF |
EN |
WG |
HIFP 27218 |
|
163 |
Melia dubia
Cav. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 46 |
|
164 |
Reinwardtiodendron anamalaiense (Bedd.) Mabb. |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27119 |
|
165 |
Toona ciliata
M. Roem. |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 69 |
|
166 |
Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27175 |
|
|
Menispermaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
167 |
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Liana |
EGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 3 |
|
168 |
Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. |
Liana |
EGF |
DD |
- |
SWS 21 |
|
169 |
Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27290 |
|
170 |
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. &
Thomson |
Liana |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27265 |
|
|
Moraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
171 |
Artocarpus gomezianus ssp. zeylanicus Jarrett |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27177 |
|
172 |
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. |
Tree |
EGF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27140 |
|
173 |
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
LC |
WG |
SWS 5 |
|
174 |
Ficus arnottiana
(Miq.) Miq. var. arnottiana |
Tree |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27230 |
|
175 |
Ficus benghalensis
L. |
Tree |
DDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 29 |
|
176 |
Ficus callosa
Willd. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27186 |
|
177 |
Ficus drupacea
var. pubescens (Roth) Corner |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27215 |
|
178 |
Ficus exasperata
Vahl |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27224 |
|
179 |
Ficus hispida
L. f. |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 30 |
|
180 |
Ficus microcarpa
L. f. |
Tree |
EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27243 |
|
181 |
Ficus nervosa
B. Heyne ex Roth |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27146 |
|
182 |
Ficus racemosa
L. |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 31 |
|
183 |
Ficus talbotii
King |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27232 |
|
184 |
Ficus tinctoria
ssp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner |
Tree |
MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 32 |
|
185 |
Ficus tsjahela
Burm.f. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27225 |
|
186 |
Ficus virens
Aiton |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27226 |
|
187 |
Streblus asper Lour. |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27155 |
|
|
Myristicaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
188 |
Knema attenuata
(Wall.ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Warb. |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
WG |
HIFP 27214 |
|
|
Myrtaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
189 |
Eucalyptus sp.* |
Tree |
DDF |
- |
- |
SWS 28 |
|
190 |
Syzigium cumini (L.) Skeels |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27188 |
|
191 |
Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston |
Tree |
SEGF |
EN |
- |
HIFP 27257 |
|
192 |
Syzygium laetum (Buch. -Ham.) Gandhi |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
SWS 66 |
|
|
Oleaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
193 |
Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S. Green |
Tree |
EGF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
PI |
HIFP 27173 |
|
194 |
Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27308 |
|
195 |
Jasminum flexile Vahl |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27297 |
|
196 |
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27299 |
|
197 |
Olea dioica
Roxb. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27158 |
|
|
Opiliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
198 |
Cansjera rheedei J. F. Gmel. |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27305 |
|
|
Phyllanthaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
199 |
Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.)
Merr. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
VU |
- |
HIFP 27203 |
|
200 |
Bischofia javanica Blume |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27135 |
|
201 |
Breynia retusa (Dennst.)
Alston |
Shrub |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 75 |
|
202 |
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27268 |
|
203 |
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle |
Shrub |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 33 |
|
204 |
Glochidion ellipticum Wight |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27222 |
|
205 |
Glochidion sp. |
Tree |
MDF |
- |
- |
SWS 35 |
|
206 |
Phyllanthus emblica L. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27208 |
|
|
Piperaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
207 |
Piper nigurm
L. |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27293 |
|
|
Primulaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
208 |
Ardisia solanacea
(Poir.) Roxb. |
Shrub |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27121 |
|
209 |
Maesa indica
(Roxb.) A. DC. |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27128 |
|
|
Putranjivaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
210 |
Drypetes confertiflora (Hook. f.) Pax & Haffm. |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27133 |
|
|
Rhamnaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
211 |
Gouania microcarpa
DC. |
Liana |
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27294 |
|
212 |
Smythea bombaiensis
(Dalz.) S. P. Banerjee & P. K. Mukh. |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27266 |
|
213 |
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. |
Liana |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 71 |
|
214 |
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27153 |
|
215 |
Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. |
Tree |
DDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 72 |
|
|
Rhizophoraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
216 |
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27144 |
|
|
Rubiaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
217 |
Canthium angustifolium Roxb. |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27267 |
|
218 |
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27233 |
|
219 |
Gardenia latifolia W. Aiton |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27227 |
|
220 |
Haldina cordifolia
(Roxb.) Ridsdale |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27125 |
|
221 |
Hymenodictyon obovatum Wall. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27176 |
|
222 |
Ixora nigricans
R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27238 |
|
223 |
Meyna laxiflora
Robyns |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27180 |
|
224 |
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27221 |
|
225 |
Morinda pubescens
Sm. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 49 |
|
226 |
Mussaenda frondosa L. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27278 |
|
227 |
Pavetta indica
L. |
Shrub |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27190 |
|
228 |
Psychotria nigra (Gaertn.) Alston |
Shrub |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27252 |
|
229 |
Psydrax dicoccos
Gaertn. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
VU |
- |
HIFP 27132 |
|
230 |
Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roem. & Schult.) Steud. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27123 |
|
|
Rutaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
231 |
Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. |
Tree |
EGF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27118 |
|
232 |
Chloroxylon swietenia DC. |
Tree |
DDF |
VU |
- |
SWS 16 |
|
233 |
Citrus medica
L. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27242 |
|
234 |
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. |
Tree |
MDF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27246 |
|
235 |
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. |
Shrub |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27162 |
|
236 |
Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T. G. Hartley |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27148 |
|
237 |
Murraya koenigii
(L.) Spreng. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27194 |
|
238 |
Murraya paniculata
(L.) Jack |
Tree |
EGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 50 |
|
239 |
Paramignya monophylla Wight |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27240 |
|
240 |
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27271 |
|
241 |
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight |
Liana |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27273 |
|
242 |
Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC |
Tree |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 70 |
|
|
Salicaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
243 |
Casearia ovata (Lam.) Willd. |
Tree |
EGF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27167 |
|
244 |
Casearia tomentosa Roxb. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27168 |
|
245 |
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27134 |
|
246 |
Flacourtia montana J. Graham |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
WG |
HIFP 27216 |
|
247 |
Homalium zeylanicum (Gardner) Benth. |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27213 |
|
248 |
Scolopia crenata (Wight & Arn.) Clos |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27239 |
|
|
Santalaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
249 |
Santalum album L. |
Tree |
MDF |
VU |
- |
SWS 57 |
|
|
Sapindaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
250 |
Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27260 |
|
251 |
Dimocarpus longan Lour. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NT |
- |
HIFP 27141 |
|
252 |
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27131 |
|
253 |
Sapindus emarginatus Vahl |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27156 |
|
254 |
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27205 |
|
|
Sapotaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
255 |
Chrysophyllum roxburghii G.Don |
Tree |
SEGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27147 |
|
256 |
Madhuca indica
J. F. Gmel. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27160 |
|
257 |
Mimusops elengi L. |
Tree |
SEGF; EGF |
LC |
- |
HIFP 27171 |
|
258 |
Xantolis tomentosa (Roxb.) Raf. |
Tree |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27172 |
|
|
Smilacaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
259 |
Smilax zeylanica
L. |
Liana |
MDF; EGF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27291 |
|
|
Solanaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
260 |
Solanum giganteum
Jacq. |
Shrub |
MDF |
LC |
- |
SWS 60 |
|
261 |
Solanum seaforthianum Andrews |
Liana |
MDF; SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 61 |
|
|
Symplocaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
262 |
Symplocos macrocarpa Wight ex C.B. Clarke ssp. kanarana
(Talbot.) Noot. |
Tree |
MDF; SEGF;
EGF |
VU |
WG |
HIFP 27166 |
|
|
Thymelaeaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
263 |
Gnidia glauca
(Fresen.) Gilg |
Tree |
DDF; MDF;
SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 38 |
|
|
Verbenaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
264 |
Lantana camara
L.* |
Shrub |
DDF; MDF |
NE |
- |
SWS 44 |
|
|
Vitaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
265 |
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Gagnep. |
Liana |
SEGF; EGF |
VU |
- |
HIFP 27307 |
|
266 |
Cissus discolor
Blume |
Liana |
SEGF |
NE |
- |
SWS 19 |
|
267 |
Cissus gigantea
(Bedd.) Planch. |
Liana |
MDF |
NE |
- |
HIFP 27296 |
|
268 |
Cissus sp. |
Liana |
MDF |
- |
- |
SWS 20 |
|
269 |
Leea indica (Burm.
f.) Merr. |
Shrub |
MDF; SEGF |
LC |
- |
SWS 76 |
Legend: DDF—tropical dry deciduous forest
| MDF—tropical moist deciduous forest | SEGF—tropical semi-evergreen forest |
EGF—tropical evergreen forest | IUCN—International Union for Conservation of
Nature & Natural resources | VU—Vulnerable | NE—Not Evaluated | LC—Least
Concern | NT—Near Threatened | EN—Endangered | DD—Data Deficient | WG—Western
Ghats | PI—Peninsular India | EG—Eastern Ghats | AN—Andaman & Nicobar |
*—Exotic species | #—Monocots.
Table 2. Summary of diversity,
dominant families and species of woody flora from SWS.
|
Life-form |
Diversity |
Dominant family |
Common species |
||
|
|
Richness |
Genera |
Family |
Moraceae Fabaceae Lauraceae Euphorbiaceae Rubiaceae |
Terminalia paniculata,
Lagerstroemia macrocarpa, Terminalia elleptica Tectona grandis Xylia xylocarpa Aporosa cardiosperma
|
|
Tree |
184 |
139 |
50 |
||
|
Liana |
68 |
61 |
32 |
Fabaceae Apocynaceae
Menispermaceae Rhamnaceae Vitaceae |
Calycopteris floribunda,
Moullava spicata Gnetum edule Stictocardia tiliifolia Elaeagnus conferta |
|
Shrub |
18 |
16 |
13 |
Fabaceae Phyllanthacaeae
Rubiaceae Lamiaceae |
Ardisia solanacea Cipadessa baccifera Glycosmis pentaphylla,
Solanum giganteum Leea indica |
For
figures & images - - click here
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